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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to current approaches to biological classification (1992)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 1 (1992), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; Cladistics ; Phyletics ; Phenetics ; Sytematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During the past 30 years, numerous philosophical and procedural discussions have focused on the principles and methods of biological classification. From this have emerged three schools, phonetics, cladistics, and phyletics, each with its own theory of relationships, and its own set of explicit algorithms. At the same time, numerous studies on the economically important arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been completed. Some explicit approaches to classification have been made with higher fungi, and cladistic work has just begun on the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Thus it is now appropriate to examine the current status of the systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and make suggestions for future work. The highest priority is to establish more refined circumscription of taxa at the lower levels of the hierarchy and to communicate these data and concepts to practicing physiologists, ecologists, etc., so that more rapid progress can be made in these areas. The limits of diversity of the group worldwide should be sought. A standardized identification manual (or atlas) would be most useful. Macromolecular studies are needed to help determine the close relatives of the VAM fungi as well as their interrelationships at the specific and generic levels. Continued emphasis needs to be placed on ontogenetic studies and their impact on variation in characters and states for taxonomic purposes. New quantitative classification approaches need to be used within the group, including phenetics and phyletics. Biogeographic concerns can then be addressed after the taxonomic issues have been more fully settled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary biology Sympatric plant speciation in islands? (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443.2006, 7114, E12-, (1 S.) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Arising from: V. Savolainen et al. Nature 441, 210–213 (2006); Savolainen et al reply. Comparative studies of populations, particularly with the help of molecular markers, are necessary to understand the mechanisms of speciation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05216
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) variation in Lactoris fernandeziana (Lactoridaceae), a rare endemic of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (2001)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Asia Pty. Ltd.
    Plant species biology 16 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sixteen populations and 89 individuals of Lactoris fernandeziana were examined for variation in intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) banding patterns. The species is a rare endemic of Masatierra Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and is the only member of the endemic family Lactoridaceae. Five populations showed a single genotype whereas the other 11 populations had from two to 16 multilocus genotypes. Over 73% of the ISSR diversity occurred across populations, with only about 27% within populations. Diversity among populations results from the presence of different subsets of loci within each population rather than unique loci within populations; only two populations displayed novel loci, with one and three in each. Levels of differentiation at ISSR loci among populations are not correlated with geographic distance on Masatierra; rather, the pattern of variation is mosaic. The presence of differentiated local populations is concordant with the geitonogamous breeding system of the species and suggests low levels of long distance pollen or seed dispersal. The mosaic pattern of ISSR variation on Masatierra may result, in part, from drift and inbreeding in small populations following fragmentation of a once more continuous distribution of Lactoris with the formation of canyons by erosion. Also, the generation of new ISSR loci by mutation could occur with rare, sporadic gene flow among populations accounting for the mosaic pattern of variation and the paucity of unique alleles within populations. The ISSR results for Lactoris suggest that studies of morphological, ecological and physiological features may elucidate differentiation among populations of L. fernandeziana. Field studies have demonstrated that plants occur both in the dense forest understory and in the full sunlight in forest openings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2001.00065.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new biogeographic connection between islands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 347 (1990), S. 549-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Juan Fernandez Islands are located 600 km west of continental Chile at about 33á° S, 80á° W (Fig. 1). The two principal volcanic islands are Masatierra (MT), which is roughly 4 Myr old, and Masafuera (MF), which is 150km farther west, and 1-2 Myr old6. Four distinctive ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347549a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution ofPeperomia (Piperaceae) in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 182 (1992), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Piperaceae ; Peperomia ; Flavonoids ; cytology ; phenetics ; cladistics ; Flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four species ofPeperomia (Piperaceae) occur in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile:P. berteroana, P. margaritifera, P. skottsbergii, andP. fernandeziana. The last species is found also in continental Chile, whereas the other three are endemic to the archipelago.Peperomia margaritifera is found only on the older island of Masatierra, whereasP. skottsbergii is confined to the younger island of Masafuera, andP. berteroana occurs on both islands. Phenetic analyses of mainland taxa suggest thatP. fernandeziana belongs to subg.Sphaerocarpidium whereas the endemic taxa form their own subg.Tildenidium connecting to subg.Tildenia. Cladistic analyses indicate thatP. margaritifera is the most primitive species in the archipelago and thatP. berteroana is the most derived, especially patristically. Chromosomally, the four species are all n = 22, which may be tetraploid on a base of x = 11. Sulfated flavones occur only inP. berteroana andP. skottsbergii, which are otherwise unknown for the family. Dispersal of propagules to the islands from the continent and between islands is believed to have been accomplished by birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941416
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flavonoids and phylogenetic reconstruction (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 83-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiospermae ; Compositae ; Coreopsis ; Flavonoids ; chalcones ; chronistics ; cladistics ; patristics ; phenetics ; chemosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids have been used successfully for interpreting evolutionary relationships in many groups of angiosperms. These interpretations often have been presented in narrative fashion without specific indications of the kinds of relationships expressed. In this paper a method of phylogeny reconstruction with flavonoid data showing cladistic, patristic, and phenetic relationships is presented. Such a phylogram contains maximal information about flavonoid evolution. As an example, relationships in the North American species ofCoreopsis (Compositae), containing 46 species in 11 sections, are analyzed by this approach. A phylogeny of sections of the genus from previous morphological, chromosomal and hybridization data is compared with that from data on anthochlors (chalcones and aurones). Strong correspondence of these evolutionary interpretations gives support to the hypothesized evolutionary trends within the group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984113
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematic relationships of theLactoridaceae, an endemic family of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 243-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Primitive Angiosperms ; Lactoridaceae ; Lactoris ; Magnoliidae ; Magnoliales ; Laurales ; Piperales ; Chloranthales ; Flora of Juan Fernandez Islands ; Chile ; Cladistics ; phenetics ; phyletics ; phylogeny ; angiosperm evolution ; angiosperm origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematic relationships ofLactoridaceae are problematical, with alternative assignments toMagnoliales, Laurales, andPiperales. Phenetic analyses suggest thatLactoridaceae are best accomodated withinMagnoliales and are most closely related toAnnonaceae. Cladistic analyses indicate that the family is a relatively derived member of theMagnoliales, with affinities toAnnonaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, andMyristicaceae. These analyses together with fossil pollen data are used to interpret the phylogeny ofLactoridaceae and its relatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989431
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of theLactoridaceae (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lactoridaceae ; Lactoris ; Flavonoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaves of the monotypic angiosperm familyLactoridaceae exhibit flavonoid constituents consisting of six 3-0-diglycosides of the flavonols kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The presence of flavonols is concordant with the placement ofLactoridaceae among the “archaic” or “primitive” flowering plants. Flavonoid chemistry is less informative on the relationships of the family within the primitive dicots. The presence of isorhamnetin suggests closer affinities with families in theLaurales, particularly theGomortegaceae andMonimiaceae. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological features place theLactoridaceae near several families in theMagnoliales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989422
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ribosomal and chloroplast DNA restriction site mutations and the radiation ofRobinsonia (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) on the Juan Fernandez Islands (1993)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Robinsonia ; Adaptive radiation ; chloroplast DNA ; ribosomal DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction site mutations in the chloroplast (cpDNA) and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were examined in 41 populations representing five of the seven recognized species of the genusRobinsonia, which is endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. No intraspecific variation was detected for cpDNA but one population of one of the species (R. evenia) had a restriction site mutation in rDNA not detected elsewhere. No restriction site mutations were unique to all species ofRobinsonia relative to the species ofSenecio used as outgroups. All 13 mutations (eight from cpDNA and five from rDNA) are restricted to single species, and thus provide no cladistically useful information within the genus. The distribution of mutations is concordant with the hypothesis of a rapid adaptive radiation ofRobinsonia subsequent to the dispersal of its ancestor to Masatierra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937437
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Revision ofDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Barnadesioideae ; Doniophyton ; Chuquiraga ; Argentina ; Chile ; evolution ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This revision describes, illustrates and documents morphological variation inDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), restricted to Argentina and Chile. Two species are recognized,D. anomalum andD. weddellii (sp. nova), possessing distinct morphological and chromosomal features, elevational tolerances, and nearly allopatric distributions.Doniophyton weddellii occurs primarily in central to northern Andean Chile and Argentina from 1900–4000 m a. s. l.;D. anomalum is found principally in centralwestern Argentina and south into Patagonia at 0–1800 m a. s. l. Close relationship exists withChuquiraga of subfam.Barnadesioideae. It is hypothesized thatDoniophyton evolved out ofChuquiraga in the high central Andes between Chile and Argentina. It is suggested thatD. weddellii differentiated first, correlating with an aneuploid chromosomal decrease from n = 27 (inChuquiraga) to n = 25. Further evolution and chromosomal decrease to n = 24 resulted inD. anomalum, with accompanying migration into southern Andes and Patagonia. Nomenclatural changes result from examination of protologues and type specimens:Doniophyton anomalum replaces the commonly used nameD. patagonicum, and a new species,D. weddellii, is described for the taxon masquerading under the routinely used superfluous nameD. andicola.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987939
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