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  • Female  (285)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (88)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (362)
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  • 2005-2009  (230)
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  • 1
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    Extending the sub-sea-floor biosphere (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Sub-sea-floor sediments may contain two-thirds of Earth's total prokaryotic biomass. However, this has its basis in data extrapolation from ~500-meter to 4-kilometer depths, whereas the deepest documented prokaryotes are from only 842 meters. Here, we provide evidence for low concentrations of living prokaryotic cells in the deepest (1626 meters below the sea floor), oldest (111 million years old), and potentially hottest (~100 degrees C) marine sediments investigated. These Newfoundland margin sediments also have DNA sequences related to thermophilic and/or hyperthermophilic Archaea. These form two unique clusters within Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, suggesting unknown, uncultured groups are present in deep, hot, marine sediments (~54 degrees to 100 degrees C). Sequences of anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea were also present, suggesting a deep biosphere partly supported by methane. These findings demonstrate that the sub-sea-floor biosphere extends to at least 1600 meters below the sea floor and probably deeper, given an upper temperature limit for prokaryotic life of at least 113 degrees C and increasing thermogenic energy supply with depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roussel, Erwan G -- Bonavita, Marie-Anne Cambon -- Querellou, Joel -- Cragg, Barry A -- Webster, Gordon -- Prieur, Daniel -- Parkes, R John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1046. doi: 10.1126/science.1154545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extremes, UMR 6197, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Ifremer, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzane, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; *Archaea/classification/genetics/physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Medicine. The cart before the horse (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowley, Janet D -- Blumenthal, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1302-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163791.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jrowley@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics ; Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics ; Endometrium/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Fusion ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Menstrual Cycle ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics ; RNA, Guide/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; *Trans-Splicing ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; *Translocation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Neuroscience. Hiding from biting insects in plain scent (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1471. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5869.1471a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*drug effects/physiology ; DEET/*pharmacology ; Drosophila/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Repellents/*pharmacology ; Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Mammals are metagenomic in that they are composed of not only their own gene complements but also those of all of their associated microbes. To understand the coevolution of the mammals and their indigenous microbial communities, we conducted a network-based analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of humans and 59 other mammalian species living in two zoos and in the wild. The results indicate that host diet and phylogeny both influence bacterial diversity, which increases from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory; that bacterial communities codiversified with their hosts; and that the gut microbiota of humans living a modern life-style is typical of omnivorous primates.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649005/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649005/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ley, Ruth E -- Hamady, Micah -- Lozupone, Catherine -- Turnbaugh, Peter J -- Ramey, Rob Roy -- Bircher, J Stephen -- Schlegel, Michael L -- Tucker, Tammy A -- Schrenzel, Mark D -- Knight, Rob -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK78669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM065103/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM065103-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM065103/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1647-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1155725. Epub 2008 May 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/classification/genetics/microbiology ; Animals, Zoo/classification/genetics/microbiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/classification/genetics/microbiology ; *Diet ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Mammals/classification/genetics/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Primates/classification/genetics/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 5
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    Molecular coupling of Xist regulation and pluripotency (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: During mouse embryogenesis, reversion of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in the pluripotent inner cell mass of the female blastocyst is initiated by the repression of Xist from the paternal X chromosome. Here we report that key factors supporting pluripotency-Nanog, Oct3/4, and Sox2-bind within Xist intron 1 in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. Whereas Nanog null ES cells display a reversible and moderate up-regulation of Xist in the absence of any apparent modification of Oct3/4 and Sox2 binding, the drastic release of all three factors from Xist intron 1 triggers rapid ectopic accumulation of Xist RNA. We conclude that the three main genetic factors underlying pluripotency cooperate to repress Xist and thus couple X inactivation reprogramming to the control of pluripotency during embryogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro, Pablo -- Chambers, Ian -- Karwacki-Neisius, Violetta -- Chureau, Corinne -- Morey, Celine -- Rougeulle, Claire -- Avner, Philip -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1693-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160952.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Murine, CNRS, URA2578, F-75015, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18802003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; HMGB Proteins/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/*metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/physiology ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Genetics. DNA test for breast cancer risk draws criticism (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 17;322(5900):357. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5900.357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927361" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Genetic determinants of self identity and social recognition in bacteria (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-16
    Description: The bacterium Proteus mirabilis is capable of movement on solid surfaces by a type of motility called swarming. Boundaries form between swarming colonies of different P. mirabilis strains but not between colonies of a single strain. A fundamental requirement for boundary formation is the ability to discriminate between self and nonself. We have isolated mutants that form boundaries with their parent. The mutations map within a six-gene locus that we term ids for identification of self. Five of the genes in the ids locus are required for recognition of the parent strain as self. Three of the ids genes are interchangeable between strains, and two encode specific molecular identifiers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567286/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567286/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Karine A -- Urbanowski, Mark L -- Greenberg, E Peter -- AI55396/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI055396-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI055396-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):256-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1160033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Multigene Family ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Proteus mirabilis/*genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Transgenic inhibition of synaptic transmission reveals role of CA3 output in hippocampal learning (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: The hippocampus is an area of the brain involved in learning and memory. It contains parallel excitatory pathways referred to as the trisynaptic pathway (which carries information as follows: entorhinal cortex --〉 dentate gyrus --〉 CA3 --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex) and the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex). We developed a generally applicable tetanus toxin-based method for transgenic mice that permits inducible and reversible inhibition of synaptic transmission and applied it to the trisynaptic pathway while preserving transmission in the monosynaptic pathway. We found that synaptic output from CA3 in the trisynaptic pathway is dispensable and the short monosynaptic pathway is sufficient for incremental spatial learning. In contrast, the full trisynaptic pathway containing CA3 is required for rapid one-trial contextual learning, for pattern completion-based memory recall, and for spatial tuning of CA1 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakashiba, Toshiaki -- Young, Jennie Z -- McHugh, Thomas J -- Buhl, Derek L -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1260-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1151120. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dentate Gyrus/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Entorhinal Cortex/physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; *Maze Learning ; Mental Recall ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neural Pathways ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Tetanus Toxin/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Science at the Olympics. Gender balance (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):627. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5889.627b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sports
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Science at the Olympics. What's age got to do with it? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):625. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5889.625b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; *Athletic Performance ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sports
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Germ cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors govern meiotic initiation in mouse embryos (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Retinoic acid (RA) is an essential extrinsic inducer of meiotic initiation in mammalian germ cells. However, RA acts too widely in mammalian development to account, by itself, for the cell-type and temporal specificity of meiotic initiation. We considered parallels to yeast, in which extrinsic and intrinsic factors combine to restrict meiotic initiation. We demonstrate that, in mouse embryos, extrinsic and intrinsic factors together regulate meiotic initiation. The mouse RNA-binding protein DAZL, which is expressed by postmigratory germ cells, is a key intrinsic factor, enabling those cells to initiate meiosis in response to RA. Within a brief developmental window, Dazl-expressing germ cells in both XX and XY embryos actively acquire the ability to interpret RA as a meiosis-inducing signal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Yanfeng -- Gill, Mark E -- Koubova, Jana -- Page, David C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1685-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1166340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; DNA Breaks ; DNA Repair ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology/physiology ; Endodeoxyribonucleases ; Esterases/metabolism ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Ovary/embryology/physiology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Testis/embryology/physiology ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    Control of genic DNA methylation by a jmjC domain-containing protein in Arabidopsis thaliana (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: Differential cytosine methylation of repeats and genes is important for coordination of genome stability and proper gene expression. Through genetic screen of mutants showing ectopic cytosine methylation in a genic region, we identified a jmjC-domain gene, IBM1 (increase in bonsai methylation 1), in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition to the ectopic cytosine methylation, the ibm1 mutations induced a variety of developmental phenotypes, which depend on methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9. Paradoxically, the developmental phenotypes of the ibm1 were enhanced by the mutation in the chromatin-remodeling gene DDM1 (decrease in DNA methylation 1), which is necessary for keeping methylation and silencing of repeated heterochromatin loci. Our results demonstrate the importance of chromatin remodeling and histone modifications in the differential epigenetic control of repeats and genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saze, Hidetoshi -- Shiraishi, Akiko -- Miura, Asuka -- Kakutani, Tetsuji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 25;319(5862):462-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1150987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. hsaze@lab.nig.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; Cytosine/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Plant ; Heterochromatin/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Intersection of the RNA interference and X-inactivation pathways (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: In mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in the female. The noncoding Xist gene initiates silencing of the X chromosome, whereas its antisense partner Tsix blocks silencing. The complementarity of Xist and Tsix RNAs has long suggested a role for RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we report that murine Xist and Tsix form duplexes in vivo. During XCI, the duplexes are processed to small RNAs (sRNAs), most likely on the active X (Xa) in a Dicer-dependent manner. Deleting Dicer compromises sRNA production and derepresses Xist. Furthermore, without Dicer, Xist RNA cannot accumulate and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation is blocked on the inactive X (Xi). The defects are partially rescued by truncating Tsix. Thus, XCI and RNAi intersect, down-regulating Xist on Xa and spreading silencing on Xi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, Yuya -- Sun, Bryan K -- Lee, Jeannie T -- R01 GM058839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058839-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1336-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1157676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Methylation ; Mice ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Small Nuclear/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease III ; X Chromosome/*genetics/metabolism ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
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    Developmental biology. Neuron research leaps ahead (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Robert H Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1169-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1163475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital, 16th Street, Navy Yard, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. rhbrown@partners.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged, 80 and over ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/enzymology/genetics/*pathology/therapy ; Animals ; *Cell Differentiation ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology ; Female ; Fibroblasts/*cytology ; Humans ; Motor Neurons/*cytology/enzymology/transplantation ; Nervous System Diseases/pathology/therapy ; Neuroglia/cytology ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
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  • 15
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    Log or linear? Distinct intuitions of the number scale in Western and Amazonian indigene cultures (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: The mapping of numbers onto space is fundamental to measurement and to mathematics. Is this mapping a cultural invention or a universal intuition shared by all humans regardless of culture and education? We probed number-space mappings in the Mundurucu, an Amazonian indigene group with a reduced numerical lexicon and little or no formal education. At all ages, the Mundurucu mapped symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers onto a logarithmic scale, whereas Western adults used linear mapping with small or symbolic numbers and logarithmic mapping when numbers were presented nonsymbolically under conditions that discouraged counting. This indicates that the mapping of numbers onto space is a universal intuition and that this initial intuition of number is logarithmic. The concept of a linear number line appears to be a cultural invention that fails to develop in the absence of formal education.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610411/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610411/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehaene, Stanislas -- Izard, Veronique -- Spelke, Elizabeth -- Pica, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1217-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1156540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Cognitive Neuro-imaging Unit, Institut Federatif de Recherche (IFR) 49, Gif sur Yvette, France. stanislas.dehaene@cea.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Anthropology, Cultural ; Brazil ; Child ; *Cultural Evolution ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Intuition ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Middle Aged
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  • 16
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    Whither or wither microbicides? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: After disappointing results from all efficacy trials conducted to date, the field of microbicides research now faces substantial challenges. Poor coordination among interested parties and the choice of nonvalidated scientific targets for phase III studies have hampered progress and created mistrust about the use of microbicides as a method to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Although new promising strategies are available, there will need to be serious reappraisals of how decisions are made to advance the next generations of candidates into clinical trials, and the use of appropriate animal models in this process will be critical.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835691/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835691/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Robert M -- Hamer, Dean -- Hope, Thomas -- Johnston, Rowena -- Lange, Joep -- Lederman, Michael M -- Lieberman, Judy -- Miller, Christopher J -- Moore, John P -- Mosier, Donald E -- Richman, Douglas D -- Schooley, Robert T -- Springer, Marty S -- Veazey, Ronald S -- Wainberg, Mark A -- U19 AI076981/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI076981-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):532-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1160355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. David Gladstone Institutes, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravaginal ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic ; use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control/transmission ; HIV-1/*drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Compliance ; Polymers/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Primates ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/*administration & ; dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Vaginal Diseases/drug therapy/*prevention & control
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  • 17
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    Apoptotic force and tissue dynamics during Drosophila embryogenesis (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: Understanding cell morphogenesis during metazoan development requires knowledge of how cells and the extracellular matrix produce and respond to forces. We investigated how apoptosis, which remodels tissue by eliminating supernumerary cells, also contributes forces to a tissue (the amnioserosa) that promotes cell-sheet fusion (dorsal closure) in the Drosophila embryo. We showed that expression in the amnioserosa of proteins that suppress or enhance apoptosis slows or speeds dorsal closure, respectively. These changes correlate with the forces produced by the amnioserosa and the rate of seam formation between the cell sheets (zipping), key processes that contribute to closure. This apoptotic force is used by the embryo to drive cell-sheet movements during development, a role not classically attributed to apoptosis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757114/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757114/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toyama, Yusuke -- Peralta, Xomalin G -- Wells, Adrienne R -- Kiehart, Daniel P -- Edwards, Glenn S -- GM33830/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033830/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033830-24/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1683-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1157052.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department and Free Electron Laser Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18802000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Movement ; Cell Shape ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*embryology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*cytology ; *Embryonic Development ; Epidermis/cytology/embryology ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Epithelium/*embryology ; Female ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Morphogenesis
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  • 18
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    Structural basis of toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular signature of most viruses, and triggers inflammatory responses that prevent viral spread. TLR3 ectodomains (ECDs) dimerize on oligonucleotides of at least 40 to 50 base pairs in length, the minimal length required for signal transduction. To establish the molecular basis for ligand binding and signaling, we determined the crystal structure of a complex between two mouse TLR3-ECDs and dsRNA at 3.4 angstrom resolution. Each TLR3-ECD binds dsRNA at two sites located at opposite ends of the TLR3 horseshoe, and an intermolecular contact between the two TLR3-ECD C-terminal domains coordinates and stabilizes the dimer. This juxtaposition could mediate downstream signaling by dimerizing the cytoplasmic Toll interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains. The overall shape of the TLR3-ECD does not change upon binding to dsRNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Lin -- Botos, Istvan -- Wang, Yan -- Leonard, Joshua N -- Shiloach, Joseph -- Segal, David M -- Davies, David R -- Z01 BC009254-33/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):379-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1155406.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Humans ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 19
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    Ecology. A matter of timing (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyon, Bruce E -- Chaine, Alexis S -- Winkler, David W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1051-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1159822.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. lyon@biology.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Cues ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Passeriformes/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Photoperiod ; Seasons ; Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 20
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    The premetazoan ancestry of cadherins (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling is essential for metazoan development and yet is absent from all other multicellular organisms. We found cadherin genes at numbers similar to those observed in complex metazoans in one of the closest single-celled relatives of metazoans, the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis. Because the evolution of metazoans from a single-celled ancestor required novel cell adhesion and signaling mechanisms, the discovery of diverse cadherins in choanoflagellates suggests that cadherins may have contributed to metazoan origins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abedin, Monika -- King, Nicole -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):946-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1151084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Cadherins/*chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Ciona intestinalis/chemistry ; Cnidaria/chemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry ; Eukaryota/*chemistry ; Eukaryotic Cells/*chemistry/physiology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Tyrosine/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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  • 21
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    Assessment. Global sex differences in test score variability (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Machin, Stephen -- Pekkarinen, Tuomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1331-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1162573.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University College London, London, WC1 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; *Educational Measurement ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Internationality ; Male ; Mathematics ; Reading ; *Sex Characteristics
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  • 22
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    BOLD responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Description: Current theories hypothesize that dopamine neuronal firing encodes reward prediction errors. Although studies in nonhuman species provide direct support for this theory, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have focused on brain areas targeted by dopamine neurons [ventral striatum (VStr)] rather than on brainstem dopaminergic nuclei [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra]. We used fMRI tailored to directly image the brainstem. When primary rewards were used in an experiment, the VTA blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response reflected a positive reward prediction error, whereas the VStr encoded positive and negative reward prediction errors. When monetary gains and losses were used, VTA BOLD responses reflected positive reward prediction errors modulated by the probability of winning. We detected no significant VTA BOLD response to nonrewarding events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Ardenne, Kimberlee -- McClure, Samuel M -- Nystrom, Leigh E -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- F32 MH072141/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH062196/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1264-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1150605.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. dardenne@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Oxygen/blood ; Probability ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*physiology
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  • 23
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    Nuclear reprogramming in cells (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-20
    Description: Nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. Early studies in frog cloning provided some of the first experimental evidence for reprogramming. Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, induction of pluripotency by ectopic gene expression, and direct reprogramming. Through these methods it becomes possible to derive one kind of specialized cell (such as a brain cell) from another, more accessible, tissue (such as skin) in the same individual. This has potential applications for cell replacement without the immunosuppression treatments that are required when cells are transferred between genetically different individuals. This article provides some background to this field, a discussion of mechanisms and efficiency, and comments on prospects for future nuclear reprogramming research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gurdon, J B -- Melton, D A -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1811-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 12N, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Lineage ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes/cytology ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    An agonist of toll-like receptor 5 has radioprotective activity in mouse and primate models (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-12
    Description: The toxicity of ionizing radiation is associated with massive apoptosis in radiosensitive organs. Here, we investigate whether a drug that activates a signaling mechanism used by tumor cells to suppress apoptosis can protect healthy cells from the harmful effects of radiation. We studied CBLB502, a polypeptide drug derived from Salmonella flagellin that binds to Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and activates nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. A single injection of CBLB502 before lethal total-body irradiation protected mice from both gastrointestinal and hematopoietic acute radiation syndromes and resulted in improved survival. CBLB502 injected after irradiation also enhanced survival, but at lower radiation doses. It is noteworthy that the drug did not decrease tumor radiosensitivity in mouse models. CBLB502 also showed radioprotective activity in lethally irradiated rhesus monkeys. Thus, TLR5 agonists could potentially improve the therapeutic index of cancer radiotherapy and serve as biological protectants in radiation emergencies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322935/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322935/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burdelya, Lyudmila G -- Krivokrysenko, Vadim I -- Tallant, Thomas C -- Strom, Evguenia -- Gleiberman, Anatoly S -- Gupta, Damodar -- Kurnasov, Oleg V -- Fort, Farrel L -- Osterman, Andrei L -- Didonato, Joseph A -- Feinstein, Elena -- Gudkov, Andrei V -- AI066497/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA75179/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA84406/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA084406/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA084406-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 11;320(5873):226-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1154986.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects/radiation effects ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Flagellin/chemistry/pharmacology ; Gamma Rays ; Hematopoietic System/drug effects/radiation effects ; Intestine, Small/cytology/drug effects/radiation effects ; Macaca mulatta ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy/radiotherapy ; Peptides/administration & dosage/chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Injuries, Experimental/*prevention & control ; Radiation Tolerance/*drug effects ; Radiation-Protective Agents/administration & ; dosage/chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Salmonella enterica ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 5/*agonists/metabolism ; Whole-Body Irradiation
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    Avian paternal care had dinosaur origin (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-20
    Description: The repeated discovery of adult dinosaurs in close association with egg clutches leads to speculation over the type and extent of care exhibited by these extinct animals for their eggs and young. To assess parental care in Cretaceous troodontid and oviraptorid dinosaurs, we examined clutch volume and the bone histology of brooding adults. In comparison to four archosaur care regressions, the relatively large clutch volumes of Troodon, Oviraptor, and Citipati scale most closely with a bird-paternal care model. Clutch-associated adults lack the maternal and reproductively associated histologic features common to extant archosaurs. Large clutch volumes and a suite of reproductive features shared only with birds favor paternal care, possibly within a polygamous mating system. Paternal care in both troodontids and oviraptorids indicates that this care system evolved before the emergence of birds and represents birds' ancestral condition. In extant birds and over most adult sizes, paternal and biparental care correspond to the largest and smallest relative clutch volumes, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Varricchio, David J -- Moore, Jason R -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Norell, Mark A -- Jackson, Frankie D -- Borkowski, John J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1826-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1163245.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. djv@montana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds/physiology ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Clutch Size ; *Dinosaurs/physiology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; *Nesting Behavior ; Paternal Behavior ; Regression Analysis ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Comment on "Brain IRS2 signaling coordinates life span and nutrient homeostasis" (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Taguchi et al. (Reports, 20 July 2007, p. 369) reported that mice heterozygous for a null mutation in insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) display a 17% increase in median life span. However, using the same mouse model, we find no evidence for life-span extension and suggest that the findings of Taguchi et al. were due to atypical life-span profiles in their study animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Selman, Colin -- Lingard, Steven -- Gems, David -- Partridge, Linda -- Withers, Dominic J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1012; author reply 1012. doi: 10.1126/science.1152366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diet ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Research Design ; Signal Transduction
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    Evidence for editing of human papillomavirus DNA by APOBEC3 in benign and precancerous lesions (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-12
    Description: Cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC3 family all have specificity for single-stranded DNA, which may become exposed during replication or transcription of double-stranded DNA. Three human APOBEC3A (hA3A), hA3B, and hA3H genes are expressed in keratinocytes and skin, leading us to determine whether genetic editing of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA occurred. In a study of HPV1a plantar warts and HPV16 precancerous cervical biopsies, hyperedited HPV1a and HPV16 genomes were found. Strictly analogous results were obtained from transfection experiments with HPV plasmid DNA and the three nuclear localized enzymes: hA3A, hA3C, and hA3H. Thus, stochastic or transient overexpression of APOBEC3 genes may expose the genome to a broad spectrum of mutations that could influence the development of tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vartanian, Jean-Pierre -- Guetard, Denise -- Henry, Michel -- Wain-Hobson, Simon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 11;320(5873):230-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1153201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Retrovirology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue de Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Cytidine/metabolism ; Cytosine Deaminase/*metabolism ; DNA Mismatch Repair ; DNA, Viral/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Human papillomavirus 16/*genetics ; Humans ; Mupapillomavirus/*genetics ; Mutation ; Papillomavirus Infections/enzymology/virology ; Precancerous Conditions/enzymology/*virology ; Transfection ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/enzymology/*virology ; Warts/enzymology/*virology
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    A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Deep avian evolutionary relationships have been difficult to resolve as a result of a putative explosive radiation. Our study examined approximately 32 kilobases of aligned nuclear DNA sequences from 19 independent loci for 169 species, representing all major extant groups, and recovered a robust phylogeny from a genome-wide signal supported by multiple analytical methods. We documented well-supported, previously unrecognized interordinal relationships (such as a sister relationship between passerines and parrots) and corroborated previously contentious groupings (such as flamingos and grebes). Our conclusions challenge current classifications and alter our understanding of trait evolution; for example, some diurnal birds evolved from nocturnal ancestors. Our results provide a valuable resource for phylogenetic and comparative studies in birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hackett, Shannon J -- Kimball, Rebecca T -- Reddy, Sushma -- Bowie, Rauri C K -- Braun, Edward L -- Braun, Michael J -- Chojnowski, Jena L -- Cox, W Andrew -- Han, Kin-Lan -- Harshman, John -- Huddleston, Christopher J -- Marks, Ben D -- Miglia, Kathleen J -- Moore, William S -- Sheldon, Frederick H -- Steadman, David W -- Witt, Christopher C -- Yuri, Tamaki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1763-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1157704.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/*classification/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Flight, Animal ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Tailoring AIDS prevention (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Lay, Paul R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1631. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5896.1631a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Endemic Diseases ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Preventive Health Services/*economics
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    Structural evidence for common ancestry of the nuclear pore complex and vesicle coats (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. These massive assemblies comprise an eightfold symmetric scaffold of architectural proteins and central-channel phenylalanine-glycine-repeat proteins forming the transport barrier. We determined the nucleoporin 85 (Nup85)*Seh1 structure, a module in the heptameric Nup84 complex, at 3.5 angstroms resolution. Structural, biochemical, and genetic analyses position the Nup84 complex in two peripheral NPC rings. We establish a conserved tripartite element, the ancestral coatomer element ACE1, that reoccurs in several nucleoporins and vesicle coat proteins, providing structural evidence of coevolution from a common ancestor. We identified interactions that define the organization of the Nup84 complex on the basis of comparison with vesicle coats and confirmed the sites by mutagenesis. We propose that the NPC scaffold, like vesicle coats, is composed of polygons with vertices and edges forming a membrane-proximal lattice that provides docking sites for additional nucleoporins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680690/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680690/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brohawn, Stephen G -- Leksa, Nina C -- Spear, Eric D -- Rajashankar, Kanagalaghatta R -- Schwartz, Thomas U -- GM68762/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM77537/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077537/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077537-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1369-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1165886. Epub 2008 Oct 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Coated Vesicles/*chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Evolution, Molecular ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Nuclear Pore/*chemistry ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/*chemistry
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    An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of brain cancer. To identify the genetic alterations in GBMs, we sequenced 20,661 protein coding genes, determined the presence of amplifications and deletions using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, and performed gene expression analyses using next-generation sequencing technologies in 22 human tumor samples. This comprehensive analysis led to the discovery of a variety of genes that were not known to be altered in GBMs. Most notably, we found recurrent mutations in the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) in 12% of GBM patients. Mutations in IDH1 occurred in a large fraction of young patients and in most patients with secondary GBMs and were associated with an increase in overall survival. These studies demonstrate the value of unbiased genomic analyses in the characterization of human brain cancer and identify a potentially useful genetic alteration for the classification and targeted therapy of GBMs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820389/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820389/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parsons, D Williams -- Jones, Sian -- Zhang, Xiaosong -- Lin, Jimmy Cheng-Ho -- Leary, Rebecca J -- Angenendt, Philipp -- Mankoo, Parminder -- Carter, Hannah -- Siu, I-Mei -- Gallia, Gary L -- Olivi, Alessandro -- McLendon, Roger -- Rasheed, B Ahmed -- Keir, Stephen -- Nikolskaya, Tatiana -- Nikolsky, Yuri -- Busam, Dana A -- Tekleab, Hanna -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Hartigan, James -- Smith, Doug R -- Strausberg, Robert L -- Marie, Suely Kazue Nagahashi -- Shinjo, Sueli Mieko Oba -- Yan, Hai -- Riggins, Gregory J -- Bigner, Darell D -- Karchin, Rachel -- Papadopoulos, Nick -- Parmigiani, Giovanni -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Velculescu, Victor E -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- 5P50-NS-20023/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- CA09547/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA108786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA11898/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA43460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS052507/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA062924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA062924-160017/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140316/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA043460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA043460-27/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-13/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-17/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-18/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1807-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1164382. Epub 2008 Sep 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Neoplasms/*genetics/mortality ; Female ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genome, Human ; Glioblastoma/*genetics/mortality ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/chemistry/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction ; Survival Rate
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    Science careers. Measuring the impact of invasive plants (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pain, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1516. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5882.1516.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; *Plant Development ; *Research ; *Trees
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    Regulatory genes control a key morphological and ecological trait transferred between species (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Hybridization between species can lead to introgression of genes from one species to another, providing a potential mechanism for preserving and recombining key traits during evolution. To determine the molecular basis of such transfers, we analyzed a natural polymorphism for flower-head development in Senecio. We show that the polymorphism arose by introgression of a cluster of regulatory genes, the RAY locus, from the diploid species S. squalidus into the tetraploid S. vulgaris. The RAY genes are expressed in the peripheral regions of the inflorescence meristem, where they promote flower asymmetry and lead to an increase in the rate of outcrossing. Our results highlight how key morphological and ecological traits controlled by regulatory genes may be gained, lost, and regained during evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Minsung -- Cui, Min-Long -- Cubas, Pilar -- Gillies, Amanda -- Lee, Karen -- Chapman, Mark A -- Abbott, Richard J -- Coen, Enrico -- BB-D017742/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G10929/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1116-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1164371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Flowers/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genes, Plant ; *Genes, Regulator ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Senecio/*genetics/growth & development ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Molecular architecture of the "stressosome," a signal integration and transduction hub (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: A commonly used strategy by microorganisms to survive multiple stresses involves a signal transduction cascade that increases the expression of stress-responsive genes. Stress signals can be integrated by a multiprotein signaling hub that responds to various signals to effect a single outcome. We obtained a medium-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the 1.8-megadalton "stressosome" from Bacillus subtilis. Fitting known crystal structures of components into this reconstruction gave a pseudoatomic structure, which had a virus capsid-like core with sensory extensions. We suggest that the different sensory extensions respond to different signals, whereas the conserved domains in the core integrate the varied signals. The architecture of the stressosome provides the potential for cooperativity, suggesting that the response could be tuned dependent on the magnitude of chemophysical insult.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marles-Wright, Jon -- Grant, Tim -- Delumeau, Olivier -- van Duinen, Gijs -- Firbank, Susan J -- Lewis, Peter J -- Murray, James W -- Newman, Joseph A -- Quin, Maureen B -- Race, Paul R -- Rohou, Alexis -- Tichelaar, Willem -- van Heel, Marin -- Lewis, Richard J -- BB/D000521/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F001533/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 3;322(5898):92-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1159572.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacillus subtilis/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Phosphoproteins/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Sigma Factor/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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    Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens in experimental settings of infection. We describe a distinct situation in a natural setting of human infection. Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease. However, these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes. Their clinical status improved with age, but not due to any cellular leakiness in MyD88 deficiency. The MyD88-dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore essential for protective immunity to a small number of pyogenic bacteria, but redundant for host defense to most natural infections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688396/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688396/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Bernuth, Horst -- Picard, Capucine -- Jin, Zhongbo -- Pankla, Rungnapa -- Xiao, Hui -- Ku, Cheng-Lung -- Chrabieh, Maya -- Mustapha, Imen Ben -- Ghandil, Pegah -- Camcioglu, Yildiz -- Vasconcelos, Julia -- Sirvent, Nicolas -- Guedes, Margarida -- Vitor, Artur Bonito -- Herrero-Mata, Maria Jose -- Arostegui, Juan Ignacio -- Rodrigo, Carlos -- Alsina, Laia -- Ruiz-Ortiz, Estibaliz -- Juan, Manel -- Fortuny, Claudia -- Yague, Jordi -- Anton, Jordi -- Pascal, Mariona -- Chang, Huey-Hsuan -- Janniere, Lucile -- Rose, Yoann -- Garty, Ben-Zion -- Chapel, Helen -- Issekutz, Andrew -- Marodi, Laszlo -- Rodriguez-Gallego, Carlos -- Banchereau, Jacques -- Abel, Laurent -- Li, Xiaoxia -- Chaussabel, Damien -- Puel, Anne -- Casanova, Jean-Laurent -- U19 AI057234/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057234-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AIO57234-02/PHS HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):691-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1158298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U550, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections/*genetics/*immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation, Missense ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Pneumococcal Infections/genetics/immunology ; Pseudomonas Infections/genetics/immunology ; Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Staphylococcal Infections/genetics/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptors/immunology/metabolism ; Transfection
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    Repression of the transcription factor Th-POK by Runx complexes in cytotoxic T cell development (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-09
    Description: Mouse CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes differentiate into CD4+ helper-lineage cells upon expression of the transcription factor Th-POK but commit to the CD8+ cytotoxic lineage in its absence. We report the redirected differentiation of class I-restricted thymocytes into CD4+CD8- helper-like T cells upon loss of Runx transcription factor complexes. A Runx-binding sequence within the Th-POK locus acts as a transcriptional silencer that is essential for Th-POK repression and for development of CD8+ T cells. Thus, Th-POK expression and genetic programming for T helper cell development are actively inhibited by Runx-dependent silencer activity, allowing for cytotoxic T cell differentiation. Identification of the transcription factors network in CD4 and CD8 lineage choice provides insight into how distinct T cell subsets are developed for regulating the adaptive immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Setoguchi, Ruka -- Tachibana, Masashi -- Naoe, Yoshinori -- Muroi, Sawako -- Akiyama, Kaori -- Tezuka, Chieko -- Okuda, Tsukasa -- Taniuchi, Ichiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):822-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1151844.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics/*physiology ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics/*physiology ; Core Binding Factor beta Subunit/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Silencer Elements, Transcriptional ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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    The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: To sustain or repair cooperation during a social exchange, adaptive creatures must understand social gestures and the consequences when shared expectations about fair exchange are violated by accident or intent. We recruited 55 individuals afflicted with borderline personality disorder (BPD) to play a multiround economic exchange game with healthy partners. Behaviorally, individuals with BPD showed a profound incapacity to maintain cooperation, and were impaired in their ability to repair broken cooperation on the basis of a quantitative measure of coaxing. Neurally, activity in the anterior insula, a region known to respond to norm violations across affective, interoceptive, economic, and social dimensions, strongly differentiated healthy participants from individuals with BPD. Healthy subjects showed a strong linear relation between anterior insula response and both magnitude of monetary offer received from their partner (input) and the amount of money repaid to their partner (output). In stark contrast, activity in the anterior insula of BPD participants was related only to the magnitude of repayment sent back to their partner (output), not to the magnitude of offers received (input). These neural and behavioral data suggest that norms used in perception of social gestures are pathologically perturbed or missing altogether among individuals with BPD. This game-theoretic approach to psychopathology may open doors to new ways of characterizing and studying a range of mental illnesses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4105006/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4105006/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King-Casas, Brooks -- Sharp, Carla -- Lomax-Bream, Laura -- Lohrenz, Terry -- Fonagy, Peter -- Montague, P Read -- DA11723/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F32 MH078485/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH078485/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH52797/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS045790/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA011723/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH052797/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS045790/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):806-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1156902.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Computational Psychiatry Unit and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Borderline Personality Disorder/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiopathology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiopathology ; *Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/physiopathology ; Social Behavior ; Trust/*psychology
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    Structure and functional role of dynein's microtubule-binding domain (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Dynein motors move various cargos along microtubules within the cytoplasm and power the beating of cilia and flagella. An unusual feature of dynein is that its microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) is separated from its ring-shaped AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain by a 15-nanometer coiled-coil stalk. We report the crystal structure of the mouse cytoplasmic dynein MTBD and a portion of the coiled coil, which supports a mechanism by which the ATPase domain and MTBD may communicate through a shift in the heptad registry of the coiled coil. Surprisingly, functional data suggest that the MTBD, and not the ATPase domain, is the main determinant of the direction of dynein motility.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663340/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663340/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, Andrew P -- Garbarino, Joan E -- Wilson-Kubalek, Elizabeth M -- Shipley, Wesley E -- Cho, Carol -- Milligan, Ronald A -- Vale, Ronald D -- Gibbons, I R -- GM30401-29/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52468/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AR042895/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AR042895-15/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P01-AR42895/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR-17573/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1691-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1164424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Dyneins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microtubules/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Effect of contraceptive access on birth rate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Martha -- Potts, Malcolm -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):873-4; author reply 873-4. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5878.873.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487173" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Birth Rate ; *Contraception ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Rural Population ; Urban Population
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    Encoding gender and individual information in the mouse vomeronasal organ (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: The mammalian vomeronasal organ detects complex chemical signals that convey information about gender, strain, and the social and reproductive status of an individual. How these signals are encoded is poorly understood. We developed transgenic mice expressing the calcium indicator G-CaMP2 and analyzed population responses of vomeronasal neurons to urine from individual animals. A substantial portion of cells was activated by either male or female urine, but only a small population of cells responded exclusively to gender-specific cues shared across strains and individuals. Female cues activated more cells and were subject to more complex hormonal regulations than male cues. In contrast to gender, strain and individual information was encoded by the combinatorial activation of neurons such that urine from different individuals activated distinctive cell populations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602951/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602951/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Jie -- Ma, Limei -- Kim, Sangseong -- Nakai, Junichi -- Yu, C Ron -- NIDCD 008003/PHS HHS/ -- R01 DC008003/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC008003-03/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):535-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1154476.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cluster Analysis ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; *Pheromones ; Principal Component Analysis ; Receptors, Pheromone/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; *Urine/chemistry ; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/*physiology
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    Natural genetic variation in lycopene epsilon cyclase tapped for maize biofortification (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: Dietary vitamin A deficiency causes eye disease in 40 million children each year and places 140 to 250 million at risk for health disorders. Many children in sub-Saharan Africa subsist on maize-based diets. Maize displays considerable natural variation for carotenoid composition, including vitamin A precursors alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Through association analysis, linkage mapping, expression analysis, and mutagenesis, we show that variation at the lycopene epsilon cyclase (lcyE) locus alters flux down alpha-carotene versus beta-carotene branches of the carotenoid pathway. Four natural lcyE polymorphisms explained 58% of the variation in these two branches and a threefold difference in provitamin A compounds. Selection of favorable lcyE alleles with inexpensive molecular markers will now enable developing-country breeders to more effectively produce maize grain with higher provitamin A levels.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933658/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933658/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harjes, Carlos E -- Rocheford, Torbert R -- Bai, Ling -- Brutnell, Thomas P -- Kandianis, Catherine Bermudez -- Sowinski, Stephen G -- Stapleton, Ann E -- Vallabhaneni, Ratnakar -- Williams, Mark -- Wurtzel, Eleanore T -- Yan, Jianbing -- Buckler, Edward S -- S06-GM08225/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- SC1 GM081160/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- SC1 GM081160-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- SC1 GM081160-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):330-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1150255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Breeding ; Carotenoids/*analysis/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cryptoxanthins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Intramolecular Lyases/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Nutritive Value ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Xanthophylls/analysis/metabolism ; Zea mays/chemistry/enzymology/*genetics ; beta Carotene/analysis/metabolism
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    Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder whose genetic influences remain elusive. We hypothesize that individually rare structural variants contribute to the illness. Microdeletions and microduplications 〉100 kilobases were identified by microarray comparative genomic hybridization of genomic DNA from 150 individuals with schizophrenia and 268 ancestry-matched controls. All variants were validated by high-resolution platforms. Novel deletions and duplications of genes were present in 5% of controls versus 15% of cases and 20% of young-onset cases, both highly significant differences. The association was independently replicated in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia as compared with their parents. Mutations in cases disrupted genes disproportionately from signaling networks controlling neurodevelopment, including neuregulin and glutamate pathways. These results suggest that multiple, individually rare mutations altering genes in neurodevelopmental pathways contribute to schizophrenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walsh, Tom -- McClellan, Jon M -- McCarthy, Shane E -- Addington, Anjene M -- Pierce, Sarah B -- Cooper, Greg M -- Nord, Alex S -- Kusenda, Mary -- Malhotra, Dheeraj -- Bhandari, Abhishek -- Stray, Sunday M -- Rippey, Caitlin F -- Roccanova, Patricia -- Makarov, Vlad -- Lakshmi, B -- Findling, Robert L -- Sikich, Linmarie -- Stromberg, Thomas -- Merriman, Barry -- Gogtay, Nitin -- Butler, Philip -- Eckstrand, Kristen -- Noory, Laila -- Gochman, Peter -- Long, Robert -- Chen, Zugen -- Davis, Sean -- Baker, Carl -- Eichler, Evan E -- Meltzer, Paul S -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Singleton, Andrew B -- Lee, Ming K -- Rapoport, Judith L -- King, Mary-Claire -- Sebat, Jonathan -- HD043569/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- M01 RR000046/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MH061355/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH061464/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH061528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS052108/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD043569/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR000046/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR025014/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH061355/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH061464/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH061528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U24 NS052108/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR025014/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):539-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1155174. Epub 2008 Mar 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Brain/cytology/*growth & development/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Female ; *Gene Deletion ; *Gene Duplication ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Receptor, ErbB-4 ; Schizophrenia/*genetics/physiopathology ; Signal Transduction
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    Virus population dynamics and acquired virus resistance in natural microbial communities (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Viruses shape microbial community structure and function by altering the fitness of their hosts and by promoting genetic exchange. The complexity of most natural ecosystems has precluded detailed studies of virus-host interactions. We reconstructed virus and host bacterial and archaeal genome sequences from community genomic data from two natural acidophilic biofilms. Viruses were matched to their hosts by analyzing spacer sequences that occur among clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) that are a hallmark of virus resistance. Virus population genomic analyses provided evidence that extensive recombination shuffles sequence motifs sufficiently to evade CRISPR spacers. Only the most recently acquired spacers match coexisting viruses, which suggests that community stability is achieved by rapid but compensatory shifts in host resistance levels and virus population structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andersson, Anders F -- Banfield, Jillian F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1047-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1157358.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Earth and Planetary Science and Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Archaea/*genetics/physiology/*virology ; Archaeal Viruses/genetics/*physiology ; Bacteria/*genetics/*virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages/genetics/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Biofilms ; DNA, Intergenic ; Ecosystem ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Viral ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Thermoplasmales/genetics/physiology/virology ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology
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    Polarization of the C. elegans embryo by RhoGAP-mediated exclusion of PAR-6 from cell contacts (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Early embryos of some metazoans polarize radially to facilitate critical patterning events such as gastrulation and asymmetric cell division; however, little is known about how radial polarity is established. Early embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans polarize radially when cell contacts restrict the polarity protein PAR-6 to contact-free cell surfaces, where PAR-6 regulates gastrulation movements. We have identified a Rho guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (RhoGAP), PAC-1, which mediates C. elegans radial polarity and gastrulation by excluding PAR-6 from contacted cell surfaces. We show that PAC-1 is recruited to cell contacts, and we suggest that PAC-1 controls radial polarity by restricting active CDC-42 to contact-free surfaces, where CDC-42 binds and recruits PAR-6. Thus, PAC-1 provides a dynamic molecular link between cell contacts and PAR proteins that polarizes embryos radially.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670547/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670547/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Dorian C -- Gill, Jason S -- Cinalli, Ryan M -- Nance, Jeremy -- R01 GM078341/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078341-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM078341/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32HD07520/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1771-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1156063.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Patterning ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Communication ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; *Cell Polarity ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*cytology/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/*metabolism ; Gastrulation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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    Identification of SLEEPLESS, a sleep-promoting factor (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: Sleep is an essential process conserved from flies to humans. The importance of sleep is underscored by its tight homeostatic control. Through a forward genetic screen, we identified a gene, sleepless, required for sleep in Drosophila. The sleepless gene encodes a brain-enriched, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Loss of SLEEPLESS protein caused an extreme (〉80%) reduction in sleep; a moderate reduction in SLEEPLESS had minimal effects on baseline sleep but markedly reduced the amount of recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that quiver, a mutation that impairs Shaker-dependent potassium current, is an allele of sleepless. Consistent with this finding, Shaker protein levels were reduced in sleepless mutants. We propose that SLEEPLESS is a signaling molecule that connects sleep drive to lowered membrane excitability.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771549/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771549/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koh, Kyunghee -- Joiner, William J -- Wu, Mark N -- Yue, Zhifeng -- Smith, Corinne J -- Sehgal, Amita -- AG017628/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG017628/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG017628-070004/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS072431/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):372-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1155942.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols ; Homeostasis ; Longevity ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; *Models, Animal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Sleep/genetics/physiology ; Sleep Deprivation ; Transgenes
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    TDP-43 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder characterized pathologically by ubiquitinated TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) inclusions. The function of TDP-43 in the nervous system is uncertain, and a mechanistic role in neurodegeneration remains speculative. We identified neighboring mutations in a highly conserved region of TARDBP in sporadic and familial ALS cases. TARDBPM337V segregated with disease within one kindred and a genome-wide scan confirmed that linkage was restricted to chromosome 1p36, which contains the TARDBP locus. Mutant forms of TDP-43 fragmented in vitro more readily than wild type and, in vivo, caused neural apoptosis and developmental delay in the chick embryo. Our evidence suggests a pathophysiological link between TDP-43 and ALS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sreedharan, Jemeen -- Blair, Ian P -- Tripathi, Vineeta B -- Hu, Xun -- Vance, Caroline -- Rogelj, Boris -- Ackerley, Steven -- Durnall, Jennifer C -- Williams, Kelly L -- Buratti, Emanuele -- Baralle, Francisco -- de Belleroche, Jacqueline -- Mitchell, J Douglas -- Leigh, P Nigel -- Al-Chalabi, Ammar -- Miller, Christopher C -- Nicholson, Garth -- Shaw, Christopher E -- G0500289/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0501573/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600974/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1668-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1154584. Epub 2008 Feb 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, and Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; CHO Cells ; Chick Embryo ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; *Mutation, Missense ; Neurons/cytology/physiology
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    Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: "Warmth" is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical warmth (or coldness) would increase feelings of interpersonal warmth (or coldness), without the person's awareness of this influence. In study 1, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in study 2, participants holding a hot (versus cold) therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of for themselves.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737341/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737341/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, Lawrence E -- Bargh, John A -- MH-R01-60767/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH060767-09/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 24;322(5901):606-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1162548.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 419, Boulder, CO, 80309-0419, USA. lawrence.williams@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cold Temperature ; Emotions ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Judgment ; Male ; Personality ; Social Behavior ; *Social Perception ; *Thermosensing ; *Trust
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    Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: Pluripotent stem cells have been generated from mouse and human somatic cells by viral expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. A major limitation of this technology is the use of potentially harmful genome-integrating viruses. We generated mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from fibroblasts and liver cells by using nonintegrating adenoviruses transiently expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. These adenoviral iPS (adeno-iPS) cells show DNA demethylation characteristic of reprogrammed cells, express endogenous pluripotency genes, form teratomas, and contribute to multiple tissues, including the germ line, in chimeric mice. Our results provide strong evidence that insertional mutagenesis is not required for in vitro reprogramming. Adenoviral reprogramming may provide an improved method for generating and studying patient-specific stem cells and for comparing embryonic stem cells and iPS cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987909/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987909/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stadtfeld, Matthias -- Nagaya, Masaki -- Utikal, Jochen -- Weir, Gordon -- Hochedlinger, Konrad -- DP2 OD003266/OD/NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):945-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1162494. Epub 2008 Sep 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818365" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; Chimera ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism/virology ; Genes, myc ; *Genetic Vectors ; Hepatocytes/*cytology/metabolism/virology ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/embryology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/metabolism ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics/metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Teratoma/etiology ; Transgenes ; Virus Integration
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    An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-09
    Description: Previous studies have reported that related human couples tend to produce more children than unrelated couples but have been unable to determine whether this difference is biological or stems from socioeconomic variables. Our results, drawn from all known couples of the Icelandic population born between 1800 and 1965, show a significant positive association between kinship and fertility, with the greatest reproductive success observed for couples related at the level of third and fourth cousins. Owing to the relative socioeconomic homogeneity of Icelanders, and the observation of highly significant differences in the fertility of couples separated by very fine intervals of kinship, we conclude that this association is likely to have a biological basis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helgason, Agnar -- Palsson, Saebjorn -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F -- Kristjansson, Thornordur -- Stefansson, Kari -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):813-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1150232.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. agnar@decode.is〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consanguinity ; *Family ; *Family Characteristics ; Female ; *Fertility ; Humans ; Iceland ; Male ; Socioeconomic Factors
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    Medicine. Sidestepping mutational meltdown (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoubridge, Eric A -- Wai, Timothy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):914-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1154515.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada. eric@ericpc.mni.mcgill.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autophagy ; Cell Line ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Male ; Mice ; Mitochondria/physiology ; NADH Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Oogenesis ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Personal genomics. Number of sequenced human genomes doubles (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):838. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5903.838.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Female ; *Genome, Human ; *Genomics/economics/methods ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics/methods
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    CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: Naturally occurring Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Here, we show that a specific deficiency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in Tregs results in spontaneous development of systemic lymphoproliferation, fatal T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, and hyperproduction of immunoglobulin E in mice, and it also produces potent tumor immunity. Treg-specific CTLA-4 deficiency impairs in vivo and in vitro suppressive function of Tregs-in particular, Treg-mediated down-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells. Thus, natural Tregs may critically require CTLA-4 to suppress immune responses by affecting the potency of antigen-presenting cells to activate other T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wing, Kajsa -- Onishi, Yasushi -- Prieto-Martin, Paz -- Yamaguchi, Tomoyuki -- Miyara, Makoto -- Fehervari, Zoltan -- Nomura, Takashi -- Sakaguchi, Shimon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):271-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160062.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens, CD/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86/metabolism ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; *Autoimmunity ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Leukemia/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology
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    Developmental biology. Aging of the ovary linked to PTEN pathway (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 1;319(5863):558-9. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5863.558b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Ovarian Follicle/*physiology ; Ovulation ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*physiology ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/*physiopathology/therapy ; Signal Transduction
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    Structural basis for specific substrate recognition by the chloroplast signal recognition particle protein cpSRP43 (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-16
    Description: Secretory and membrane proteins carry amino-terminal signal sequences that, in cotranslational targeting, are recognized by the signal recognition particle protein SRP54 without sequence specificity. The most abundant membrane proteins on Earth are the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCPs). They are synthesized in the cytoplasm, imported into the chloroplast, and posttranslationally targeted to the thylakoid membrane by cpSRP, a heterodimer formed by cpSRP54 and cpSRP43. We present the 1.5 angstrom crystal structure of cpSRP43 characterized by a unique arrangement of chromodomains and ankyrin repeats. The overall shape and charge distribution of cpSRP43 resembles the SRP RNA, which is absent in chloroplasts. The complex with the internal signal sequence of LHCPs reveals that cpSRP43 specifically recognizes a DPLG peptide motif. We describe how cpSPR43 adapts the universally conserved SRP system to posttranslational targeting and insertion of the LHCP family of membrane proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stengel, Katharina F -- Holdermann, Iris -- Cain, Peter -- Robinson, Colin -- Wild, Klemens -- Sinning, Irmgard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):253-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1158640.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biochemie-Zentrum der Universitat Heidelberg, INF328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Ankyrin Repeat ; Arabidopsis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Calorimetry ; Chloroplast Proteins ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA, Plant/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Recognition Particle/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Thylakoids/metabolism
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    The crystal structure of a sodium galactose transporter reveals mechanistic insights into Na+/sugar symport (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: Membrane transporters that use energy stored in sodium gradients to drive nutrients into cells constitute a major class of proteins. We report the crystal structure of a member of the solute sodium symporters (SSS), the Vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose symporter (vSGLT). The approximately 3.0 angstrom structure contains 14 transmembrane (TM) helices in an inward-facing conformation with a core structure of inverted repeats of 5 TM helices (TM2 to TM6 and TM7 to TM11). Galactose is bound in the center of the core, occluded from the outside solutions by hydrophobic residues. Surprisingly, the architecture of the core is similar to that of the leucine transporter (LeuT) from a different gene family. Modeling the outward-facing conformation based on the LeuT structure, in conjunction with biophysical data, provides insight into structural rearrangements for active transport.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654663/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654663/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faham, Salem -- Watanabe, Akira -- Besserer, Gabriel Mercado -- Cascio, Duilio -- Specht, Alexandre -- Hirayama, Bruce A -- Wright, Ernest M -- Abramson, Jeff -- DK19567/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK44602/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM07844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078844-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078844-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078844-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):810-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1160406. Epub 2008 Jul 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Galactose/chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Sodium/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Modulation of gene expression via disruption of NF-kappaB signaling by a bacterial small molecule (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: The control of innate immune responses through activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB is essential for the elimination of invading microbial pathogens. We showed that the bacterial N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl) homoserine lactone (C12) selectively impairs the regulation of NF-kappaB functions in activated mammalian cells. The consequence is specific repression of stimulus-mediated induction of NF-kappaB-responsive genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and other immune regulators. These findings uncover a strategy by which C12-producing opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, attenuate the innate immune system to establish and maintain local persistent infection in humans, for example, in cystic fibrosis patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kravchenko, Vladimir V -- Kaufmann, Gunnar F -- Mathison, John C -- Scott, David A -- Katz, Alexander Z -- Grauer, David C -- Lehmann, Mandy -- Meijler, Michael M -- Janda, Kim D -- Ulevitch, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):259-63. doi: 10.1126/science.1156499. Epub 2008 Jun 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Adult ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Homoserine/*analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism ; I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/*immunology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Pseudomonas Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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    Genome of an endosymbiont coupling N2 fixation to cellulolysis within protist cells in termite gut (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Termites harbor diverse symbiotic gut microorganisms, the majority of which are as yet uncultivable and their interrelationships unclear. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the uncultured Bacteroidales endosymbiont of the cellulolytic protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii, which accounts for 70% of the bacterial cells in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus. Functional annotation of the chromosome (1,114,206 base pairs) unveiled its ability to fix dinitrogen and recycle putative host nitrogen wastes for biosynthesis of diverse amino acids and cofactors, and import glucose and xylose as energy and carbon sources. Thus, nitrogen fixation and cellulolysis are coupled within the protist's cells. This highly evolved symbiotic system probably underlies the ability of the worldwide pest termites Coptotermes to use wood as their sole food.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hongoh, Yuichi -- Sharma, Vineet K -- Prakash, Tulika -- Noda, Satoko -- Toh, Hidehiro -- Taylor, Todd D -- Kudo, Toshiaki -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Hattori, Masahira -- Ohkuma, Moriya -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1108-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1165578.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecomolecular Biorecycling Science Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. yhongo@riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteroidetes/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Cellulose/*metabolism ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Digestive System/metabolism/microbiology/parasitology ; Eukaryota/isolation & purification/metabolism/*microbiology ; Fermentation ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Glycolysis ; Isoptera/metabolism/*microbiology/parasitology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monosaccharides/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; Wood/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A mouse model of mitochondrial disease reveals germline selection against severe mtDNA mutations (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: The majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations that cause human disease are mild to moderately deleterious, yet many random mtDNA mutations would be expected to be severe. To determine the fate of the more severe mtDNA mutations, we introduced mtDNAs containing two mutations that affect oxidative phosphorylation into the female mouse germ line. The severe ND6 mutation was selectively eliminated during oogenesis within four generations, whereas the milder COI mutation was retained throughout multiple generations even though the offspring consistently developed mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Thus, severe mtDNA mutations appear to be selectively eliminated from the female germ line, thereby minimizing their impact on population fitness.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049809/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049809/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fan, Weiwei -- Waymire, Katrina G -- Narula, Navneet -- Li, Peng -- Rocher, Christophe -- Coskun, Pinar E -- Vannan, Mani A -- Narula, Jagat -- Macgregor, Grant R -- Wallace, Douglas C -- AG13154/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16573/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG24373/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- DK73691/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD45913/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS21328/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HD045913-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 HD045913-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 HD045913-03/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 HD045913-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):958-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1147786.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cardiomyopathies/genetics/pathology ; Cell Line ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Litter Size ; Male ; Mice ; Mitochondria/physiology ; Mitochondrial Myopathies/*genetics/pathology ; Mutation, Missense ; Myocardium/pathology ; NADH Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Oogenesis ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Oxygen Consumption ; Point Mutation ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Human-specific gain of function in a developmental enhancer (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: Changes in gene regulation are thought to have contributed to the evolution of human development. However, in vivo evidence for uniquely human developmental regulatory function has remained elusive. In transgenic mice, a conserved noncoding sequence (HACNS1) that evolved extremely rapidly in humans acted as an enhancer of gene expression that has gained a strong limb expression domain relative to the orthologous elements from chimpanzee and rhesus macaque. This gain of function was consistent across two developmental stages in the mouse and included the presumptive anterior wrist and proximal thumb. In vivo analyses with synthetic enhancers, in which human-specific substitutions were introduced into the chimpanzee enhancer sequence or reverted in the human enhancer to the ancestral state, indicated that 13 substitutions clustered in an 81-base pair module otherwise highly constrained among terrestrial vertebrates were sufficient to confer the human-specific limb expression domain.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658639/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658639/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prabhakar, Shyam -- Visel, Axel -- Akiyama, Jennifer A -- Shoukry, Malak -- Lewis, Keith D -- Holt, Amy -- Plajzer-Frick, Ingrid -- Morrison, Harris -- Fitzpatrick, David R -- Afzal, Veena -- Pennacchio, Len A -- Rubin, Edward M -- Noonan, James P -- 1-F32-GM074367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM074367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM074367-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG003988/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HL066681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- MC_U127561093/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1346-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1159974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Body Patterning/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; Embryonic Development ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extremities/*embryology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Limb Buds/embryology/metabolism ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; PAX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Absence of the SRC-2 coactivator results in a glycogenopathy resembling Von Gierke's disease (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-29
    Description: Hepatic glucose production is critical for basal brain function and survival when dietary glucose is unavailable. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is an essential, rate-limiting enzyme that serves as a terminal gatekeeper for hepatic glucose release into the plasma. Mutations in G6Pase result in Von Gierke's disease (glycogen storage disease-1a), a potentially fatal genetic disorder. We have identified the transcriptional coactivator SRC-2 as a regulator of fasting hepatic glucose release, a function that SRC-2 performs by controlling the expression of hepatic G6Pase. SRC-2 modulates G6Pase expression directly by acting as a coactivator with the orphan nuclear receptor RORalpha. In addition, SRC-2 ablation, in both a whole-body and liver-specific manner, resulted in a Von Gierke's disease phenotype in mice. Our results position SRC-2 as a critical regulator of mammalian glucose production.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668604/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668604/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chopra, Atul R -- Louet, Jean-Francois -- Saha, Pradip -- An, Jie -- Demayo, Franco -- Xu, Jianming -- York, Brian -- Karpen, Saul -- Finegold, Milton -- Moore, David -- Chan, Lawrence -- Newgard, Christopher B -- O'Malley, Bert W -- DK58242/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL51586/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK059820/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK059820-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK58398/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK59820/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK056239/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK056239-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U19 DK062434/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U19 DK062434-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1395-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1164847.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Fasting ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase/*genetics/metabolism ; Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/*genetics/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; Liver Glycogen/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Response Elements ; Transcription, Genetic ; Triglycerides/metabolism
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    A retrotransposon-mediated gene duplication underlies morphological variation of tomato fruit (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-15
    Description: Edible fruits, such as that of the tomato plant and other vegetable crops, are markedly diverse in shape and size. SUN, one of the major genes controlling the elongated fruit shape of tomato, was positionally cloned and found to encode a member of the IQ67 domain-containing family. We show that the locus arose as a result of an unusual 24.7-kilobase gene duplication event mediated by the long terminal repeat retrotransposon Rider. This event resulted in a new genomic context that increased SUN expression relative to that of the ancestral copy, culminating in an elongated fruit shape. Our discovery demonstrates that retrotransposons may be a major driving force in genome evolution and gene duplication, resulting in phenotypic change in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiao, Han -- Jiang, Ning -- Schaffner, Erin -- Stockinger, Eric J -- van der Knaap, Esther -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1527-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1153040.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fruit/*anatomy & histology ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Retroelements ; Terminal Repeat Sequences ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic
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    Leiomodin is an actin filament nucleator in muscle cells (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-12
    Description: Initiation of actin polymerization in cells requires nucleation factors. Here we describe an actin-binding protein, leiomodin, that acted as a strong filament nucleator in muscle cells. Leiomodin shared two actin-binding sites with the filament pointed end-capping protein tropomodulin: a flexible N-terminal region and a leucine-rich repeat domain. Leiomodin also contained a C-terminal extension of 150 residues. The smallest fragment with strong nucleation activity included the leucine-rich repeat and C-terminal extension. The N-terminal region enhanced the nucleation activity threefold and recruited tropomyosin, which weakly stimulated nucleation and mediated localization of leiomodin to the middle of muscle sarcomeres. Knocking down leiomodin severely compromised sarcomere assembly in cultured muscle cells, which suggests a role for leiomodin in the nucleation of tropomyosin-decorated filaments in muscles.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845909/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845909/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chereau, David -- Boczkowska, Malgorzata -- Skwarek-Maruszewska, Aneta -- Fujiwara, Ikuko -- Hayes, David B -- Rebowski, Grzegorz -- Lappalainen, Pekka -- Pollard, Thomas D -- Dominguez, Roberto -- GM026338/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM073791/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL086655/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL086655/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL086655-01A10004/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073791/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073791-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 11;320(5873):239-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1155313.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Actins/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Microfilament Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Interference ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Sarcomeres/*metabolism ; Tropomodulin/chemistry ; Tropomyosin/chemistry/metabolism
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    Environmental genomics reveals a single-species ecosystem deep within Earth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: DNA from low-biodiversity fracture water collected at 2.8-kilometer depth in a South African gold mine was sequenced and assembled into a single, complete genome. This bacterium, Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, composes 〉99.9% of the microorganisms inhabiting the fluid phase of this particular fracture. Its genome indicates a motile, sporulating, sulfate-reducing, chemoautotrophic thermophile that can fix its own nitrogen and carbon by using machinery shared with archaea. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is capable of an independent life-style well suited to long-term isolation from the photosphere deep within Earth's crust and offers an example of a natural ecosystem that appears to have its biological component entirely encoded within a single genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Dylan -- Brodie, Eoin L -- Alm, Eric J -- Culley, David E -- Dehal, Paramvir S -- DeSantis, Todd Z -- Gihring, Thomas M -- Lapidus, Alla -- Lin, Li-Hung -- Lowry, Stephen R -- Moser, Duane P -- Richardson, Paul M -- Southam, Gordon -- Wanger, Greg -- Pratt, Lisa M -- Andersen, Gary L -- Hazen, Terry C -- Brockman, Fred J -- Arkin, Adam P -- Onstott, Tullis C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):275-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1155495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. DCChivian@lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*methods ; Gold ; Mining ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptococcaceae/classification/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; Spores, Bacterial/physiology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology
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    Coiled-coil irregularities and instabilities in group A Streptococcus M1 are required for virulence (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: Antigenically variable M proteins are major virulence factors and immunogens of the human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS). Here, we report the approximately 3 angstrom resolution structure of a GAS M1 fragment containing the regions responsible for eliciting type-specific, protective immunity and for binding fibrinogen, which promotes M1 proinflammatory and antiphagocytic functions. The structure revealed substantial irregularities and instabilities throughout the coiled coil of the M1 fragment. Similar structural irregularities occur in myosin and tropomyosin, explaining the patterns of cross-reactivity seen in autoimmune sequelae of GAS infection. Sequence idealization of a large segment of the M1 coiled coil enhanced stability but diminished fibrinogen binding, proinflammatory effects, and antibody cross-reactivity, whereas it left protective immunogenicity undiminished. Idealized M proteins appear to have promise as vaccine immunogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288698/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288698/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNamara, Case -- Zinkernagel, Annelies S -- Macheboeuf, Pauline -- Cunningham, Madeleine W -- Nizet, Victor -- Ghosh, Partho -- R01 AI048694/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI052453/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI052453-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI071167/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI071167-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008326/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1405-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1154470.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology ; Antigens, Bacterial/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Circular Dichroism ; Cross Reactions ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Fibrinogen/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Streptococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*chemistry/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Virulence
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    Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: Phylogenetic analysis indicates that microbial arsenic metabolism is ancient and probably extends back to the primordial Earth. In microbial biofilms growing on the rock surfaces of anoxic brine pools fed by hot springs containing arsenite and sulfide at high concentrations, we discovered light-dependent oxidation of arsenite [As(III)] to arsenate [As(V)] occurring under anoxic conditions. The communities were composed primarily of Ectothiorhodospira-like purple bacteria or Oscillatoria-like cyanobacteria. A pure culture of a photosynthetic bacterium grew as a photoautotroph when As(III) was used as the sole photosynthetic electron donor. The strain contained genes encoding a putative As(V) reductase but no detectable homologs of the As(III) oxidase genes of aerobic chemolithotrophs, suggesting a reverse functionality for the reductase. Production of As(V) by anoxygenic photosynthesis probably opened niches for primordial Earth's first As(V)-respiring prokaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kulp, T R -- Hoeft, S E -- Asao, M -- Madigan, M T -- Hollibaugh, J T -- Fisher, J C -- Stolz, J F -- Culbertson, C W -- Miller, L G -- Oremland, R S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):967-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1160799.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Arsenate Reductases/genetics/metabolism ; Arsenates/*metabolism ; Arsenites/*metabolism ; Autotrophic Processes ; Biofilms/*growth & development ; California ; Cyanobacteria/growth & development/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Ectothiorhodospira/classification/growth & development/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Hot Springs/*microbiology ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Photosynthesis ; Sulfides/metabolism
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    Manipulating the metazoan mitochondrial genome with targeted restriction enzymes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: High copy number and random segregation confound genetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome. We developed an efficient selection for heritable mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations in Drosophila, thereby enhancing a metazoan model for study of mitochondrial genetics and mutations causing human mitochondrial disease. Targeting a restriction enzyme to mitochondria in the germline compromised fertility, but escaper progeny carried homoplasmic mtDNA mutations lacking the cleavage site. Among mutations eliminating a site in the cytochrome c oxidase gene, mt:CoI(A302T) was healthy, mt:CoI(R301L) was male sterile but otherwise healthy, and mt:CoI(R301S) exhibited a wide range of defects, including growth retardation, neurodegeneration, muscular atrophy, male sterility, and reduced life span. Thus, germline expression of mitochondrial restriction enzymes creates a powerful selection and has allowed direct isolation of mitochondrial mutants in a metazoan.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754248/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754248/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Hong -- DeLuca, Steven Z -- O'Farrell, Patrick H -- R01 AI060102/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI060102-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-22/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086854/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086854-09A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):575-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1160226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Eye/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Female ; Genome, Insect ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Muscles/ultrastructure ; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal ; *Mutation ; Spermatogenesis
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    Evolution. Who's your daddy? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prum, Richard O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1799-800. doi: 10.1126/science.1168808.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 208105, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. richard.prum@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds/physiology ; Clutch Size ; *Dinosaurs/physiology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Paternal Behavior ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Drosophila egg-laying site selection as a system to study simple decision-making processes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: The ability to select a better option from multiple acceptable ones is important for animals to optimize their resources. The mechanisms that underlie such decision-making processes are not well understood. We found that selection of egg-laying site in Drosophila melanogaster is a suitable system to probe the neural circuit that governs simple decision-making processes. First, Drosophila females pursue active probing of the environment before depositing each egg, apparently to evaluate site quality for every egg. Second, Drosophila females can either accept or reject a sucrose-containing medium, depending on the context. Last, communication of the "acceptability" of the sucrose-containing medium as an egg-laying option to the reproductive system depends on the function of a group of insulin-like peptide 7 (ILP7)-producing neurons. These findings suggest that selection of egg-laying site involves a simple decision-making process and provide an entry point toward a systematic dissection of this process.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581776/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581776/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Chung-Hui -- Belawat, Priyanka -- Hafen, Ernst -- Jan, Lily Y -- Jan, Yuh-Nung -- R01 MH084234/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040929-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS047200-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS40929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS040929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1679-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1151842.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0725, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Decision Making ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; *Drosophila melanogaster/physiology ; Female ; *Models, Animal ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/metabolism ; *Oviposition
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    Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: Our ability to remember what we have seen is very limited. Most current views characterize this limit as a fixed number of items-only four objects-that can be held in visual working memory. We show that visual memory capacity is not fixed by the number of objects, but rather is a limited resource that is shared out dynamically between all items in the visual scene. This resource can be shifted flexibly between objects, with allocation biased by selective attention and toward targets of upcoming eye movements. The proportion of resources allocated to each item determines the precision with which it is remembered, a relation that we show is governed by a simple power law, allowing quantitative estimates of resource distribution in a scene.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532743/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532743/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bays, Paul M -- Husain, Masud -- 061140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):851-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. p.bays@ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; *Mental Recall ; Models, Neurological ; *Saccades ; Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception
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    Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: Close relatedness has long been considered crucial to the evolution of eusociality. However, it has recently been suggested that close relatedness may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of eusociality. We tested this idea with a comparative analysis of female mating frequencies in 267 species of eusocial bees, wasps, and ants. We found that mating with a single male, which maximizes relatedness, is ancestral for all eight independent eusocial lineages that we investigated. Mating with multiple males is always derived. Furthermore, we found that high polyandry (〉2 effective mates) occurs only in lineages whose workers have lost reproductive totipotency. These results provide the first evidence that monogamy was critical in the evolution of eusociality, strongly supporting the prediction of inclusive fitness theory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, William O H -- Oldroyd, Benjamin P -- Beekman, Madeleine -- Ratnieks, Francis L W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1213-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1156108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. w.o.h.hughes@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; Ants ; Bees ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; Phylogeny ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior ; Sociobiology ; Wasps
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    Niche partitioning increases resource exploitation by diverse communities (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: Classical ecological theory suggests that the coexistence of consumer species is fostered by resource-use differences, leading to greater resource use in communities with more species. However, explicit empirical support for this idea is lacking, because resource use by species is generally confounded with other species-specific attributes. We overcame this obstacle by co-opting behavioral plasticity in food choice among a group of animal consumers, allowing us to manipulate patterns of resource use while controlling for the effects of species identity and diversity. Within an aphid-parasitoid-radish community, we created a fully factorial manipulation of consumer resource-use breadth (specialist versus generalist) and species diversity (one versus three species) and found that resource exploitation improved with greater specialist, but not generalist, diversity. Therefore, resource partitioning, and not diversity per se, fostered greater overall resource consumption in our multispecies consumer communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finke, Deborah L -- Snyder, William E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1488-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1160854.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. finked@missouri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphids/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Oviposition ; Raphanus/*parasitology/physiology ; Wasps/*physiology
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    Behavior Genetics Association. The sociable brain (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):487. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5888.487a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653860" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Cephalometry ; Female ; *Friends ; Head/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Organ Size ; Personality ; *Social Behavior
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    Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Identifying ecologically differentiated populations within complex microbial communities remains challenging, yet is critical for interpreting the evolution and ecology of microbes in the wild. Here we describe spatial and temporal resource partitioning among Vibrionaceae strains coexisting in coastal bacterioplankton. A quantitative model (AdaptML) establishes the evolutionary history of ecological differentiation, thus revealing populations specific for seasons and life-styles (combinations of free-living, particle, or zooplankton associations). These ecological population boundaries frequently occur at deep phylogenetic levels (consistent with named species); however, recent and perhaps ongoing adaptive radiation is evident in Vibrio splendidus, which comprises numerous ecologically distinct populations at different levels of phylogenetic differentiation. Thus, environmental specialization may be an important correlate or even trigger of speciation among sympatric microbes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, Dana E -- David, Lawrence A -- Gevers, Dirk -- Preheim, Sarah P -- Alm, Eric J -- Polz, Martin F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1157890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Markov Chains ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plankton/*physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Vibrio/classification/genetics/physiology ; Vibrionaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Zooplankton/physiology
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    Diversity. Gender similarities characterize math performance (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hyde, Janet S -- Lindberg, Sara M -- Linn, Marcia C -- Ellis, Amy B -- Williams, Caroline C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):494-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160364.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. jshyde@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; Aptitude ; Career Choice ; Child ; Educational Measurement ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Problem Solving ; *Sex Characteristics
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    Science at the Olympics. Can ice vests provide a competitive chill? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Adrian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):625. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5889.625a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669830" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Athletic Performance ; *Body Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Running
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    Ornithology. The houbara: headed for oblivion? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1441. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5895.1441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asia ; *Birds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crime ; *Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction
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    Four-jointed is a Golgi kinase that phosphorylates a subset of cadherin domains (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: The atypical cadherin Fat acts as a receptor for a signaling pathway that regulates growth, gene expression, and planar cell polarity. Genetic studies in Drosophila identified the four-jointed gene as a regulator of Fat signaling. We show that four-jointed encodes a protein kinase that phosphorylates serine or threonine residues within extracellular cadherin domains of Fat and its transmembrane ligand, Dachsous. Four-jointed functions in the Golgi and is the first molecularly defined kinase that phosphorylates protein domains destined to be extracellular. An acidic sequence motif (Asp-Asn-Glu) within Four-jointed was essential for its kinase activity in vitro and for its biological activity in vivo. Our results indicate that Four-jointed regulates Fat signaling by phosphorylating cadherin domains of Fat and Dachsous as they transit through the Golgi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562711/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562711/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ishikawa, Hiroyuki O -- Takeuchi, Hideyuki -- Haltiwanger, Robert S -- Irvine, Kenneth D -- CA123071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM061126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM078620/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA123071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA123071-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061126-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078620/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078620-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):401-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cadherins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Glycosylation ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Threonine/metabolism
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  • 78
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    Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples" (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Helgason et al. (Reports, 8 February 2008, p. 813) reported a positive association between kinship and fertility in the Icelandic population. We point out that the data further suggest that fertility initially increases with kinship and then decays. This is supported by another large study on the Danish population suggesting a superposition of effects of inbreeding and outbreeding depression on human fertility.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Labouriau, Rodrigo -- Amorim, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1634; author reply 1634. doi: 10.1126/science.1161907.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. rodrigo.labouriau@agrsci.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consanguinity ; Denmark ; *Family ; *Family Characteristics ; Female ; *Fertility ; Humans ; Iceland ; Male ; Socioeconomic Factors
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  • 79
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    Centromere-associated female meiotic drive entails male fitness costs in monkeyflowers (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: Female meiotic drive, in which paired chromosomes compete for access to the egg, is a potentially powerful but rarely documented evolutionary force. In interspecific monkeyflower (Mimulus) hybrids, a driving M. guttatus allele (D) exhibits a 98:2 transmission advantage via female meiosis. We show that extreme interspecific drive is most likely caused by divergence in centromere-associated repeat domains and document cytogenetic and functional polymorphism for drive within a population of M. guttatus. In conspecific crosses, D had a 58:42 transmission advantage over nondriving alternative alleles. However, individuals homozygous for the driving allele suffered reduced pollen viability. These fitness effects and molecular population genetic data suggest that balancing selection prevents the fixation or loss of D and that selfish chromosomal transmission may affect both individual fitness and population genetic load.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fishman, Lila -- Saunders, Arpiar -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1559-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1161406.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. lila.fishman@mso.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Centromere/*physiology ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes, Plant/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Genetic Markers ; Heterozygote ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; *Meiosis ; Mimulus/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 80
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    Compromised survivorship in zoo elephants (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: We analyzed data from over 4500 elephants to show that animals in European zoos have about half the median life span of conspecifics in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants; unlike African elephants in zoos, this species' infant mortality is very high (for example, twice that seen in Burmese timber camps), and its adult survivorship in zoos has not improved significantly in recent years. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. We suggest stress and/or obesity as likely causes of zoo elephants' compromised survivorship.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clubb, Ros -- Rowcliffe, Marcus -- Lee, Phyllis -- Mar, Khyne U -- Moss, Cynthia -- Mason, Georgia J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1649. doi: 10.1126/science.1164298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), Wilberforce Way, Southwater, West Sussex, RH13 9RS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Animals, Zoo ; Asia ; *Elephants ; Female ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Kenya ; *Longevity ; Mortality ; Myanmar
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    Parasite treatment affects maternal investment in sons (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: Parasitism can be a major constraint on host condition and an important selective force. Theoretical and empirical evidence shows that maternal condition affects relative investment in sons and daughters; however, the effect of parasitism on sex ratio in vertebrates is seldom considered. We demonstrate experimentally that parasitism constrains the ability of mothers to rear sons in a long-lived seabird, the European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis. The effect contributes to the decline in offspring survival as the breeding season progresses and hence has important population-level consequences for this, and potentially other, seasonal breeders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reed, T E -- Daunt, F -- Hall, M E -- Phillips, R A -- Wanless, S -- Cunningham, E J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1681-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1159466. Epub 2008 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. tomreed@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use ; Ascaridida Infections/drug therapy/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea ; Bird Diseases/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Birds/*parasitology/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Ivermectin/*therapeutic use ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Ratio ; Survival Rate
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    Modafinil shifts human locus coeruleus to low-tonic, high-phasic activity during functional MRI (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Models of cognitive control posit a key modulatory role for the pontine locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. In nonhuman primates, phasic LC-NE activity confers adaptive adjustments in cortical gain in task-relevant brain networks, and in performance, on a trial-by-trial basis. This model has remained untested in humans. We used the pharmacological agent modafinil to promote low-tonic/high-phasic LC-NE activity in healthy humans performing a cognitive control task during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Modafanil administration was associated with decreased task-independent, tonic LC activity, increased task-related LC and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, and enhanced LC-PFC functional connectivity. These results confirm in humans the role of the LC-NE system in PFC function and cognitive control and suggest a mechanism for therapeutic action of procognitive noradrenergic agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minzenberg, Michael J -- Watrous, Andrew J -- Yoon, Jong H -- Ursu, Stefan -- Carter, Cameron S -- MH059883/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024146/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1700-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1164908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. michael.minzenberg@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Brain Mapping ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; *Cognition/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Locus Coeruleus/drug effects/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Norepinephrine/*metabolism ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/antagonists & ; inhibitors/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis
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  • 83
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    Globally distributed uncultivated oceanic N2-fixing cyanobacteria lack oxygenic photosystem II (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Biological nitrogen (N2) fixation is important in controlling biological productivity and carbon flux in the oceans. Unicellular N2-fixing cyanobacteria have only recently been discovered and are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas. Metagenomic analysis of flow cytometry-sorted cells shows that unicellular N2-fixing cyanobacteria in "group A" (UCYN-A) lack genes for the oxygen-evolving photosystem II and for carbon fixation, which has implications for oceanic carbon and nitrogen cycling and raises questions regarding the evolution of photosynthesis and N2 fixation on Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zehr, Jonathan P -- Bench, Shellie R -- Carter, Brandon J -- Hewson, Ian -- Niazi, Faheem -- Shi, Tuo -- Tripp, H James -- Affourtit, Jason P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1110-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1165340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. zehrj@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria/cytology/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flow Cytometry ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/methods ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen Fixation/*genetics ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology
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    Predicting human brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: The question of how the human brain represents conceptual knowledge has been debated in many scientific fields. Brain imaging studies have shown that different spatial patterns of neural activation are associated with thinking about different semantic categories of pictures and words (for example, tools, buildings, and animals). We present a computational model that predicts the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neural activation associated with words for which fMRI data are not yet available. This model is trained with a combination of data from a trillion-word text corpus and observed fMRI data associated with viewing several dozen concrete nouns. Once trained, the model predicts fMRI activation for thousands of other concrete nouns in the text corpus, with highly significant accuracies over the 60 nouns for which we currently have fMRI data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Tom M -- Shinkareva, Svetlana V -- Carlson, Andrew -- Chang, Kai-Min -- Malave, Vicente L -- Mason, Robert A -- Just, Marcel Adam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1191-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1152876.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tom.Mitchell@cs.cmu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Computational Biology ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Statistical ; Semantics ; Speech Perception/*physiology
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    Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS) is a complex congenital eye movement disorder caused by aberrant innervation of the extraocular muscles by axons of brainstem motor neurons. Studying families with a variant form of the disorder (DURS2-DRS), we have identified causative heterozygous missense mutations in CHN1, a gene on chromosome 2q31 that encodes alpha2-chimaerin, a Rac guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (RacGAP) signaling protein previously implicated in the pathfinding of corticospinal axons in mice. We found that these are gain-of-function mutations that increase alpha2-chimaerin RacGAP activity in vitro. Several of the mutations appeared to enhance alpha2-chimaerin translocation to the cell membrane or enhance its ability to self-associate. Expression of mutant alpha2-chimaerin constructs in chick embryos resulted in failure of oculomotor axons to innervate their target extraocular muscles. We conclude that alpha2-chimaerin has a critical developmental function in ocular motor axon pathfinding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyake, Noriko -- Chilton, John -- Psatha, Maria -- Cheng, Long -- Andrews, Caroline -- Chan, Wai-Man -- Law, Krystal -- Crosier, Moira -- Lindsay, Susan -- Cheung, Michelle -- Allen, James -- Gutowski, Nick J -- Ellard, Sian -- Young, Elizabeth -- Iannaccone, Alessandro -- Appukuttan, Binoy -- Stout, J Timothy -- Christiansen, Stephen -- Ciccarelli, Maria Laura -- Baldi, Alfonso -- Campioni, Mara -- Zenteno, Juan C -- Davenport, Dominic -- Mariani, Laura E -- Sahin, Mustafa -- Guthrie, Sarah -- Engle, Elizabeth C -- G9900837/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9900989/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 EY015298/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015298-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015298-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015298-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015298-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015298-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):839-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1156121. Epub 2008 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine (Genetics), Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abducens Nerve/abnormalities ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Chick Embryo ; Chimerin 1/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Duane Retraction Syndrome/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation, Missense ; Oculomotor Muscles/embryology/innervation/metabolism ; Oculomotor Nerve/abnormalities/embryology ; Pedigree
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Fission yeast Pot1-Tpp1 protects telomeres and regulates telomere length (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: Telomeres are specialized chromatin structures that protect chromosomal ends. Protection of telomeres 1 (Pot1) binds to the telomeric G-rich overhang, thereby protecting telomeres and regulating telomerase. Mammalian POT1 and TPP1 interact and constitute part of the six-protein shelterin complex. Here we report that Tpz1, the TPP1 homolog in fission yeast, forms a complex with Pot1. Tpz1 binds to Ccq1 and the previously undiscovered protein Poz1 (Pot1-associated in Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which protect telomeres redundantly and regulate telomerase in positive and negative manners, respectively. Thus, the Pot1-Tpz1 complex accomplishes its functions by recruiting effector molecules Ccq1 and Poz1. Moreover, Poz1 bridges Pot1-Tpz1 and Taz1-Rap1, thereby connecting the single-stranded and double-stranded telomeric DNA regions. Such molecular architectures are similar to those of mammalian shelterin, indicating that the overall DNA-protein architecture is conserved across evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyoshi, Tomoichiro -- Kanoh, Junko -- Saito, Motoki -- Ishikawa, Fuyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1341-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1154819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; Immunoprecipitation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Schizosaccharomyces/genetics/*metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Telomerase/metabolism ; Telomere/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Genetics. Functionally degenerate--Y not so? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, William R -- Friberg, Urban -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):42-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1153482.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. rice@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Insect ; Male ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: As the immune system develops, T cells are selected or regulated to become tolerant of self antigens and reactive against foreign antigens. In mice, the induction of such tolerance is thought to be attributable to the deletion of self-reactive cells. Here, we show that the human fetal immune system takes advantage of an additional mechanism: the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress fetal immune responses. We find that substantial numbers of maternal cells cross the placenta to reside in fetal lymph nodes, inducing the development of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Tregs that suppress fetal antimaternal immunity and persist at least until early adulthood. These findings reveal a form of antigen-specific tolerance in humans, induced in utero and probably active in regulating immune responses after birth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648820/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648820/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mold, Jeff E -- Michaelsson, Jakob -- Burt, Trevor D -- Muench, Marcus O -- Beckerman, Karen P -- Busch, Michael P -- Lee, Tzong-Hae -- Nixon, Douglas F -- McCune, Joseph M -- AI40312/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI68498/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000329/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000329-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000329-02/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000329-03/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000329-04/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HD00850/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HL083388/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- OD000329/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL083388/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL083388-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312-10/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312-11/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312-12/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI040312-13/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR024131/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1562-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1164511.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Chimerism ; Female ; Fetus/*immunology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Immune Tolerance ; Isoantigens/*immunology ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; *Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Pregnancy ; Self Tolerance ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    Axle-less F1-ATPase rotates in the correct direction (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: F1-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is an ATP-driven rotary molecular motor in which the central gamma subunit rotates inside a cylinder made of three alpha and three beta subunits alternately arranged. The rotor shaft, an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil of the amino and carboxyl termini of the gamma subunit, deeply penetrates the central cavity of the stator cylinder. We truncated the shaft step by step until the remaining rotor head would be outside the cavity and simply sat on the concave entrance of the stator orifice. All truncation mutants rotated in the correct direction, implying torque generation, although the average rotary speeds were low and short mutants exhibited moments of irregular motion. Neither a fixed pivot nor a rigid axle was needed for rotation of F1-ATPase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furuike, Shou -- Hossain, Mohammad Delawar -- Maki, Yasushi -- Adachi, Kengo -- Suzuki, Toshiharu -- Kohori, Ayako -- Itoh, Hiroyasu -- Yoshida, Masasuke -- Kinosita, Kazuhiko Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):955-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1151343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Hydrolysis ; Microspheres ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rotation ; Torque
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    A nitric oxide-inducible lactate dehydrogenase enables Staphylococcus aureus to resist innate immunity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most successful human pathogens, colonizing 2 billion individuals worldwide and causing invasive infections even in immunocompetent hosts. S. aureus can evade multiple components of host innate immunity, including the antimicrobial radical nitric oxide (NO.) produced by activated phagocytes. We show that S. aureus is capable of metabolically adapting to nitrosative stress by expressing an NO.-inducible L-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh1, SACOL0222) divergently transcribed from the NO.-detoxifying flavohemoglobin (hmp). L-Lactate production allows S. aureus to maintain redox homeostasis during nitrosative stress and is essential for virulence. NO.-inducible lactate dehydrogenase activity and NO. resistance distinguish S. aureus from the closely related commensal species S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richardson, Anthony R -- Libby, Stephen J -- Fang, Ferric C -- AI039557/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI055396/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1672-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1155207.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Induction ; Glucose/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; *Immunity, Innate ; Isoenzymes/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; Lactates/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/*microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*enzymology/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Virulence
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    Juvenile hormone regulates butterfly larval pattern switches (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Insect color patterns can be very diverse. This variation is also seen among many larval instar stages, which can take on vastly different phenotypes. Young caterpillars of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, are mimics of bird droppings, whereas the fifth larval instar is camouflaged among the leaves of host plants (cryptic pattern). We find that juvenile hormone (JH) titers decrease during the fourth larval instar. Furthermore, treatment with JH analog at the beginning of the fourth instar stage resulted in reproducing the mimetic pattern instead of the usual cryptic one and likewise altered gene expression patterns to that associated with the mimetic pattern. These findings suggest that JH regulates the progressive larval pattern switch of this insect.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Futahashi, Ryo -- Fujiwara, Haruhiko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1061. doi: 10.1126/science.1149786.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bioscience Building 501, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Butterflies/drug effects/genetics/*growth & development ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Dopa Decarboxylase/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Juvenile Hormones/*physiology ; Larva/drug effects/genetics/growth & development ; Methoprene/*pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Pigmentation ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
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    Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: To equalize X-chromosome dosages between the sexes, the female mammal inactivates one of her two X chromosomes. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is initiated by expression of Xist, a 17-kb noncoding RNA (ncRNA) that accumulates on the X in cis. Because interacting factors have not been isolated, the mechanism by which Xist induces silencing remains unknown. We discovered a 1.6-kilobase ncRNA (RepA) within Xist and identified the Polycomb complex, PRC2, as its direct target. PRC2 is initially recruited to the X by RepA RNA, with Ezh2 serving as the RNA binding subunit. The antisense Tsix RNA inhibits this interaction. RepA depletion abolishes full-length Xist induction and trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone H3 of the X. Likewise, PRC2 deficiency compromises Xist up-regulation. Therefore, RepA, together with PRC2, is required for the initiation and spread of XCI. We conclude that a ncRNA cofactor recruits Polycomb complexes to their target locus.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748911/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748911/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Jing -- Sun, Bryan K -- Erwin, Jennifer A -- Song, Ji-Joon -- Lee, Jeannie T -- R01 GM058839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058839-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM110090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM58839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):750-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1163045.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/*metabolism ; X Chromosome Inactivation
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    The long-run benefits of punishment (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: Experiments have shown that punishment enhances socially beneficial cooperation but that the costs of punishment outweigh the gains from cooperation. This challenges evolutionary models of altruistic cooperation and punishment, which predict that punishment will be beneficial. We compared 10- and 50-period cooperation experiments. With the longer time horizon, punishment is unambiguously beneficial.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gachter, Simon -- Renner, Elke -- Sefton, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1510. doi: 10.1126/science.1164744.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, University of Nottingham, School of Economics, Sir Clive Granger Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. simon.gaechter@nottingham.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; *Punishment ; Young Adult
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    Early forebrain wiring: genetic dissection using conditional Celsr3 mutant mice (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Development of axonal tracts requires interactions between growth cones and the environment. Tracts such as the anterior commissure and internal capsule are defective in mice with null mutation of Celsr3. We generated a conditional Celsr3 allele, allowing regional inactivation. Inactivation in telencephalon, ventral forebrain, or cortex demonstrated essential roles for Celsr3 in neurons that project axons to the anterior commissure and subcerebral targets, as well as in cells that guide axons through the internal capsule. When Celsr3 was inactivated in cortex, subcerebral projections failed to grow, yet corticothalamic axons developed normally, indicating that besides guidepost cells, additional Celsr3-independent cues can assist their progression. These observations provide in vivo evidence that Celsr3-mediated interactions between axons and guidepost cells govern axonal tract formation in mammals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746700/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746700/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Libing -- Bar, Isabelle -- Achouri, Younes -- Campbell, Kenneth -- De Backer, Olivier -- Hebert, Jean M -- Jones, Kevin -- Kessaris, Nicoletta -- de Rouvroit, Catherine Lambert -- O'Leary, Dennis -- Richardson, William D -- Goffinet, Andre M -- Tissir, Fadel -- G0501173/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800575/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9708005/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 MH086147/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH086147-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS031558/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS031558-15/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):946-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1155244.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Neurobiology, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgique.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cadherins/*genetics/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Gene Silencing ; Internal Capsule/cytology/embryology/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Neural Pathways/*embryology/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prosencephalon/cytology/*embryology/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*genetics/*physiology ; Septal Nuclei/embryology/physiology ; Thalamus/cytology/embryology ; Tissue Culture Techniques
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    AIDS research. Microbicide fails to protect against HIV (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1026-7. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5866.1026b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravaginal ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage ; Carrageenan ; Coitus ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Patient Compliance ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage
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    Automatic mental associations predict future choices of undecided decision-makers (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: Common wisdom holds that choice decisions are based on conscious deliberations of the available information about choice options. On the basis of recent insights about unconscious influences on information processing, we tested whether automatic mental associations of undecided individuals bias future choices in a manner such that these choices reflect the evaluations implied by earlier automatic associations. With the use of a computer-based, speeded categorization task to assess automatic mental associations (i.e., associations that are activated unintentionally, difficult to control, and not necessarily endorsed at a conscious level) and self-report measures to assess consciously endorsed beliefs and choice preferences, automatic associations of undecided participants predicted changes in consciously reported beliefs and future choices over a period of 1 week. Conversely, for decided participants, consciously reported beliefs predicted changes in automatic associations and future choices over the same period. These results indicate that decision-makers sometimes have already made up their mind at an unconscious level, even when they consciously indicate that they are still undecided.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galdi, Silvia -- Arcuri, Luciano -- Gawronski, Bertram -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1100-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1160769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy. silvia.galdi@unipd.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Attitude ; *Choice Behavior ; Culture ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; Middle Aged ; Politics ; *Unconscious (Psychology)
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    Retrovirus meeting. Back-to-basics push as HIV prevention struggles (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):888. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5865.888.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Female ; *HIV/genetics/pathogenicity ; *HIV Infections/immunology/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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    Divergence of quaternary structures among bacterial flagellar filaments (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: It has been widely assumed that the atomic structure of the flagellar filament from Salmonella typhimurium serves as a model for all bacterial flagellar filaments given the sequence conservation in the coiled-coil regions responsible for polymerization. On the basis of electron microscopic images, we show that the flagellar filaments from Campylobacter jejuni have seven protofilaments rather than the 11 in S. typhimurium. The vertebrate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes a region of bacterial flagellin that is involved in subunit-subunit assembly in Salmonella and many other pathogenic bacteria, and this short region has diverged in Campylobacter and related bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, which are not recognized by TLR5. The driving force in the change of quaternary structure between Salmonella and Campylobacter may have been the evasion of TLR5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galkin, Vitold E -- Yu, Xiong -- Bielnicki, Jakub -- Heuser, John -- Ewing, Cheryl P -- Guerry, Patricia -- Egelman, Edward H -- AI043559/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- EB001567/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):382-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1155307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Box 800733, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0733, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Campylobacter jejuni/chemistry/genetics/*ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flagella/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Flagellin/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Salmonella typhimurium/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Toll-Like Receptor 5/immunology/metabolism
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    Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. HIV, HPV researchers honored, but one scientist is left out (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):174-5. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5899.174.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history/virology ; Female ; France ; Germany ; *Hiv ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Nobel Prize ; Papillomaviridae/*pathogenicity ; United States ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/history/virology
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    The high-affinity E. coli methionine ABC transporter: structure and allosteric regulation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-16
    Description: The crystal structure of the high-affinity Escherichia coli MetNI methionine uptake transporter, a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) family, has been solved to 3.7 angstrom resolution. The overall architecture of MetNI reveals two copies of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) MetN in complex with two copies of the transmembrane domain MetI, with the transporter adopting an inward-facing conformation exhibiting widely separated nucleotide binding domains. Each MetI subunit is organized around a core of five transmembrane helices that correspond to a subset of the helices observed in the larger membrane-spanning subunits of the molybdate (ModBC) and maltose (MalFGK) ABC transporters. In addition to the conserved nucleotide binding domain of the ABC family, MetN contains a carboxyl-terminal extension with a ferredoxin-like fold previously assigned to a conserved family of regulatory ligand-binding domains. These domains separate the nucleotide binding domains and would interfere with their association required for ATP binding and hydrolysis. Methionine binds to the dimerized carboxyl-terminal domain and is shown to inhibit ATPase activity. These observations are consistent with an allosteric regulatory mechanism operating at the level of transport activity, where increased intracellular levels of the transported ligand stabilize an inward-facing, ATPase-inactive state of MetNI to inhibit further ligand translocation into the cell.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527972/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527972/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kadaba, Neena S -- Kaiser, Jens T -- Johnson, Eric -- Lee, Allen -- Rees, Douglas C -- GM45162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM045162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM045162-18/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):250-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1157987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mail Code 114-96, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Methionine/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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