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  • 1
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    Nuclear accumulation of NFAT4 opposed by the JNK signal transduction pathway (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) group of transcription factors is retained in the cytoplasm of quiescent cells. NFAT activation is mediated in part by induced nuclear import. This process requires calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of NFAT caused by the phosphatase calcineurin. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylates NFAT4 on two sites. Mutational removal of the JNK phosphorylation sites caused constitutive nuclear localization of NFAT4. In contrast, JNK activation in calcineurin-stimulated cells caused nuclear exclusion of NFAT4. These findings show that the nuclear accumulation of NFAT4 promoted by calcineurin is opposed by the JNK signal transduction pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow, C W -- Rincon, M -- Cavanagh, J -- Dickens, M -- Davis, R J -- CA58396/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA65831/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1638-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Jurkat Cells ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Requirement of the DEAD-Box protein ded1p for messenger RNA translation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: The DED1 gene, which encodes a putative RNA helicase, has been implicated in nuclear pre-messenger RNA splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is shown here by genetic and biochemical analysis that translation, rather than splicing, is severely impaired in two newly isolated ded1 conditional mutants. Preliminary evidence suggests that the protein Ded1p may be required for the initiation step of translation, as is the distinct DEAD-box protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). The DED1 gene could be functionally replaced by a mouse homolog, PL10, which suggests that the function of Ded1p in translation is evolutionarily conserved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chuang, R Y -- Weaver, P L -- Liu, Z -- Chang, T H -- GM48752/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A ; Genes, Fungal ; Mice ; Mutation ; Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Helicases ; RNA Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Fungal/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/*genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Mating type switching in yeast controlled by asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Cell divisions that produce progeny differing in their patterns of gene expression are key to the development of multicellular organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mother cells but not daughter cells can switch mating type because they selectively express the HO endonuclease gene. This asymmetry is due to the preferential accumulation of an unstable transcriptional repressor protein, Ash1p, in daughter cell nuclei. Here it is shown that ASH1 messenger RNA (mRNA) preferentially accumulates in daughter cells by a process that is dependent on actin and myosin. A cis-acting element in the 3'-untranslated region of ASH1 mRNA is sufficient to localize a chimeric RNA to daughter cells. These results suggest that localization of mRNA may have been an early property of the eukaryotic lineage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Long, R M -- Singer, R H -- Meng, X -- Gonzalez, I -- Nasmyth, K -- Jansen, R P -- 7 F32 HD08088-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- GM54887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):383-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Microtubules/physiology ; Mutation ; *Myosin Heavy Chains ; *Myosin Type V ; Myosins/genetics ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Transformation, Genetic ; Tropomyosin/genetics/physiology ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Genetic testing for cancer risk (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility is already part of the clinical management of families with some of the well-defined (but uncommon) inherited cancer syndromes. In cases where the risks associated with a predisposing mutation are less certain, or where there is no clearly effective intervention to offer those with a positive result, its use is more controversial. Careful evaluation of costs and benefits, and of the efficacy of interventions in those found to be at risk, is essential and is only just beginning. An immediate challenge is to ensure that both health professionals and the public understand clearly the issues involved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponder, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1050-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Level 3 Lab Block, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. bajp@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Confidentiality ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Services ; *Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Insurance, Life ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*genetics ; Resource Allocation ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Integrating genetic approaches into the discovery of anticancer drugs (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: The discovery of anticancer drugs is now driven by the numerous molecular alterations identified in tumor cells over the past decade. To exploit these alterations, it is necessary to understand how they define a molecular context that allows increased sensitivity to particular compounds. Traditional genetic approaches together with the new wealth of genomic information for both human and model organisms open up strategies by which drugs can be profiled for their ability to selectively kill cells in a molecular context that matches those found in tumors. Similarly, it may be possible to identify and validate new targets for drugs that would selectively kill tumor cells with a particular molecular context. This article outlines some of the ways that yeast genetics can be used to streamline anticancer drug discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartwell, L H -- Szankasi, P -- Roberts, C J -- Murray, A W -- Friend, S H -- N01-BC65017/BC/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1064-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Seattle Project, Molecular Pharmacology Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Drug Design ; *Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Yeasts/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Osmotic activation of the HOG MAPK pathway via Ste11p MAPKKK: scaffold role of Pbs2p MAPKK (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high extracellular osmolarity induces the Sln1p-Ypd1p-Ssk1p two-component osmosensor to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade composed of the Ssk2p and Ssk22p MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), the Pbs2p MAPKK, and the Hog1p MAPK. A second osmosensor, Sho1p, also activated Pbs2p and Hog1p, but did so through the Ste11p MAPKKK. Although Ste11p also participates in the mating pheromone-responsive MAPK cascade, there was no detectable cross talk between these two pathways. The MAPKK Pbs2p bound to the Sho1p osmosensor, the MAPKKK Ste11p, and the MAPK Hog1p. Thus, Pbs2p may serve as a scaffold protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Posas, F -- Saito, H -- GM50909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM53415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1702-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Complementation Test ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; Osmolar Concentration ; Osmotic Pressure ; Peptides/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Rescue of a Drosophila NF1 mutant phenotype by protein kinase A (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein is thought to restrict cell proliferation by functioning as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein. However, Drosophila homozygous for null mutations of an NF1 homolog showed no obvious signs of perturbed Ras1-mediated signaling. Loss of NF1 resulted in a reduction in size of larvae, pupae, and adults. This size defect was not modified by manipulating Ras1 signaling but was restored by expression of activated adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Thus, NF1 and PKA appear to interact in a pathway that controls the overall growth of Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉The, I -- Hannigan, G E -- Cowley, G S -- Reginald, S -- Zhong, Y -- Gusella, J F -- Hariharan, I K -- Bernards, A -- NS22229/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34779/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS36084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):791-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurofibromin 1 ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Recombinant DNA technique and sickle cell anemia research (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, K R -- Capecchi, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1404-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/*genetics ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA, Recombinant ; *Gene Conversion ; Hemoglobin, Sickle/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotides/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions enhanced by Rho-kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: The small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho is implicated in the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions in fibroblasts stimulated by extracellular signals such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Rho-kinase is activated by Rho and may mediate some biological effects of Rho. Microinjection of the catalytic domain of Rho-kinase into serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells induced the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, whereas microinjection of the inactive catalytic domain, the Rho-binding domain, or the pleckstrin-homology domain inhibited the LPA-induced formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. Thus, Rho-kinase appears to mediate signals from Rho and to induce the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amano, M -- Chihara, K -- Kimura, K -- Fukata, Y -- Nakamura, N -- Matsuura, Y -- Kaibuchi, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1308-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-01, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; rho-Associated Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Hypermethylated SUPERMAN epigenetic alleles in arabidopsis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Mutations in the SUPERMAN gene affect flower development in Arabidopsis. Seven heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles (the clark kent alleles) are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. Revertants of these alleles are largely demethylated at the SUP locus and have restored levels of SUP RNA. A transgenic Arabidopsis line carrying an antisense methyltransferase gene, which shows an overall decrease in genomic cytosine methylation, also contains a hypermethylated sup allele. Thus, disruption of methylation systems may yield more complex outcomes than expected and can result in methylation defects at known genes. The clark kent alleles differ from the antisense line because they do not show a general decrease in genomic methylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobsen, S E -- Meyerowitz, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytosine/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Antisense ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    A mRNA signal for the type III secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Pathogenic Yersinia species have a specialized secretion system (type III) to target cytotoxic Yop proteins during infection. The signals of YopE and YopN sufficient for the secretion of translational reporter fusions were mapped to the first 15 codons. No common amino acid or peptide sequence could be identified among the secretion signals. Systematic mutagenesis of the secretion signal yielded mutants defective in Yop translation; however, no point mutants could be identified that specifically abolished secretion. Frameshift mutations that completely altered the peptide sequences of these signals also failed to prevent secretion. Thus, the signal that leads to the type III secretion of Yop proteins appears to be encoded in their messenger RNA rather than the peptide sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, D M -- Schneewind, O -- AI 07323/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*secretion ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*secretion ; Base Sequence ; Codon ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Membrane Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis/secretion ; Yersinia enterocolitica/*metabolism/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Phylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: The use of molecular phylogenies to examine evolutionary questions has become commonplace with the automation of DNA sequencing and the availability of efficient computer programs to perform phylogenetic analyses. The application of computer simulation and likelihood ratio tests to evolutionary hypotheses represents a recent methodological development in this field. Likelihood ratio tests have enabled biologists to address many questions in evolutionary biology that have been difficult to resolve in the past, such as whether host-parasite systems are cospeciating and whether models of DNA substitution adequately explain observed sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huelsenbeck, J P -- Rannala, B -- GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):227-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. john@mws4.biol.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; *DNA/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hantavirus/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mutation ; Phthiraptera/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Rodentia/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 13
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    Population diversity: its extent and extinction (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Genetically distinct populations are an important component of biodiversity. This work estimates the number of populations per area of a sample of species from literature on population differentiation and the average range area of a species from a sample of distribution maps. This yields an estimate of about 220 populations per species, or 1.1 to 6.6 billion populations globally. Assuming that population extinction is a linear function of habitat loss, approximately 1800 populations per hour (16 million annually) are being destroyed in tropical forests alone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, J B -- Daily, G C -- Ehrlich, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):689-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetics, Population ; Mathematics ; Plants ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Population Density
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Requirement of guanosine triphosphate-bound ran for signal-mediated nuclear protein export (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) allows rapid export of proteins from cell nuclei. Microinjection studies revealed a role for the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ran in NES-mediated export. Nuclear injection of a Ran mutant (Thr24 --〉 Asn) blocked protein export but not import, whereas depletion of the Ran nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 blocked protein import but not export. However, injection of Ran GTPase-activating protein (RanGAP) into RCC1-depleted cell nuclei inhibited export. Coinjection with Ran mutants insensitive to RanGAP prevented this inhibition. Therefore, NES-mediated protein export appears to require a Ran-GTP complex but does not require Ran-dependent GTP hydrolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richards, S A -- Carey, K L -- Macara, I G -- EST3207122/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM 50526/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1842-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cytoplasm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Temperature ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Polyalanine expansion in synpolydactyly might result from unequal crossing-over of HOXD13 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, S T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):408-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; *Crossing Over, Genetic ; Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptides/analysis/*genetics ; Polydactyly/*genetics ; Syndactyly/*genetics ; *Transcription Factors ; Trinucleotide Repeats
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  • 16
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    Biospherian viewpoints (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dempster, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1247-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; Atmosphere ; *Ecological Systems, Closed ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Structural insights into the evolution of an antibody combining site (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: The crystal structures of a germline antibody Fab fragment and its complex with hapten have been solved at 2.1 A resolution. These structures are compared with the corresponding crystal structures of the affinity-matured antibody, 48G7, which has a 30,000 times higher affinity for hapten as a result of nine replacement somatic mutations. Significant changes in the configuration of the combining site occur upon binding of hapten to the germline antibody, whereas hapten binds to the mature antibody by a lock-and-key fit mechanism. The reorganization of the combining site that was nucleated by hapten binding is further optimized by somatic mutations that occur up to 15 from bound hapten. These results suggest that the binding potential of the primary antibody repertoire may be significantly expanded by the ability of germline antibodies to adopt more than one combining-site configuration, with both antigen binding and somatic mutation stabilizing the configuration with optimal hapten complementarity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wedemayer, G J -- Patten, P A -- Wang, L H -- Schultz, P G -- Stevens, R C -- R01 AI39089/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1665-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Catalytic/*chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Antibody Affinity ; Antibody Diversity ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Antigen-Antibody Reactions ; Binding Sites ; *Binding Sites, Antibody ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Haptens/immunology ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/*chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 18
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    A mitochondrial Alzheimer's gene? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):682.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/enzymology/*genetics ; Brain/*enzymology ; Cells, Cultured ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Mutation
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  • 19
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    New clues found to circadian clocks--including mammals' (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1030-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Clocks/*genetics ; CLOCK Proteins ; Chromosome Mapping ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Mice ; Mutation ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*genetics/physiology
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  • 20
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    Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: In evaluating current combination drug regimens for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, it is important to determine the existence of viral reservoirs. After depletion of CD8 cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both patients and normal donors, activation of patient CD4 lymphocytes with immobilized antibodies to CD3 and CD28 enabled the isolation of virus from PBMCs of six patients despite the suppression of their plasma HIV RNA to fewer than 50 copies per milliliter for up to 2 years. Partial sequencing of HIV pol revealed no new drug resistance mutations or discernible evolution, providing evidence for viral latency rather than drug failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wong, J K -- Hezareh, M -- Gunthard, H F -- Havlir, D V -- Ignacio, C C -- Spina, C A -- Richman, D D -- AI 01361/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 27670/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38858/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1291-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology ; Coculture Techniques ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Indinavir/therapeutic use ; Lamivudine/therapeutic use ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mutation ; RNA, Viral/analysis/blood ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/virology ; Viral Load ; Viremia/*drug therapy/virology ; Virus Activation ; Virus Latency ; Virus Replication ; Zidovudine/therapeutic use
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  • 21
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    Interaction and regulation of subcellular localization of CED-4 by CED-9 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: The Caenorhabditis elegans survival gene ced-9 regulates ced-4 activity and inhibits cell death, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Through a genetic screen for CED-4-binding proteins, CED-9 was identified as an interacting partner of CED-4. CED-9, but not loss-of-function mutants, associated specifically with CED-4 in yeast or mammalian cells. The CED-9 protein localized primarily to intracellular membranes and the perinuclear region, whereas CED-4 was distributed in the cytosol. Expression of CED-9, but not a mutant lacking the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain, targeted CED-4 from the cytosol to intracellular membranes in mammalian cells. Thus, the actions of CED-4 and CED-9 are directly linked, which could provide the basis for the regulation of programmed cell death in C. elegans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, D -- Wallen, H D -- Nunez, G -- CA-64556/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32A107413-03/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1126-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*cytology/genetics ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Fractionation ; Cell Line ; Cytosol/chemistry ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/chemistry ; Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Transfection ; bcl-X Protein
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    Reverse transcriptase fidelity and HIV-1 variation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keulen, W -- Nijhuis, M -- Schuurman, R -- Berkhout, B -- Boucher, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):229; author reply 230-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Genetic Variation ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/*genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Humans ; Lamivudine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Mutation ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Zidovudine/therapeutic use
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  • 23
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    Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The hypothesis that quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes carrying proviral DNA provide a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined. In a study of 22 patients successfully treated with HAART for up to 30 months, replication-competent virus was routinely recovered from resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of resting CD4+ T cells harboring latent HIV-1 was low, 0.2 to 16.4 per 10(6) cells, and, in cross-sectional analysis, did not decrease with increasing time on therapy. The recovered viruses generally did not show mutations associated with resistance to the relevant antiretroviral drugs. This reservoir of nonevolving latent virus in resting CD4+ T cells should be considered in deciding whether to terminate treatment in patients who respond to HAART.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finzi, D -- Hermankova, M -- Pierson, T -- Carruth, L M -- Buck, C -- Chaisson, R E -- Quinn, T C -- Chadwick, K -- Margolick, J -- Brookmeyer, R -- Gallant, J -- Markowitz, M -- Ho, D D -- Richman, D D -- Siliciano, R F -- AI23871/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI27670/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28108/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1295-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology ; Cell Separation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mutation ; Proviruses/physiology ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Time Factors ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Integration ; *Virus Latency ; *Virus Replication
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  • 24
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    In situ activation pattern of Drosophila EGF receptor pathway during development (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Signaling cascades triggered by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) participate in diverse developmental processes. The active state of these signaling pathways was monitored by examination of the in situ distribution of the active, dual phosphorylated form of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) with a specific monoclonal antibody. Detection of the active state of the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (DER) pathway allowed the visualization of gradients and boundaries of receptor activation, assessment of the distribution of activating ligands, and analysis of interplay with the inhibitory ligand Argos. This in situ approach can be used to monitor other receptor-triggered pathways in a wide range of organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gabay, L -- Seger, R -- Shilo, B Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Body Patterning ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/immunology/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Drosophila/cytology/embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Epidermal Growth Factor ; Eye Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/cytology/embryology ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 25
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    Receptor and betagamma binding sites in the alpha subunit of the retinal G protein transducin (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: Transmembrane receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, light, and odorants mediate their cellular effects by activating heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). Crystal structures have revealed contact surfaces between G protein subunits, but not the surfaces or molecular mechanism through which Galphabetagamma responds to activation by transmembrane receptors. Such a surface was identified from the results of testing 100 mutant alpha subunits of the retinal G protein transducin for their ability to interact with rhodopsin. Sites at which alanine substitutions impaired this interaction mapped to two distinct Galpha surfaces: a betagamma-binding surface and a putative receptor-interacting surface. On the basis of these results a mechanism for receptor-catalyzed exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate is proposed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Onrust, R -- Herzmark, P -- Chi, P -- Garcia, P D -- Lichtarge, O -- Kingsley, C -- Bourne, H R -- CA-54427/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM-27800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):381-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Fluorides/pharmacology ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; *Protein Conformation ; Retinaldehyde/pharmacology ; Rhodopsin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/metabolism ; Transducin/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 26
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    Circadian rhythms in rapidly dividing cyanobacteria (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: The long-standing supposition that the biological clock cannot function in cells that divide more rapidly than the circadian cycle was investigated. During exponential growth in which the generation time was 10 hours, the profile of bioluminescence from a reporter strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus (species PCC 7942) matched a model based on the assumption that cells proliferate exponentially and the bioluminescence of each cell oscillates in a cosine fashion. Some messenger RNAs showed a circadian rhythm in abundance during continuous exponential growth with a doubling time of 5 to 6 hours. Thus, the cyanobacterial circadian clock functions in cells that divide three or more times during one circadian cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, T -- Mori, T -- Lebedeva, N V -- Aoki, S -- Ishiura, M -- Golden, S S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):224-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-01 Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Division ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cyanobacteria/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Genes, Reporter ; Luciferases/genetics/metabolism ; Luminescence ; Mutation ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/genetics ; Photosystem II Protein Complex ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Transformation, Bacterial
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  • 27
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    Crystal structure of protein farnesyltransferase at 2.25 angstrom resolution (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the carboxyl-terminal lipidation of Ras and several other cellular signal transduction proteins. The essential nature of this modification for proper function of these proteins has led to the emergence of FTase as a target for the development of new anticancer therapy. Inhibition of this enzyme suppresses the transformed phenotype in cultured cells and causes tumor regression in animal models. The crystal structure of heterodimeric mammalian FTase was determined at 2.25 angstrom resolution. The structure shows a combination of two unusual domains: a crescent-shaped seven-helical hairpin domain and an alpha-alpha barrel domain. The active site is formed by two clefts that intersect at a bound zinc ion. One cleft contains a nine-residue peptide that may mimic the binding of the Ras substrate; the other cleft is lined with highly conserved aromatic residues appropriate for binding the farnesyl isoprenoid with required specificity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, H W -- Boduluri, S R -- Moomaw, J F -- Casey, P J -- Beese, L S -- GM46372/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52382/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1800-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alkyl and Aryl Transferases ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Transferases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome characterized by tumors in parathyroids, enteropancreatic endocrine tissues, and the anterior pituitary. DNA sequencing from a previously identified minimal interval on chromosome 11q13 identified several candidate genes, one of which contained 12 different frameshift, nonsense, missense, and in-frame deletion mutations in 14 probands from 15 families. The MEN1 gene contains 10 exons and encodes a ubiquitously expressed 2.8-kilobase transcript. The predicted 610-amino acid protein product, termed menin, exhibits no apparent similarities to any previously known proteins. The identification of MEN1 will enable improved understanding of the mechanism of endocrine tumorigenesis and should facilitate early diagnosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chandrasekharappa, S C -- Guru, S C -- Manickam, P -- Olufemi, S E -- Collins, F S -- Emmert-Buck, M R -- Debelenko, L V -- Zhuang, Z -- Lubensky, I A -- Liotta, L A -- Crabtree, J S -- Wang, Y -- Roe, B A -- Weisemann, J -- Boguski, M S -- Agarwal, S K -- Kester, M B -- Kim, Y S -- Heppner, C -- Dong, Q -- Spiegel, A M -- Burns, A L -- Marx, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Transfer, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Exons ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1/*genetics ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Requirement of Drosophila NF1 for activation of adenylyl cyclase by PACAP38-like neuropeptides (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The human neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein functions as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein, but the identity of Ras- mediated pathways modulated by NF1 remains unknown. A study of Drosophila NF1 mutants revealed that NF1 is essential for the cellular response to the neuropeptide PACAP38 (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide) at the neuromuscular junction. The peptide induced a 100-fold enhancement of potassium currents by activating the Ras-Raf and adenylyl cyclase-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. This response was eliminated in NF1 mutants. NF1 appears to regulate the rutabaga-encoded adenylyl cyclase rather than the Ras-Raf pathway. Moreover, the NF1 defect was rescued by the exposure of cells to pharmacological treatment that increased concentrations of cAMP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, H F -- The, I -- Hannan, F -- Bernards, A -- Zhong, Y -- R01-NS31747/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS34779/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):795-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Adenylyl Cyclases/*metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Drosophila/*enzymology/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Genes, Insect ; In Vitro Techniques ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/*enzymology ; Neuropeptides/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Potassium/metabolism ; Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I ; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B-deficient mouse embryos were found to lack microvascular pericytes, which normally form part of the capillary wall, and they developed numerous capillary microaneurysms that ruptured at late gestation. Endothelial cells of the sprouting capillaries in the mutant mice appeared to be unable to attract PDGF-Rbeta-positive pericyte progenitor cells. Pericytes may contribute to the mechanical stability of the capillary wall. Comparisons made between PDGF null mouse phenotypes suggest a general role for PDGFs in the development of myofibroblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindahl, P -- Johansson, B R -- Leveen, P -- Betsholtz, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Goteborg, Medicinaregatan 9A, S-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aneurysm/*etiology ; Animals ; Brain/blood supply ; Capillaries/*cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/metabolism ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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    The Ras-RasGAP complex: structural basis for GTPase activation and its loss in oncogenic Ras mutants (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of the complex between human H-Ras bound to guanosine diphosphate and the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating domain of the human GTPase-activating protein p120GAP (GAP-334) in the presence of aluminum fluoride was solved at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms. The structure shows the partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic nature of the communication between the two molecules, which explains the sensitivity of the interaction toward both salts and lipids. An arginine side chain (arginine-789) of GAP-334 is supplied into the active site of Ras to neutralize developing charges in the transition state. The switch II region of Ras is stabilized by GAP-334, thus allowing glutamine-61 of Ras, mutation of which activates the oncogenic potential, to participate in catalysis. The structural arrangement in the active site is consistent with a mostly associative mechanism of phosphoryl transfer and provides an explanation for the activation of Ras by glycine-12 and glutamine-61 mutations. Glycine-12 in the transition state mimic is within van der Waals distance of both arginine-789 of GAP-334 and glutamine-61 of Ras, and even its mutation to alanine would disturb the arrangements of residues in the transition state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheffzek, K -- Ahmadian, M R -- Kabsch, W -- Wiesmuller, L -- Lautwein, A -- Schmitz, F -- Wittinghofer, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):333-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Strukturelle Biologie, Rheinlanddamm 201, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation ; Fluorides/chemistry/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Continuous in vitro evolution of catalytic function (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: A population of RNA molecules that catalyze the template-directed ligation of RNA substrates was made to evolve in a continuous manner in the test tube. A simple serial transfer procedure was used to achieve approximately 300 successive rounds of catalysis and selective amplification in 52 hours. During this time, the population size was maintained against an overall dilution of 3 x 10(298). Both the catalytic rate and amplification rate of the RNAs improved substantially as a consequence of mutations that accumulated during the evolution process. Continuous in vitro evolution makes it possible to maintain laboratory "cultures" of catalytic molecules that can be perpetuated indefinitely.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, M C -- Joyce, G F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):614-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Catalysis ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/metabolism ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; *RNA, Catalytic/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Extinction episodes, such as the anthropogenic one currently under way, result in a pruned tree of life. But what fraction of the underlying evolutionary history survives when k of n species in a taxon are lost? This is relevant both to how species loss has translated into a loss of evolutionary history and to assigning conservation priorities. Here it is shown that approximately 80 percent of the underlying tree of life can survive even when approximately 95 percent of species are lost, and that algorithms that maximize the amount of evolutionary history preserved are not much better than choosing the survivors at random. Given the political, economic, and social realities constraining conservation biology, these findings may be helpful.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nee, S -- May, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):692-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. sean.nee@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Population Density
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    A di-acidic signal required for selective export from the endoplasmic reticulum (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: Transport of membrane proteins between intracellular compartments requires specific sequences in the protein cytoplasmic domain to direct packaging into vesicle shuttles. A sequence that mediates export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has proved elusive. A di-acidic signal (Asp-X-Glu, where X represents any amino acid) on the cytoplasmic tail of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) and other cargo molecules was required for efficient recruitment to vesicles mediating export from the ER in baby hamster kidney cells. The existence of such a signal provides evidence that export from the ER occurs through a selective mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishimura, N -- Balch, W E -- GM 42336/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):556-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acid Phosphatase/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Biospherian viewpoints (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1248-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; *Ecological Systems, Closed ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Alternative cleavage of Alzheimer-associated presenilins during apoptosis by a caspase-3 family protease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Most cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 proteins, both of which undergo regulated endoproteolytic processing. During apoptosis, PS1 and PS2 were shown to be cleaved at sites distal to their normal cleavage sites by a caspase-3 family protease. In cells expressing PS2 containing the asparagine-141 FAD mutant, the ratio of alternative to normal PS2 cleavage fragments was increased relative to wild-type PS2-expressing cells, suggesting a potential role for apoptosis-associated cleavage of presenilins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, T W -- Pettingell, W H -- Jung, Y K -- Kovacs, D M -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):373-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Rats ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: A C. elegans neurosecretory signaling system regulates whether animals enter the reproductive life cycle or arrest development at the long-lived dauer diapause stage. daf-2, a key gene in the genetic pathway that mediates this endocrine signaling, encodes an insulin receptor family member. Decreases in DAF-2 signaling induce metabolic and developmental changes, as in mammalian metabolic control by the insulin receptor. Decreased DAF-2 signaling also causes an increase in life-span. Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kimura, K D -- Tissenbaum, H A -- Liu, Y -- Ruvkun, G -- R01AG14161/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):942-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Chromosome Mapping ; Conserved Sequence ; Energy Intake ; *Genes, Helminth ; Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Longevity/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry/genetics ; Receptor, Insulin/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Genetics of aging (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: The role of genetics in determining life-span is complex and paradoxical. Although the heritability of life-span is relatively minor, some genetic variants significantly modify senescence of mammals and invertebrates, with both positive and negative impacts on age-related disorders and life-spans. In certain examples, the gene variants alter metabolic pathways, which could thereby mediate interactions with nutritional and other environmental factors that influence life-span. Given the relatively minor effect and variable penetrance of genetic risk factors that appear to affect survival and health at advanced ages, life-style and other environmental influences may profoundly modify outcomes of aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, C E -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):407-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurogerontology Division, Andrus Gerontology Center, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Longevity/*genetics ; Mutation ; Risk Factors
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    Multistep control of pituitary organogenesis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Lhx3 and Lhx4 (Gsh4), two closely related LIM homeobox genes, determine formation of the pituitary gland in mice. Rathke's pouch is formed in two steps-first as a rudiment and later as a definitive pouch. Lhx3 and Lhx4 have redundant control over formation of the definitive pouch. Lhx3 controls a subsequent step of pituitary fate commitment. Thereafter, Lhx3 and Lhx4 together regulate proliferation and differentiation of pituitary-specific cell lineages. Thus, Lhx3 and Lhx4 dictate pituitary organ identity by controlling developmental decisions at multiple stages of organogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sheng, H Z -- Moriyama, K -- Yamashita, T -- Li, H -- Potter, S S -- Mahon, K A -- Westphal, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1809-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins ; Mice ; Mutation ; Pituitary Gland/chemistry/cytology/*embryology ; Pituitary Hormones/analysis/genetics ; Stem Cells/cytology ; *Transcription Factors
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    Reverse transcriptase fidelity and HIV-1 variation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balzarini, J -- Pelemans, H -- De Clercq, E -- Karlsson, A -- Kleim, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):229-30; author reply 230-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/*genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Humans ; Lamivudine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Mutation ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
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    Cellular differentiation regulated by gibberellin in the Arabidopsis thaliana pickle mutant (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: The plant growth regulator gibberellin (GA) has a profound effect on shoot development and promotes developmental transitions such as flowering. Little is known about any analogous effect GA might have on root development. In a screen for mutants, Arabidopsis plants carrying a mutation designated pickle (pkl) were isolated in which the primary root meristem retained characteristics of embryonic tissue. Expression of this aberrant differentiation state was suppressed by GA. Root tissue from plants carrying the pkl mutation spontaneously regenerated new embryos and plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogas, J -- Cheng, J C -- Sung, Z R -- Somerville, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):91-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 290 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jogas@andrew.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*cytology/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Genes, Plant ; Germination ; Gibberellins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Meristem/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plant Roots/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Triazoles/pharmacology ; Triglycerides/analysis
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    Cdc25 mitotic inducer targeted by chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: Arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint, induced by DNA damage, requires inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase Cdc2 in both fission yeast and human cells. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25, which regulate Cdc2 phosphorylation, were evaluated as targets of Chk1, a kinase essential for the checkpoint. Fission yeast cdc2-3w Deltacdc25 cells, which express activated Cdc2 and lack Cdc25, were responsive to Wee1 but insensitive to Chk1 and irradiation. Expression of large amounts of Chk1 produced the same phenotype as did loss of the cdc25 gene in cdc2-3w cells. Cdc25 associated with Chk1 in vivo and was phosphorylated when copurified in Chk1 complexes. These findings identify Cdc25, but not Wee1, as a target of the DNA damage checkpoint.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furnari, B -- Rhind, N -- Russell, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1495-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; G2 Phase ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, Fungal ; *Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Schizosaccharomyces/cytology/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; *ras-GRF1
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    The product of the proto-oncogene c-cbl: a negative regulator of the Syk tyrosine kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen and immunoglobulin receptors on hematopoietic cells is directly coupled to activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that then phosphorylate critical intracellular substrates. In mast cells stimulated through the FcvarepsilonRI receptor, activation of several PTKs including Syk leads to degranulation and release of such mediators of the allergic response as histamine and serotonin. Regulation of Syk function occurred through interaction with the Cbl protein, itself a PTK substrate in this system. Overexpression of Cbl led to inhibition of Syk and suppression of serotonin release from mast cells, demonstrating its ability to inhibit a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Complex adaptor proteins such as Cbl can directly regulate the functions of the proteins they bind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ota, Y -- Samelson, L E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):418-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Degranulation ; Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mast Cells/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Rats ; Receptors, IgE/metabolism ; Receptors, IgG/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Vaccinia virus
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    Trophic downgrading of planet Earth (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Estes, James A -- Terborgh, John -- Brashares, Justin S -- Power, Mary E -- Berger, Joel -- Bond, William J -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Essington, Timothy E -- Holt, Robert D -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- Marquis, Robert J -- Oksanen, Lauri -- Oksanen, Tarja -- Paine, Robert T -- Pikitch, Ellen K -- Ripple, William J -- Sandin, Stuart A -- Scheffer, Marten -- Schoener, Thomas W -- Shurin, Jonathan B -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- Soule, Michael E -- Virtanen, Risto -- Wardle, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):301-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1205106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. jestes@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior
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    Genomics. A genome for the environment (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ebert, Dieter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 4;331(6017):539-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1202092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universitat Basel, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 4059 Basel, Switzerland. dieter.ebert@unibas.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Daphnia/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Duplication ; *Genome ; Phenotype
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    Ecology. China aims to turn tide against toxic lake pollution (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1210-1. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6047.1210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/growth & development ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fresh Water/chemistry/microbiology ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Microcystis/*growth & development ; Potamogetonaceae/growth & development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Water Pollution/economics/*prevention & control ; Water Supply
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    Extreme ecosystems. Biological dark matter exerts irresistible pull in Yunnan (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1209. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6047.1209.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actinobacteria/*isolation & purification ; *Archaea/isolation & purification/physiology ; Bacteroidetes/*isolation & purification ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Hot Springs/*microbiology
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    Hydropower. The legacy of the Three Gorges Dam (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):817. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6044.817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China/epidemiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; *Environment ; Humans ; *Rivers ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/transmission ; Snails ; Water Movements
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    Influence of inositol pyrophosphates on cellular energy dynamics (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: With its high-energy phosphate bonds, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main intracellular energy carrier. It also functions in most signaling pathways, as a phosphate donor or a precursor for cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We show here that inositol pyrophosphates participate in the control of intracellular ATP concentration. Yeasts devoid of inositol pyrophosphates have dysfunctional mitochondria but, paradoxically, contain four times as much ATP because of increased glycolysis. We demonstrate that inositol pyrophosphates control the activity of the major glycolytic transcription factor GCR1. Thus, inositol pyrophosphates regulate ATP concentration by altering the glycolytic/mitochondrial metabolic ratio. Metabolic reprogramming through inositol pyrophosphates is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is also preserved in mammalian systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szijgyarto, Zsolt -- Garedew, Assegid -- Azevedo, Cristina -- Saiardi, Adolfo -- G1001704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U122680443/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- PG/10/72/28449/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):802-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1211908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glycolysis/genetics ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Oxygen Consumption ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burrows, Michael T -- Schoeman, David S -- Buckley, Lauren B -- Moore, Pippa -- Poloczanska, Elvira S -- Brander, Keith M -- Brown, Chris -- Bruno, John F -- Duarte, Carlos M -- Halpern, Benjamin S -- Holding, Johnna -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- O'Connor, Mary I -- Pandolfi, John M -- Parmesan, Camille -- Schwing, Franklin B -- Sydeman, William J -- Richardson, Anthony J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):652-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1210288.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK. michael.burrows@sams.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; Seasons
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    Clr4/Suv39 and RNA quality control factors cooperate to trigger RNAi and suppress antisense RNA (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-26
    Description: Pervasive transcription of eukaryotic genomes generates a plethora of noncoding RNAs. In fission yeast, the heterochromatin factor Clr4/Suv39 methyltransferase facilitates RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated processing of centromeric transcripts into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Clr4 also mediates degradation of antisense RNAs at euchromatic loci, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. We show that Clr4 and the RNAi effector RITS (RNA-induced transcriptional silencing) interact with Mlo3, a protein related to mRNA quality control and export factors. Loss of Clr4 impairs RITS interaction with Mlo3, which is required for centromeric siRNA production and antisense suppression. Mlo3 also interacts with the RNA surveillance factor TRAMP, which suppresses antisense RNAs targeted by Clr4 and RNAi. These findings link Clr4 to RNA quality control machinery and suggest a pathway for processing potentially deleterious RNAs through the coordinated actions of RNAi and other RNA processing activities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Ke -- Fischer, Tamas -- Porter, Rebecca L -- Dhakshnamoorthy, Jothy -- Zofall, Martin -- Zhou, Ming -- Veenstra, Timothy -- Grewal, Shiv I S -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1624-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1198712.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Euchromatin/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Antisense/*metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics/*metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Cell biology. Rhodopsin as thermosensor? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minke, Baruch -- Peters, Maximilian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1272-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1203482.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. baruchm@ekmd.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Light ; Mutation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/physiology ; Rhodopsin/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; TRPC Cation Channels/metabolism ; Temperature ; *Thermosensing
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    Cancer. New epigenetic drivers of cancers (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elsasser, Simon J -- Allis, C David -- Lewis, Peter W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1145-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1203280.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*genetics/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/genetics ; DNA Helicases/*genetics/metabolism ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/*genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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    Radioecology. Fukushima radiation creates unique test of marine life's hardiness (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reardon, Sara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 15;332(6027):292. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6027.292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*metabolism/*radiation effects ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Japan ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/metabolism/radiation effects ; Radiation Dosage ; *Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Seaweed/metabolism/radiation effects ; *Water Pollutants, Radioactive/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
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    A midzone-based ruler adjusts chromosome compaction to anaphase spindle length (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: Partitioning of chromatids during mitosis requires that chromosome compaction and spindle length scale appropriately with each other. However, it is not clear whether chromosome condensation and spindle elongation are linked. Here, we find that yeast cells could cope with a 45% increase in the length of their longest chromosome arm by increasing its condensation. The spindle midzone, aurora/Ipl1 activity, and Ser10 of histone H3 mediated this response. Thus, the anaphase spindle may function as a ruler to adapt the condensation of chromatids, promoting their segregation regardless of chromosome or spindle length.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neurohr, Gabriel -- Naegeli, Andreas -- Titos, Iris -- Theler, Dominik -- Greber, Basil -- Diez, Javier -- Gabaldon, Toni -- Mendoza, Manuel -- Barral, Yves -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):465-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1201578. Epub 2011 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldose-Ketose Isomerases/genetics ; *Anaphase ; Aurora Kinases ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/*physiology ; Histones/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Spindle Apparatus/*physiology/*ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation: limits of land sparing (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischer, Joern -- Batary, Peter -- Bawa, Kamaljit S -- Brussaard, Lijbert -- Chappell, M Jahi -- Clough, Yann -- Daily, Gretchen C -- Dorrough, Josh -- Hartel, Tibor -- Jackson, Louise E -- Klein, Alexandra M -- Kremen, Claire -- Kuemmerle, Tobias -- Lindenmayer, David B -- Mooney, Harold A -- Perfecto, Ivette -- Philpott, Stacy M -- Tscharntke, Teja -- Vandermeer, John -- Wanger, Thomas Cherico -- Von Wehrden, Henrik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):593; author reply 594-5. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6056.593-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Food
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Archaeorhizomycetes: unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: Estimates suggest that only one-tenth of the true fungal diversity has been described. Among numerous fungal lineages known only from environmental DNA sequences, Soil Clone Group 1 is the most ubiquitous. These globally distributed fungi may dominate below-ground fungal communities, but their placement in the fungal tree of life has been uncertain. Here, we report cultures of this group and describe the class, Archaeorhizomycetes, phylogenetically placed within subphylum Taphrinomycotina in the Ascomycota. Archaeorhizomycetes comprises hundreds of cryptically reproducing filamentous species that do not form recognizable mycorrhizal structures and have saprotrophic potential, yet are omnipresent in roots and rhizosphere soil and show ecosystem and host root habitat specificity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosling, Anna -- Cox, Filipa -- Cruz-Martinez, Karelyn -- Ihrmark, Katarina -- Grelet, Gwen-Aelle -- Lindahl, Bjorn D -- Menkis, Audrius -- James, Timothy Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):876-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1206958.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Uppsala BioCentre, SLU, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. anna.rosling@slu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ascomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Coniferophyta/microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, rRNA ; Meristem/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Concerns about extrapolating right off the bat (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, Brendan -- Naidoo, Robin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):287; author reply 287-8. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6040.287-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; *Chiroptera ; Crops, Agricultural/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Pest Control, Biological/*economics ; Population Dynamics ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Invasives: classify with care (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):936. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6045.936-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early warnings of regime shifts: a whole-ecosystem experiment (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-30
    Description: Catastrophic ecological regime shifts may be announced in advance by statistical early warning signals such as slowing return rates from perturbation and rising variance. The theoretical background for these indicators is rich, but real-world tests are rare, especially for whole ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that these statistics would be early warning signals for an experimentally induced regime shift in an aquatic food web. We gradually added top predators to a lake over 3 years to destabilize its food web. An adjacent lake was monitored simultaneously as a reference ecosystem. Warning signals of a regime shift were evident in the manipulated lake during reorganization of the food web more than a year before the food web transition was complete, corroborating theory for leading indicators of ecological regime shifts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carpenter, S R -- Cole, J J -- Pace, M L -- Batt, R -- Brock, W A -- Cline, T -- Coloso, J -- Hodgson, J R -- Kitchell, J F -- Seekell, D A -- Smith, L -- Weidel, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1079-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1203672. Epub 2011 Apr 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. srcarpen@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bass ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Food Chain ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; *Phytoplankton ; Population Dynamics ; *Zooplankton
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Computational design of proteins targeting the conserved stem region of influenza hemagglutinin (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-14
    Description: We describe a general computational method for designing proteins that bind a surface patch of interest on a target macromolecule. Favorable interactions between disembodied amino acid residues and the target surface are identified and used to anchor de novo designed interfaces. The method was used to design proteins that bind a conserved surface patch on the stem of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus. After affinity maturation, two of the designed proteins, HB36 and HB80, bind H1 and H5 HAs with low nanomolar affinity. Further, HB80 inhibits the HA fusogenic conformational changes induced at low pH. The crystal structure of HB36 in complex with 1918/H1 HA revealed that the actual binding interface is nearly identical to that in the computational design model. Such designed binding proteins may be useful for both diagnostics and therapeutics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164876/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164876/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleishman, Sarel J -- Whitehead, Timothy A -- Ekiert, Damian C -- Dreyfus, Cyrille -- Corn, Jacob E -- Strauch, Eva-Maria -- Wilson, Ian A -- Baker, David -- AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM080209/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 13;332(6031):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1202617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Computational Biology ; *Computer Simulation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptide Library ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Software
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    Evolution. How great wings can look alike (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Sean B -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1100-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1211025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 201 Bock Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706, USA. sbcarrol@facstaff.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/*genetics ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Selection, Genetic ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science-policy interface: beyond assessments (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hulme, Mike -- Mahony, Martin -- Beck, Silke -- Gorg, Christoph -- Hansjurgens, Bernd -- Hauck, Jennifer -- Nesshover, Carsten -- Paulsch, Axel -- Vandewalle, Marie -- Wittmer, Heidi -- Boschen, Stefan -- Bridgewater, Peter -- Diaw, Mariteuw Chimere -- Fabre, Pierre -- Figueroa, Aurelia -- Heong, Kong Luen -- Korn, Horst -- Leemans, Rik -- Lovbrand, Eva -- Hamid, Mohd Norowi -- Monfreda, Chad -- Pielke, Roger Jr -- Settele, Josef -- Winter, Marten -- Vadrot, Alice B M -- van den Hove, Sybille -- van der Sluijs, Jeroen P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):697-8. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6043.697.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Policy ; Policy Making
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    Predators' effects on ecosystem entropy (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flueck, Werner T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1092-3. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6046.1092-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Entropy ; *Food Chain ; Photosynthesis ; Predatory Behavior ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    CRYPTOCHROME is a blue-light sensor that regulates neuronal firing rate (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: Light-responsive neural activity in central brain neurons is generally conveyed through opsin-based signaling from external photoreceptors. Large lateral ventral arousal neurons (lLNvs) in Drosophila melanogaster increase action potential firing within seconds in response to light in the absence of all opsin-based photoreceptors. Light-evoked changes in membrane resting potential occur in about 100 milliseconds. The light response is selective for blue wavelengths corresponding to the spectral sensitivity of CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). cry-null lines are light-unresponsive, but restored CRY expression in the lLNv rescues responsiveness. Furthermore, expression of CRY in neurons that are normally unresponsive to light confers responsiveness. The CRY-mediated light response requires a flavin redox-based mechanism and depends on potassium channel conductance, but is independent of the classical circadian CRY-TIMELESS interaction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418525/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418525/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fogle, Keri J -- Parson, Kelly G -- Dahm, Nicole A -- Holmes, Todd C -- NS046750/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM102965/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS046750/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1409-13. doi: 10.1126/science.1199702. Epub 2011 Mar 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; *Circadian Clocks ; Circadian Rhythm ; Compound Eye, Arthropod/physiology ; Cryptochromes/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Eye Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Flavins/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; *Light ; Mutation ; Neurons/physiology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/metabolism
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    Environmental economics. Entertainment value: should the media pay for nature conservation? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jepson, Paul -- Jennings, Steve -- Jones, Kate E -- Hodgetts, Timothy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1351-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1213189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. paul.jepson@ouce.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; International Cooperation ; Motion Pictures as Topic/*economics ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; Policy ; Television/*economics
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    Avian influenza. Warning of H5N1 resurgence surprises community (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1369. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6048.1369.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data/veterinary ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology ; Mutation ; Poultry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: Zhao and Running (Reports, 20 August 2010, p. 940) reported a reduction in global terrestrial net primary production (NPP) from 2000 through 2009. We argue that the small trends, regional patterns, and interannual variations that they describe are artifacts of their NPP model. Satellite observations of vegetation activity show no statistically significant changes in more than 85% of the vegetated lands south of 70 degrees N during the same 2000 to 2009 period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samanta, Arindam -- Costa, Marcos H -- Nunes, Edson L -- Vieira, Simone A -- Xu, Liang -- Myneni, Ranga B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1093; author reply 1093. doi: 10.1126/science.1199048.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. arindam.sam@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Plants/*metabolism ; South America
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    A cell cycle phosphoproteome of the yeast centrosome (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: Centrosomes organize the bipolar mitotic spindle, and centrosomal defects cause chromosome instability. Protein phosphorylation modulates centrosome function, and we provide a comprehensive map of phosphorylation on intact yeast centrosomes (18 proteins). Mass spectrometry was used to identify 297 phosphorylation sites on centrosomes from different cell cycle stages. We observed different modes of phosphoregulation via specific protein kinases, phosphorylation site clustering, and conserved phosphorylated residues. Mutating all eight cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-directed sites within the core component, Spc42, resulted in lethality and reduced centrosomal assembly. Alternatively, mutation of one conserved Cdk site within gamma-tubulin (Tub4-S360D) caused mitotic delay and aberrant anaphase spindle elongation. Our work establishes the extent and complexity of this prominent posttranslational modification in centrosome biology and provides specific examples of phosphorylation control in centrosome function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825980/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825980/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keck, Jamie M -- Jones, Michele H -- Wong, Catherine C L -- Binkley, Jonathan -- Chen, Daici -- Jaspersen, Sue L -- Holinger, Eric P -- Xu, Tao -- Niepel, Mario -- Rout, Michael P -- Vogel, Jackie -- Sidow, Arend -- Yates, John R 3rd -- Winey, Mark -- F32 GM086038/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM51312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MOP-64404/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051312-16/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051312-16S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062427/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003039/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008759/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR022220/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1557-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1205193.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; Centrosome/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Fungi/metabolism ; G1 Phase ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Tubulin/chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Virology. False positive (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1694-701. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6050.1694.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood/virology ; DNA Contamination ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/*virology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/virology ; Publishing ; Retroviridae Infections/*virology ; Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/classification/*isolation & ; purification
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    A role for Snf2-related nucleosome-spacing enzymes in genome-wide nucleosome organization (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: The positioning of nucleosomes within the coding regions of eukaryotic genes is aligned with respect to transcriptional start sites. This organization is likely to influence many genetic processes, requiring access to the underlying DNA. Here, we show that the combined action of Isw1 and Chd1 nucleosome-spacing enzymes is required to maintain this organization. In the absence of these enzymes, regular positioning of the majority of nucleosomes is lost. Exceptions include the region upstream of the promoter, the +1 nucleosome, and a subset of locations distributed throughout coding regions where other factors are likely to be involved. These observations indicate that adenosine triphosphate-dependent remodeling enzymes are responsible for directing the positioning of the majority of nucleosomes within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428865/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428865/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gkikopoulos, Triantaffyllos -- Schofield, Pieta -- Singh, Vijender -- Pinskaya, Marina -- Mellor, Jane -- Smolle, Michaela -- Workman, Jerry L -- Barton, Geoffrey J -- Owen-Hughes, Tom -- 064414/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095062/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0900740/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 GM047867/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1758-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1206097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Mutation ; Nucleosomes/*genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Initiation Site
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    Ecological restoration. In Northern Aral Sea, rebound comes with a big catch (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pala, Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 21;334(6054):303. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6054.303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Kazakhstan ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: Many physiological responses in present-day coral reefs to climate change are interpreted as consistent with the imminent disappearance of modern reefs globally because of annual mass bleaching events, carbonate dissolution, and insufficient time for substantial evolutionary responses. Emerging evidence for variability in the coral calcification response to acidification, geographical variation in bleaching susceptibility and recovery, responses to past climate change, and potential rates of adaptation to rapid warming supports an alternative scenario in which reef degradation occurs with greater temporal and spatial heterogeneity than current projections suggest. Reducing uncertainty in projecting coral reef futures requires improved understanding of past responses to rapid climate change; physiological responses to interacting factors, such as temperature, acidification, and nutrients; and the costs and constraints imposed by acclimation and adaptation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Connolly, Sean R -- Marshall, Dustin J -- Cohen, Anne L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):418-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1204794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. j.pandolfi@uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; *Global Warming ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Symbiosis
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    Ecology. Food and biodiversity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godfray, H Charles J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1231-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1211815.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Oxford Martin School Institute of Biodiversity, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. charles.godfray@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Ghana ; India ; Population Density ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Different B cell populations mediate early and late memory during an endogenous immune response (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: Memory B cells formed in response to microbial antigens provide immunity to later infections; however, the inability to detect rare endogenous antigen-specific cells limits current understanding of this process. Using an antigen-based technique to enrich these cells, we found that immunization with a model protein generated B memory cells that expressed isotype-switched immunoglobulins (swIg) or retained IgM. The more numerous IgM(+) cells were longer lived than the swIg(+) cells. However, swIg(+) memory cells dominated the secondary response because of the capacity to become activated in the presence of neutralizing serum immunoglobulin. Thus, we propose that memory relies on swIg(+) cells until they disappear and serum immunoglobulin falls to a low level, in which case memory resides with durable IgM(+) reserves.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993090/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993090/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pape, Kathryn A -- Taylor, Justin J -- Maul, Robert W -- Gearhart, Patricia J -- Jenkins, Marc K -- F32 AI091033/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI036914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI039614/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI027998/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009138/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1203-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201730. Epub 2011 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/immunology ; Antigens, CD38/analysis ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Germinal Center/cytology/immunology ; Immunization ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin M/genetics/*immunology ; *Immunologic Memory ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phycocyanin/immunology ; Phycoerythrin/immunology ; Spleen/cytology/immunology
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    Cascading effects of bird functional extinction reduce pollination and plant density (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: Reductions in bird numbers could hamper ecosystem services such as pollination, but experimental proof is lacking. We show that functional extinction of bird pollinators has reduced pollination, seed production, and plant density in the shrub Rhabdothamnus solandri (Gesneriaceae) on the North Island ("mainland") of New Zealand but not on three nearby island bird sanctuaries where birds remain abundant. Pollen limitation of fruit set is strong [pollen limitation index (PLI) = 0.69] and significant on the mainland but small (PLI = 0.15) and nonsignificant on islands. Seed production per flower on the mainland is reduced 84%. Mainland sites have similar adult densities, but 55% fewer juvenile plants per adult, than island sites. Seed addition experiments near adult R. solandri plants on the mainland found strong seed limitation 5 years after sowing for R. solandri but not for two other co-occurring woody species. This demonstrates a terrestrial trophic cascade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Sandra H -- Kelly, Dave -- Ladley, Jenny J -- Molloy, Sue -- Terry, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1068-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1199092. Epub 2011 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/growth & development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Flowers ; Fruit/growth & development ; New Zealand ; *Passeriformes ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; Trees
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    Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: The mitochondrial genome is believed to be maternally inherited in many eukaryotes. Sperm-derived paternal mitochondria enter the oocyte cytoplasm upon fertilization and then normally disappear during early embryogenesis. However, the mechanism responsible for this clearance has been unknown. Here, we show that autophagy, which delivers cytosolic components to lysosomes for degradation, is required for the elimination of paternal mitochondria in Caenorhabditis elegans. Immediately after fertilization, sperm-derived components trigger the localized induction of autophagy around sperm mitochondria. Autophagosomes engulf paternal mitochondria, resulting in their lysosomal degradation during early embryogenesis. In autophagy-defective zygotes, paternal mitochondria and their genome remain even in the first larval stage. Thus, fertilization-triggered autophagy is required for selective degradation of paternal mitochondria and thereby maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sato, Miyuki -- Sato, Ken -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1141-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210333. Epub 2011 Oct 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autophagy ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/genetics/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Helminth/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Embryonic Development ; *Fertilization ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Hermaphroditic Organisms ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oocytes/physiology ; Phagosomes/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Spermatozoa/ultrastructure ; Ubiquitination
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    Medicine. The genetics of primary aldosteronism (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Funder, John W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):685-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1202887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. john.funder@princehenrys.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/*genetics/physiopathology ; Adrenal Glands/pathology ; Adrenocortical Adenoma/*genetics/physiopathology ; Aldosterone/*metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism/*genetics/physiopathology ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    GRK2-dependent S1PR1 desensitization is required for lymphocytes to overcome their attraction to blood (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: Lymphocytes egress from lymphoid organs in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P); minutes later they migrate from blood into tissue against the S1P gradient. The mechanisms facilitating cell movement against the gradient have not been defined. Here, we show that heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) functions in down-regulation of S1P receptor-1 (S1PR1) on blood-exposed lymphocytes. T and B cell movement from blood into lymph nodes is reduced in the absence of GRK2 but is restored in S1P-deficient mice. In the spleen, B cell movement between the blood-rich marginal zone and follicles is disrupted by GRK2 deficiency and by mutation of an S1PR1 desensitization motif. Moreover, delivery of systemic antigen into follicles is impaired. Thus, GRK2-dependent S1PR1 desensitization allows lymphocytes to escape circulatory fluids and migrate into lymphoid tissues.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267326/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267326/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnon, Tal I -- Xu, Ying -- Lo, Charles -- Pham, Trung -- An, Jinping -- Coughlin, Shaun -- Dorn, Gerald W -- Cyster, Jason G -- AI74847/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074847/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074847-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1898-903. doi: 10.1126/science.1208248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology ; Blood ; Cell Movement ; Chemokines/physiology ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Down-Regulation ; G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Lymph Nodes/cytology ; Lysophospholipids/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology
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    Coupled, circumferential motions of the cell wall synthesis machinery and MreB filaments in B. subtilis (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: Rod-shaped bacteria elongate by the action of cell wall synthesis complexes linked to underlying dynamic MreB filaments. To understand how the movements of these filaments relate to cell wall synthesis, we characterized the dynamics of MreB and the cell wall elongation machinery using high-precision particle tracking in Bacillus subtilis. We found that MreB and the elongation machinery moved circumferentially around the cell, perpendicular to its length, with nearby synthesis complexes and MreB filaments moving independently in both directions. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by various methods blocked the movement of MreB. Thus, bacteria elongate by the uncoordinated, circumferential movements of synthetic complexes that insert radial hoops of new peptidoglycan during their transit, possibly driving the motion of the underlying MreB filaments.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235694/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235694/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garner, Ethan C -- Bernard, Remi -- Wang, Wenqin -- Zhuang, Xiaowei -- Rudner, David Z -- Mitchison, Tim -- R01 GM039565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM039565-24/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073831/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM096450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM073831/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM096450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM39565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 8;333(6039):222-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1203285. Epub 2011 Jun 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ethan.garner@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636745" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/*growth & development/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Wall/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Morphogenesis ; Motion ; Mutation ; Peptidoglycan/chemistry/*metabolism ; Polymerization ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Sequence and structural convergence of broad and potent HIV antibodies that mimic CD4 binding (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies can prevent infection, which suggests that vaccines that elicit such antibodies would be protective. Thus far, however, few broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies that occur naturally have been characterized. To determine whether these antibodies are part of a larger group of related molecules, we cloned 576 new HIV antibodies from four unrelated individuals. All four individuals produced expanded clones of potent broadly neutralizing CD4-binding-site antibodies that mimic binding to CD4. Despite extensive hypermutation, the new antibodies shared a consensus sequence of 68 immunoglobulin H (IgH) chain amino acids and arise independently from two related IgH genes. Comparison of the crystal structure of one of the antibodies to the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 revealed conservation of the contacts to the HIV spike.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351836/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3351836/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheid, Johannes F -- Mouquet, Hugo -- Ueberheide, Beatrix -- Diskin, Ron -- Klein, Florian -- Oliveira, Thiago Y K -- Pietzsch, John -- Fenyo, David -- Abadir, Alexander -- Velinzon, Klara -- Hurley, Arlene -- Myung, Sunnie -- Boulad, Farid -- Poignard, Pascal -- Burton, Dennis R -- Pereyra, Florencia -- Ho, David D -- Walker, Bruce D -- Seaman, Michael S -- Bjorkman, Pamela J -- Chait, Brian T -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- P01 AI081677/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI033292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00862/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR022220/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1633-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1207227. Epub 2011 Jul 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Affinity ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigens, CD4/immunology/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Cloning, Molecular ; Consensus Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; HIV Antibodies/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; HIV Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains/chemistry ; Molecular Mimicry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: Savannas worldwide are vital for both socioeconomic and biodiversity values. In these ecosystems, management decisions are based on the perception that wildlife and livestock compete for food, yet there are virtually no experimental data to support this assumption. We examined the effects of wild African ungulates on cattle performance, food intake, and diet quality. Wild ungulates depressed cattle food intake and performance during the dry season (competition) but enhanced cattle diet quality and performance during the wet season (facilitation). These results extend our understanding of the context-dependent-competition-facilitation balance, in general, and are critical for better understanding and managing wildlife-livestock coexistence in human-occupied savanna landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Odadi, Wilfred O -- Karachi, Moses K -- Abdulrazak, Shaukat A -- Young, Truman P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1753-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1208468.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya. woodadi@yahoo.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; *Cattle/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Elephants/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Equidae/physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Kenya ; Poaceae ; Ruminants/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate. Running out of climate space (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohlemuller, Ralf -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):613-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1214215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience (IHRR), Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. ralf.ohlemuller@durham.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Energy. Despite data gaps, U.S. moves closer to drilling in Arctic Ocean (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt, Charles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):812-3. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6044.812.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; *Petroleum ; United States ; Water Movements
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-30
    Description: Using a regionally calibrated model, Sinervo et al. (Reports, 14 May 2010, p. 894) predicted potential climate change impacts on lizard populations and estimated that many extinctions are under way. We argue that this model is not sufficient for predicting global losses in lizard species in response to anthropogenic climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clusella-Trullas, Susana -- Chown, Steven L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 29;332(6029):537; author reply 537. doi: 10.1126/science.1195193.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa. sct333@sun.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; *Lizards ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
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    Industrial melanism in British peppered moths has a singular and recent mutational origin (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: The rapid spread of a novel black form (known as carbonaria) of the peppered moth Biston betularia in 19th-century Britain is a textbook example of how an altered environment may produce morphological adaptation through genetic change. However, the underlying genetic basis of the difference between the wild-type (light-colored) and carbonaria forms has remained unknown. We have genetically mapped the carbonaria morph to a 200-kilobase region orthologous to a segment of silkworm chromosome 17 and show that there is only one core sequence variant associated with the carbonaria morph, carrying a signature of recent strong selection. The carbonaria region coincides with major wing-patterning loci in other lepidopteran systems, suggesting the existence of basal color-patterning regulators in this region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van't Hof, Arjen E -- Edmonds, Nicola -- Dalikova, Martina -- Marec, Frantisek -- Saccheri, Ilik J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):958-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1203043. Epub 2011 Apr 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Insect/*genetics ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Loci ; Genotype ; Great Britain ; Haplotypes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Melanins/*analysis/*genetics ; Moths/*genetics/physiology ; Mutation ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Fisheries science. Rejected salmon plan could bring changes to U.S. dams (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):811. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6044.811.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Fisheries ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; *Rivers ; *Salmon ; United States ; Water Movements
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  • 88
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    Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Inland waters (lakes, reservoirs, streams, and rivers) are often substantial methane (CH(4)) sources in the terrestrial landscape. They are, however, not yet well integrated in global greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. Data from 474 freshwater ecosystems and the most recent global water area estimates indicate that freshwaters emit at least 103 teragrams of CH(4) year(-1), corresponding to 0.65 petagrams of C as carbon dioxide (CO(2)) equivalents year(-1), offsetting 25% of the estimated land carbon sink. Thus, the continental GHG sink may be considerably overestimated, and freshwaters need to be recognized as important in the global carbon cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bastviken, David -- Tranvik, Lars J -- Downing, John A -- Crill, Patrick M -- Enrich-Prast, Alex -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):50. doi: 10.1126/science.1196808.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Thematic Studies-Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. david.bastviken@liu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Sequestration ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Methane/metabolism ; Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism
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    Invasives: sea of data still to come (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marques, Antonio Carlos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):936. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6045.936-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Population Dynamics
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    7000 years of Emiliania huxleyi viruses in the Black Sea (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: A 7000-year record of Coccolithovirus and its host, the calcifying haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi, was reconstructed on the basis of genetic signatures preserved in sediments underlying the Black Sea. The data show that the same virus and host populations can persist for centuries. Major changes in virus and host populations occurred during early sapropel deposition, ~5600 years ago, and throughout the formation of the coccolith-bearing sediments of Unit I during the past 2500 years, when the Black Sea experienced dramatic changes in hydrologic and nutrient regimes. Unit I saw a reoccurrence of the same host genotype thousands of years later in the presence of a different subset of viruses. Historical plankton virus populations can thus be included in paleoecological and paleoenvironmental studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coolen, Marco J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):451-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1200072.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. mcoolen@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Black Sea ; Capsid Proteins/genetics ; DNA, Viral/classification/genetics ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; *Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Haptophyta/classification/genetics/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoglycerate Mutase/genetics ; *Phycodnaviridae/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
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    MED12, the mediator complex subunit 12 gene, is mutated at high frequency in uterine leiomyomas (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign tumors that affect millions of women worldwide and that can cause considerable morbidity. To study the genetic basis of this tumor type, we examined 18 uterine leiomyomas derived from 17 different patients by exome sequencing and identified tumor-specific mutations in the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene in 10. Through analysis of 207 additional tumors, we determined that MED12 is altered in 70% (159 of 225) of tumors from a total of 80 patients. The Mediator complex is a 26-subunit transcriptional regulator that bridges DNA regulatory sequences to the RNA polymerase II initiation complex. All mutations resided in exon 2, suggesting that aberrant function of this region of MED12 contributes to tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makinen, Netta -- Mehine, Miika -- Tolvanen, Jaana -- Kaasinen, Eevi -- Li, Yilong -- Lehtonen, Heli J -- Gentile, Massimiliano -- Yan, Jian -- Enge, Martin -- Taipale, Minna -- Aavikko, Mervi -- Katainen, Riku -- Virolainen, Elina -- Bohling, Tom -- Koski, Taru A -- Launonen, Virpi -- Sjoberg, Jari -- Taipale, Jussi -- Vahteristo, Pia -- Aaltonen, Lauri A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):252-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1208930. Epub 2011 Aug 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Codon ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; INDEL Mutation ; Introns ; Leiomyoma/*genetics/metabolism ; Mediator Complex/*genetics ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Signal Transduction ; Uterine Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism
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    A potent and broad neutralizing antibody recognizes and penetrates the HIV glycan shield (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: The HIV envelope (Env) protein gp120 is protected from antibody recognition by a dense glycan shield. However, several of the recently identified PGT broadly neutralizing antibodies appear to interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) PGT 127 and 128 with Man(9) at 1.65 and 1.29 angstrom resolution, respectively, and glycan binding data delineate a specific high mannose-binding site. Fab PGT 128 complexed with a fully glycosylated gp120 outer domain at 3.25 angstroms reveals that the antibody penetrates the glycan shield and recognizes two conserved glycans as well as a short beta-strand segment of the gp120 V3 loop, accounting for its high binding affinity and broad specificity. Furthermore, our data suggest that the high neutralization potency of PGT 127 and 128 immunoglobulin Gs may be mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280215/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280215/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pejchal, Robert -- Doores, Katie J -- Walker, Laura M -- Khayat, Reza -- Huang, Po-Ssu -- Wang, Sheng-Kai -- Stanfield, Robyn L -- Julien, Jean-Philippe -- Ramos, Alejandra -- Crispin, Max -- Depetris, Rafael -- Katpally, Umesh -- Marozsan, Andre -- Cupo, Albert -- Maloveste, Sebastien -- Liu, Yan -- McBride, Ryan -- Ito, Yukishige -- Sanders, Rogier W -- Ogohara, Cassandra -- Paulson, James C -- Feizi, Ten -- Scanlan, Christopher N -- Wong, Chi-Huey -- Moore, John P -- Olson, William C -- Ward, Andrew B -- Poignard, Pascal -- Schief, William R -- Burton, Dennis R -- Wilson, Ian A -- AI082362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI33292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI74372/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI84817/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI074372-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HFE-224662/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- P01 AI082362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI082362-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI082362-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P41RR001209/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI033292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI033292-14/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084817/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084817-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR017573/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA128416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1097-103. doi: 10.1126/science.1213256. Epub 2011 Oct 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center, nhe Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Specificity ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disaccharides/chemistry/metabolism ; Epitopes ; Glycosylation ; HIV Antibodies/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; HIV-1/*immunology/physiology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Mannose/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Mannosides/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Polysaccharides/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Calcareous nannoplankton response to surface-water acidification around Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Erba et al. (Reports, 23 July 2010, p. 428) attributed calcareous nannofossil morphology and assemblage changes across Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a to the effects of surface ocean acidification. We argue that the quality of carbonate preservation in these sequences, the unsupported assumptions of the biotic response to acidity, and the absence of independent proxy estimates for ocean pH or atmospheric pCO(2) render this conclusion questionable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Samantha J -- Robinson, Stuart A -- Bown, Paul R -- Jones, Tom Dunkley -- Henderiks, Jorijntje -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):175; author reply 175. doi: 10.1126/science.1199459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK. sxg@noc.soton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Atmosphere ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen ; *Plankton/cytology/physiology ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Habitats at risk: a step forward, a step back (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Luke -- Sodhi, Navjot S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1137. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6021.1137-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Thailand ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Conservation ecology. Embracing invasives (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vince, Gaia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1383-4. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6023.1383.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gulf oil spill. Panel draws ambitious road map for Gulf restoration (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):163-4. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6053.163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; Louisiana ; *Petroleum ; United States ; *Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Ecology. Functional extinctions of bird pollinators cause plant declines (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sekercioglu, Cagan H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1019-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1202389.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA. c.s@utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/growth & development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; New Zealand ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 +/- 0.7 Pg C year(-1) from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation emission of 2.9 +/- 0.5 Pg C year(-1) partially compensated by a carbon sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6 +/- 0.5 Pg C year(-1). Together, the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1 +/- 0.8 Pg C year(-1), with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, Yude -- Birdsey, Richard A -- Fang, Jingyun -- Houghton, Richard -- Kauppi, Pekka E -- Kurz, Werner A -- Phillips, Oliver L -- Shvidenko, Anatoly -- Lewis, Simon L -- Canadell, Josep G -- Ciais, Philippe -- Jackson, Robert B -- Pacala, Stephen W -- McGuire, A David -- Piao, Shilong -- Rautiainen, Aapo -- Sitch, Stephen -- Hayes, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):988-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1201609. Epub 2011 Jul 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA. ypan@fs.fed.us〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Carbon Sequestration ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Marine biology. Marine census scrambles to fund a second phase with expanded focus (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):686. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6043.686.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Data Collection ; *Ecosystem ; Foundations ; Oceans and Seas ; Research Support as Topic ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Putting the ocean under review (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernal, Patricio A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 15;332(6027):305. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6027.305-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; *United Nations
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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