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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (182,057)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 101
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    Crystal structure of a DNA catalyst (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes) or synthetic genetic polymers. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies, hydrolytic cleavage and photorepair of DNA, as well as reactions of peptides and small molecules. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold. Here we report the crystal structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponce-Salvatierra, Almudena -- Wawrzyniak-Turek, Katarzyna -- Steuerwald, Ulrich -- Hobartner, Claudia -- Pena, Vladimir -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):231-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16471. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Research Group Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Catalytic/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxyribose/chemistry/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Polynucleotide Ligases/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Folding ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 102
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    Environmental hazard: Monitor safety of aged fuel pipelines (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, Frank -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):156. doi: 10.1038/529156e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Hazard Release/*prevention & control ; Equipment Safety ; *Materials Testing ; Oil and Gas Industry/*instrumentation/methods ; United States
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  • 103
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    Rapid cycling of reactive nitrogen in the marine boundary layer (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-12
    Description: Nitrogen oxides are essential for the formation of secondary atmospheric aerosols and of atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and the hydroxyl radical, which controls the self-cleansing capacity of the atmosphere. Nitric acid, a major oxidation product of nitrogen oxides, has traditionally been considered to be a permanent sink of nitrogen oxides. However, model studies predict higher ratios of nitric acid to nitrogen oxides in the troposphere than are observed. A 'renoxification' process that recycles nitric acid into nitrogen oxides has been proposed to reconcile observations with model studies, but the mechanisms responsible for this process remain uncertain. Here we present data from an aircraft measurement campaign over the North Atlantic Ocean and find evidence for rapid recycling of nitric acid to nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides in the clean marine boundary layer via particulate nitrate photolysis. Laboratory experiments further demonstrate the photolysis of particulate nitrate collected on filters at a rate more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of gaseous nitric acid, with nitrous acid as the main product. Box model calculations based on the Master Chemical Mechanism suggest that particulate nitrate photolysis mainly sustains the observed levels of nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides at midday under typical marine boundary layer conditions. Given that oceans account for more than 70 per cent of Earth's surface, we propose that particulate nitrate photolysis could be a substantial tropospheric nitrogen oxide source. Recycling of nitrogen oxides in remote oceanic regions with minimal direct nitrogen oxide emissions could increase the formation of tropospheric oxidants and secondary atmospheric aerosols on a global scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, Chunxiang -- Zhou, Xianliang -- Pu, Dennis -- Stutz, Jochen -- Festa, James -- Spolaor, Max -- Tsai, Catalina -- Cantrell, Christopher -- Mauldin, Roy L 3rd -- Campos, Teresa -- Weinheimer, Andrew -- Hornbrook, Rebecca S -- Apel, Eric C -- Guenther, Alex -- Kaser, Lisa -- Yuan, Bin -- Karl, Thomas -- Haggerty, Julie -- Hall, Samuel -- Ullmann, Kirk -- Smith, James N -- Ortega, John -- Knote, Christoph -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):489-91. doi: 10.1038/nature17195. Epub 2016 Apr 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA. ; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA. ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA. ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA. ; NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. ; University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/chemistry ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Nitrates/analysis/chemistry ; Nitric Acid/chemistry ; Nitrogen/*analysis/*chemistry ; Nitrogen Oxides/*analysis/*chemistry ; Nitrous Acid/analysis/chemistry ; North Carolina ; Oxidants/chemistry ; Photolysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; South Carolina
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  • 104
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    A hippocampal network for spatial coding during immobility and sleep (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: How does an animal know where it is when it stops moving? Hippocampal place cells fire at discrete locations as subjects traverse space, thereby providing an explicit neural code for current location during locomotion. In contrast, during awake immobility, the hippocampus is thought to be dominated by neural firing representing past and possible future experience. The question of whether and how the hippocampus constructs a representation of current location in the absence of locomotion has been unresolved. Here we report that a distinct population of hippocampal neurons, located in the CA2 subregion, signals current location during immobility, and does so in association with a previously unidentified hippocampus-wide network pattern. In addition, signalling of location persists into brief periods of desynchronization prevalent in slow-wave sleep. The hippocampus thus generates a distinct representation of current location during immobility, pointing to mnemonic processing specific to experience occurring in the absence of locomotion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kay, Kenneth -- Sosa, Marielena -- Chung, Jason E -- Karlsson, Mattias P -- Larkin, Margaret C -- Frank, Loren M -- R01 MH090188/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):185-90. doi: 10.1038/nature17144. Epub 2016 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; Orientation/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Sleep/*physiology ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Spatial Memory/physiology
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  • 105
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    Plant biology: LURE is bait for multiple receptors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheung, Alice Y -- Wu, Hen-Ming -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):178-80. doi: 10.1038/531178a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphotransferases/*metabolism ; Pollen Tube/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 106
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    Energy policy: Renewables targeted before Fukushima (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cherp, Aleh -- Jewell, Jessica -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):36. doi: 10.1038/533036b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Central European University, Budapest, Hungary. ; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Humans ; Research/*trends
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  • 107
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    The host galaxy of a fast radio burst (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: In recent years, millisecond-duration radio signals originating in distant galaxies appear to have been discovered in the so-called fast radio bursts. These signals are dispersed according to a precise physical law and this dispersion is a key observable quantity, which, in tandem with a redshift measurement, can be used for fundamental physical investigations. Every fast radio burst has a dispersion measurement, but none before now have had a redshift measurement, because of the difficulty in pinpointing their celestial coordinates. Here we report the discovery of a fast radio burst and the identification of a fading radio transient lasting ~6 days after the event, which we use to identify the host galaxy; we measure the galaxy's redshift to be z = 0.492 +/- 0.008. The dispersion measure and redshift, in combination, provide a direct measurement of the cosmic density of ionized baryons in the intergalactic medium of OmegaIGM = 4.9 +/- 1.3 per cent, in agreement with the expectation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, and including all of the so-called 'missing baryons'. The ~6-day radio transient is largely consistent with the radio afterglow of a short gamma-ray burst, and its existence and timescale do not support progenitor models such as giant pulses from pulsars, and supernovae. This contrasts with the interpretation of another recently discovered fast radio burst, suggesting that there are at least two classes of bursts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keane, E F -- Johnston, S -- Bhandari, S -- Barr, E -- Bhat, N D R -- Burgay, M -- Caleb, M -- Flynn, C -- Jameson, A -- Kramer, M -- Petroff, E -- Possenti, A -- van Straten, W -- Bailes, M -- Burke-Spolaor, S -- Eatough, R P -- Stappers, B W -- Totani, T -- Honma, M -- Furusawa, H -- Hattori, T -- Morokuma, T -- Niino, Y -- Sugai, H -- Terai, T -- Tominaga, N -- Yamasaki, S -- Yasuda, N -- Allen, R -- Cooke, J -- Jencson, J -- Kasliwal, M M -- Kaplan, D L -- Tingay, S J -- Williams, A -- Wayth, R -- Chandra, P -- Perrodin, D -- Berezina, M -- Mickaliger, M -- Bassa, C -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):453-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17140.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Square Kilometre Array Organisation, Jodrell Bank Observatory, SK11 9DL, UK. ; Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H29, PO Box 218, Victoria 3122, Australia. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Australia. ; Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia. ; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia. ; Instituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy. ; Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (MPIfR), Auf dem Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. ; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. ; National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, New Mexico, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2 Chome-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. ; Department of Astronomical Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for the Advanced Study), Osawa, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan. ; Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. ; Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan. ; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan. ; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan. ; Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA. ; National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India. ; ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 108
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    Activation of the A2A adenosine G-protein-coupled receptor by conformational selection (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-05
    Description: Conformational selection and induced fit are two prevailing mechanisms to explain the molecular basis for ligand-based activation of receptors. G-protein-coupled receptors are the largest class of cell surface receptors and are important drug targets. A molecular understanding of their activation mechanism is critical for drug discovery and design. However, direct evidence that addresses how agonist binding leads to the formation of an active receptor state is scarce. Here we use (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance to quantify the conformational landscape occupied by the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a prototypical class A G-protein-coupled receptor. We find an ensemble of four states in equilibrium: (1) two inactive states in millisecond exchange, consistent with a formed (state S1) and a broken (state S2) salt bridge (known as 'ionic lock') between transmembrane helices 3 and 6; and (2) two active states, S3 and S3', as identified by binding of a G-protein-derived peptide. In contrast to a recent study of the beta2-adrenergic receptor, the present approach allowed identification of a second active state for A2AR. Addition of inverse agonist (ZM241385) increases the population of the inactive states, while full agonists (UK432097 or NECA) stabilize the active state, S3', in a manner consistent with conformational selection. In contrast, partial agonist (LUF5834) and an allosteric modulator (HMA) exclusively increase the population of the S3 state. Thus, partial agonism is achieved here by conformational selection of a distinct active state which we predict will have compromised coupling to the G protein. Direct observation of the conformational equilibria of ligand-dependent G-protein-coupled receptor and deduction of the underlying mechanisms of receptor activation will have wide-reaching implications for our understanding of the function of G-protein-coupled receptor in health and disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, Libin -- Van Eps, Ned -- Zimmer, Marco -- Ernst, Oliver P -- Prosser, R Scott -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 4;533(7602):265-8. doi: 10.1038/nature17668.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 31 Allmandring, Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, D-70569, Germany. ; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27144352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 109
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    Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: RNA polymerase (Pol) II produces messenger RNA during transcription of protein-coding genes in all eukaryotic cells. The Pol II structure is known at high resolution from X-ray crystallography for two yeast species. Structural studies of mammalian Pol II, however, remain limited to low-resolution electron microscopy analysis of human Pol II and its complexes with various proteins. Here we report the 3.4 A resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of mammalian Pol II in the form of a transcribing complex comprising DNA template and RNA transcript. We use bovine Pol II, which is identical to the human enzyme except for seven amino-acid residues. The obtained atomic model closely resembles its yeast counterpart, but also reveals unknown features. Binding of nucleic acids to the polymerase involves 'induced fit' of the mobile Pol II clamp and active centre region. DNA downstream of the transcription bubble contacts a conserved 'TPSA motif' in the jaw domain of the Pol II subunit RPB5, an interaction that is apparently already established during transcription initiation. Upstream DNA emanates from the active centre cleft at an angle of approximately 105 degrees with respect to downstream DNA. This position of upstream DNA allows for binding of the general transcription elongation factor DSIF (SPT4-SPT5) that we localize over the active centre cleft in a conserved position on the clamp domain of Pol II. Our results define the structure of mammalian Pol II in its functional state, indicate that previous crystallographic analysis of yeast Pol II is relevant for understanding gene transcription in all eukaryotes, and provide a starting point for a mechanistic analysis of human transcription.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernecky, Carrie -- Herzog, Franz -- Baumeister, Wolfgang -- Plitzko, Jurgen M -- Cramer, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):551-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16482. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cattle ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acids/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription Elongation, Genetic
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    Ageing: Out with the old (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gil, Jesus -- Withers, Dominic J -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):164-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16875. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Vascular biology: Transcriptional control of endothelial energy (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Betsholtz, Christer -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):160-1. doi: 10.1038/nature16866. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology at Uppsala University, and the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Endothelium, Vascular/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male
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    Nuclear physics: Four neutrons together momentarily (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bertulani, Carlos A -- Zelevinsky, Vladimir -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):448-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17884. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas 75429-3011, USA. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1321, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The 'Tully monster' is a vertebrate (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: Problematic fossils, extinct taxa of enigmatic morphology that cannot be assigned to a known major group, were once a major issue in palaeontology. A long-favoured solution to the 'problem of the problematica', particularly the 'weird wonders' of the Cambrian Burgess Shale, was to consider them representatives of extinct phyla. A combination of new evidence and modern approaches to phylogenetic analysis has now resolved the affinities of most of these forms. Perhaps the most notable exception is Tullimonstrum gregarium, popularly known as the Tully monster, a large soft-bodied organism from the late Carboniferous Mazon Creek biota (approximately 309-307 million years ago) of Illinois, USA, which was designated the official state fossil of Illinois in 1989. Its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain and it has been compared with nemerteans, polychaetes, gastropods, conodonts, and the stem arthropod Opabinia. Here we review the morphology of Tullimonstrum based on an analysis of more than 1,200 specimens. We find that the anterior proboscis ends in a buccal apparatus containing teeth, the eyes project laterally on a long rigid bar, and the elongate segmented body bears a caudal fin with dorsal and ventral lobes. We describe new evidence for a notochord, cartilaginous arcualia, gill pouches, articulations within the proboscis, and multiple tooth rows adjacent to the mouth. This combination of characters, supported by phylogenetic analysis, identifies Tullimonstrum as a vertebrate, and places it on the stem lineage to lampreys (Petromyzontida). In addition to increasing the known morphological disparity of extinct lampreys, a chordate affinity for T. gregarium resolves the nature of a soft-bodied fossil which has been debated for more than 50 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCoy, Victoria E -- Saupe, Erin E -- Lamsdell, James C -- Tarhan, Lidya G -- McMahon, Sean -- Lidgard, Scott -- Mayer, Paul -- Whalen, Christopher D -- Soriano, Carmen -- Finney, Lydia -- Vogt, Stefan -- Clark, Elizabeth G -- Anderson, Ross P -- Petermann, Holger -- Locatelli, Emma R -- Briggs, Derek E G -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):496-9. doi: 10.1038/nature16992. Epub 2016 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA. ; Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA. ; X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. ; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Fins/anatomy & histology ; Animals ; Extinction, Biological ; Eye/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Gastrointestinal Tract/anatomy & histology ; Illinois ; Lampreys/classification ; Notochord/anatomy & histology ; *Phylogeny ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/*classification
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    Green space: A natural high (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, Natasha -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):S56-7. doi: 10.1038/531S56a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Affect ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data ; *Nature ; Parks, Recreational/*statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population
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    Sex speeds adaptation by altering the dynamics of molecular evolution (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Sex and recombination are pervasive throughout nature despite their substantial costs. Understanding the evolutionary forces that maintain these phenomena is a central challenge in biology. One longstanding hypothesis argues that sex is beneficial because recombination speeds adaptation. Theory has proposed several distinct population genetic mechanisms that could underlie this advantage. For example, sex can promote the fixation of beneficial mutations either by alleviating interference competition (the Fisher-Muller effect) or by separating them from deleterious load (the ruby in the rubbish effect). Previous experiments confirm that sex can increase the rate of adaptation, but these studies did not observe the evolutionary dynamics that drive this effect at the genomic level. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, comparison between the sequence-level dynamics of adaptation in experimental sexual and asexual Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations, which allows us to identify the specific mechanisms by which sex speeds adaptation. We find that sex alters the molecular signatures of evolution by changing the spectrum of mutations that fix, and confirm theoretical predictions that it does so by alleviating clonal interference. We also show that substantially deleterious mutations hitchhike to fixation in adapting asexual populations. In contrast, recombination prevents such mutations from fixing. Our results demonstrate that sex both speeds adaptation and alters its molecular signature by allowing natural selection to more efficiently sort beneficial from deleterious mutations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855304/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855304/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McDonald, Michael J -- Rice, Daniel P -- Desai, Michael M -- GM104239/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM104239/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):233-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17143. Epub 2016 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Clone Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Fitness/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation/*genetics ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Reproduction, Asexual/genetics/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/*genetics/*physiology ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; *Sex ; Time Factors
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    Paris climate deal hinges on better carbon accountancy (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):450-1. doi: 10.1038/529450a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Carbon Footprint/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical ; data ; *Congresses as Topic ; Developed Countries/economics ; *Developing Countries/economics ; Fires/statistics & numerical data ; Global Warming/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & ; control/*statistics & numerical data ; Greenhouse Effect/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & ; control/statistics & numerical data ; Indonesia ; Paris
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-11
    Description: The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions) approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between 1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001 to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO2 equivalent per year) of 3.9 +/- 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 +/- 4.8 (bottom up) based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tian, Hanqin -- Lu, Chaoqun -- Ciais, Philippe -- Michalak, Anna M -- Canadell, Josep G -- Saikawa, Eri -- Huntzinger, Deborah N -- Gurney, Kevin R -- Sitch, Stephen -- Zhang, Bowen -- Yang, Jia -- Bousquet, Philippe -- Bruhwiler, Lori -- Chen, Guangsheng -- Dlugokencky, Edward -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Melillo, Jerry -- Pan, Shufen -- Poulter, Benjamin -- Prinn, Ronald -- Saunois, Marielle -- Schwalm, Christopher R -- Wofsy, Steven C -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):225-8. doi: 10.1038/nature16946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011, USA. ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France. ; Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Research, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. ; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. ; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK. ; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA. ; Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. ; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK. ; The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. ; Institute of Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA. ; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/statistics & numerical data ; Asia ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Global Warming/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Greenhouse Effect/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Human Activities/statistics & numerical data ; Methane/analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis/*metabolism
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    Compound screening: Fresh hunting ground (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGilvray, Annabel -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7602):S65-7. doi: 10.1038/533S65a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27167395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*analysis/*chemistry/pharmacology ; *Crowdsourcing/economics ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/economics/*methods ; Drug Industry/economics/methods ; *High-Throughput Screening Assays/economics ; *Information Dissemination ; Intellectual Property ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
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    Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: Star-like objects with effective temperatures of less than 2,700 kelvin are referred to as 'ultracool dwarfs'. This heterogeneous group includes stars of extremely low mass as well as brown dwarfs (substellar objects not massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion), and represents about 15 per cent of the population of astronomical objects near the Sun. Core-accretion theory predicts that, given the small masses of these ultracool dwarfs, and the small sizes of their protoplanetary disks, there should be a large but hitherto undetected population of terrestrial planets orbiting them--ranging from metal-rich Mercury-sized planets to more hospitable volatile-rich Earth-sized planets. Here we report observations of three short-period Earth-sized planets transiting an ultracool dwarf star only 12 parsecs away. The inner two planets receive four times and two times the irradiation of Earth, respectively, placing them close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of the star. Our data suggest that 11 orbits remain possible for the third planet, the most likely resulting in irradiation significantly less than that received by Earth. The infrared brightness of the host star, combined with its Jupiter-like size, offers the possibility of thoroughly characterizing the components of this nearby planetary system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gillon, Michael -- Jehin, Emmanuel -- Lederer, Susan M -- Delrez, Laetitia -- de Wit, Julien -- Burdanov, Artem -- Van Grootel, Valerie -- Burgasser, Adam J -- Triaud, Amaury H M J -- Opitom, Cyrielle -- Demory, Brice-Olivier -- Sahu, Devendra K -- Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella -- Magain, Pierre -- Queloz, Didier -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 2;533(7602):221-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17448.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Allee du 6 Aout 19C, 4000 Liege, Belgium. ; NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas, 77058, USA. ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Center for Astrophysics and Space Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK. ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK. ; Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    2015 declared the hottest year on record (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):450. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19216.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Global Warming/*statistics & numerical data ; *Hot Temperature ; Internationality ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater ; Water Movements
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    Ageing: Restoration project (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGilvray, Annabel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):S4-5. doi: 10.1038/531S4a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Aging/blood/drug effects/pathology/*psychology ; Alzheimer Disease/blood/therapy ; Animals ; Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cognition Disorders/pathology/physiopathology/*prevention & control/*therapy ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Female ; Hippocampus/drug effects/pathology/physiology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators/immunology ; Leukotrienes/immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Parkinson Disease/therapy ; Plasma/chemistry/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects/pathology/physiology/physiopathology ; Quinolines/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rejuvenation/*physiology/*psychology ; Synapses/drug effects/metabolism/pathology
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    Arts: California on camera (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbey, John -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 18;533(7603):320. doi: 10.1038/533320a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: Our current understanding of immunology was largely defined in laboratory mice, partly because they are inbred and genetically homogeneous, can be genetically manipulated, allow kinetic tissue analyses to be carried out from the onset of disease, and permit the use of tractable disease models. Comparably reductionist experiments are neither technically nor ethically possible in humans. However, there is growing concern that laboratory mice do not reflect relevant aspects of the human immune system, which may account for failures to translate disease treatments from bench to bedside. Laboratory mice live in abnormally hygienic specific pathogen free (SPF) barrier facilities. Here we show that standard laboratory mouse husbandry has profound effects on the immune system and that environmental changes produce mice with immune systems closer to those of adult humans. Laboratory mice--like newborn, but not adult, humans--lack effector-differentiated and mucosally distributed memory T cells. These cell populations were present in free-living barn populations of feral mice and pet store mice with diverse microbial experience, and were induced in laboratory mice after co-housing with pet store mice, suggesting that the environment is involved in the induction of these cells. Altering the living conditions of mice profoundly affected the cellular composition of the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulted in global changes in blood cell gene expression to patterns that more closely reflected the immune signatures of adult humans rather than neonates, altered resistance to infection, and influenced T-cell differentiation in response to a de novo viral infection. These data highlight the effects of environment on the basal immune state and response to infection and suggest that restoring physiological microbial exposure in laboratory mice could provide a relevant tool for modelling immunological events in free-living organisms, including humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871315/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871315/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beura, Lalit K -- Hamilton, Sara E -- Bi, Kevin -- Schenkel, Jason M -- Odumade, Oludare A -- Casey, Kerry A -- Thompson, Emily A -- Fraser, Kathryn A -- Rosato, Pamela C -- Filali-Mouhim, Ali -- Sekaly, Rafick P -- Jenkins, Marc K -- Vezys, Vaiva -- Haining, W Nicholas -- Jameson, Stephen C -- Masopust, David -- 1R01AI111671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075168/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084913/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI111671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI116678/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI075168/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI084913/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI116678/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):512-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17655. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA. ; Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA. ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/*immunology ; Animals, Wild/*immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; *Environment ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Immune System/*immunology ; Immunity/*immunology ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Immunologic Memory ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mice ; *Models, Animal ; Phenotype ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Virus Diseases/immunology/virology
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    UN agency proposes greenhouse-gas standard for aircraft (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):266. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19336.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aircraft/instrumentation/*legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Greenhouse Effect/*legislation & jurisprudence/*prevention & control ; Internationality ; Time Factors ; United Nations/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    University seeks private donations to offset climate funding crunch (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 4;530(7588):16-7. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19260.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26842035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; Droughts ; Ecology/economics/education ; Environment ; Financing, Organized ; Fires ; Food Supply ; Fund Raising/*economics ; Human Activities ; New York City ; Research/*economics ; Research Personnel/economics ; Research Support as Topic/*economics ; Universities/*economics
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    Cell biology: Ubiquitination without E1 and E2 enzymes (2016)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhogaraju, Sagar -- Dikic, Ivan -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):43-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17888. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and in the Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Legionella pneumophila/*chemistry ; *Ubiquitination
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    Slaughter of the song birds (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharya, Shaoni -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):452-5. doi: 10.1038/529452a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Cooking ; Crime/legislation & jurisprudence/*prevention & control/*statistics & numerical ; data ; Cyprus ; Extinction, Biological ; Population Density ; *Songbirds/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Little is known about how pro-obesity diets regulate tissue stem and progenitor cell function. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity augments the numbers and function of Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells of the mammalian intestine. Mechanistically, a HFD induces a robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta) signature in intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells (non-intestinal stem cells), and pharmacological activation of PPAR-delta recapitulates the effects of a HFD on these cells. Like a HFD, ex vivo treatment of intestinal organoid cultures with fatty acid constituents of the HFD enhances the self-renewal potential of these organoid bodies in a PPAR-delta-dependent manner. Notably, HFD- and agonist-activated PPAR-delta signalling endow organoid-initiating capacity to progenitors, and enforced PPAR-delta signalling permits these progenitors to form in vivo tumours after loss of the tumour suppressor Apc. These findings highlight how diet-modulated PPAR-delta activation alters not only the function of intestinal stem and progenitor cells, but also their capacity to initiate tumours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846772/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846772/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beyaz, Semir -- Mana, Miyeko D -- Roper, Jatin -- Kedrin, Dmitriy -- Saadatpour, Assieh -- Hong, Sue-Jean -- Bauer-Rowe, Khristian E -- Xifaras, Michael E -- Akkad, Adam -- Arias, Erika -- Pinello, Luca -- Katz, Yarden -- Shinagare, Shweta -- Abu-Remaileh, Monther -- Mihaylova, Maria M -- Lamming, Dudley W -- Dogum, Rizkullah -- Guo, Guoji -- Bell, George W -- Selig, Martin -- Nielsen, G Petur -- Gupta, Nitin -- Ferrone, Cristina R -- Deshpande, Vikram -- Yuan, Guo-Cheng -- Orkin, Stuart H -- Sabatini, David M -- Yilmaz, Omer H -- AI47389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA198002/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K99 AG041765/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K99 AG045144/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R00 AG041765/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R00 AG045144/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI047389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32DK007191/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):53-8. doi: 10.1038/nature17173.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Division of Gastroenterology and Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. ; Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA. ; Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Missisippi 39216, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Self Renewal/drug effects ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Colonic Neoplasms/*pathology ; Diet, High-Fat/*adverse effects ; Female ; Genes, APC ; Humans ; Intestines/*pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Obesity/chemically induced/pathology ; Organoids/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; PPAR delta/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stem Cell Niche/drug effects ; Stem Cells/*drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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    Molecular biology: Breaks in the brain (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glover, Thomas W -- Wilson, Thomas E -- R21 ES022311/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):46-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17316. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Human Genetics and Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Timescales for detection of trends in the ocean carbon sink (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: The ocean has absorbed 41 per cent of all anthropogenic carbon emitted as a result of fossil fuel burning and cement manufacture. The magnitude and the large-scale distribution of the ocean carbon sink is well quantified for recent decades. In contrast, temporal changes in the oceanic carbon sink remain poorly understood. It has proved difficult to distinguish between air-to-sea carbon flux trends that are due to anthropogenic climate change and those due to internal climate variability. Here we use a modelling approach that allows for this separation, revealing how the ocean carbon sink may be expected to change throughout this century in different oceanic regions. Our findings suggest that, owing to large internal climate variability, it is unlikely that changes in the rate of anthropogenic carbon uptake can be directly observed in most oceanic regions at present, but that this may become possible between 2020 and 2050 in some regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinley, Galen A -- Pilcher, Darren J -- Fay, Amanda R -- Lindsay, Keith -- Long, Matthew C -- Lovenduski, Nicole S -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):469-72. doi: 10.1038/nature16958.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. ; Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. ; Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. ; NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA. ; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Technology: Use or lose our navigation skills (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinlay, Roger -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):573-5. doi: 10.1038/531573a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Institute of Navigation, and a former head of engineering at Thales UK. He sits on the EPSRC Quantum Technology Strategic Advisory Board.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cues ; Facility Design and Construction ; Geographic Information Systems/instrumentation/*utilization ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Maps as Topic ; Orientation/physiology ; Satellite Communications/utilization ; Smartphone/utilization ; Spatial Learning/*physiology ; Spatial Memory/physiology ; Spatial Navigation/*physiology
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    Make journals report clinical trials properly (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldacre, Ben -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 4;530(7588):7. doi: 10.1038/530007a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26842021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bias (Epidemiology) ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*methods/*standards ; *Editorial Policies ; Evidence-Based Medicine/methods/standards ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Periodicals as Topic/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Report/*standards ; Treatment Outcome
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    Biologists struggle with push to eliminate radioactive caesium in labs (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 10;533(7602):156-7. doi: 10.1038/533156a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biology/instrumentation/*methods ; Cesium Radioisotopes/*supply & distribution ; Immune System/immunology/radiation effects ; Immunologic Techniques/instrumentation/methods ; Internationality ; *Laboratories ; Mice ; *Research Design ; *Research Personnel ; *Security Measures/trends ; X-Rays
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    Next generation of carbon-monitoring satellites faces daunting hurdles (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 25;533(7604):446-7. doi: 10.1038/533446a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Molecular evolution: Sex accelerates adaptation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goddard, Matthew R -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):176-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17304. Epub 2016 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK, and at the School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Mutation/*genetics ; Reproduction, Asexual/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/*physiology ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; *Sex
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    Post-invasion demography of prehistoric humans in South America (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: As the last habitable continent colonized by humans, the site of multiple domestication hotspots, and the location of the largest Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, South America is central to human prehistory. Yet remarkably little is known about human population dynamics during colonization, subsequent expansions, and domestication. Here we reconstruct the spatiotemporal patterns of human population growth in South America using a newly aggregated database of 1,147 archaeological sites and 5,464 calibrated radiocarbon dates spanning fourteen thousand to two thousand years ago (ka). We demonstrate that, rather than a steady exponential expansion, the demographic history of South Americans is characterized by two distinct phases. First, humans spread rapidly throughout the continent, but remained at low population sizes for 8,000 years, including a 4,000-year period of 'boom-and-bust' oscillations with no net growth. Supplementation of hunting with domesticated crops and animals had a minimal impact on population carrying capacity. Only with widespread sedentism, beginning ~5 ka, did a second demographic phase begin, with evidence for exponential population growth in cultural hotspots, characteristic of the Neolithic transition worldwide. The unique extent of humanity's ability to modify its environment to markedly increase carrying capacity in South America is therefore an unexpectedly recent phenomenon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldberg, Amy -- Mychajliw, Alexis M -- Hadly, Elizabeth A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):232-5. doi: 10.1038/nature17176. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Archaeology ; Climate ; Geographic Mapping ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/*history ; Humans ; Population Dynamics/*history ; Radiometric Dating ; Siberia/ethnology ; South America
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    R. McNeill Alexander (1934-2016) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biewener, Andrew A -- Wilson, Alan -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):442. doi: 10.1038/532442a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and director of the Concord Field Station, where he collaborated with Neill Alexander. ; Royal Veterinary College in London. Alexander examined Wilson's PhD thesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dinosaurs/physiology ; Gait/*physiology ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Movement/physiology ; Zoology/*history
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    Antarctic model raises prospect of unstoppable ice collapse (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):562. doi: 10.1038/531562a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029259" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; *Global Warming ; *Ice Cover ; *Models, Theoretical ; Seawater/*analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Perspective: City farming needs monitoring (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meharg, Andrew A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):S60. doi: 10.1038/531S60a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Queen's University Belfast, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; Carbon Footprint ; *Cities ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; Insect Vectors ; Water Supply
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    In situ imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the global ocean (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: Planktonic organisms play crucial roles in oceanic food webs and global biogeochemical cycles. Most of our knowledge about the ecological impact of large zooplankton stems from research on abundant and robust crustaceans, and in particular copepods. A number of the other organisms that comprise planktonic communities are fragile, and therefore hard to sample and quantify, meaning that their abundances and effects on oceanic ecosystems are poorly understood. Here, using data from a worldwide in situ imaging survey of plankton larger than 600 mum, we show that a substantial part of the biomass of this size fraction consists of giant protists belonging to the Rhizaria, a super-group of mostly fragile unicellular marine organisms that includes the taxa Phaeodaria and Radiolaria (for example, orders Collodaria and Acantharia). Globally, we estimate that rhizarians in the top 200 m of world oceans represent a standing stock of 0.089 Pg carbon, equivalent to 5.2% of the total oceanic biota carbon reservoir. In the vast oligotrophic intertropical open oceans, rhizarian biomass is estimated to be equivalent to that of all other mesozooplankton (plankton in the size range 0.2-20 mm). The photosymbiotic association of many rhizarians with microalgae may be an important factor in explaining their distribution. The previously overlooked importance of these giant protists across the widest ecosystem on the planet changes our understanding of marine planktonic ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biard, Tristan -- Stemmann, Lars -- Picheral, Marc -- Mayot, Nicolas -- Vandromme, Pieter -- Hauss, Helena -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- Guidi, Lionel -- Kiko, Rainer -- Not, Fabrice -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):504-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17652. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversite en Milieu Marin UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688 Roscoff, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV) UMR7093, Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. ; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; *Biota ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Sequestration ; Earth (Planet) ; Microalgae/metabolism ; *Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Rhizaria/classification/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Symbiosis ; Zooplankton/classification/*isolation & purification/metabolism
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    Palaeoanthropology: What teeth tell us (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomez-Robles, Aida -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):425-6. doi: 10.1038/530425a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle (2016)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: High carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in sea-water (ocean hypercapnia) can induce neurological, physiological and behavioural deficiencies in marine animals. Prediction of the onset and evolution of hypercapnia in the ocean requires a good understanding of annual variations in oceanic CO2 concentration, but there is a lack of relevant global observational data. Here we identify global ocean patterns of monthly variability in carbon concentration using observations that allow us to examine the evolution of surface-ocean CO2 levels over the entire annual cycle under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We predict that the present-day amplitude of the natural oscillations in oceanic CO2 concentration will be amplified by up to tenfold in some regions by 2100, if atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise throughout this century (according to the RCP8.5 scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The findings from our data are broadly consistent with projections from Earth system climate models. Our predicted amplification of the annual CO2 cycle displays distinct global patterns that may expose major fisheries in the Southern, Pacific and North Atlantic oceans to hypercapnia many decades earlier than is expected from average atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We suggest that these ocean 'CO2 hotspots' evolve as a combination of the strong seasonal dynamics of CO2 concentration and the long-term effective storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans that lowers the buffer capacity in these regions, causing a nonlinear amplification of CO2 concentration over the annual cycle. The onset of ocean hypercapnia (when the partial pressure of CO2 in sea-water exceeds 1,000 micro-atmospheres) is forecast for atmospheric CO2 concentrations that exceed 650 parts per million, with hypercapnia expected in up to half the surface ocean by 2100, assuming a high-emissions scenario (RCP8.5). Such extensive ocean hypercapnia has detrimental implications for fisheries during the twenty-first century.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNeil, Ben I -- Sasse, Tristan P -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):383-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ; Thinkable.org, 299 Sussex Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Quantum physics: Photons paired with phonons (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blencowe, Miles -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):284-5. doi: 10.1038/530284a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Controlling spin relaxation with a cavity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-16
    Description: Spontaneous emission of radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which an excited quantum system returns to equilibrium. For spins, however, spontaneous emission is generally negligible compared to other non-radiative relaxation processes because of the weak coupling between the magnetic dipole and the electromagnetic field. In 1946, Purcell realized that the rate of spontaneous emission can be greatly enhanced by placing the quantum system in a resonant cavity. This effect has since been used extensively to control the lifetime of atoms and semiconducting heterostructures coupled to microwave or optical cavities, and is essential for the realization of high-efficiency single-photon sources. Here we report the application of this idea to spins in solids. By coupling donor spins in silicon to a superconducting microwave cavity with a high quality factor and a small mode volume, we reach the regime in which spontaneous emission constitutes the dominant mechanism of spin relaxation. The relaxation rate is increased by three orders of magnitude as the spins are tuned to the cavity resonance, demonstrating that energy relaxation can be controlled on demand. Our results provide a general way to initialize spin systems into their ground state and therefore have applications in magnetic resonance and quantum information processing. They also demonstrate that the coupling between the magnetic dipole of a spin and the electromagnetic field can be enhanced up to the point at which quantum fluctuations have a marked effect on the spin dynamics; as such, they represent an important step towards the coherent magnetic coupling of individual spins to microwave photons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bienfait, A -- Pla, J J -- Kubo, Y -- Zhou, X -- Stern, M -- Lo, C C -- Weis, C D -- Schenkel, T -- Vion, D -- Esteve, D -- Morton, J J L -- Bertet, P -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):74-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16944. Epub 2016 Feb 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. ; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK. ; Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS UMR 8520, ISEN Department, Avenue Poincare, CS 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. ; Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, BINA, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. ; Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    China's carbon emissions could peak sooner than forecast (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):425-6. doi: 10.1038/531425a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27008947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/analysis/*prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; China ; Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; Coal/*utilization ; Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence ; Goals ; Renewable Energy/economics/statistics & numerical data ; Time Factors
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    Restoration: avoid arbitrary baselines (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehrabi, Zia -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 25;533(7604):469. doi: 10.1038/533469c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Wilderness
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    Stellar astrophysics: Supernovae in the neighbourhood (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melott, Adrian L -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):40-1. doi: 10.1038/532040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27078562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change/history ; *Earth (Planet) ; Extinction, Biological ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Iron Radioisotopes/*analysis/chemistry ; Stars, Celestial/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Australia softens blow of climate job cuts (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, Myles -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):16-7. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19831.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; *Climate ; Research/*manpower ; Research Personnel/*statistics & numerical data ; Unemployment/*statistics & numerical data
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    First North American fossil monkey and early Miocene tropical biotic interchange (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: New World monkeys (platyrrhines) are a diverse part of modern tropical ecosystems in North and South America, yet their early evolutionary history in the tropics is largely unknown. Molecular divergence estimates suggest that primates arrived in tropical Central America, the southern-most extent of the North American landmass, with several dispersals from South America starting with the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama 3-4 million years ago (Ma). The complete absence of primate fossils from Central America has, however, limited our understanding of their history in the New World. Here we present the first description of a fossil monkey recovered from the North American landmass, the oldest known crown platyrrhine, from a precisely dated 20.9-Ma layer in the Las Cascadas Formation in the Panama Canal Basin, Panama. This discovery suggests that family-level diversification of extant New World monkeys occurred in the tropics, with new divergence estimates for Cebidae between 22 and 25 Ma, and provides the oldest fossil evidence for mammalian interchange between South and North America. The timing is consistent with recent tectonic reconstructions of a relatively narrow Central American Seaway in the early Miocene epoch, coincident with over-water dispersals inferred for many other groups of animals and plants. Discovery of an early Miocene primate in Panama provides evidence for a circum-Caribbean tropical distribution of New World monkeys by this time, with ocean barriers not wholly restricting their northward movements, requiring a complex set of ecological factors to explain their absence in well-sampled similarly aged localities at higher latitudes of North America.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloch, Jonathan I -- Woodruff, Emily D -- Wood, Aaron R -- Rincon, Aldo F -- Harrington, Arianna R -- Morgan, Gary S -- Foster, David A -- Montes, Camilo -- Jaramillo, Carlos A -- Jud, Nathan A -- Jones, Douglas S -- MacFadden, Bruce J -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 20;533(7602):243-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17415.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. ; Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1027, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-9976, USA. ; New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104, USA. ; Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 1A # 18A-10, Edificio IP, Bogota DC 111711, Colombia. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Massive network of robotic ocean probes gets smart upgrade (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):421-2. doi: 10.1038/531421a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27008945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Oceanography/*instrumentation/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; Robotics/*instrumentation ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; Temperature
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    Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: How ecosystem productivity and species richness are interrelated is one of the most debated subjects in the history of ecology. Decades of intensive study have yet to discern the actual mechanisms behind observed global patterns. Here, by integrating the predictions from multiple theories into a single model and using data from 1,126 grassland plots spanning five continents, we detect the clear signals of numerous underlying mechanisms linking productivity and richness. We find that an integrative model has substantially higher explanatory power than traditional bivariate analyses. In addition, the specific results unveil several surprising findings that conflict with classical models. These include the isolation of a strong and consistent enhancement of productivity by richness, an effect in striking contrast with superficial data patterns. Also revealed is a consistent importance of competition across the full range of productivity values, in direct conflict with some (but not all) proposed models. The promotion of local richness by macroecological gradients in climatic favourability, generally seen as a competing hypothesis, is also found to be important in our analysis. The results demonstrate that an integrative modelling approach leads to a major advance in our ability to discern the underlying processes operating in ecological systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grace, James B -- Anderson, T Michael -- Seabloom, Eric W -- Borer, Elizabeth T -- Adler, Peter B -- Harpole, W Stanley -- Hautier, Yann -- Hillebrand, Helmut -- Lind, Eric M -- Partel, Meelis -- Bakker, Jonathan D -- Buckley, Yvonne M -- Crawley, Michael J -- Damschen, Ellen I -- Davies, Kendi F -- Fay, Philip A -- Firn, Jennifer -- Gruner, Daniel S -- Hector, Andy -- Knops, Johannes M H -- MacDougall, Andrew S -- Melbourne, Brett A -- Morgan, John W -- Orrock, John L -- Prober, Suzanne M -- Smith, Melinda D -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):390-3. doi: 10.1038/nature16524. Epub 2016 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, Louisiana 70506, USA. ; Department of Biology, 206 Winston Hall, Wake Forest University, Box 7325 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA. ; Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. ; Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany. ; Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands. ; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, Wilhelmshaven D-26381, Germany. ; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. ; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, Washington 98195-4115, USA. ; School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. ; Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502, USA. ; #15 Queensland University of Technology, School of Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia. ; Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. ; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. ; School of Biological Sciences, 348 Manter Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. ; Department of Ecology, Environment, and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. ; CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia, 6913, Australia. ; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Epic El Nino yields massive data trove (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):20-1. doi: 10.1038/531020a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Coral Reefs ; *Data Collection ; Droughts ; *El Nino-Southern Oscillation/adverse effects ; Floods ; Oceans and Seas ; Rain ; *Research/economics ; Seawater/analysis ; Temperature ; *Weather
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    Adult restoration of Shank3 expression rescues selective autistic-like phenotypes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-18
    Description: Because autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders and patients typically display symptoms before the age of three, one of the key questions in autism research is whether the pathology is reversible in adults. Here we investigate the developmental requirement of Shank3 in mice, a prominent monogenic autism gene that is estimated to contribute to approximately 1% of all autism spectrum disorder cases. SHANK3 is a postsynaptic scaffold protein that regulates synaptic development, function and plasticity by orchestrating the assembly of postsynaptic density macromolecular signalling complex. Disruptions of the Shank3 gene in mouse models have resulted in synaptic defects and autistic-like behaviours including anxiety, social interaction deficits, and repetitive behaviour. We generated a novel Shank3 conditional knock-in mouse model, and show that re-expression of the Shank3 gene in adult mice led to improvements in synaptic protein composition, spine density and neural function in the striatum. We also provide behavioural evidence that certain behavioural abnormalities including social interaction deficit and repetitive grooming behaviour could be rescued, while anxiety and motor coordination deficit could not be recovered in adulthood. Together, these results reveal the profound effect of post-developmental activation of Shank3 expression on neural function, and demonstrate a certain degree of continued plasticity in the adult diseased brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mei, Yuan -- Monteiro, Patricia -- Zhou, Yang -- Kim, Jin-Ah -- Gao, Xian -- Fu, Zhanyan -- Feng, Guoping -- R01MH097104/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):481-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16971. Epub 2016 Feb 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. ; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Masaschusetts 02142, USA. ; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education &Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitve Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Super-resolution imaging reveals distinct chromatin folding for different epigenetic states (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: Metazoan genomes are spatially organized at multiple scales, from packaging of DNA around individual nucleosomes to segregation of whole chromosomes into distinct territories. At the intermediate scale of kilobases to megabases, which encompasses the sizes of genes, gene clusters and regulatory domains, the three-dimensional (3D) organization of DNA is implicated in multiple gene regulatory mechanisms, but understanding this organization remains a challenge. At this scale, the genome is partitioned into domains of different epigenetic states that are essential for regulating gene expression. Here we investigate the 3D organization of chromatin in different epigenetic states using super-resolution imaging. We classified genomic domains in Drosophila cells into transcriptionally active, inactive or Polycomb-repressed states, and observed distinct chromatin organizations for each state. All three types of chromatin domains exhibit power-law scaling between their physical sizes in 3D and their domain lengths, but each type has a distinct scaling exponent. Polycomb-repressed domains show the densest packing and most intriguing chromatin folding behaviour, in which chromatin packing density increases with domain length. Distinct from the self-similar organization displayed by transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin, the Polycomb-repressed domains are characterized by a high degree of chromatin intermixing within the domain. Moreover, compared to inactive domains, Polycomb-repressed domains spatially exclude neighbouring active chromatin to a much stronger degree. Computational modelling and knockdown experiments suggest that reversible chromatin interactions mediated by Polycomb-group proteins play an important role in these unique packaging properties of the repressed chromatin. Taken together, our super-resolution images reveal distinct chromatin packaging for different epigenetic states at the kilobase-to-megabase scale, a length scale that is directly relevant to genome regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boettiger, Alistair N -- Bintu, Bogdan -- Moffitt, Jeffrey R -- Wang, Siyuan -- Beliveau, Brian J -- Fudenberg, Geoffrey -- Imakaev, Maxim -- Mirny, Leonid A -- Wu, Chao-ting -- Zhuang, Xiaowei -- R01 GM105637/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):418-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16496. Epub 2016 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Neuroscience: Fluorescent boost for voltage sensors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gradinaru, Viviana -- Flytzanis, Nicholas C -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):469-70. doi: 10.1038/529469a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-11
    Description: Since the origins of agriculture, the scale of human cooperation and societal complexity has dramatically expanded. This fact challenges standard evolutionary explanations of prosociality because well-studied mechanisms of cooperation based on genetic relatedness, reciprocity and partner choice falter as people increasingly engage in fleeting transactions with genetically unrelated strangers in large anonymous groups. To explain this rapid expansion of prosociality, researchers have proposed several mechanisms. Here we focus on one key hypothesis: cognitive representations of gods as increasingly knowledgeable and punitive, and who sanction violators of interpersonal social norms, foster and sustain the expansion of cooperation, trust and fairness towards co-religionist strangers. We tested this hypothesis using extensive ethnographic interviews and two behavioural games designed to measure impartial rule-following among people (n = 591, observations = 35,400) from eight diverse communities from around the world: (1) inland Tanna, Vanuatu; (2) coastal Tanna, Vanuatu; (3) Yasawa, Fiji; (4) Lovu, Fiji; (5) Pesqueiro, Brazil; (6) Pointe aux Piments, Mauritius; (7) the Tyva Republic (Siberia), Russia; and (8) Hadzaland, Tanzania. Participants reported adherence to a wide array of world religious traditions including Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as notably diverse local traditions, including animism and ancestor worship. Holding a range of relevant variables constant, the higher participants rated their moralistic gods as punitive and knowledgeable about human thoughts and actions, the more coins they allocated to geographically distant co-religionist strangers relative to both themselves and local co-religionists. Our results support the hypothesis that beliefs in moralistic, punitive and knowing gods increase impartial behaviour towards distant co-religionists, and therefore can contribute to the expansion of prosociality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Purzycki, Benjamin Grant -- Apicella, Coren -- Atkinson, Quentin D -- Cohen, Emma -- McNamara, Rita Anne -- Willard, Aiyana K -- Xygalatas, Dimitris -- Norenzayan, Ara -- Henrich, Joseph -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):327-30. doi: 10.1038/nature16980. Epub 2016 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Human Evolution, Cognition, and Culture, University of British Columbia, 1871 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada. ; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Solomon Laboratories, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6241, USA. ; Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Human Sciences Building, 10 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. ; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany. ; Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PN, UK. ; Wadham College, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PN, UK. ; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Culture, and Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #A8000, Austin, Texas 78712-0187, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, Connecticut 06029, USA. ; Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 4, building 1483, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark. ; LEVYNA, Masaryk University, Brno 60200, Czech Republic. ; Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Ethnic Groups/psychology ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Internationality ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Male ; *Morals ; Odds Ratio ; Punishment/*psychology ; Random Allocation ; *Religion and Psychology ; Trust
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    Policy: Global standards for stem-cell research (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kimmelman, Jonathan -- Hyun, Insoo -- Benvenisty, Nissim -- Caulfield, Timothy -- Heslop, Helen E -- Murry, Charles E -- Sipp, Douglas -- Studer, Lorenz -- Sugarman, Jeremy -- Daley, George Q -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 12;533(7603):311-3. doi: 10.1038/533311a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGill University, Montreal, Canada, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Canada Research Chair in Health Law and Policy at the University of Alberta, Canada, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering and Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan, project professor at Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Developmental Biology Program and director of the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force. ; Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the steering committee of the International Society for Stem Cell Research's Guidelines Task Force.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Trouble in Tibet (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):142-5. doi: 10.1038/529142a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*economics/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical ; data/*trends ; Animals ; China ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Government Regulation ; *Grassland ; Livestock/physiology ; Policy Making ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Tibet ; Transients and Migrants/*statistics & numerical data ; Water Supply/statistics & numerical data
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    In praise of parks (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):437-8. doi: 10.1038/529437b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; Cities ; Congo ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; *Parks, Recreational/legislation & jurisprudence ; Pleasure ; Uganda ; United States ; *Wilderness
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    Advisory network: Six principles for EU peer review (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cockburn, William -- Deluyker, Hubert -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):305. doi: 10.1038/531305c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Bilbao, Spain. ; European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26983532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees/organization & administration/standards ; *European Union ; Peer Review/*methods/*standards ; Policy Making
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    Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-16
    Description: A unique assemblage of 28 hominin individuals, found in Sima de los Huesos in the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain, has recently been dated to approximately 430,000 years ago. An interesting question is how these Middle Pleistocene hominins were related to those who lived in the Late Pleistocene epoch, in particular to Neanderthals in western Eurasia and to Denisovans, a sister group of Neanderthals so far known only from southern Siberia. While the Sima de los Huesos hominins share some derived morphological features with Neanderthals, the mitochondrial genome retrieved from one individual from Sima de los Huesos is more closely related to the mitochondrial DNA of Denisovans than to that of Neanderthals. However, since the mitochondrial DNA does not reveal the full picture of relationships among populations, we have investigated DNA preservation in several individuals found at Sima de los Huesos. Here we recover nuclear DNA sequences from two specimens, which show that the Sima de los Huesos hominins were related to Neanderthals rather than to Denisovans, indicating that the population divergence between Neanderthals and Denisovans predates 430,000 years ago. A mitochondrial DNA recovered from one of the specimens shares the previously described relationship to Denisovan mitochondrial DNAs, suggesting, among other possibilities, that the mitochondrial DNA gene pool of Neanderthals turned over later in their history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Matthias -- Arsuaga, Juan-Luis -- de Filippo, Cesare -- Nagel, Sarah -- Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer -- Nickel, Birgit -- Martinez, Ignacio -- Gracia, Ana -- Bermudez de Castro, Jose Maria -- Carbonell, Eudald -- Viola, Bence -- Kelso, Janet -- Prufer, Kay -- Paabo, Svante -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):504-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17405. Epub 2016 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Centro de Investigacion Sobre la Evolucion y Comportamiento Humanos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ; Departamento de Paleontologia, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ; Area de Paleontologia, Departamento de Geografia y Geologia, Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain. ; Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca, 09002 Burgos, Spain. ; Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n (Edifici W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. ; Area de Prehistoria, Departament d'Historia i Historia de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Lletres, Avinguda de Catalunya, 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26976447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Fossils ; Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Hominidae/classification/*genetics ; Male ; Neanderthals/classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Spain
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    Regeneration: Limb regrowth takes two (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Torres, Miguel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 27;533(7603):328-30. doi: 10.1038/nature17889.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Irritable bowel syndrome: 4 big questions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grayson, Michelle -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 18;533(7603):S118. doi: 10.1038/533S118a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Irritable bowel syndrome (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grayson, Michelle -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 18;533(7603):S101. doi: 10.1038/533S101a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Cognitive health (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grayson, Michelle -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):S1. doi: 10.1038/531S1a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Asthma/drug therapy ; Cognition/*physiology ; Cognition Disorders/prevention & control/therapy ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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    Development: Slow down population growth (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bongaarts, John -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):409-12. doi: 10.1038/530409a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Population Council, New York City, New York, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Palladium-catalysed transannular C-H functionalization of alicyclic amines (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-18
    Description: Discovering pharmaceutical candidates is a resource-intensive enterprise that frequently requires the parallel synthesis of hundreds or even thousands of molecules. C-H bonds are present in almost all pharmaceutical agents. Consequently, the development of selective, rapid and efficient methods for converting these bonds into new chemical entities has the potential to streamline pharmaceutical development. Saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles (alicyclic amines) feature prominently in pharmaceuticals, such as treatments for depression (paroxetine, amitifadine), diabetes (gliclazide), leukaemia (alvocidib), schizophrenia (risperidone, belaperidone), malaria (mefloquine) and nicotine addiction (cytisine, varenicline). However, existing methods for the C-H functionalization of saturated nitrogen heterocycles, particularly at sites remote to nitrogen, remain extremely limited. Here we report a transannular approach to selectively manipulate the C-H bonds of alicyclic amines at sites remote to nitrogen. Our reaction uses the boat conformation of the substrates to achieve palladium-catalysed amine-directed conversion of C-H bonds to C-C bonds on various alicyclic amine scaffolds. We demonstrate this approach by synthesizing new derivatives of several bioactive molecules, including varenicline.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Topczewski, Joseph J -- Cabrera, Pablo J -- Saper, Noam I -- Sanford, Melanie S -- F32 GM109479/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM073836/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073836/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):220-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16957. Epub 2016 Feb 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amines/*chemistry ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; *Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic ; Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry ; Hydrogen/*chemistry ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Palladium/*chemistry ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Piperidines/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Varenicline/chemical synthesis/chemistry
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    Neuroscience: Untangling autism (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bolkan, Scott -- Gordon, Joshua A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):45-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17311. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Female ; *Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*deficiency/*genetics ; Thalamic Nuclei/*physiopathology
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    Ancient forest: keep the logging ban (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michalak, Pawel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):419. doi: 10.1038/530419c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Measurement of the Earth tides with a MEMS gravimeter (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: The ability to measure tiny variations in the local gravitational acceleration allows, besides other applications, the detection of hidden hydrocarbon reserves, magma build-up before volcanic eruptions, and subterranean tunnels. Several technologies are available that achieve the sensitivities required for such applications (tens of microgal per hertz(1/2)): free-fall gravimeters, spring-based gravimeters, superconducting gravimeters, and atom interferometers. All of these devices can observe the Earth tides: the elastic deformation of the Earth's crust as a result of tidal forces. This is a universally predictable gravitational signal that requires both high sensitivity and high stability over timescales of several days to measure. All present gravimeters, however, have limitations of high cost (more than 100,000 US dollars) and high mass (more than 8 kilograms). Here we present a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device with a sensitivity of 40 microgal per hertz(1/2) only a few cubic centimetres in size. We use it to measure the Earth tides, revealing the long-term stability of our instrument compared to any other MEMS device. MEMS accelerometers--found in most smart phones--can be mass-produced remarkably cheaply, but none are stable enough to be called a gravimeter. Our device has thus made the transition from accelerometer to gravimeter. The small size and low cost of this MEMS gravimeter suggests many applications in gravity mapping. For example, it could be mounted on a drone instead of low-flying aircraft for distributed land surveying and exploration, deployed to monitor volcanoes, or built into multi-pixel density-contrast imaging arrays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Middlemiss, R P -- Samarelli, A -- Paul, D J -- Hough, J -- Rowan, S -- Hammond, G D -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):614-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of Glasgow, School of Physics and Astronomy, Kelvin Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. ; University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Policy: Reassess New Mexico's nuclear-waste repository (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tracy, Cameron L -- Dustin, Megan K -- Ewing, Rodney C -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):149-51. doi: 10.1038/529149a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, California, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, California, USA. ; Frank Stanton professor in nuclear security at the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, California, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; New Mexico ; Plutonium/adverse effects ; *Policy Making ; Radioactive Hazard Release/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; *Radioactive Waste/adverse effects ; Risk Assessment ; *Safety/statistics & numerical data
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    PGC1alpha drives NAD biosynthesis linking oxidative metabolism to renal protection (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: The energetic burden of continuously concentrating solutes against gradients along the tubule may render the kidney especially vulnerable to ischaemia. Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. Here we show that the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator, PGC1alpha, is a pivotal determinant of renal recovery from injury by regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis. Following renal ischaemia, Pgc1alpha(-/-) (also known as Ppargc1a(-/-)) mice develop local deficiency of the NAD precursor niacinamide (NAM, also known as nicotinamide), marked fat accumulation, and failure to re-establish normal function. Notably, exogenous NAM improves local NAD levels, fat accumulation, and renal function in post-ischaemic Pgc1alpha(-/-) mice. Inducible tubular transgenic mice (iNephPGC1alpha) recapitulate the effects of NAM supplementation, including more local NAD and less fat accumulation with better renal function after ischaemia. PGC1alpha coordinately upregulates the enzymes that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1alpha deficiency or AKI attenuates the de novo pathway. NAM enhances NAD via the enzyme NAMPT and augments production of the fat breakdown product beta-hydroxybutyrate, leading to increased production of prostaglandin PGE2 (ref. 5), a secreted autacoid that maintains renal function. NAM treatment reverses established ischaemic AKI and also prevented AKI in an unrelated toxic model. Inhibition of beta-hydroxybutyrate signalling or prostaglandin production similarly abolishes PGC1alpha-dependent renoprotection. Given the importance of mitochondrial health in ageing and the function of metabolically active organs, the results implicate NAM and NAD as key effectors for achieving PGC1alpha-dependent stress resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tran, Mei T -- Zsengeller, Zsuzsanna K -- Berg, Anders H -- Khankin, Eliyahu V -- Bhasin, Manoj K -- Kim, Wondong -- Clish, Clary B -- Stillman, Isaac E -- Karumanchi, S Ananth -- Rhee, Eugene P -- Parikh, Samir M -- K08-DK090142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08-DK101560/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK079337/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):528-32. doi: 10.1038/nature17184. Epub 2016 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Nephrology and Endocrine Divisions, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Humans ; Ischemia/drug therapy/metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; NAD/*biosynthesis ; Niacinamide/deficiency/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/*metabolism
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    Mosquitoes: That's quite a collection (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borchelt, Rick -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):419. doi: 10.1038/530419e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Ecology: Biodiversity and productivity entwined (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, Kevin -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):293-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16867. Epub 2016 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomathematics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    A resonant chain of four transiting, sub-Neptune planets (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Surveys have revealed many multi-planet systems containing super-Earths and Neptunes in orbits of a few days to a few months. There is debate whether in situ assembly or inward migration is the dominant mechanism of the formation of such planetary systems. Simulations suggest that migration creates tightly packed systems with planets whose orbital periods may be expressed as ratios of small integers (resonances), often in a many-planet series (chain). In the hundreds of multi-planet systems of sub-Neptunes, more planet pairs are observed near resonances than would generally be expected, but no individual system has hitherto been identified that must have been formed by migration. Proximity to resonance enables the detection of planets perturbing each other. Here we report transit timing variations of the four planets in the Kepler-223 system, model these variations as resonant-angle librations, and compute the long-term stability of the resonant chain. The architecture of Kepler-223 is too finely tuned to have been formed by scattering, and our numerical simulations demonstrate that its properties are natural outcomes of the migration hypothesis. Similar systems could be destabilized by any of several mechanisms, contributing to the observed orbital-period distribution, where many planets are not in resonances. Planetesimal interactions in particular are thought to be responsible for establishing the current orbits of the four giant planets in the Solar System by disrupting a theoretical initial resonant chain similar to that observed in Kepler-223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mills, Sean M -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Migaszewski, Cezary -- Ford, Eric B -- Petigura, Erik -- Isaacson, Howard -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7604):509-12. doi: 10.1038/nature17445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Institute of Physics and CASA*, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland. ; Torun Centre for Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 11, 87-100 Torun, Poland. ; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. ; Center for Astrostatistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. ; University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-18
    Description: The orientation of cell division along the long axis of the interphase cell--the century-old Hertwig's rule--has profound roles in tissue proliferation, morphogenesis, architecture and mechanics. In epithelial tissues, the shape of the interphase cell is influenced by cell adhesion, mechanical stress, neighbour topology, and planar polarity pathways. At mitosis, epithelial cells usually adopt a rounded shape to ensure faithful chromosome segregation and to promote morphogenesis. The mechanisms underlying interphase cell shape sensing in tissues are therefore unknown. Here we show that in Drosophila epithelia, tricellular junctions (TCJs) localize force generators, pulling on astral microtubules and orienting cell division via the Dynein-associated protein Mud independently of the classical Pins/Galphai pathway. Moreover, as cells round up during mitosis, TCJs serve as spatial landmarks, encoding information about interphase cell shape anisotropy to orient division in the rounded mitotic cell. Finally, experimental and simulation data show that shape and mechanical strain sensing by the TCJs emerge from a general geometric property of TCJ distributions in epithelial tissues. Thus, in addition to their function as epithelial barrier structures, TCJs serve as polarity cues promoting geometry and mechanical sensing in epithelial tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bosveld, Floris -- Markova, Olga -- Guirao, Boris -- Martin, Charlotte -- Wang, Zhimin -- Pierre, Anaelle -- Balakireva, Maria -- Gaugue, Isabelle -- Ainslie, Anna -- Christophorou, Nicolas -- Lubensky, David K -- Minc, Nicolas -- Bellaiche, Yohanns -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):495-8. doi: 10.1038/nature16970. Epub 2016 Feb 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Polarity, Division and Morphogenesis Team, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 15 rue Helene Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. ; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Gravitational waves: Dawn of a new astronomy (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, M Coleman -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):40-2. doi: 10.1038/nature17306. Epub 2016 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2421, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer. Although recent studies predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Kohler theory), has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10(-4.5) micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10(-4.5) to 10(-0.5) micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trostl, Jasmin -- Chuang, Wayne K -- Gordon, Hamish -- Heinritzi, Martin -- Yan, Chao -- Molteni, Ugo -- Ahlm, Lars -- Frege, Carla -- Bianchi, Federico -- Wagner, Robert -- Simon, Mario -- Lehtipalo, Katrianne -- Williamson, Christina -- Craven, Jill S -- Duplissy, Jonathan -- Adamov, Alexey -- Almeida, Joao -- Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin -- Breitenlechner, Martin -- Brilke, Sophia -- Dias, Antonio -- Ehrhart, Sebastian -- Flagan, Richard C -- Franchin, Alessandro -- Fuchs, Claudia -- Guida, Roberto -- Gysel, Martin -- Hansel, Armin -- Hoyle, Christopher R -- Jokinen, Tuija -- Junninen, Heikki -- Kangasluoma, Juha -- Keskinen, Helmi -- Kim, Jaeseok -- Krapf, Manuel -- Kurten, Andreas -- Laaksonen, Ari -- Lawler, Michael -- Leiminger, Markus -- Mathot, Serge -- Mohler, Ottmar -- Nieminen, Tuomo -- Onnela, Antti -- Petaja, Tuukka -- Piel, Felix M -- Miettinen, Pasi -- Rissanen, Matti P -- Rondo, Linda -- Sarnela, Nina -- Schobesberger, Siegfried -- Sengupta, Kamalika -- Sipila, Mikko -- Smith, James N -- Steiner, Gerhard -- Tome, Antonio -- Virtanen, Annele -- Wagner, Andrea C -- Weingartner, Ernest -- Wimmer, Daniela -- Winkler, Paul M -- Ye, Penglin -- Carslaw, Kenneth S -- Curtius, Joachim -- Dommen, Josef -- Kirkby, Jasper -- Kulmala, Markku -- Riipinen, Ilona -- Worsnop, Douglas R -- Donahue, Neil M -- Baltensperger, Urs -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 25;533(7604):527-31. doi: 10.1038/nature18271.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. ; CERN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. ; Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. ; Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Stockholm, SE-10961 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. ; Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ; Ionicon Analytik GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ; WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland. ; University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. ; Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland. ; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA. ; Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. ; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA. ; Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria. ; SIM, University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, 1849-016 Lisbon, Portugal. ; Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Erratum: Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bosveld, Floris -- Markova, Olga -- Guirao, Boris -- Martin, Charlotte -- Wang, Zhimin -- Pierre, Anaelle -- Balakireva, Maria -- Gaugue, Isabelle -- Ainslie, Anna -- Christophorou, Nicolas -- Lubensky, David K -- Minc, Nicolas -- Bellaiche, Yohanns -- Nature. 2016 Mar 16. doi: 10.1038/nature17622.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Ebola: Sequencing on the ground (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turner, Marian -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):167. doi: 10.1038/530167a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Structural basis of outer membrane protein insertion by the BAM complex (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-24
    Description: All Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts have outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that perform many fundamental biological processes. The OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria are inserted and folded into the outer membrane by the beta-barrel assembly machinery (BAM). The mechanism involved is poorly understood, owing to the absence of a structure of the entire BAM complex. Here we report two crystal structures of the Escherichia coli BAM complex in two distinct states: an inward-open state and a lateral-open state. Our structures reveal that the five polypeptide transport-associated domains of BamA form a ring architecture with four associated lipoproteins, BamB-BamE, in the periplasm. Our structural, functional studies and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these subunits rotate with respect to the integral membrane beta-barrel of BamA to induce movement of the beta-strands of the barrel and promote insertion of the nascent OMP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Yinghong -- Li, Huanyu -- Dong, Haohao -- Zeng, Yi -- Zhang, Zhengyu -- Paterson, Neil G -- Stansfeld, Phillip J -- Wang, Zhongshan -- Zhang, Yizheng -- Wang, Wenjian -- Dong, Changjiang -- G1100110/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT106121MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):64-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17199. Epub 2016 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. ; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China. ; Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China. ; Laboratory of Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Lipoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Movement ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Periplasm/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rotation
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    Neuroscience: Virtual reality explored (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minderer, Matthias -- Harvey, Christopher D -- Donato, Flavio -- Moser, Edvard I -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7603):324-5. doi: 10.1038/nature17899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Open hardware: Self-built labware stimulates creativity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urban, Pawel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):313.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Chemistry/economics/*instrumentation ; *Creativity ; Electronics/economics/instrumentation ; *Equipment Design/economics ; Internet ; *Laboratories/economics ; Printing, Three-Dimensional/economics/instrumentation ; *Research Personnel
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    Genome editing: The domestication of Cas9 (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urnov, Fyodor -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):468-9. doi: 10.1038/529468a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CRISPR-Associated Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/*physiology ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics ; Endonucleases/*metabolism ; *Genetic Engineering ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Humans
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    Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: The nature of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers remains disputed, with arguments in favour and against the existence of warfare before the development of sedentary societies. Here we report on a case of inter-group violence towards a group of hunter-gatherers from Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana, which during the late Pleistocene/early Holocene period extended about 30 km beyond its present-day shore. Ten of the twelve articulated skeletons found at Nataruk show evidence of having died violently at the edge of a lagoon, into which some of the bodies fell. The remains from Nataruk are unique, preserved by the particular conditions of the lagoon with no evidence of deliberate burial. They offer a rare glimpse into the life and death of past foraging people, and evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mirazon Lahr, M -- Rivera, F -- Power, R K -- Mounier, A -- Copsey, B -- Crivellaro, F -- Edung, J E -- Maillo Fernandez, J M -- Kiarie, C -- Lawrence, J -- Leakey, A -- Mbua, E -- Miller, H -- Muigai, A -- Mukhongo, D M -- Van Baelen, A -- Wood, R -- Schwenninger, J-L -- Grun, R -- Achyuthan, H -- Wilshaw, A -- Foley, R A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):394-8. doi: 10.1038/nature16477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. ; National Museums of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta House, PO Box 152-30500, Lodwar, Kenya. ; Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueologia, UNED, c/ Paseo Senda del Rey, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ; National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. ; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. ; Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Building 142, Mills Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. ; Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia. ; Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-11
    Description: The biological carbon pump is the process by which CO2 is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, exported through sinking particles, and finally sequestered in the deep ocean. While the intensity of the pump correlates with plankton community composition, the underlying ecosystem structure driving the process remains largely uncharacterized. Here we use environmental and metagenomic data gathered during the Tara Oceans expedition to improve our understanding of carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean. We show that specific plankton communities, from the surface and deep chlorophyll maximum, correlate with carbon export at 150 m and highlight unexpected taxa such as Radiolaria and alveolate parasites, as well as Synechococcus and their phages, as lineages most strongly associated with carbon export in the subtropical, nutrient-depleted, oligotrophic ocean. Additionally, we show that the relative abundance of a few bacterial and viral genes can predict a significant fraction of the variability in carbon export in these regions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851848/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851848/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guidi, Lionel -- Chaffron, Samuel -- Bittner, Lucie -- Eveillard, Damien -- Larhlimi, Abdelhalim -- Roux, Simon -- Darzi, Youssef -- Audic, Stephane -- Berline, Leo -- Brum, Jennifer R -- Coelho, Luis Pedro -- Espinoza, Julio Cesar Ignacio -- Malviya, Shruti -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Dimier, Celine -- Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie -- Picheral, Marc -- Poulain, Julie -- Searson, Sarah -- Tara Oceans Consortium Coordinators -- Stemmann, Lars -- Not, Fabrice -- Hingamp, Pascal -- Speich, Sabrina -- Follows, Mick -- Karp-Boss, Lee -- Boss, Emmanuel -- Ogata, Hiroyuki -- Pesant, Stephane -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Wincker, Patrick -- Acinas, Silvia G -- Bork, Peer -- de Vargas, Colomban -- Iudicone, Daniele -- Sullivan, Matthew B -- Raes, Jeroen -- Karsenti, Eric -- Bowler, Chris -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):465-70. doi: 10.1038/nature16942. Epub 2016 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. ; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Evolution Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France. ; Ecole Normale Superieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversite en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France. ; LINA UMR 6241, Universite de Nantes, EMN, CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; CEA - Institut de Genomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. ; Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France. ; Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France. ; Dept of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA. ; Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan. ; PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; CNRS, UMR 8030, CP 5706 Evry, France. ; Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP 5706 Evry, France. ; Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona E0800, Spain. ; Max-Delbruck-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Dinoflagellida/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Expeditions ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Viral ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plankton/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology/parasitology ; Synechococcus/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism/virology
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    Neurobiology: Rise of resilience (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, Anthony -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):S18-9. doi: 10.1038/531S18a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Bullying ; DNA Methylation ; Depression/complications/prevention & control/therapy ; Emotional Adjustment ; Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; Female ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/metabolism ; Maternal Behavior ; Memory/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Oxytocin/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics ; Psychological Trauma/complications/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; *Resilience, Psychological ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Stress, Psychological/complications/genetics/metabolism/therapy
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    Machine-learning-assisted materials discovery using failed experiments (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-07
    Description: Inorganic-organic hybrid materials such as organically templated metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and organohalide perovskites have been studied for decades, and hydrothermal and (non-aqueous) solvothermal syntheses have produced thousands of new materials that collectively contain nearly all the metals in the periodic table. Nevertheless, the formation of these compounds is not fully understood, and development of new compounds relies primarily on exploratory syntheses. Simulation- and data-driven approaches (promoted by efforts such as the Materials Genome Initiative) provide an alternative to experimental trial-and-error. Three major strategies are: simulation-based predictions of physical properties (for example, charge mobility, photovoltaic properties, gas adsorption capacity or lithium-ion intercalation) to identify promising target candidates for synthetic efforts; determination of the structure-property relationship from large bodies of experimental data, enabled by integration with high-throughput synthesis and measurement tools; and clustering on the basis of similar crystallographic structure (for example, zeolite structure classification or gas adsorption properties). Here we demonstrate an alternative approach that uses machine-learning algorithms trained on reaction data to predict reaction outcomes for the crystallization of templated vanadium selenites. We used information on 'dark' reactions--failed or unsuccessful hydrothermal syntheses--collected from archived laboratory notebooks from our laboratory, and added physicochemical property descriptions to the raw notebook information using cheminformatics techniques. We used the resulting data to train a machine-learning model to predict reaction success. When carrying out hydrothermal synthesis experiments using previously untested, commercially available organic building blocks, our machine-learning model outperformed traditional human strategies, and successfully predicted conditions for new organically templated inorganic product formation with a success rate of 89 per cent. Inverting the machine-learning model reveals new hypotheses regarding the conditions for successful product formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raccuglia, Paul -- Elbert, Katherine C -- Adler, Philip D F -- Falk, Casey -- Wenny, Malia B -- Mollo, Aurelio -- Zeller, Matthias -- Friedler, Sorelle A -- Schrier, Joshua -- Norquist, Alexander J -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):73-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Teach students the biology of their time (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Radick, Gregory -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 17;533(7603):293. doi: 10.1038/533293a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Three-dimensional control of the helical axis of a chiral nematic liquid crystal by light (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Chiral nematic liquid crystals--otherwise referred to as cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs)--are self-organized helical superstructures that find practical application in, for example, thermography, reflective displays, tuneable colour filters and mirrorless lasing. Dynamic, remote and three-dimensional control over the helical axis of CLCs is desirable, but challenging. For example, the orientation of the helical axis relative to the substrate can be changed from perpendicular to parallel by applying an alternating-current electric field, by changing the anchoring conditions of the substrate, or by altering the topography of the substrate's surface; separately, in-plane rotation of the helical axis parallel to the substrate can be driven by a direct-current field. Here we report three-dimensional manipulation of the helical axis of a CLC, together with inversion of its handedness, achieved solely with a light stimulus. We use this technique to carry out light-activated, wide-area, reversible two-dimensional beam steering--previously accomplished using complex integrated systems and optical phased arrays. During the three-dimensional manipulation by light, the helical axis undergoes, in sequence, a reversible transition from perpendicular to parallel, followed by in-plane rotation on the substrate surface. Such reversible manipulation depends on experimental parameters such as cell thickness, surface anchoring condition, and pitch length. Because there is no thermal relaxation, the system can be driven either forwards or backwards from any light-activated intermediate state. We also describe reversible photocontrol between a two-dimensional diffraction state, a one-dimensional diffraction state and a diffraction 'off' state in a bilayer cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Zhi-gang -- Li, Yannian -- Bisoyi, Hari Krishna -- Wang, Ling -- Bunning, Timothy J -- Li, Quan -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):352-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17141. Epub 2016 Mar 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA. ; Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26950601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Blue future (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):255-6. doi: 10.1038/529255b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Climate adaptation: Hold atmosphere in trust for all (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costanza, Robert -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):466. doi: 10.1038/529466c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Global Warming/*legislation & jurisprudence/*prevention & control ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: HKU1 is a human betacoronavirus that causes mild yet prevalent respiratory disease, and is related to the zoonotic SARS and MERS betacoronaviruses, which have high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Cell tropism and host range is determined in part by the coronavirus spike (S) protein, which binds cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion. As the largest known class I fusion protein, its size and extensive glycosylation have hindered structural studies of the full ectodomain, thus preventing a molecular understanding of its function and limiting development of effective interventions. Here we present the 4.0 A resolution structure of the trimeric HKU1 S protein determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. In the pre-fusion conformation, the receptor-binding subunits, S1, rest above the fusion-mediating subunits, S2, preventing their conformational rearrangement. Surprisingly, the S1 C-terminal domains are interdigitated and form extensive quaternary interactions that occlude surfaces known in other coronaviruses to bind protein receptors. These features, along with the location of the two protease sites known to be important for coronavirus entry, provide a structural basis to support a model of membrane fusion mediated by progressive S protein destabilization through receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage. These studies should also serve as a foundation for the structure-based design of betacoronavirus vaccine immunogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860016/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860016/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirchdoerfer, Robert N -- Cottrell, Christopher A -- Wang, Nianshuang -- Pallesen, Jesper -- Yassine, Hadi M -- Turner, Hannah L -- Corbett, Kizzmekia S -- Graham, Barney S -- McLellan, Jason S -- Ward, Andrew B -- R56 AI118016/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature17200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. ; Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 40, Room 2502, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Coronavirus/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Viral Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Virus Internalization
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    Soft surfaces of nanomaterials enable strong phonon interactions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Phonons and their interactions with other phonons, electrons or photons drive energy gain, loss and transport in materials. Although the phonon density of states has been measured and calculated in bulk crystalline semiconductors, phonons remain poorly understood in nanomaterials, despite the increasing prevalence of bottom-up fabrication of semiconductors from nanomaterials and the integration of nanometre-sized components into devices. Here we quantify the phononic properties of bottom-up fabricated semiconductors as a function of crystallite size using inelastic neutron scattering measurements and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We show that, unlike in microcrystalline semiconductors, the phonon modes of semiconductors with nanocrystalline domains exhibit both reduced symmetry and low energy owing to mechanical softness at the surface of those domains. These properties become important when phonons couple to electrons in semiconductor devices. Although it was initially believed that the coupling between electrons and phonons is suppressed in nanocrystalline materials owing to the scarcity of electronic states and their large energy separation, it has since been shown that the electron-phonon coupling is large and allows high energy-dissipation rates exceeding one electronvolt per picosecond (refs 10-13). Despite detailed investigations into the role of phonons in exciton dynamics, leading to a variety of suggestions as to the origins of these fast transition rates and including attempts to numerically calculate them, fundamental questions surrounding electron-phonon interactions in nanomaterials remain unresolved. By combining the microscopic and thermodynamic theories of phonons and our findings on the phononic properties of nanomaterials, we are able to explain and then experimentally confirm the strong electron-phonon coupling and fast multi-phonon transition rates of charge carriers to trap states. This improved understanding of phonon processes permits the rational selection of nanomaterials, their surface treatments, and the design of devices incorporating them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bozyigit, Deniz -- Yazdani, Nuri -- Yarema, Maksym -- Yarema, Olesya -- Lin, Weyde Matteo Mario -- Volk, Sebastian -- Vuttivorakulchai, Kantawong -- Luisier, Mathieu -- Juranyi, Fanni -- Wood, Vanessa -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):618-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16977. Epub 2016 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Nanoelectronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Nano TCAD Group, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Structural biology: Snapshots of transcription initiation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hahn, Steven -- Buratowski, Stephen -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7603):331-2. doi: 10.1038/nature18437.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Department of Biochemical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27193677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Animal behaviour: Some begging is actually bragging (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mock, Douglas W -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):180-1. doi: 10.1038/nature17317. Epub 2016 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Brain food: Clever eating (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, Sujata -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):S12-3. doi: 10.1038/531S12a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Brain/*physiology ; Child ; Cognition/*physiology ; Dendrites/physiology ; Dietary Proteins ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Iron/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Meat ; Pregnancy ; Primates/physiology ; Vitamin B Complex ; Zinc
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Social sciences: IPBES disciplinary gaps still gaping (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vadrot, Alice B M -- Jetzkowitz, Jens -- Stringer, Lindsay C -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):160. doi: 10.1038/530160b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Cambridge, UK. ; Philipps University Marburg, Germany. ; University of Leeds, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Ecology/*manpower/*organization & administration ; *Humanities ; *Policy Making ; *Social Sciences
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious disease: Something in the water (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, Sujata -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 18;533(7603):S114-5. doi: 10.1038/533S114a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Palaeoclimatic insights into forcing and response of monsoon rainfall (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: Monsoons are the dominant seasonal mode of climate variability in the tropics and are critically important conveyors of atmospheric moisture and energy at a global scale. Predicting monsoons, which have profound impacts on regions that are collectively home to more than 70 per cent of Earth's population, is a challenge that is difficult to overcome by relying on instrumental data from only the past few decades. Palaeoclimatic evidence of monsoon rainfall dynamics across different regions and timescales could help us to understand and predict the sensitivity and response of monsoons to various forcing mechanisms. This evidence suggests that monsoon systems exhibit substantial regional character.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mohtadi, Mahyar -- Prange, Matthias -- Steinke, Stephan -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7602):191-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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