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  • History, 20th Century  (570)
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL  (470)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (463)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (1,488)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Seagrasses colonized the sea on at least three independent occasions to form the basis of one of the most productive and widespread coastal ecosystems on the planet. Here we report the genome of Zostera marina (L.), the first, to our knowledge, marine angiosperm to be fully sequenced. This reveals unique insights into the genomic losses and gains involved in achieving the structural and physiological adaptations required for its marine lifestyle, arguably the most severe habitat shift ever accomplished by flowering plants. Key angiosperm innovations that were lost include the entire repertoire of stomatal genes, genes involved in the synthesis of terpenoids and ethylene signalling, and genes for ultraviolet protection and phytochromes for far-red sensing. Seagrasses have also regained functions enabling them to adjust to full salinity. Their cell walls contain all of the polysaccharides typical of land plants, but also contain polyanionic, low-methylated pectins and sulfated galactans, a feature shared with the cell walls of all macroalgae and that is important for ion homoeostasis, nutrient uptake and O2/CO2 exchange through leaf epidermal cells. The Z. marina genome resource will markedly advance a wide range of functional ecological studies from adaptation of marine ecosystems under climate warming, to unravelling the mechanisms of osmoregulation under high salinities that may further inform our understanding of the evolution of salt tolerance in crop plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, Jeanine L -- Rouze, Pierre -- Verhelst, Bram -- Lin, Yao-Cheng -- Bayer, Till -- Collen, Jonas -- Dattolo, Emanuela -- De Paoli, Emanuele -- Dittami, Simon -- Maumus, Florian -- Michel, Gurvan -- Kersting, Anna -- Lauritano, Chiara -- Lohaus, Rolf -- Topel, Mats -- Tonon, Thierry -- Vanneste, Kevin -- Amirebrahimi, Mojgan -- Brakel, Janina -- Bostrom, Christoffer -- Chovatia, Mansi -- Grimwood, Jane -- Jenkins, Jerry W -- Jueterbock, Alexander -- Mraz, Amy -- Stam, Wytze T -- Tice, Hope -- Bornberg-Bauer, Erich -- Green, Pamela J -- Pearson, Gareth A -- Procaccini, Gabriele -- Duarte, Carlos M -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Reusch, Thorsten B H -- Van de Peer, Yves -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):331-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16548. Epub 2016 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. ; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research-Kiel, Evolutionary Ecology, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. ; Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, France. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy. ; INRA, UR1164 URGI-Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles 78026, France. ; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalische Wilhelms-University of Munster, Hufferstrasse 1, D-48149 Munster, Germany. ; Institute for Computer Science, Heinrich Heine University, D-40255 Duesseldorf, Germany. ; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. ; Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., #100, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA. ; Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, FI-20520 Turku/Abo, Finland. ; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA. ; Marine Ecology Group, Nord University, Postbox 1490, 8049 Bodo, Norway. ; Amplicon Express, 2345 NE Hopkins Ct., Pullman, Washington 99163, USA. ; School of Marine Science and Policy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15-Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA. ; Marine Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. ; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. ; University of Kiel, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany. ; Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0028, South Africa. ; Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization/genetics ; Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Cell Wall/chemistry ; Ethylenes/biosynthesis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Osmoregulation/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Stomata/genetics ; Pollen/metabolism ; Salinity ; Salt-Tolerance/genetics ; *Seawater ; Seaweed/genetics ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Zosteraceae/*genetics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Endothelial cells (ECs) are plastic cells that can switch between growth states with different bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. Although quiescent in most healthy tissues, ECs divide and migrate rapidly upon proangiogenic stimulation. Adjusting endothelial metabolism to the growth state is central to normal vessel growth and function, yet it is poorly understood at the molecular level. Here we report that the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO1 is an essential regulator of vascular growth that couples metabolic and proliferative activities in ECs. Endothelial-restricted deletion of FOXO1 in mice induces a profound increase in EC proliferation that interferes with coordinated sprouting, thereby causing hyperplasia and vessel enlargement. Conversely, forced expression of FOXO1 restricts vascular expansion and leads to vessel thinning and hypobranching. We find that FOXO1 acts as a gatekeeper of endothelial quiescence, which decelerates metabolic activity by reducing glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, FOXO1 suppresses signalling by MYC (also known as c-MYC), a powerful driver of anabolic metabolism and growth. MYC ablation impairs glycolysis, mitochondrial function and proliferation of ECs while its EC-specific overexpression fuels these processes. Moreover, restoration of MYC signalling in FOXO1-overexpressing endothelium normalizes metabolic activity and branching behaviour. Our findings identify FOXO1 as a critical rheostat of vascular expansion and define the FOXO1-MYC transcriptional network as a novel metabolic checkpoint during endothelial growth and proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilhelm, Kerstin -- Happel, Katharina -- Eelen, Guy -- Schoors, Sandra -- Oellerich, Mark F -- Lim, Radiance -- Zimmermann, Barbara -- Aspalter, Irene M -- Franco, Claudio A -- Boettger, Thomas -- Braun, Thomas -- Fruttiger, Marcus -- Rajewsky, Klaus -- Keller, Charles -- Bruning, Jens C -- Gerhardt, Holger -- Carmeliet, Peter -- Potente, Michael -- K08CA090438/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):216-20. doi: 10.1038/nature16498. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Angiogenesis &Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. ; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK. ; Vascular Morphogenesis Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal. ; Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. ; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK. ; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. ; Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, D-13347 Berlin, Germany. ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), D-10117 Berlin, Germany. ; International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland. ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, D-13347 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Respiration ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-04-14
    Description: Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) form a network of blood vessels that regulate both leukocyte trafficking and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance. However, it is not clear how BMECs balance these dual roles, and whether these events occur at the same vascular site. We found that mammalian bone marrow stem cell maintenance and leukocyte trafficking are regulated by distinct blood vessel types with different permeability properties. Less permeable arterial blood vessels maintain haematopoietic stem cells in a low reactive oxygen species (ROS) state, whereas the more permeable sinusoids promote HSPC activation and are the exclusive site for immature and mature leukocyte trafficking to and from the bone marrow. A functional consequence of high permeability of blood vessels is that exposure to blood plasma increases bone marrow HSPC ROS levels, augmenting their migration and differentiation, while compromising their long-term repopulation and survival. These findings may have relevance for clinical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and mobilization protocols.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Itkin, Tomer -- Gur-Cohen, Shiri -- Spencer, Joel A -- Schajnovitz, Amir -- Ramasamy, Saravana K -- Kusumbe, Anjali P -- Ledergor, Guy -- Jung, Yookyung -- Milo, Idan -- Poulos, Michael G -- Kalinkovich, Alexander -- Ludin, Aya -- Kollet, Orit -- Shakhar, Guy -- Butler, Jason M -- Rafii, Shahin -- Adams, Ralf H -- Scadden, David T -- Lin, Charles P -- Lapidot, Tsvee -- EB017274/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- HL100402/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB017274/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100402/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):323-8. doi: 10.1038/nature17624. Epub 2016 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis and Faculty of Medicine, University of Munster, D-48149 Munster, Germany. ; Internal Medicine Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel. ; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Ly/metabolism ; Arteries/cytology/physiology ; Blood Vessels/*cytology/*physiology ; Bone Marrow/*blood supply ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Self Renewal ; Cell Survival ; Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/physiology ; Female ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology ; Leukocytes/cytology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nestin/metabolism ; Pericytes/physiology ; Permeability ; Plasma/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes) or synthetic genetic polymers. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies, hydrolytic cleavage and photorepair of DNA, as well as reactions of peptides and small molecules. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold. Here we report the crystal structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponce-Salvatierra, Almudena -- Wawrzyniak-Turek, Katarzyna -- Steuerwald, Ulrich -- Hobartner, Claudia -- Pena, Vladimir -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):231-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16471. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Research Group Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Catalytic/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxyribose/chemistry/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Polynucleotide Ligases/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Folding ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 5
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biewener, Andrew A -- Wilson, Alan -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):442. doi: 10.1038/532442a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and director of the Concord Field Station, where he collaborated with Neill Alexander. ; Royal Veterinary College in London. Alexander examined Wilson's PhD thesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dinosaurs/physiology ; Gait/*physiology ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Movement/physiology ; Zoology/*history
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: The energetic burden of continuously concentrating solutes against gradients along the tubule may render the kidney especially vulnerable to ischaemia. Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. Here we show that the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator, PGC1alpha, is a pivotal determinant of renal recovery from injury by regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis. Following renal ischaemia, Pgc1alpha(-/-) (also known as Ppargc1a(-/-)) mice develop local deficiency of the NAD precursor niacinamide (NAM, also known as nicotinamide), marked fat accumulation, and failure to re-establish normal function. Notably, exogenous NAM improves local NAD levels, fat accumulation, and renal function in post-ischaemic Pgc1alpha(-/-) mice. Inducible tubular transgenic mice (iNephPGC1alpha) recapitulate the effects of NAM supplementation, including more local NAD and less fat accumulation with better renal function after ischaemia. PGC1alpha coordinately upregulates the enzymes that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1alpha deficiency or AKI attenuates the de novo pathway. NAM enhances NAD via the enzyme NAMPT and augments production of the fat breakdown product beta-hydroxybutyrate, leading to increased production of prostaglandin PGE2 (ref. 5), a secreted autacoid that maintains renal function. NAM treatment reverses established ischaemic AKI and also prevented AKI in an unrelated toxic model. Inhibition of beta-hydroxybutyrate signalling or prostaglandin production similarly abolishes PGC1alpha-dependent renoprotection. Given the importance of mitochondrial health in ageing and the function of metabolically active organs, the results implicate NAM and NAD as key effectors for achieving PGC1alpha-dependent stress resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tran, Mei T -- Zsengeller, Zsuzsanna K -- Berg, Anders H -- Khankin, Eliyahu V -- Bhasin, Manoj K -- Kim, Wondong -- Clish, Clary B -- Stillman, Isaac E -- Karumanchi, S Ananth -- Rhee, Eugene P -- Parikh, Samir M -- K08-DK090142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08-DK101560/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK079337/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):528-32. doi: 10.1038/nature17184. Epub 2016 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Nephrology and Endocrine Divisions, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Humans ; Ischemia/drug therapy/metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; NAD/*biosynthesis ; Niacinamide/deficiency/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/*metabolism
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: The tremendous pandemic potential of coronaviruses was demonstrated twice in the past few decades by two global outbreaks of deadly pneumonia. Entry of coronaviruses into cells is mediated by the transmembrane spike glycoprotein S, which forms a trimer carrying receptor-binding and membrane fusion functions. S also contains the principal antigenic determinants and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we present the structure of a mouse coronavirus S trimer ectodomain determined at 4.0 A resolution by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. It reveals the metastable pre-fusion architecture of S and highlights key interactions stabilizing it. The structure shares a common core with paramyxovirus F proteins, implicating mechanistic similarities and an evolutionary connection between these viral fusion proteins. The accessibility of the highly conserved fusion peptide at the periphery of the trimer indicates potential vaccinology strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against coronaviruses. Finally, comparison with crystal structures of human coronavirus S domains allows rationalization of the molecular basis for species specificity based on the use of spatially contiguous but distinct domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walls, Alexandra C -- Tortorici, M Alejandra -- Bosch, Berend-Jan -- Frenz, Brandon -- Rottier, Peter J M -- DiMaio, Frank -- Rey, Felix A -- Veesler, David -- GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM008268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):114-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16988. Epub 2016 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Unite de Virologie Structurale, 75015 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75015 Paris, France. ; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26855426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Cell Line ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Murine hepatitis virus/*chemistry/immunology/*ultrastructure ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*chemistry/immunology/*ultrastructure ; Viral Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Virus Internalization
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  • 8
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roth, Alvin E -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):178. doi: 10.1038/532178a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University, California, USA. He shared the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Lloyd Shapley.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27075091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Economics/*history ; Female ; *Game Theory ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Marketing/history ; Marriage/psychology ; Mathematics/*history ; Nobel Prize ; United States
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The most recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was unprecedented in the number of cases and fatalities, geographic distribution, and number of nations affected, highlights the need for safe, effective, and readily available antiviral agents for treatment and prevention of acute Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) or sequelae. No antiviral therapeutics have yet received regulatory approval or demonstrated clinical efficacy. Here we report the discovery of a novel small molecule GS-5734, a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analogue, with antiviral activity against EBOV. GS-5734 exhibits antiviral activity against multiple variants of EBOV and other filoviruses in cell-based assays. The pharmacologically active nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is efficiently formed in multiple human cell types incubated with GS-5734 in vitro, and the NTP acts as an alternative substrate and RNA-chain terminator in primer-extension assays using a surrogate respiratory syncytial virus RNA polymerase. Intravenous administration of GS-5734 to nonhuman primates resulted in persistent NTP levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (half-life, 14 h) and distribution to sanctuary sites for viral replication including testes, eyes, and brain. In a rhesus monkey model of EVD, once-daily intravenous administration of 10 mg kg(-1) GS-5734 for 12 days resulted in profound suppression of EBOV replication and protected 100% of EBOV-infected animals against lethal disease, ameliorating clinical disease signs and pathophysiological markers, even when treatments were initiated three days after virus exposure when systemic viral RNA was detected in two out of six treated animals. These results show the first substantive post-exposure protection by a small-molecule antiviral compound against EBOV in nonhuman primates. The broad-spectrum antiviral activity of GS-5734 in vitro against other pathogenic RNA viruses, including filoviruses, arenaviruses, and coronaviruses, suggests the potential for wider medical use. GS-5734 is amenable to large-scale manufacturing, and clinical studies investigating the drug safety and pharmacokinetics are ongoing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Travis K -- Jordan, Robert -- Lo, Michael K -- Ray, Adrian S -- Mackman, Richard L -- Soloveva, Veronica -- Siegel, Dustin -- Perron, Michel -- Bannister, Roy -- Hui, Hon C -- Larson, Nate -- Strickley, Robert -- Wells, Jay -- Stuthman, Kelly S -- Van Tongeren, Sean A -- Garza, Nicole L -- Donnelly, Ginger -- Shurtleff, Amy C -- Retterer, Cary J -- Gharaibeh, Dima -- Zamani, Rouzbeh -- Kenny, Tara -- Eaton, Brett P -- Grimes, Elizabeth -- Welch, Lisa S -- Gomba, Laura -- Wilhelmsen, Catherine L -- Nichols, Donald K -- Nuss, Jonathan E -- Nagle, Elyse R -- Kugelman, Jeffrey R -- Palacios, Gustavo -- Doerffler, Edward -- Neville, Sean -- Carra, Ernest -- Clarke, Michael O -- Zhang, Lijun -- Lew, Willard -- Ross, Bruce -- Wang, Queenie -- Chun, Kwon -- Wolfe, Lydia -- Babusis, Darius -- Park, Yeojin -- Stray, Kirsten M -- Trancheva, Iva -- Feng, Joy Y -- Barauskas, Ona -- Xu, Yili -- Wong, Pamela -- Braun, Molly R -- Flint, Mike -- McMullan, Laura K -- Chen, Shan-Shan -- Fearns, Rachel -- Swaminathan, Swami -- Mayers, Douglas L -- Spiropoulou, Christina F -- Lee, William A -- Nichol, Stuart T -- Cihlar, Tomas -- Bavari, Sina -- R01 AI113321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI113321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):381-5. doi: 10.1038/nature17180. Epub 2016 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Therapeutic Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, USA. ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Ebolavirus/drug effects ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/*drug therapy/prevention & control ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/*virology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Organ Specificity ; Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Ribonucleotides/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-03-29
    Description: Circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of neurons connected by millions of synapses. A precise understanding of these local networks requires relating circuit activity with the underlying network structure. For pyramidal cells in superficial mouse visual cortex (V1), a consensus is emerging that neurons with similar visual response properties excite each other, but the anatomical basis of this recurrent synaptic network is unknown. Here we combined physiological imaging and large-scale electron microscopy to study an excitatory network in V1. We found that layer 2/3 neurons organized into subnetworks defined by anatomical connectivity, with more connections within than between groups. More specifically, we found that pyramidal neurons with similar orientation selectivity preferentially formed synapses with each other, despite the fact that axons and dendrites of all orientation selectivities pass near (〈5 mum) each other with roughly equal probability. Therefore, we predict that mechanisms of functionally specific connectivity take place at the length scale of spines. Neurons with similar orientation tuning formed larger synapses, potentially enhancing the net effect of synaptic specificity. With the ability to study thousands of connections in a single circuit, functional connectomics is proving a powerful method to uncover the organizational logic of cortical networks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844839/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844839/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Wei-Chung Allen -- Bonin, Vincent -- Reed, Michael -- Graham, Brett J -- Hood, Greg -- Glattfelder, Katie -- Reid, R Clay -- P30 EY012196/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EY12196/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103712/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR006009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR06009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY010115/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY10115/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075436/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS085320/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):370-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17192. Epub 2016 Mar 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, a research initiative by imec, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) and Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. ; Biomedical Applications Group, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. ; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27018655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Calcium/analysis ; Dendrites/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Photons ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/physiology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Visual Cortex/*anatomy & histology/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Visual Pathways/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: Neoplastic pancreatic epithelial cells are believed to die through caspase 8-dependent apoptotic cell death, and chemotherapy is thought to promote tumour apoptosis. Conversely, cancer cells often disrupt apoptosis to survive. Another type of programmed cell death is necroptosis (programmed necrosis), but its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is unclear. There are many potential inducers of necroptosis in PDA, including ligation of tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), CD95, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, Toll-like receptors, reactive oxygen species, and chemotherapeutic drugs. Here we report that the principal components of the necrosome, receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 and RIP3, are highly expressed in PDA and are further upregulated by the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Blockade of the necrosome in vitro promoted cancer cell proliferation and induced an aggressive oncogenic phenotype. By contrast, in vivo deletion of RIP3 or inhibition of RIP1 protected against oncogenic progression in mice and was associated with the development of a highly immunogenic myeloid and T cell infiltrate. The immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment associated with intact RIP1/RIP3 signalling depended in part on necroptosis-induced expression of the chemokine attractant CXCL1, and CXCL1 blockade protected against PDA. Moreover, cytoplasmic SAP130 (a subunit of the histone deacetylase complex) was expressed in PDA in a RIP1/RIP3-dependent manner, and Mincle--its cognate receptor--was upregulated in tumour-infiltrating myeloid cells. Ligation of Mincle by SAP130 promoted oncogenesis, whereas deletion of Mincle protected against oncogenesis and phenocopied the immunogenic reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment that was induced by RIP3 deletion. Cellular depletion suggested that whereas inhibitory macrophages promote tumorigenesis in PDA, they lose their immune-suppressive effects when RIP3 or Mincle is deleted. Accordingly, T cells, which are not protective against PDA progression in mice with intact RIP3 or Mincle signalling, are reprogrammed into indispensable mediators of anti-tumour immunity in the absence of RIP3 or Mincle. Our work describes parallel networks of necroptosis-induced CXCL1 and Mincle signalling that promote macrophage-induced adaptive immune suppression and thereby enable PDA progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seifert, Lena -- Werba, Gregor -- Tiwari, Shaun -- Giao Ly, Nancy Ngoc -- Alothman, Sara -- Alqunaibit, Dalia -- Avanzi, Antonina -- Barilla, Rocky -- Daley, Donnele -- Greco, Stephanie H -- Torres-Hernandez, Alejandro -- Pergamo, Matthew -- Ochi, Atsuo -- Zambirinis, Constantinos P -- Pansari, Mridul -- Rendon, Mauricio -- Tippens, Daniel -- Hundeyin, Mautin -- Mani, Vishnu R -- Hajdu, Cristina -- Engle, Dannielle -- Miller, George -- CA155649/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA168611/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA193111/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA168611/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA193111/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000038/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):245-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17403. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Carcinogenesis/drug effects ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Chemokine CXCL1/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; *Immune Tolerance ; Lectins, C-Type/immunology/*metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Necrosis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Up-Regulation
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: Sighs are long, deep breaths expressing sadness, relief or exhaustion. Sighs also occur spontaneously every few minutes to reinflate alveoli, and sighing increases under hypoxia, stress, and certain psychiatric conditions. Here we use molecular, genetic, and pharmacologic approaches to identify a peptidergic sigh control circuit in murine brain. Small neural subpopulations in a key breathing control centre, the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG), express bombesin-like neuropeptide genes neuromedin B (Nmb) or gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp). These project to the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), the respiratory rhythm generator, which expresses NMB and GRP receptors in overlapping subsets of ~200 neurons. Introducing either neuropeptide into preBotC or onto preBotC slices, induced sighing or in vitro sigh activity, whereas elimination or inhibition of either receptor reduced basal sighing, and inhibition of both abolished it. Ablating receptor-expressing neurons eliminated basal and hypoxia-induced sighing, but left breathing otherwise intact initially. We propose that these overlapping peptidergic pathways comprise the core of a sigh control circuit that integrates physiological and perhaps emotional input to transform normal breaths into sighs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Peng -- Janczewski, Wiktor A -- Yackle, Kevin -- Kam, Kaiwen -- Pagliardini, Silvia -- Krasnow, Mark A -- Feldman, Jack L -- HL40959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70029/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS72211/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL040959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL070029/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS072211/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):293-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16964. Epub 2016 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26855425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bombesin/pharmacology ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurokinin B/*analogs & derivatives/deficiency/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Bombesin/*metabolism ; *Respiration/drug effects ; Respiratory Center/cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 13
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freeman, Katherine H -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):314.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic/*history ; Chromatography, Gas/history ; Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Geology/*history ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Moon ; Waxes/chemistry
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: Accurate modelling and prediction of the local to continental-scale hydroclimate response to global warming is essential given the strong impact of hydroclimate on ecosystem functioning, crop yields, water resources, and economic security. However, uncertainty in hydroclimate projections remains large, in part due to the short length of instrumental measurements available with which to assess climate models. Here we present a spatial reconstruction of hydroclimate variability over the past twelve centuries across the Northern Hemisphere derived from a network of 196 at least millennium-long proxy records. We use this reconstruction to place recent hydrological changes and future precipitation scenarios in a long-term context of spatially resolved and temporally persistent hydroclimate patterns. We find a larger percentage of land area with relatively wetter conditions in the ninth to eleventh and the twentieth centuries, whereas drier conditions are more widespread between the twelfth and nineteenth centuries. Our reconstruction reveals that prominent seesaw patterns of alternating moisture regimes observed in instrumental data across the Mediterranean, western USA, and China have operated consistently over the past twelve centuries. Using an updated compilation of 128 temperature proxy records, we assess the relationship between the reconstructed centennial-scale Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate and temperature variability. Even though dry and wet conditions occurred over extensive areas under both warm and cold climate regimes, a statistically significant co-variability of hydroclimate and temperature is evident for particular regions. We compare the reconstructed hydroclimate anomalies with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model simulations and find reasonable agreement during pre-industrial times. However, the intensification of the twentieth-century-mean hydroclimate anomalies in the simulations, as compared to previous centuries, is not supported by our new multi-proxy reconstruction. This finding suggests that much work remains before we can model hydroclimate variability accurately, and highlights the importance of using palaeoclimate data to place recent and predicted hydroclimate changes in a millennium-long context.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier -- Krusic, Paul J -- Sundqvist, Hanna S -- Zorita, Eduardo -- Brattstrom, Gudrun -- Frank, David -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):94-8. doi: 10.1038/nature17418.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of History, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Centre for Medieval Studies, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Navarino Environmental Observatory, GR-24001 Messinia, Greece. ; Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. ; Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27078569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; China ; *Climate ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Geographic Mapping ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Medieval ; Hydrology ; Ice/analysis ; Mediterranean Region ; Models, Theoretical ; *Rain ; Soil/chemistry ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Temperature ; Trees/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Uncertainty ; United States
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Lymphoid tissue is a key reservoir established by HIV-1 during acute infection. It is a site associated with viral production, storage of viral particles in immune complexes, and viral persistence. Although combinations of antiretroviral drugs usually suppress viral replication and reduce viral RNA to undetectable levels in blood, it is unclear whether treatment fully suppresses viral replication in lymphoid tissue reservoirs. Here we show that virus evolution and trafficking between tissue compartments continues in patients with undetectable levels of virus in their bloodstream. We present a spatial and dynamic model of persistent viral replication and spread that indicates why the development of drug resistance is not a foregone conclusion under conditions in which drug concentrations are insufficient to completely block virus replication. These data provide new insights into the evolutionary and infection dynamics of the virus population within the host, revealing that HIV-1 can continue to replicate and replenish the viral reservoir despite potent antiretroviral therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenzo-Redondo, Ramon -- Fryer, Helen R -- Bedford, Trevor -- Kim, Eun-Young -- Archer, John -- Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L -- Chung, Yoon-Seok -- Penugonda, Sudhir -- Chipman, Jeffrey G -- Fletcher, Courtney V -- Schacker, Timothy W -- Malim, Michael H -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Haase, Ashley T -- McLean, Angela R -- Wolinsky, Steven M -- AI1074340/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DA033773/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- G1000196/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- GM110749/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA033773/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 4;530(7588):51-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16933. Epub 2016 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60011, USA. ; Institute for Emerging Infections, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. ; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal. ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institutes of Health, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, South Korea. ; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Pharmacy, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE21 7DN, UK. ; Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. ; Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Carrier State/blood/*drug therapy/*virology ; Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects ; HIV Infections/blood/*drug therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/drug effects/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Haplotypes/drug effects ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes/drug effects/virology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic/drug effects ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Time Factors ; *Viral Load/drug effects ; *Virus Replication/drug effects
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: The Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins (Bt toxins) are widely used insecticidal proteins in engineered crops that provide agricultural, economic, and environmental benefits. The development of insect resistance to Bt toxins endangers their long-term effectiveness. Here we have developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution selection that rapidly evolves high-affinity protein-protein interactions, and applied this system to evolve variants of the Bt toxin Cry1Ac that bind a cadherin-like receptor from the insect pest Trichoplusia ni (TnCAD) that is not natively bound by wild-type Cry1Ac. The resulting evolved Cry1Ac variants bind TnCAD with high affinity (dissociation constant Kd = 11-41 nM), kill TnCAD-expressing insect cells that are not susceptible to wild-type Cry1Ac, and kill Cry1Ac-resistant T. ni insects up to 335-fold more potently than wild-type Cry1Ac. Our findings establish that the evolution of Bt toxins with novel insect cell receptor affinity can overcome insect Bt toxin resistance and confer lethality approaching that of the wild-type Bt toxin against non-resistant insects.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865400/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865400/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Badran, Ahmed H -- Guzov, Victor M -- Huai, Qing -- Kemp, Melissa M -- Vishwanath, Prashanth -- Kain, Wendy -- Nance, Autumn M -- Evdokimov, Artem -- Moshiri, Farhad -- Turner, Keith H -- Wang, Ping -- Malvar, Thomas -- Liu, David R -- R01 EB022376/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01EB022376/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):58-63. doi: 10.1038/nature17938. Epub 2016 Apr 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Monsanto Company, 245 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA. ; Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/*genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Bacteriophages/genetics ; Biotechnology ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Consensus Sequence ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/metabolism ; Directed Molecular Evolution/*methods ; Endotoxins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Hemolysin Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/cytology/*physiology ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Binding/genetics ; Protein Stability ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Inhibitory neurons regulate the adaptation of neural circuits to sensory experience, but the molecular mechanisms by which experience controls the connectivity between different types of inhibitory neuron to regulate cortical plasticity are largely unknown. Here we show that exposure of dark-housed mice to light induces a gene program in cortical vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing neurons that is markedly distinct from that induced in excitatory neurons and other subtypes of inhibitory neuron. We identify Igf1 as one of several activity-regulated genes that are specific to VIP neurons, and demonstrate that IGF1 functions cell-autonomously in VIP neurons to increase inhibitory synaptic input onto these neurons. Our findings further suggest that in cortical VIP neurons, experience-dependent gene transcription regulates visual acuity by activating the expression of IGF1, thus promoting the inhibition of disinhibitory neurons and affecting inhibition onto cortical pyramidal neurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823817/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823817/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mardinly, A R -- Spiegel, I -- Patrizi, A -- Centofante, E -- Bazinet, J E -- Tzeng, C P -- Mandel-Brehm, C -- Harmin, D A -- Adesnik, H -- Fagiolini, M -- Greenberg, M E -- P01 NS047572/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS028829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS028829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):371-5. doi: 10.1038/nature17187. Epub 2016 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, 205 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism/secretion ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Cellular immunity against viral infection and tumour cells depends on antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules. Intracellular antigenic peptides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and then loaded onto the nascent MHC I molecules, which are exported to the cell surface and present peptides to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize non-self peptides and program the infected or malignant cells for apoptosis. Defects in TAP account for immunodeficiency and tumour development. To escape immune surveillance, some viruses have evolved strategies either to downregulate TAP expression or directly inhibit TAP activity. So far, neither the architecture of TAP nor the mechanism of viral inhibition has been elucidated at the structural level. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TAP in complex with its inhibitor ICP47, a small protein produced by the herpes simplex virus I. Here we show that the 12 transmembrane helices and 2 cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains of the transporter adopt an inward-facing conformation with the two nucleotide-binding domains separated. The viral inhibitor ICP47 forms a long helical hairpin, which plugs the translocation pathway of TAP from the cytoplasmic side. Association of ICP47 precludes substrate binding and prevents nucleotide-binding domain closure necessary for ATP hydrolysis. This work illustrates a striking example of immune evasion by persistent viruses. By blocking viral antigens from entering the endoplasmic reticulum, herpes simplex virus is hidden from cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which may contribute to establishing a lifelong infection in the host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oldham, Michael L -- Hite, Richard K -- Steffen, Alanna M -- Damko, Ermelinda -- Li, Zongli -- Walz, Thomas -- Chen, Jue -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):537-40. doi: 10.1038/nature16506. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral/immunology/metabolism ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Immediate-Early Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Immune Evasion ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation
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  • 19
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pain, Stephanie -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):S50-1. doi: 10.1038/531S50a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Air Pollution/history ; Animals ; Architecture as Topic/history ; Cholera/history ; Cities/history ; Conservation of Natural Resources/history ; Disease Outbreaks/history ; Droughts/history ; Heat Stroke/history ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Housing/history ; Humans ; Noise ; Ozone/history/radiation effects ; Plague/history ; Quarantine/history ; Railroads/history ; Rivers ; Sanitary Engineering/history ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/history ; Urban Health/*history ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Urbanization/history ; Vehicle Emissions ; Water Supply/history
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winston, Patrick Henry -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):282. doi: 10.1038/530282a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He was a graduate student of Marvin Minsky's in the 1960s, and thereafter an admiring friend and colleague.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Artificial Intelligence/*history ; Child ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal/history ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Robotics/history ; Software/history ; United States
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are arguably the most extensively characterized tissue stem cells. Since the identification of HSCs by prospective isolation, complex multi-parameter flow cytometric isolation of phenotypic subsets has facilitated studies on many aspects of HSC biology, including self-renewal, differentiation, ageing, niche, and diversity. Here we demonstrate by unbiased multi-step screening, identification of a single gene, homeobox B5 (Hoxb5, also known as Hox-2.1), with expression in the bone marrow that is limited to long-term (LT)-HSCs in mice. Using a mouse single-colour tri-mCherry reporter driven by endogenous Hoxb5 regulation, we show that only the Hoxb5(+) HSCs exhibit long-term reconstitution capacity after transplantation in primary transplant recipients and, notably, in secondary recipients. Only 7-35% of various previously defined immunophenotypic HSCs are LT-HSCs. Finally, by in situ imaging of mouse bone marrow, we show that 〉94% of LT-HSCs (Hoxb5(+)) are directly attached to VE-cadherin(+) cells, implicating the perivascular space as a near-homogenous location of LT-HSCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, James Y -- Miyanishi, Masanori -- Wang, Sean K -- Yamazaki, Satoshi -- Sinha, Rahul -- Kao, Kevin S -- Seita, Jun -- Sahoo, Debashis -- Nakauchi, Hiromitsu -- Weissman, Irving L -- F30-HL122096/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA086065/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL058770/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL099999/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):223-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16943.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Bone Marrow/metabolism ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Self Renewal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter/genetics ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Immunophenotyping ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Stem Cell Niche
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: The p53 pro-apoptotic tumour suppressor is mutated or functionally altered in most cancers. In epithelial tumours induced by 'high-risk' mucosal human papilloma viruses, including human cervical carcinoma and a growing number of head-and-neck cancers, p53 is degraded by the viral oncoprotein E6 (ref. 2). In this process, E6 binds to a short leucine (L)-rich LxxLL consensus sequence within the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP. Subsequently, the E6/E6AP heterodimer recruits and degrades p53 (ref. 4). Neither E6 nor E6AP are separately able to recruit p53 (refs 3, 5), and the precise mode of assembly of E6, E6AP and p53 is unknown. Here we solve the crystal structure of a ternary complex comprising full-length human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) E6, the LxxLL motif of E6AP and the core domain of p53. The LxxLL motif of E6AP renders the conformation of E6 competent for interaction with p53 by structuring a p53-binding cleft on E6. Mutagenesis of critical positions at the E6-p53 interface disrupts p53 degradation. The E6-binding site of p53 is distal from previously described DNA- and protein-binding surfaces of the core domain. This suggests that, in principle, E6 may avoid competition with cellular factors by targeting both free and bound p53 molecules. The E6/E6AP/p53 complex represents a prototype of viral hijacking of both the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway and the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. The present structure provides a framework for the design of inhibitory therapeutic strategies against oncogenesis mediated by human papilloma virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Zapien, Denise -- Ruiz, Francesc Xavier -- Poirson, Juline -- Mitschler, Andre -- Ramirez, Juan -- Forster, Anne -- Cousido-Siah, Alexandra -- Masson, Murielle -- Vande Pol, Scott -- Podjarny, Alberto -- Trave, Gilles -- Zanier, Katia -- R01CA134737/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):541-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16481. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Equipe labellisee Ligue, Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire UMR 7242, Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, BP 10413, F-67412 Illkirch, France. ; Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/INSERM U964/CNRS UMR 7104/Universite de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch, France. ; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0904, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Human papillomavirus 16/chemistry/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteolysis ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*chemistry
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response, which involves activation of three transmembrane receptors, ATF6, PERK and IRE1alpha. Once activated, IRE1alpha recruits TRAF2 to the ER membrane to initiate inflammatory responses via the NF-kappaB pathway. Inflammation is commonly triggered when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, detect tissue damage or microbial infection. However, it is not clear which PRRs have a major role in inducing inflammation during ER stress. Here we show that NOD1 and NOD2, two members of the NOD-like receptor family of PRRs, are important mediators of ER-stress-induced inflammation in mouse and human cells. The ER stress inducers thapsigargin and dithiothreitol trigger production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in a NOD1/2-dependent fashion. Inflammation and IL-6 production triggered by infection with Brucella abortus, which induces ER stress by injecting the type IV secretion system effector protein VceC into host cells, is TRAF2, NOD1/2 and RIP2-dependent and can be reduced by treatment with the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholate or an IRE1alpha kinase inhibitor. The association of NOD1 and NOD2 with pro-inflammatory responses induced by the IRE1alpha/TRAF2 signalling pathway provides a novel link between innate immunity and ER-stress-induced inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869892/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869892/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keestra-Gounder, A Marijke -- Byndloss, Mariana X -- Seyffert, Nubia -- Young, Briana M -- Chavez-Arroyo, Alfredo -- Tsai, April Y -- Cevallos, Stephanie A -- Winter, Maria G -- Pham, Oanh H -- Tiffany, Connor R -- de Jong, Maarten F -- Kerrinnes, Tobias -- Ravindran, Resmi -- Luciw, Paul A -- McSorley, Stephen J -- Baumler, Andreas J -- Tsolis, Renee M -- AI044170/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI076246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI076278/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI096528/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI109799/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI112258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI117303/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044170/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI076246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI076278/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI096528/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI109799/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI112258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI117303/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R25 GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):394-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17631. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Brucella abortus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Cell Line ; Dithiothreitol/pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects/pathology ; *Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects ; Endoribonucleases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation/chemically induced/*metabolism ; Interleukin-6/biosynthesis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology/*metabolism ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism ; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-03-31
    Description: Brown and beige adipose tissues can dissipate chemical energy as heat through thermogenic respiration, which requires uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Thermogenesis from these adipocytes can combat obesity and diabetes, encouraging investigation of factors that control UCP1-dependent respiration in vivo. Here we show that acutely activated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is defined by a substantial increase in levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Remarkably, this process supports in vivo thermogenesis, as pharmacological depletion of mitochondrial ROS results in hypothermia upon cold exposure, and inhibits UCP1-dependent increases in whole-body energy expenditure. We further establish that thermogenic ROS alter the redox status of cysteine thiols in brown adipose tissue to drive increased respiration, and that Cys253 of UCP1 is a key target. UCP1 Cys253 is sulfenylated during thermogenesis, while mutation of this site desensitizes the purine-nucleotide-inhibited state of the carrier to adrenergic activation and uncoupling. These studies identify mitochondrial ROS induction in brown adipose tissue as a mechanism that supports UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and whole-body energy expenditure, which opens the way to improved therapeutic strategies for combating metabolic disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chouchani, Edward T -- Kazak, Lawrence -- Jedrychowski, Mark P -- Lu, Gina Z -- Erickson, Brian K -- Szpyt, John -- Pierce, Kerry A -- Laznik-Bogoslavski, Dina -- Vetrivelan, Ramalingam -- Clish, Clary B -- Robinson, Alan J -- Gygi, Steve P -- Spiegelman, Bruce M -- DK31405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):112-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17399. Epub 2016 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, Brown/chemistry/cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Respiration ; Cysteine/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; *Thermogenesis/drug effects
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: Signalling by ubiquitination regulates virtually every cellular process in eukaryotes. Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate is catalysed by the E1, E2 and E3 three-enzyme cascade, which links the carboxy terminus of ubiquitin to the epsilon-amino group of, in most cases, a lysine of the substrate via an isopeptide bond. Given the essential roles of ubiquitination in the regulation of the immune system, it is not surprising that the ubiquitination network is a common target for diverse infectious agents. For example, many bacterial pathogens exploit ubiquitin signalling using virulence factors that function as E3 ligases, deubiquitinases or as enzymes that directly attack ubiquitin. The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila utilizes approximately 300 effectors that modulate diverse host processes to create a permissive niche for its replication in phagocytes. Here we demonstrate that members of the SidE effector family of L. pneumophila ubiquitinate multiple Rab small GTPases associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, we show that these proteins are capable of catalysing ubiquitination without the need for the E1 and E2 enzymes. A putative mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase motif critical for the ubiquitination activity is also essential for the role of the SidE family in intracellular bacterial replication in a protozoan host. The E1/E2-independent ubiquitination catalysed by these enzymes is energized by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which activates ubiquitin by the formation of ADP-ribosylated ubiquitin. These results establish that ubiquitination can be catalysed by a single enzyme, the activity of which does not require ATP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jiazhang -- Sheedlo, Michael J -- Yu, Kaiwen -- Tan, Yunhao -- Nakayasu, Ernesto S -- Das, Chittaranjan -- Liu, Xiaoyun -- Luo, Zhao-Qing -- 2R01GM103401/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K02AI085403/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21AI105714/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56AI103168/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):120-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17657. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP Ribose Transferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Load ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/enzymology/metabolism ; Legionella pneumophila/*chemistry/cytology/enzymology/pathogenicity ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NAD/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes ; *Ubiquitination ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; rab GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Chronic opiate use induces opiate dependence, which is characterized by extremely unpleasant physical and emotional feelings after drug use is terminated. Both the rewarding effects of a drug and the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms motivate continued drug use, and the nucleus accumbens is important for orchestrating both processes. While multiple inputs to the nucleus accumbens regulate reward, little is known about the nucleus accumbens circuitry underlying withdrawal. Here we identify the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus as a prominent input to the nucleus accumbens mediating the expression of opiate-withdrawal-induced physical signs and aversive memory. Activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens pathway is necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural aversion. Selectively silencing this pathway abolishes aversive symptoms in two different mouse models of opiate withdrawal. Chronic morphine exposure selectively potentiates excitatory transmission between the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and D2-receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons via synaptic insertion of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Notably, in vivo optogenetic depotentiation restores normal transmission at these synapses and robustly suppresses morphine withdrawal symptoms. This links morphine-evoked pathway- and cell-type-specific plasticity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens circuit to opiate dependence, and suggests that reprogramming this circuit holds promise for treating opiate addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Yingjie -- Wienecke, Carl F R -- Nachtrab, Gregory -- Chen, Xiaoke -- 5T32DA035165-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 DA035165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):219-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16954. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Disease Models, Animal ; Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Morphine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Neural Pathways/drug effects ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects/*physiopathology ; Opioid-Related Disorders/*physiopathology/therapy ; Optogenetics ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism ; Reward ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*physiopathology/therapy ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Thalamus/drug effects/pathology/*physiopathology
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  • 27
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Csiszar, Alex -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):306-8. doi: 10.1038/532306a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Confidentiality ; Consensus ; Dissent and Disputes ; History, 17th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; London ; Peer Review, Research/*methods/standards/trends ; Periodicals as Topic/history/standards ; Research Report/history ; Societies, Scientific/organization & administration/standards
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  • 28
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wald, Chelsea -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):S30-1. doi: 10.1038/533S30a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27144606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*economics/history/*organization & administration ; Entrepreneurship/*economics/history/*organization & administration/trends ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Investments/economics/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Licensure/economics ; Politics ; Research/*economics/organization & administration ; Research Personnel/economics ; Technology Transfer ; Universities/economics
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that drive the activation of inflammatory caspases. So far, four inflammasomes involving NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 have been described that recruit the common adaptor protein ASC to activate caspase-1, leading to the secretion of mature IL-1beta and IL-18 proteins. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several acquired inflammatory diseases as well as cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndromes (CAPS) caused by inherited NLRP3 mutations. Potassium efflux is a common step that is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by many stimuli. Despite extensive investigation, the molecular mechanism leading to NLRP3 activation in response to potassium efflux remains unknown. Here we report the identification of NEK7, a member of the family of mammalian NIMA-related kinases (NEK proteins), as an NLRP3-binding protein that acts downstream of potassium efflux to regulate NLRP3 oligomerization and activation. In the absence of NEK7, caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta release were abrogated in response to signals that activate NLRP3, but not NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. NLRP3-activating stimuli promoted the NLRP3-NEK7 interaction in a process that was dependent on potassium efflux. NLRP3 associated with the catalytic domain of NEK7, but the catalytic activity of NEK7 was shown to be dispensable for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Activated macrophages formed a high-molecular-mass NLRP3-NEK7 complex, which, along with ASC oligomerization and ASC speck formation, was abrogated in the absence of NEK7. NEK7 was required for macrophages containing the CAPS-associated NLRP3(R258W) activating mutation to activate caspase-1. Mouse chimaeras reconstituted with wild-type, Nek7(-/-) or Nlrp3(-/-) haematopoietic cells showed that NEK7 was required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. These studies demonstrate that NEK7 is an essential protein that acts downstream of potassium efflux to mediate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Yuan -- Zeng, Melody Y -- Yang, Dahai -- Motro, Benny -- Nunez, Gabriel -- R01AI063331/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01DK091191/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007517/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32DK094775/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007517/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):354-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16959. Epub 2016 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China. ; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase 1/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Cells, Cultured ; Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes/genetics ; Enzyme Activation ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta/secretion ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: The DNA-binding protein PRDM9 directs positioning of the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination in mice and humans. Prdm9 is the only mammalian speciation gene yet identified and is responsible for sterility phenotypes in male hybrids of certain mouse subspecies. To investigate PRDM9 binding and its role in fertility and meiotic recombination, we humanized the DNA-binding domain of PRDM9 in C57BL/6 mice. This change repositions DSB hotspots and completely restores fertility in male hybrids. Here we show that alteration of one Prdm9 allele impacts the behaviour of DSBs controlled by the other allele at chromosome-wide scales. These effects correlate strongly with the degree to which each PRDM9 variant binds both homologues at the DSB sites it controls. Furthermore, higher genome-wide levels of such 'symmetric' PRDM9 binding associate with increasing fertility measures, and comparisons of individual hotspots suggest binding symmetry plays a downstream role in the recombination process. These findings reveal that subspecies-specific degradation of PRDM9 binding sites by meiotic drive, which steadily increases asymmetric PRDM9 binding, has impacts beyond simply changing hotspot positions, and strongly support a direct involvement in hybrid infertility. Because such meiotic drive occurs across mammals, PRDM9 may play a wider, yet transient, role in the early stages of speciation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756437/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756437/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davies, Benjamin -- Hatton, Edouard -- Altemose, Nicolas -- Hussin, Julie G -- Pratto, Florencia -- Zhang, Gang -- Hinch, Anjali Gupta -- Moralli, Daniela -- Biggs, Daniel -- Diaz, Rebeca -- Preece, Chris -- Li, Ran -- Bitoun, Emmanuelle -- Brick, Kevin -- Green, Catherine M -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Myers, Simon R -- Donnelly, Peter -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095552/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098387/Z/12/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):171-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16931. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St. Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, UK. ; Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Chromosome Pairing/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Female ; *Genetic Speciation ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Infertility/*genetics ; Male ; Meiosis/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Zinc Fingers/*genetics
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Alison -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):432-4. doi: 10.1038/532432a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Austria ; Bacteria/genetics ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics ; France ; Genetic Engineering/*history ; Genetic Therapy/history ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Microbiology/history ; New York City ; Patents as Topic ; Sweden
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: CRISPR-Cas systems that provide defence against mobile genetic elements in bacteria and archaea have evolved a variety of mechanisms to target and cleave RNA or DNA. The well-studied types I, II and III utilize a set of distinct CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins for production of mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and interference with invading nucleic acids. In types I and III, Cas6 or Cas5d cleaves precursor crRNA (pre-crRNA) and the mature crRNAs then guide a complex of Cas proteins (Cascade-Cas3, type I; Csm or Cmr, type III) to target and cleave invading DNA or RNA. In type II systems, RNase III cleaves pre-crRNA base-paired with trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) in the presence of Cas9 (refs 13, 14). The mature tracrRNA-crRNA duplex then guides Cas9 to cleave target DNA. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism in CRISPR-Cas immunity. We show that type V-A Cpf1 from Francisella novicida is a dual-nuclease that is specific to crRNA biogenesis and target DNA interference. Cpf1 cleaves pre-crRNA upstream of a hairpin structure formed within the CRISPR repeats and thereby generates intermediate crRNAs that are processed further, leading to mature crRNAs. After recognition of a 5'-YTN-3' protospacer adjacent motif on the non-target DNA strand and subsequent probing for an eight-nucleotide seed sequence, Cpf1, guided by the single mature repeat-spacer crRNA, introduces double-stranded breaks in the target DNA to generate a 5' overhang. The RNase and DNase activities of Cpf1 require sequence- and structure-specific binding to the hairpin of crRNA repeats. Cpf1 uses distinct active domains for both nuclease reactions and cleaves nucleic acids in the presence of magnesium or calcium. This study uncovers a new family of enzymes with specific dual endoribonuclease and endonuclease activities, and demonstrates that type V-A constitutes the most minimalistic of the CRISPR-Cas systems so far described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fonfara, Ines -- Richter, Hagen -- Bratovic, Majda -- Le Rhun, Anais -- Charpentier, Emmanuelle -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):517-21. doi: 10.1038/nature17945. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umea Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea 90187, Sweden. ; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Braunschweig 38124, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany. ; Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/*metabolism ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Catalytic Domain ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics ; *DNA Cleavage/drug effects ; Francisella/enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Precursors/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; *RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Guide/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Apra, Caroline -- Bourdillon, Pierre -- Leveque, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):160. doi: 10.1038/530160a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*surgery ; Crowdsourcing/*economics/*history ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; France ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Neuronavigation/economics/*history
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a large proportion of the US population and is considered to be a metabolic predisposition to liver cancer. However, the role of adaptive immune responses in NAFLD-promoted HCC is largely unknown. Here we show, in mouse models and human samples, that dysregulation of lipid metabolism in NAFLD causes a selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T lymphocytes, leading to accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that CD4(+) T lymphocytes have greater mitochondrial mass than CD8(+) T lymphocytes and generate higher levels of mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Disruption of mitochondrial function by linoleic acid, a fatty acid accumulated in NAFLD, causes more oxidative damage than other free fatty acids such as palmitic acid, and mediates selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vivo blockade of ROS reversed NAFLD-induced hepatic CD4(+) T lymphocyte decrease and delayed NAFLD-promoted HCC. Our results provide an unexpected link between lipid dysregulation and impaired anti-tumour surveillance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786464/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786464/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Chi -- Kesarwala, Aparna H -- Eggert, Tobias -- Medina-Echeverz, Jose -- Kleiner, David E -- Jin, Ping -- Stroncek, David F -- Terabe, Masaki -- Kapoor, Veena -- ElGindi, Mei -- Han, Miaojun -- Thornton, Angela M -- Zhang, Haibo -- Egger, Michele -- Luo, Ji -- Felsher, Dean W -- McVicar, Daniel W -- Weber, Achim -- Heikenwalder, Mathias -- Greten, Tim F -- ZIA BC011345-06/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIABC011303/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):253-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16969. Epub 2016 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Institute of Surgical Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland. ; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA. ; Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Institute of Virology, Technische Universitat Munchen/Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich 81675, Germany. ; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/pathology ; *Carcinogenesis/immunology/pathology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Choline/metabolism ; Diet ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genes, myc ; Hepatocytes/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Linoleic Acid/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver/immunology/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Methionine/deficiency ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/metabolism/pathology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2016-02-16
    Description: The vertebrate brain is highly complex, but its evolutionary origin remains elusive. Because of the absence of certain developmental domains generally marked by the expression of regulatory genes, the embryonic brain of the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, had been regarded as representing a less complex, ancestral state of the vertebrate brain. Specifically, the absence of a Hedgehog- and Nkx2.1-positive domain in the lamprey subpallium was thought to be similar to mouse mutants in which the suppression of Nkx2-1 leads to a loss of the medial ganglionic eminence. Here we show that the brain of the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), another cyclostome group, develops domains equivalent to the medial ganglionic eminence and rhombic lip, resembling the gnathostome brain. Moreover, further investigation of lamprey larvae revealed that these domains are also present, ruling out the possibility of convergent evolution between hagfish and gnathostomes. Thus, brain regionalization as seen in crown gnathostomes is not an evolutionary innovation of this group, but dates back to the latest vertebrate ancestor before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes more than 500 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugahara, Fumiaki -- Pascual-Anaya, Juan -- Oisi, Yasuhiro -- Kuraku, Shigehiro -- Aota, Shin-ichi -- Adachi, Noritaka -- Takagi, Wataru -- Hirai, Tamami -- Sato, Noboru -- Murakami, Yasunori -- Kuratani, Shigeru -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):97-100. doi: 10.1038/nature16518. Epub 2016 Feb 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. ; Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan. ; Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA. ; Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. ; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan. ; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/*embryology ; Female ; Hagfishes/*anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics ; Humans ; Lampreys/*anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics/growth & development ; Larva/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Synteny/genetics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Identifying key molecules that launch regeneration has been a long-sought goal. Multiple regenerative animals show an initial wound-associated proliferative response that transits into sustained proliferation if a considerable portion of the body part has been removed. In the axolotl, appendage amputation initiates a round of wound-associated cell cycle induction followed by continued proliferation that is dependent on nerve-derived signals. A wound-associated molecule that triggers the initial proliferative response to launch regeneration has remained obscure. Here, using an expression cloning strategy followed by in vivo gain- and loss-of-function assays, we identified axolotl MARCKS-like protein (MLP) as an extracellularly released factor that induces the initial cell cycle response during axolotl appendage regeneration. The identification of a regeneration-initiating molecule opens the possibility of understanding how to elicit regeneration in other animals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795554/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795554/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugiura, Takuji -- Wang, Heng -- Barsacchi, Rico -- Simon, Andras -- Tanaka, Elly M -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):237-40. doi: 10.1038/nature16974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universitat Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany. ; Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ambystoma mexicanum/injuries/*physiology ; Amputation, Traumatic/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Proliferation/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Extremities/injuries/*physiology ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/secretion ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/secretion ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology/physiology ; Notophthalmus viridescens/genetics/injuries/physiology ; Regeneration/*physiology ; Tail/cytology/injuries/physiology ; Wound Healing/physiology ; Xenopus ; Zebrafish
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Description: Multicellularity is often considered a prerequisite for morphological complexity, as seen in the camera-type eyes found in several groups of animals. A notable exception exists in single-celled eukaryotes called dinoflagellates, some of which have an eye-like 'ocelloid' consisting of subcellular analogues to a cornea, lens, iris, and retina. These planktonic cells are uncultivated and rarely encountered in environmental samples, obscuring the function and evolutionary origin of the ocelloid. Here we show, using a combination of electron microscopy, tomography, isolated-organelle genomics, and single-cell genomics, that ocelloids are built from pre-existing organelles, including a cornea-like layer made of mitochondria and a retinal body made of anastomosing plastids. We find that the retinal body forms the central core of a network of peridinin-type plastids, which in dinoflagellates and their relatives originated through an ancient endosymbiosis with a red alga. As such, the ocelloid is a chimaeric structure, incorporating organelles with different endosymbiotic histories. The anatomical complexity of single-celled organisms may be limited by the components available for differentiation, but the ocelloid shows that pre-existing organelles can be assembled into a structure so complex that it was initially mistaken for a multicellular eye. Although mitochondria and plastids are acknowledged chiefly for their metabolic roles, they can also be building blocks for greater structural complexity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gavelis, Gregory S -- Hayakawa, Shiho -- White, Richard A 3rd -- Gojobori, Takashi -- Suttle, Curtis A -- Keeling, Patrick J -- Leander, Brian S -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):204-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14593. Epub 2015 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; 1] Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [3] Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; 1] Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan [2] Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. ; 1] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [3] Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [4] Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada. ; 1] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada. ; 1] Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada [3] Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Dinoflagellida/*genetics/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Genome, Protozoan/genetics ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mitochondria/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plastids/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics ; Rhodophyta/genetics ; *Symbiosis
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  • 38
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2015 May 28;521(7553):394. doi: 10.1038/521394a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bibliometrics/history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Research/*history ; Time Factors
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  • 39
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pain, Stephanie -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):S10-1. doi: 10.1038/525S10a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26398731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Canada ; Cannabinol/history ; *Cannabis/adverse effects/chemistry/classification/genetics ; China ; Dronabinol/adverse effects/history/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Approval/history ; Drug and Narcotic Control/*history ; Endocannabinoids/history/metabolism ; Herbal Medicine/*history ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Medical Marijuana/adverse effects/history/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/physiopathology ; New Orleans ; Phytotherapy/history ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects/chemistry/classification/genetics ; Receptors, Cannabinoid/history/metabolism
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: Surface polysaccharides are important for bacterial interactions with multicellular organisms, and some are virulence factors in pathogens. In the legume-rhizobium symbiosis, bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are essential for the development of infected root nodules. We have identified a gene in Lotus japonicus, Epr3, encoding a receptor-like kinase that controls this infection. We show that epr3 mutants are defective in perception of purified EPS, and that EPR3 binds EPS directly and distinguishes compatible and incompatible EPS in bacterial competition studies. Expression of Epr3 in epidermal cells within the susceptible root zone shows that the protein is involved in bacterial entry, while rhizobial and plant mutant studies suggest that Epr3 regulates bacterial passage through the plant's epidermal cell layer. Finally, we show that Epr3 expression is inducible and dependent on host perception of bacterial nodulation (Nod) factors. Plant-bacterial compatibility and bacterial access to legume roots is thus regulated by a two-stage mechanism involving sequential receptor-mediated recognition of Nod factor and EPS signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kawaharada, Y -- Kelly, S -- Nielsen, M Wibroe -- Hjuler, C T -- Gysel, K -- Muszynski, A -- Carlson, R W -- Thygesen, M B -- Sandal, N -- Asmussen, M H -- Vinther, M -- Andersen, S U -- Krusell, L -- Thirup, S -- Jensen, K J -- Ronson, C W -- Blaise, M -- Radutoiu, S -- Stougaard, J -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):308-12. doi: 10.1038/nature14611. Epub 2015 Jul 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling. Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark. ; 1] Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling. Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. ; 1] Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling. Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871 C, Denmark. ; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. ; 1] Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling. Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lotus/genetics/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/genetics ; Phenotype ; Plant Epidermis/metabolism/microbiology ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rhizobium/*metabolism ; Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/microbiology ; Signal Transduction ; Species Specificity ; Suppression, Genetic/genetics ; *Symbiosis
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  • 41
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaefer, Henry F -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):22. doi: 10.1038/517022a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. He was a colleague of Paul Schleyer's for 24 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25557708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adamantane/analogs & derivatives/chemical synthesis ; Chemistry/*history ; Dipeptides/chemical synthesis ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; Memantine/chemical synthesis ; Nobel Prize ; United States
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Wing polyphenism is an evolutionarily successful feature found in a wide range of insects. Long-winged morphs can fly, which allows them to escape adverse habitats and track changing resources, whereas short-winged morphs are flightless, but usually possess higher fecundity than the winged morphs. Studies on aphids, crickets and planthoppers have revealed that alternative wing morphs develop in response to various environmental cues, and that the response to these cues may be mediated by developmental hormones, although research in this area has yielded equivocal and conflicting results about exactly which hormones are involved. As it stands, the molecular mechanism underlying wing morph determination in insects has remained elusive. Here we show that two insulin receptors in the migratory brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, InR1 and InR2, have opposing roles in controlling long wing versus short wing development by regulating the activity of the forkhead transcription factor Foxo. InR1, acting via the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signalling cascade, leads to the long-winged morph if active and the short-winged morph if inactive. InR2, by contrast, functions as a negative regulator of the InR1-PI(3)K-Akt pathway: suppression of InR2 results in development of the long-winged morph. The brain-secreted ligand Ilp3 triggers development of long-winged morphs. Our findings provide the first evidence of a molecular basis for the regulation of wing polyphenism in insects, and they are also the first demonstration--to our knowledge--of binary control over alternative developmental outcomes, and thus deepen our understanding of the development and evolution of phenotypic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Hai-Jun -- Xue, Jian -- Lu, Bo -- Zhang, Xue-Chao -- Zhuo, Ji-Chong -- He, Shu-Fang -- Ma, Xiao-Fang -- Jiang, Ya-Qin -- Fan, Hai-Wei -- Xu, Ji-Yu -- Ye, Yu-Xuan -- Pan, Peng-Lu -- Li, Qiao -- Bao, Yan-Yuan -- Nijhout, H Frederik -- Zhang, Chuan-Xi -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):464-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14286. Epub 2015 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. ; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency/metabolism ; Hemiptera/*anatomy & histology/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Receptor, Insulin/deficiency/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/enzymology/*growth & development/*metabolism
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: Intracellular energy distribution has attracted much interest and has been proposed to occur in skeletal muscle via metabolite-facilitated diffusion; however, genetic evidence suggests that facilitated diffusion is not critical for normal function. We hypothesized that mitochondrial structure minimizes metabolite diffusion distances in skeletal muscle. Here we demonstrate a mitochondrial reticulum providing a conductive pathway for energy distribution, in the form of the proton-motive force, throughout the mouse skeletal muscle cell. Within this reticulum, we find proteins associated with mitochondrial proton-motive force production preferentially in the cell periphery and proteins that use the proton-motive force for ATP production in the cell interior near contractile and transport ATPases. Furthermore, we show a rapid, coordinated depolarization of the membrane potential component of the proton-motive force throughout the cell in response to spatially controlled uncoupling of the cell interior. We propose that membrane potential conduction via the mitochondrial reticulum is the dominant pathway for skeletal muscle energy distribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glancy, Brian -- Hartnell, Lisa M -- Malide, Daniela -- Yu, Zu-Xi -- Combs, Christian A -- Connelly, Patricia S -- Subramaniam, Sriram -- Balaban, Robert S -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):617-20. doi: 10.1038/nature14614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Animals ; Diffusion ; *Energy Metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria, Muscle/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/*metabolism ; Proton-Motive Force
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
    Description: FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevent autoimmunity by limiting the effector activity of T cells that have escaped thymic negative selection or peripheral inactivation. Despite the information available about molecular factors mediating the suppressive function of Treg cells, the relevant cellular events in intact tissues remain largely unexplored, and whether Treg cells prevent activation of self-specific T cells or primarily limit damage from such cells has not been determined. Here we use multiplex, quantitative imaging in mice to show that, within secondary lymphoid tissues, highly suppressive Treg cells expressing phosphorylated STAT5 exist in discrete clusters with rare IL-2-positive T cells that are activated by self-antigens. This local IL-2 induction of STAT5 phosphorylation in Treg cells is part of a feedback circuit that limits further autoimmune responses. Inducible ablation of T cell receptor expression by Treg cells reduces their regulatory capacity and disrupts their localization in clusters, resulting in uncontrolled effector T cell responses. Our data thus reveal that autoreactive T cells are activated to cytokine production on a regular basis, with physically co-clustering T cell receptor-stimulated Treg cells responding in a negative feedback manner to suppress incipient autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702500/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702500/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Zhiduo -- Gerner, Michael Y -- Van Panhuys, Nicholas -- Levine, Andrew G -- Rudensky, Alexander Y -- Germain, Ronald N -- R37 AI034206/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI034206/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI000403-25/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 10;528(7581):225-30. doi: 10.1038/nature16169. Epub 2015 Nov 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26605524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/immunology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Homeostasis/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Protein Transport ; STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2015-11-10
    Description: Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors (TFs), proteins that recognize short DNA sequence motifs. Such sequences are very common in the human genome, and an important determinant of the specificity of gene expression is the cooperative binding of multiple TFs to closely located motifs. However, interactions between DNA-bound TFs have not been systematically characterized. To identify TF pairs that bind cooperatively to DNA, and to characterize their spacing and orientation preferences, we have performed consecutive affinity-purification systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CAP-SELEX) analysis of 9,400 TF-TF-DNA interactions. This analysis revealed 315 TF-TF interactions recognizing 618 heterodimeric motifs, most of which have not been previously described. The observed cooperativity occurred promiscuously between TFs from diverse structural families. Structural analysis of the TF pairs, including a novel crystal structure of MEIS1 and DLX3 bound to their identified recognition site, revealed that the interactions between the TFs were predominantly mediated by DNA. Most TF pair sites identified involved a large overlap between individual TF recognition motifs, and resulted in recognition of composite sites that were markedly different from the individual TF's motifs. Together, our results indicate that the DNA molecule commonly plays an active role in cooperative interactions that define the gene regulatory lexicon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jolma, Arttu -- Yin, Yimeng -- Nitta, Kazuhiro R -- Dave, Kashyap -- Popov, Alexander -- Taipale, Minna -- Enge, Martin -- Kivioja, Teemu -- Morgunova, Ekaterina -- Taipale, Jussi -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):384-8. doi: 10.1038/nature15518. Epub 2015 Nov 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 141 83, Sweden. ; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France. ; Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotide Motifs/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Substrate Specificity/genetics ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 46
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livio, Mario -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):287-9. doi: 10.1038/520287a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomy/economics/education/*history/trends ; Exobiology/trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Planets ; Telescopes/economics/*history/trends
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2015-03-11
    Description: Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses, but optimal results will require combination with each other and other therapies. This raises fundamental questions about mechanisms of non-redundancy and resistance. Here we report major tumour regressions in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an anti-CTLA4 antibody (anti-CTLA4) and radiation, and reproduced this effect in mouse models. Although combined treatment improved responses in irradiated and unirradiated tumours, resistance was common. Unbiased analyses of mice revealed that resistance was due to upregulation of PD-L1 on melanoma cells and associated with T-cell exhaustion. Accordingly, optimal response in melanoma and other cancer types requires radiation, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-L1/PD-1. Anti-CTLA4 predominantly inhibits T-regulatory cells (Treg cells), thereby increasing the CD8 T-cell to Treg (CD8/Treg) ratio. Radiation enhances the diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of intratumoral T cells. Together, anti-CTLA4 promotes expansion of T cells, while radiation shapes the TCR repertoire of the expanded peripheral clones. Addition of PD-L1 blockade reverses T-cell exhaustion to mitigate depression in the CD8/Treg ratio and further encourages oligoclonal T-cell expansion. Similarly to results from mice, patients on our clinical trial with melanoma showing high PD-L1 did not respond to radiation plus anti-CTLA4, demonstrated persistent T-cell exhaustion, and rapidly progressed. Thus, PD-L1 on melanoma cells allows tumours to escape anti-CTLA4-based therapy, and the combination of radiation, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-L1 promotes response and immunity through distinct mechanisms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401634/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401634/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Twyman-Saint Victor, Christina -- Rech, Andrew J -- Maity, Amit -- Rengan, Ramesh -- Pauken, Kristen E -- Stelekati, Erietta -- Benci, Joseph L -- Xu, Bihui -- Dada, Hannah -- Odorizzi, Pamela M -- Herati, Ramin S -- Mansfield, Kathleen D -- Patsch, Dana -- Amaravadi, Ravi K -- Schuchter, Lynn M -- Ishwaran, Hemant -- Mick, Rosemarie -- Pryma, Daniel A -- Xu, Xiaowei -- Feldman, Michael D -- Gangadhar, Tara C -- Hahn, Stephen M -- Wherry, E John -- Vonderheide, Robert H -- Minn, Andy J -- KL2TR000139/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- P01AI112521/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA016520/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA174523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA174523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI105343/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA158186/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA163739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01AI105343/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01CA158186/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA163739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA172651/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32DK007066/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01AI095608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR024134/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):373-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14292. Epub 2015 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [4] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [4] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD274/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/*drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Melanoma/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects/immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*drug effects/immunology/*radiation effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects/immunology/radiation effects
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2015-09-10
    Description: Somaclonal variation arises in plants and animals when differentiated somatic cells are induced into a pluripotent state, but the resulting clones differ from each other and from their parents. In agriculture, somaclonal variation has hindered the micropropagation of elite hybrids and genetically modified crops, but the mechanism responsible remains unknown. The oil palm fruit 'mantled' abnormality is a somaclonal variant arising from tissue culture that drastically reduces yield, and has largely halted efforts to clone elite hybrids for oil production. Widely regarded as an epigenetic phenomenon, 'mantling' has defied explanation, but here we identify the MANTLED locus using epigenome-wide association studies of the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis. DNA hypomethylation of a LINE retrotransposon related to rice Karma, in the intron of the homeotic gene DEFICIENS, is common to all mantled clones and is associated with alternative splicing and premature termination. Dense methylation near the Karma splice site (termed the Good Karma epiallele) predicts normal fruit set, whereas hypomethylation (the Bad Karma epiallele) predicts homeotic transformation, parthenocarpy and marked loss of yield. Loss of Karma methylation and of small RNA in tissue culture contributes to the origin of mantled, while restoration in spontaneous revertants accounts for non-Mendelian inheritance. The ability to predict and cull mantling at the plantlet stage will facilitate the introduction of higher performing clones and optimize environmentally sensitive land resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ong-Abdullah, Meilina -- Ordway, Jared M -- Jiang, Nan -- Ooi, Siew-Eng -- Kok, Sau-Yee -- Sarpan, Norashikin -- Azimi, Nuraziyan -- Hashim, Ahmad Tarmizi -- Ishak, Zamzuri -- Rosli, Samsul Kamal -- Malike, Fadila Ahmad -- Bakar, Nor Azwani Abu -- Marjuni, Marhalil -- Abdullah, Norziha -- Yaakub, Zulkifli -- Amiruddin, Mohd Din -- Nookiah, Rajanaidu -- Singh, Rajinder -- Low, Eng-Ti Leslie -- Chan, Kuang-Lim -- Azizi, Norazah -- Smith, Steven W -- Bacher, Blaire -- Budiman, Muhammad A -- Van Brunt, Andrew -- Wischmeyer, Corey -- Beil, Melissa -- Hogan, Michael -- Lakey, Nathan -- Lim, Chin-Ching -- Arulandoo, Xaviar -- Wong, Choo-Kien -- Choo, Chin-Nee -- Wong, Wei-Chee -- Kwan, Yen-Yen -- Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed -- Sambanthamurthi, Ravigadevi -- Martienssen, Robert A -- R01 GM067014/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):533-7. doi: 10.1038/nature15365. Epub 2015 Sep 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. ; Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. ; United Plantations Berhad, Jendarata Estate, 36009 Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. ; Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn Bhd, No. 11, Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, 47810 Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. ; FELDA Global Ventures R&D Sdn Bhd, c/o FELDA Biotechnology Centre, PT 23417, Lengkuk Teknologi, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26352475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Alternative Splicing/genetics ; Arecaceae/*genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic/*genetics ; *Epigenomics ; Fruit/genetics ; Genes, Homeobox/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Introns/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phenotype ; Plant Oils/analysis/metabolism ; RNA Splice Sites/genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Retroelements/*genetics
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  • 49
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimmel, Paul -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):291. doi: 10.1038/521291a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Research Institute in Jupiter, Florida, and La Jolla, California. He was a colleague of Alexander Rich at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge from 1967 onwards.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/history ; Collagen/chemistry/history ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Z-Form/chemistry/*history ; History, 20th Century ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptides/chemistry/history ; Polyribosomes/metabolism ; RNA/chemistry/history ; United States
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Enhancers regulate spatiotemporal gene expression and impart cell-specific transcriptional outputs that drive cell identity. Super-enhancers (SEs), also known as stretch-enhancers, are a subset of enhancers especially important for genes associated with cell identity and genetic risk of disease. CD4(+) T cells are critical for host defence and autoimmunity. Here we analysed maps of mouse T-cell SEs as a non-biased means of identifying key regulatory nodes involved in cell specification. We found that cytokines and cytokine receptors were the dominant class of genes exhibiting SE architecture in T cells. Nonetheless, the locus encoding Bach2, a key negative regulator of effector differentiation, emerged as the most prominent T-cell SE, revealing a network in which SE-associated genes critical for T-cell biology are repressed by BACH2. Disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms for immune-mediated disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, were highly enriched for T-cell SEs versus typical enhancers or SEs in other cell lineages. Intriguingly, treatment of T cells with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib disproportionately altered the expression of rheumatoid arthritis risk genes with SE structures. Together, these results indicate that genes with SE architecture in T cells encompass a variety of cytokines and cytokine receptors but are controlled by a 'guardian' transcription factor, itself endowed with an SE. Thus, enumeration of SEs allows the unbiased determination of key regulatory nodes in T cells, which are preferentially modulated by pharmacological intervention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409450/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409450/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vahedi, Golnaz -- Kanno, Yuka -- Furumoto, Yasuko -- Jiang, Kan -- Parker, Stephen C J -- Erdos, Michael R -- Davis, Sean R -- Roychoudhuri, Rahul -- Restifo, Nicholas P -- Gadina, Massimo -- Tang, Zhonghui -- Ruan, Yijun -- Collins, Francis S -- Sartorelli, Vittorio -- O'Shea, John J -- 105663/Z/14/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 CA186714/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AR041159-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):558-62. doi: 10.1038/nature14154. Epub 2015 Feb 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Translational Immunology Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and Department of Genetic and Development Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*genetics/immunology/pathology ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Janus Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology/*metabolism/*pathology ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics ; p300-CBP Transcription Factors/metabolism
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  • 51
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandavilli, Apoorva -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):148-50. doi: 10.1038/521148a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/manpower/*organization & ; administration/standards/trends ; Biotechnology/organization & administration/standards ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India ; Personnel Selection ; *Research Personnel
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  • 52
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grafton, Anthony -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 3;528(7580):40. doi: 10.1038/528040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. He collaborated extensively with Lisa Jardine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Great Britain ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Literature, Modern/*history ; Male ; Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy ; Science/*history ; Teaching/history ; Writing
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2015-08-20
    Description: Epigenetic modifiers have fundamental roles in defining unique cellular identity through the establishment and maintenance of lineage-specific chromatin and methylation status. Several DNA modifications such as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) are catalysed by the ten eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenase family members, and the roles of Tet proteins in regulating chromatin architecture and gene transcription independently of DNA methylation have been gradually uncovered. However, the regulation of immunity and inflammation by Tet proteins independent of their role in modulating DNA methylation remains largely unknown. Here we show that Tet2 selectively mediates active repression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) transcription during inflammation resolution in innate myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. Loss of Tet2 resulted in the upregulation of several inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, at late phase during the response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. Tet2-deficient mice were more susceptible to endotoxin shock and dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis, displaying a more severe inflammatory phenotype and increased IL-6 production compared to wild-type mice. IkappaBzeta, an IL-6-specific transcription factor, mediated specific targeting of Tet2 to the Il6 promoter, further indicating opposite regulatory roles of IkappaBzeta at initial and resolution phases of inflammation. For the repression mechanism, independent of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, Tet2 recruited Hdac2 and repressed transcription of Il6 via histone deacetylation. We provide mechanistic evidence for the gene-specific transcription repression activity of Tet2 via histone deacetylation and for the prevention of constant transcription activation at the chromatin level for resolving inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697747/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697747/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Qian -- Zhao, Kai -- Shen, Qicong -- Han, Yanmei -- Gu, Yan -- Li, Xia -- Zhao, Dezhi -- Liu, Yiqi -- Wang, Chunmei -- Zhang, Xiang -- Su, Xiaoping -- Liu, Juan -- Ge, Wei -- Levine, Ross L -- Li, Nan -- Cao, Xuetao -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA173636/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):389-93. doi: 10.1038/nature15252. Epub 2015 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology &Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China. ; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. ; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26287468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Colitis/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/*metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Down-Regulation/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Histone Deacetylase 2/*metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism ; Inflammation/enzymology/immunology/*metabolism ; Interleukin-6/*antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics/immunology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 54
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeWeerdt, Sarah -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):S50-1. doi: 10.1038/521S50a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25992671" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beekeeping/*history ; Bees/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Colony Collapse/history ; Diet/*history/veterinary ; Genome, Insect/genetics ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Honey/*history/supply & distribution ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Primates ; Social Behavior
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  • 55
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉di Lernia, Savino -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):547-9. doi: 10.1038/517547a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Archaeological Mission in the Sahara, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25631429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology/*trends ; *Cultural Evolution/history ; Desert Climate ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Internet ; Libya ; Museums ; Violence/statistics & numerical data
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: The human lens is comprised largely of crystallin proteins assembled into a highly ordered, interactive macro-structure essential for lens transparency and refractive index. Any disruption of intra- or inter-protein interactions will alter this delicate structure, exposing hydrophobic surfaces, with consequent protein aggregation and cataract formation. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness worldwide, affecting tens of millions of people, and currently the only treatment is surgical removal of cataractous lenses. The precise mechanisms by which lens proteins both prevent aggregation and maintain lens transparency are largely unknown. Lanosterol is an amphipathic molecule enriched in the lens. It is synthesized by lanosterol synthase (LSS) in a key cyclization reaction of a cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we identify two distinct homozygous LSS missense mutations (W581R and G588S) in two families with extensive congenital cataracts. Both of these mutations affect highly conserved amino acid residues and impair key catalytic functions of LSS. Engineered expression of wild-type, but not mutant, LSS prevents intracellular protein aggregation of various cataract-causing mutant crystallins. Treatment by lanosterol, but not cholesterol, significantly decreased preformed protein aggregates both in vitro and in cell-transfection experiments. We further show that lanosterol treatment could reduce cataract severity and increase transparency in dissected rabbit cataractous lenses in vitro and cataract severity in vivo in dogs. Our study identifies lanosterol as a key molecule in the prevention of lens protein aggregation and points to a novel strategy for cataract prevention and treatment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Ling -- Chen, Xiang-Jun -- Zhu, Jie -- Xi, Yi-Bo -- Yang, Xu -- Hu, Li-Dan -- Ouyang, Hong -- Patel, Sherrina H -- Jin, Xin -- Lin, Danni -- Wu, Frances -- Flagg, Ken -- Cai, Huimin -- Li, Gen -- Cao, Guiqun -- Lin, Ying -- Chen, Daniel -- Wen, Cindy -- Chung, Christopher -- Wang, Yandong -- Qiu, Austin -- Yeh, Emily -- Wang, Wenqiu -- Hu, Xun -- Grob, Seanna -- Abagyan, Ruben -- Su, Zhiguang -- Tjondro, Harry Christianto -- Zhao, Xi-Juan -- Luo, Hongrong -- Hou, Rui -- Perry, J Jefferson P -- Gao, Weiwei -- Kozak, Igor -- Granet, David -- Li, Yingrui -- Sun, Xiaodong -- Wang, Jun -- Zhang, Liangfang -- Liu, Yizhi -- Yan, Yong-Bin -- Zhang, Kang -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):607-11. doi: 10.1038/nature14650. Epub 2015 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [3] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. ; 1] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; 1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] Guangzhou KangRui Biological Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Guangzhou 510005, China. ; Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 20080, China. ; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Guangzhou KangRui Biological Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Guangzhou 510005, China. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 20080, China. ; Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. ; 1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [3] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [4] Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [5] Veterans Administration Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid/chemistry/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cataract/congenital/*drug therapy/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Cell Line ; Child ; Crystallins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Lanosterol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Lens, Crystalline/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Pedigree ; Protein Aggregates/*drug effects ; Protein Aggregation, Pathological/*drug therapy/pathology
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: The response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) to changes in temperature during the twentieth century remains contentious, largely owing to difficulties in estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of ice mass changes before 1992, when Greenland-wide observations first became available. The only previous estimates of change during the twentieth century are based on empirical modelling and energy balance modelling. Consequently, no observation-based estimates of the contribution from the GIS to the global-mean sea level budget before 1990 are included in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Here we calculate spatial ice mass loss around the entire GIS from 1900 to the present using aerial imagery from the 1980s. This allows accurate high-resolution mapping of geomorphic features related to the maximum extent of the GIS during the Little Ice Age at the end of the nineteenth century. We estimate the total ice mass loss and its spatial distribution for three periods: 1900-1983 (75.1 +/- 29.4 gigatonnes per year), 1983-2003 (73.8 +/- 40.5 gigatonnes per year), and 2003-2010 (186.4 +/- 18.9 gigatonnes per year). Furthermore, using two surface mass balance models we partition the mass balance into a term for surface mass balance (that is, total precipitation minus total sublimation minus runoff) and a dynamic term. We find that many areas currently undergoing change are identical to those that experienced considerable thinning throughout the twentieth century. We also reveal that the surface mass balance term shows a considerable decrease since 2003, whereas the dynamic term is constant over the past 110 years. Overall, our observation-based findings show that during the twentieth century the GIS contributed at least 25.0 +/- 9.4 millimetres of global-mean sea level rise. Our result will help to close the twentieth-century sea level budget, which remains crucial for evaluating the reliability of models used to predict global sea level rise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kjeldsen, Kristian K -- Korsgaard, Niels J -- Bjork, Anders A -- Khan, Shfaqat A -- Box, Jason E -- Funder, Svend -- Larsen, Nicolaj K -- Bamber, Jonathan L -- Colgan, William -- van den Broeke, Michiel -- Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise -- Nuth, Christopher -- Schomacker, Anders -- Andresen, Camilla S -- Willerslev, Eske -- Kjaer, Kurt H -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):396-400. doi: 10.1038/nature16183.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. ; DTU Space-National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Geodesy, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark. ; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Marine Geology and Glaciology, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark. ; Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark. ; Bristol Glaciology Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. ; Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. ; Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht 80005, The Netherlands. ; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; Greenland ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Observation ; Photography ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seawater/analysis ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Temperature
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2015-11-13
    Description: Plant genomes, and eukaryotic genomes in general, are typically repetitive, polyploid and heterozygous, which complicates genome assembly. The short read lengths of early Sanger and current next-generation sequencing platforms hinder assembly through complex repeat regions, and many draft and reference genomes are fragmented, lacking skewed GC and repetitive intergenic sequences, which are gaining importance due to projects like the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). Here we report the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the desiccation-tolerant grass Oropetium thomaeum. Using only single-molecule real-time sequencing, which generates long (〉16 kilobases) reads with random errors, we assembled 99% (244 megabases) of the Oropetium genome into 625 contigs with an N50 length of 2.4 megabases. Oropetium is an example of a 'near-complete' draft genome which includes gapless coverage over gene space as well as intergenic sequences such as centromeres, telomeres, transposable elements and rRNA clusters that are typically unassembled in draft genomes. Oropetium has 28,466 protein-coding genes and 43% repeat sequences, yet with 30% more compact euchromatic regions it is the smallest known grass genome. The Oropetium genome demonstrates the utility of single-molecule real-time sequencing for assembling high-quality plant and other eukaryotic genomes, and serves as a valuable resource for the plant comparative genomics community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉VanBuren, Robert -- Bryant, Doug -- Edger, Patrick P -- Tang, Haibao -- Burgess, Diane -- Challabathula, Dinakar -- Spittle, Kristi -- Hall, Richard -- Gu, Jenny -- Lyons, Eric -- Freeling, Michael -- Bartels, Dorothea -- Ten Hallers, Boudewijn -- Hastie, Alex -- Michael, Todd P -- Mockler, Todd C -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):508-11. doi: 10.1038/nature15714. Epub 2015 Nov 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA. ; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. ; iPlant Collaborative, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. ; IMBIO, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. ; Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA. ; Ibis Biosciences, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26560029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization/genetics ; Contig Mapping ; Dehydration ; Desiccation ; Droughts ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Genomics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2015-04-16
    Description: Oxytocin is important for social interactions and maternal behaviour. However, little is known about when, where and how oxytocin modulates neural circuits to improve social cognition. Here we show how oxytocin enables pup retrieval behaviour in female mice by enhancing auditory cortical pup call responses. Retrieval behaviour required the left but not right auditory cortex, was accelerated by oxytocin in the left auditory cortex, and oxytocin receptors were preferentially expressed in the left auditory cortex. Neural responses to pup calls were lateralized, with co-tuned and temporally precise excitatory and inhibitory responses in the left cortex of maternal but not pup-naive adults. Finally, pairing calls with oxytocin enhanced responses by balancing the magnitude and timing of inhibition with excitation. Our results describe fundamental synaptic mechanisms by which oxytocin increases the salience of acoustic social stimuli. Furthermore, oxytocin-induced plasticity provides a biological basis for lateralization of auditory cortical processing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409554/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409554/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marlin, Bianca J -- Mitre, Mariela -- D'amour, James A -- Chao, Moses V -- Froemke, Robert C -- DC009635/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC12557/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R00 DC009635/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC012557/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH019524/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):499-504. doi: 10.1038/nature14402. Epub 2015 Apr 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [6] Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [6] Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25874674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Auditory Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Female ; Male ; Maternal Behavior/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Oxytocin/*metabolism ; Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism ; Sexual Abstinence ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2015-01-22
    Description: Low-molecular-mass thiols in organisms are well known for their redox-relevant role in protection against various endogenous and exogenous stresses. In eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, the primary thiol is glutathione (GSH), a cysteinyl-containing tripeptide. In contrast, mycothiol (MSH), a cysteinyl pseudo-disaccharide, is dominant in Gram-positive actinobacteria, including antibiotic-producing actinomycetes and pathogenic mycobacteria. MSH is equivalent to GSH, either as a cofactor or as a substrate, in numerous biochemical processes, most of which have not been characterized, largely due to the dearth of information concerning MSH-dependent proteins. Actinomycetes are able to produce another thiol, ergothioneine (EGT), a histidine betaine derivative that is widely assimilated by plants and animals for variable physiological activities. The involvement of EGT in enzymatic reactions, however, lacks any precedent. Here we report that the unprecedented coupling of two bacterial thiols, MSH and EGT, has a constructive role in the biosynthesis of lincomycin A, a sulfur-containing lincosamide (C8 sugar) antibiotic that has been widely used for half a century to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. EGT acts as a carrier to template the molecular assembly, and MSH is the sulfur donor for lincomycin maturation after thiol exchange. These thiols function through two unusual S-glycosylations that program lincosamide transfer, activation and modification, providing the first paradigm for EGT-associated biochemical processes and for the poorly understood MSH-dependent biotransformations, a newly described model that is potentially common in the incorporation of sulfur, an element essential for life and ubiquitous in living systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Qunfei -- Wang, Min -- Xu, Dongxiao -- Zhang, Qinglin -- Liu, Wen -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):115-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14137. Epub 2015 Jan 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. ; Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China. ; 1] State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/*biosynthesis ; Biological Products/metabolism ; Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics ; Biotransformation ; Cysteine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ergothioneine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Glycopeptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Inositol/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lincomycin/*biosynthesis ; Lincosamides/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Streptomyces/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: Taste is responsible for evaluating the nutritious content of food, guiding essential appetitive behaviours, preventing the ingestion of toxic substances, and helping to ensure the maintenance of a healthy diet. Sweet and bitter are two of the most salient sensory percepts for humans and other animals; sweet taste allows the identification of energy-rich nutrients whereas bitter warns against the intake of potentially noxious chemicals. In mammals, information from taste receptor cells in the tongue is transmitted through multiple neural stations to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain. Recent imaging studies have shown that sweet and bitter are represented in the primary gustatory cortex by neurons organized in a spatial map, with each taste quality encoded by distinct cortical fields. Here we demonstrate that by manipulating the brain fields representing sweet and bitter taste we directly control an animal's internal representation, sensory perception, and behavioural actions. These results substantiate the segregation of taste qualities in the cortex, expose the innate nature of appetitive and aversive taste responses, and illustrate the ability of gustatory cortex to recapitulate complex behaviours in the absence of sensory input.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712381/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712381/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, Yueqing -- Gillis-Smith, Sarah -- Jin, Hao -- Trankner, Dimitri -- Ryba, Nicholas J P -- Zuker, Charles S -- DA035025/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA035025/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):512-5. doi: 10.1038/nature15763. Epub 2015 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; HHMI/Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA. ; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology/radiation effects ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology/radiation effects ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Optogenetics ; Stereotaxic Techniques ; Taste/*physiology ; Taste Perception/*physiology/radiation effects ; Wakefulness/*physiology
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Description: Most present-generation climate models simulate an increase in global-mean surface temperature (GMST) since 1998, whereas observations suggest a warming hiatus. It is unclear to what extent this mismatch is caused by incorrect model forcing, by incorrect model response to forcing or by random factors. Here we analyse simulations and observations of GMST from 1900 to 2012, and show that the distribution of simulated 15-year trends shows no systematic bias against the observations. Using a multiple regression approach that is physically motivated by surface energy balance, we isolate the impact of radiative forcing, climate feedback and ocean heat uptake on GMST--with the regression residual interpreted as internal variability--and assess all possible 15- and 62-year trends. The differences between simulated and observed trends are dominated by random internal variability over the shorter timescale and by variations in the radiative forcings used to drive models over the longer timescale. For either trend length, spread in simulated climate feedback leaves no traceable imprint on GMST trends or, consequently, on the difference between simulations and observations. The claim that climate models systematically overestimate the response to radiative forcing from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations therefore seems to be unfounded.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marotzke, Jochem -- Forster, Piers M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):565-70. doi: 10.1038/nature14117.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. ; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25631444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bias (Epidemiology) ; *Feedback ; Global Warming/history/*statistics & numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Models, Theoretical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2015-05-21
    Description: The lymphatic vasculature is a blind-ended network crucial for tissue-fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and lipid absorption from the gut. Recent evidence has proposed an entirely venous-derived mammalian lymphatic system. By contrast, here we show that cardiac lymphatic vessels in mice have a heterogeneous cellular origin, whereby formation of at least part of the cardiac lymphatic network is independent of sprouting from veins. Multiple Cre-lox-based lineage tracing revealed a potential contribution from the putative haemogenic endothelium during development, and discrete lymphatic endothelial progenitor populations were confirmed by conditional knockout of Prox1 in Tie2+ and Vav1+ compartments. In the adult heart, myocardial infarction promoted a significant lymphangiogenic response, which was augmented by treatment with VEGF-C, resulting in improved cardiac function. These data prompt the re-evaluation of a century-long debate on the origin of lymphatic vessels and suggest that lymphangiogenesis may represent a therapeutic target to promote cardiac repair following injury.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458138/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458138/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, Linda -- Norman, Sophie -- Vieira, Joaquim Miguel -- Masters, Megan -- Rohling, Mala -- Dube, Karina N -- Bollini, Sveva -- Matsuzaki, Fumio -- Carr, Carolyn A -- Riley, Paul R -- CH/11/1/28798/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/13/34/30216/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/08/003/25264/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RM/13/3/30159/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):62-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25992544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Lineage ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Heart/physiology/physiopathology ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; *Lymphangiogenesis ; Lymphatic Vessels/*cytology/*injuries/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myocardial Infarction/metabolism/physiopathology ; Myocardium/*cytology/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/metabolism ; Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism ; Veins/cytology ; Yolk Sac/cytology
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2015-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Eric D -- Watson, James D -- Collins, Francis S -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):29-31. doi: 10.1038/526029a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US National Human Genome Research Institute at the US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, and former director of the US National Center for Human Genome Research. ; US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, and former director of the US National Human Genome Research Institute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26432225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cooperative Behavior ; Datasets as Topic/history ; Genome, Human/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; Human Genome Project/*history/organization & administration ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/history ; Microbiota/genetics ; National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)/history ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Research Personnel/history/organization & administration ; United States
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons promote satiety. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is critical for the central regulation of food intake. Here we test whether CB1R-controlled feeding in sated mice is paralleled by decreased activity of POMC neurons. We show that chemical promotion of CB1R activity increases feeding, and notably, CB1R activation also promotes neuronal activity of POMC cells. This paradoxical increase in POMC activity was crucial for CB1R-induced feeding, because designer-receptors-exclusively-activated-by-designer-drugs (DREADD)-mediated inhibition of POMC neurons diminishes, whereas DREADD-mediated activation of POMC neurons enhances CB1R-driven feeding. The Pomc gene encodes both the anorexigenic peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and the opioid peptide beta-endorphin. CB1R activation selectively increases beta-endorphin but not alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release in the hypothalamus, and systemic or hypothalamic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocks acute CB1R-induced feeding. These processes involve mitochondrial adaptations that, when blocked, abolish CB1R-induced cellular responses and feeding. Together, these results uncover a previously unsuspected role of POMC neurons in the promotion of feeding by cannabinoids.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, Marco -- Varela, Luis -- Kim, Jae Geun -- Kim, Jung Dae -- Hernandez-Nuno, Francisco -- Simonds, Stephanie E -- Castorena, Carlos M -- Vianna, Claudia R -- Elmquist, Joel K -- Morozov, Yury M -- Rakic, Pasko -- Bechmann, Ingo -- Cowley, Michael A -- Szigeti-Buck, Klara -- Dietrich, Marcelo O -- Gao, Xiao-Bing -- Diano, Sabrina -- Horvath, Tamas L -- DP1 DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP1DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS062686/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA023999/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01DK097566/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK053301/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):45-50. doi: 10.1038/nature14260. Epub 2015 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Obesity &Diabetes Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. ; Division of Endocrinology &Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [4] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cannabinoids/*pharmacology ; Eating/*drug effects/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Hypothalamus/*cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Naloxone/pharmacology ; Neurons/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/*metabolism ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists/metabolism ; Satiety Response/drug effects/physiology ; alpha-MSH/secretion ; beta-Endorphin/metabolism
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Callaway, Ewen -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):172-4. doi: 10.1038/525172a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26354465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy/economics/history/*methods/*trends ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray/history ; Drug Industry/methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*instrumentation/*methods/trends ; Proteins/chemistry
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  • 67
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, Kevan -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):304. doi: 10.1038/518304a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of NeuroInformatics at the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Neocortex/cytology/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurosciences/*history ; United States
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2015-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondrashov, Fyodor -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 23;523(7561):383. doi: 10.1038/523383a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26201562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Civil Rights/history/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Federal Government/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Politics ; Russia ; Science/history/*legislation & jurisprudence/trends
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The sudden appearance of the neural crest and neurogenic placodes in early branching vertebrates has puzzled biologists for over a century. These embryonic tissues contribute to the development of the cranium and associated sensory organs, which were crucial for the evolution of the vertebrate "new head". A previous study suggests that rudimentary neural crest cells existed in ancestral chordates. However, the evolutionary origins of neurogenic placodes have remained obscure owing to a paucity of embryonic data from tunicates, the closest living relatives to those early vertebrates. Here we show that the tunicate Ciona intestinalis exhibits a proto-placodal ectoderm (PPE) that requires inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and expresses the key regulatory determinant Six1/2 and its co-factor Eya, a developmental process conserved across vertebrates. The Ciona PPE is shown to produce ciliated neurons that express genes for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a G-protein-coupled receptor for relaxin-3 (RXFP3) and a functional cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGA), which suggests dual chemosensory and neurosecretory activities. These observations provide evidence that Ciona has a neurogenic proto-placode, which forms neurons that appear to be related to those derived from the olfactory placode and hypothalamic neurons of vertebrates. We discuss the possibility that the PPE-derived GnRH neurons of Ciona resemble an ancestral cell type, a progenitor to the complex neuronal circuit that integrates sensory information and neuroendocrine functions in vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abitua, Philip Barron -- Gainous, T Blair -- Kaczmarczyk, Angela N -- Winchell, Christopher J -- Hudson, Clare -- Kamata, Kaori -- Nakagawa, Masashi -- Tsuda, Motoyuki -- Kusakabe, Takehiro G -- Levine, Michael -- NS076542/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 27;524(7566):462-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14657. Epub 2015 Aug 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Integrative Genomics, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. ; Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan. ; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Patterning ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; Ciona intestinalis/*cytology/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Larva/cytology/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Vertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*embryology/physiology
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a perivascular niche but the specific location of this niche remains controversial. HSCs are rare and few can be found in thin tissue sections or upon live imaging, making it difficult to comprehensively localize dividing and non-dividing HSCs. Here, using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in for the gene Ctnnal1 in mice (hereafter denoted as alpha-catulin(GFP)), we discover that alpha-catulin(GFP) is expressed by only 0.02% of bone marrow haematopoietic cells, including almost all HSCs. We find that approximately 30% of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells give long-term multilineage reconstitution of irradiated mice, indicating that alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells are comparable in HSC purity to cells obtained using the best markers currently available. We optically cleared the bone marrow to perform deep confocal imaging, allowing us to image thousands of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells and to digitally reconstruct large segments of bone marrow. The distribution of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells indicated that HSCs were more common in central marrow than near bone surfaces, and in the diaphysis relative to the metaphysis. Nearly all HSCs contacted leptin receptor positive (Lepr(+)) and Cxcl12(high) niche cells, and approximately 85% of HSCs were within 10 mum of a sinusoidal blood vessel. Most HSCs, both dividing (Ki-67(+)) and non-dividing (Ki-67(-)), were distant from arterioles, transition zone vessels, and bone surfaces. Dividing and non-dividing HSCs thus reside mainly in perisinusoidal niches with Lepr(+)Cxcl12(high) cells throughout the bone marrow.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Acar, Melih -- Kocherlakota, Kiranmai S -- Murphy, Malea M -- Peyer, James G -- Oguro, Hideyuki -- Inra, Christopher N -- Jaiyeola, Christabel -- Zhao, Zhiyu -- Luby-Phelps, Katherine -- Morrison, Sean J -- HL097760/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK100848/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR029731/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S10RR029731/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):126-30. doi: 10.1038/nature15250. Epub 2015 Sep 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arterioles/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis/metabolism ; Bone Marrow/*anatomy & histology ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism ; Diaphyses/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Molecular Imaging ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism ; Receptors, Leptin/metabolism ; Stem Cell Niche ; Tibia/anatomy & histology/blood supply/cytology ; alpha Catenin/analysis/metabolism
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  • 71
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masood, Ehsan -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):480. doi: 10.1038/528480a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; Climate Change/history ; Diplomacy ; Ecology/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oil and Gas Industry/*history ; United Nations/history/organization & administration
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  • 72
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-10-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petherick, Anna -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 22;526(7574):S49. doi: 10.1038/526S49a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488240" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; *Congresses as Topic ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Islands ; *Mentors ; Microscopy ; Molecular Biology ; *Nobel Prize ; Research Personnel/education/history ; Science/education/*history
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  • 73
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Draaisma, Douwe -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):188. doi: 10.1038/525188a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Groningen in the Netherlands. He interviewed Oliver Sacks in 2005 for his book The Nostalgia Factory and stayed in contact with him.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Autobiography as Topic ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Literature, Modern/history ; Narration ; Neurology/*history ; Psychology/history ; United States
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2015-11-05
    Description: Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in identifying relevant top-down pathways from cognitive control regions in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Identification of such pathways could contribute to our understanding of the cognitive regulation of affect, and provide pathways for intervention. Previous studies have suggested that dorsal and ventral mPFC subregions exert opposing effects on fear, as do subregions of other structures. However, precise causal targets for top-down connections among these diverse possibilities have not been established. Here we show that the basomedial amygdala (BMA) represents the major target of ventral mPFC in amygdala in mice. Moreover, BMA neurons differentiate safe and aversive environments, and BMA activation decreases fear-related freezing and high-anxiety states. Lastly, we show that the ventral mPFC-BMA projection implements top-down control of anxiety state and learned freezing, both at baseline and in stress-induced anxiety, defining a broadly relevant new top-down behavioural regulation pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adhikari, Avishek -- Lerner, Talia N -- Finkelstein, Joel -- Pak, Sally -- Jennings, Joshua H -- Davidson, Thomas J -- Ferenczi, Emily -- Gunaydin, Lisa A -- Mirzabekov, Julie J -- Ye, Li -- Kim, Sung-Yon -- Lei, Anna -- Deisseroth, Karl -- 1F32MH105053-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99 MH106649/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99MH106649/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 12;527(7577):179-85. doi: 10.1038/nature15698. Epub 2015 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA. ; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26536109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/cytology/*physiology ; Animals ; Anxiety/*physiopathology/psychology ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Fear/*physiology/psychology ; Female ; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology/physiology ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2015-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Callaway, Ewen -- Cyranoski, David -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 8;526(7572):174-5. doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18507.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26450037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/history ; *Antiparasitic Agents/history ; *Artemisinins/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Ivermectin/history ; Malaria/drug therapy ; *Medicine ; *Nobel Prize
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, has always been considered to be a two-step process catalysed by chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms oxidizing either ammonia or nitrite. No known nitrifier carries out both steps, although complete nitrification should be energetically advantageous. This functional separation has puzzled microbiologists for a century. Here we report on the discovery and cultivation of a completely nitrifying bacterium from the genus Nitrospira, a globally distributed group of nitrite oxidizers. The genome of this chemolithoautotrophic organism encodes the pathways both for ammonia and nitrite oxidation, which are concomitantly activated during growth by ammonia oxidation to nitrate. Genes affiliated with the phylogenetically distinct ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase genes of Nitrospira are present in many environments and were retrieved on Nitrospira-contigs in new metagenomes from engineered systems. These findings fundamentally change our picture of nitrification and point to completely nitrifying Nitrospira as key components of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daims, Holger -- Lebedeva, Elena V -- Pjevac, Petra -- Han, Ping -- Herbold, Craig -- Albertsen, Mads -- Jehmlich, Nico -- Palatinszky, Marton -- Vierheilig, Julia -- Bulaev, Alexandr -- Kirkegaard, Rasmus H -- von Bergen, Martin -- Rattei, Thomas -- Bendinger, Bernd -- Nielsen, Per H -- Wagner, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):504-9. doi: 10.1038/nature16461. Epub 2015 Nov 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. ; Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia. ; Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark. ; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Proteomics, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. ; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Metabolomics, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. ; DVGW-Forschungsstelle TUHH, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26610024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/*metabolism ; Bacteria/enzymology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; *Nitrification/genetics ; Nitrites/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny
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  • 77
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krull, Wilhelm -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):168. doi: 10.1038/518168a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Volkswagen Foundation in Hanover, Germany. He frequently collaborated with Hubert Markl over 30 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/organization & administration ; Animals ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Leadership ; Research/*organization & administration ; United States ; Universities/organization & administration ; Zoology/*history
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: The first step in the biogenesis of microRNAs is the processing of primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) by the microprocessor complex, composed of the RNA-binding protein DGCR8 and the type III RNase DROSHA. This initial event requires recognition of the junction between the stem and the flanking single-stranded RNA of the pri-miRNA hairpin by DGCR8 followed by recruitment of DROSHA, which cleaves the RNA duplex to yield the pre-miRNA product. While the mechanisms underlying pri-miRNA processing have been determined, the mechanism by which DGCR8 recognizes and binds pri-miRNAs, as opposed to other secondary structures present in transcripts, is not understood. Here we find in mammalian cells that methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) methylates pri-miRNAs, marking them for recognition and processing by DGCR8. Consistent with this, METTL3 depletion reduced the binding of DGCR8 to pri-miRNAs and resulted in the global reduction of mature miRNAs and concomitant accumulation of unprocessed pri-miRNAs. In vitro processing reactions confirmed the sufficiency of the N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) mark in promoting pri-miRNA processing. Finally, gain-of-function experiments revealed that METTL3 is sufficient to enhance miRNA maturation in a global and non-cell-type-specific manner. Our findings reveal that the m(6)A mark acts as a key post-transcriptional modification that promotes the initiation of miRNA biogenesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4475635/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4475635/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alarcon, Claudio R -- Lee, Hyeseung -- Goodarzi, Hani -- Halberg, Nils -- Tavazoie, Sohail F -- T32 CA009673/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):482-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14281. Epub 2015 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/deficiency/metabolism ; MicroRNAs/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albert, Steven -- Albert, Mary -- Kohrs, Don -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):33. doi: 10.1038/519033c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Classification/methods ; Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; Marine Biology/*history
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  • 80
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-02-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Canfield, Don -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 26;518(7540):484. doi: 10.1038/518484a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE) at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense, Denmark. He was a PhD student of Bob Berner's from 1982 to 1988 at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25719659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biological Evolution ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Geology/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Ice Cover ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; United States
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci and their associated (Cas) proteins provide adaptive immunity against viral infection in prokaryotes. Upon infection, short phage sequences known as spacers integrate between CRISPR repeats and are transcribed into small RNA molecules that guide the Cas9 nuclease to the viral targets (protospacers). Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 cleavage of the viral genome requires the presence of a 5'-NGG-3' protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence immediately downstream of the viral target. It is not known whether and how viral sequences flanked by the correct PAM are chosen as new spacers. Here we show that Cas9 selects functional spacers by recognizing their PAM during spacer acquisition. The replacement of cas9 with alleles that lack the PAM recognition motif or recognize an NGGNG PAM eliminated or changed PAM specificity during spacer acquisition, respectively. Cas9 associates with other proteins of the acquisition machinery (Cas1, Cas2 and Csn2), presumably to provide PAM-specificity to this process. These results establish a new function for Cas9 in the genesis of prokaryotic immunological memory.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385744/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385744/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heler, Robert -- Samai, Poulami -- Modell, Joshua W -- Weiner, Catherine -- Goldberg, Gregory W -- Bikard, David -- Marraffini, Luciano A -- 1DP2AI104556-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 AI104556/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):199-202. doi: 10.1038/nature14245. Epub 2015 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Bacteriology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Laboratory of Bacteriology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Synthetic Biology Group, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/*metabolism ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems/immunology ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics/immunology ; DNA, Viral/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotide Motifs ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*enzymology/*genetics/immunology/virology ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatterjee, Bhaswati -- Thakur, Suman S -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):291. doi: 10.1038/524291e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India. ; Centre for Cellular &Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Federal Government/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India ; Research Personnel/history ; Science/history
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2015-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hicks, Diana -- Wouters, Paul -- Waltman, Ludo -- de Rijcke, Sarah -- Rafols, Ismael -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):429-31. doi: 10.1038/520429a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. ; Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands. ; Spanish National Research Council and the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25903611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Achievement ; *Bibliometrics/history ; Blogging/utilization ; Career Mobility ; *Guidelines as Topic ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Journal Impact Factor/history ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research/*standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel/*standards/statistics & numerical data
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2015-10-23
    Description: The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate controls the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean floor. In marine sediments, AOM is performed by dual-species consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) inhabiting the methane-sulfate transition zone. The biochemical pathways and biological adaptations enabling this globally relevant process are not fully understood. Here we study the syntrophic interaction in thermophilic AOM (TAOM) between ANME-1 archaea and their consortium partner SRB HotSeep-1 (ref. 6) at 60 degrees C to test the hypothesis of a direct interspecies exchange of electrons. The activity of TAOM consortia was compared to the first ANME-free culture of an AOM partner bacterium that grows using hydrogen as the sole electron donor. The thermophilic ANME-1 do not produce sufficient hydrogen to sustain the observed growth of the HotSeep-1 partner. Enhancing the growth of the HotSeep-1 partner by hydrogen addition represses methane oxidation and the metabolic activity of ANME-1. Further supporting the hypothesis of direct electron transfer between the partners, we observe that under TAOM conditions, both ANME and the HotSeep-1 bacteria overexpress genes for extracellular cytochrome production and form cell-to-cell connections that resemble the nanowire structures responsible for interspecies electron transfer between syntrophic consortia of Geobacter. HotSeep-1 highly expresses genes for pili production only during consortial growth using methane, and the nanowire-like structures are absent in HotSeep-1 cells isolated with hydrogen. These observations suggest that direct electron transfer is a principal mechanism in TAOM, which may also explain the enigmatic functioning and specificity of other methanotrophic ANME-SRB consortia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wegener, Gunter -- Krukenberg, Viola -- Riedel, Dietmar -- Tegetmeyer, Halina E -- Boetius, Antje -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 22;526(7574):587-90. doi: 10.1038/nature15733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. ; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26490622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/*metabolism ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Cytochromes/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Heme/metabolism ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Hydrothermal Vents/microbiology ; Methane/*metabolism ; Microbiota/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Temperature
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2015-05-07
    Description: The origin of the eukaryotic cell remains one of the most contentious puzzles in modern biology. Recent studies have provided support for the emergence of the eukaryotic host cell from within the archaeal domain of life, but the identity and nature of the putative archaeal ancestor remain a subject of debate. Here we describe the discovery of 'Lokiarchaeota', a novel candidate archaeal phylum, which forms a monophyletic group with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analyses, and whose genomes encode an expanded repertoire of eukaryotic signature proteins that are suggestive of sophisticated membrane remodelling capabilities. Our results provide strong support for hypotheses in which the eukaryotic host evolved from a bona fide archaeon, and demonstrate that many components that underpin eukaryote-specific features were already present in that ancestor. This provided the host with a rich genomic 'starter-kit' to support the increase in the cellular and genomic complexity that is characteristic of eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444528/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444528/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spang, Anja -- Saw, Jimmy H -- Jorgensen, Steffen L -- Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna -- Martijn, Joran -- Lind, Anders E -- van Eijk, Roel -- Schleper, Christa -- Guy, Lionel -- Ettema, Thijs J G -- 310039/European Research Council/International -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):173-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14447. Epub 2015 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. ; 1] Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway [2] Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. ; 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden [2] Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; Actins/genetics/metabolism ; Archaea/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Arctic Regions ; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics/metabolism ; Eukaryota/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/classification/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hydrothermal Vents/*microbiology ; Metagenome/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; Prokaryotic Cells/*classification ; Proteome/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: Stress is considered a potent environmental risk factor for many behavioural abnormalities, including anxiety and mood disorders. Animal models can exhibit limited but quantifiable behavioural impairments resulting from chronic stress, including deficits in motivation, abnormal responses to behavioural challenges, and anhedonia. The hippocampus is thought to negatively regulate the stress response and to mediate various cognitive and mnemonic aspects of stress-induced impairments, although the neuronal underpinnings sufficient to support behavioural improvements are largely unknown. Here we acutely rescue stress-induced depression-related behaviours in mice by optogenetically reactivating dentate gyrus cells that were previously active during a positive experience. A brain-wide histological investigation, coupled with pharmacological and projection-specific optogenetic blockade experiments, identified glutamatergic activity in the hippocampus-amygdala-nucleus-accumbens pathway as a candidate circuit supporting the acute rescue. Finally, chronically reactivating hippocampal cells associated with a positive memory resulted in the rescue of stress-induced behavioural impairments and neurogenesis at time points beyond the light stimulation. Together, our data suggest that activating positive memories artificially is sufficient to suppress depression-like behaviours and point to dentate gyrus engram cells as potential therapeutic nodes for intervening with maladaptive behavioural states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramirez, Steve -- Liu, Xu -- MacDonald, Christopher J -- Moffa, Anthony -- Zhou, Joanne -- Redondo, Roger L -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):335-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Depression/*psychology/*therapy ; Female ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways ; Nucleus Accumbens/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Pleasure/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Time Factors
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Inactivation of the TNFAIP3 gene, encoding the A20 protein, is associated with critical inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. However, the role of A20 in attenuating inflammatory signalling is unclear owing to paradoxical in vitro and in vivo findings. Here we utilize genetically engineered mice bearing mutations in the A20 ovarian tumour (OTU)-type deubiquitinase domain or in the zinc finger-4 (ZnF4) ubiquitin-binding motif to investigate these discrepancies. We find that phosphorylation of A20 promotes cleavage of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains by the OTU domain and enhances ZnF4-mediated substrate ubiquitination. Additionally, levels of linear ubiquitination dictate whether A20-deficient cells die in response to tumour necrosis factor. Mechanistically, linear ubiquitin chains preserve the architecture of the TNFR1 signalling complex by blocking A20-mediated disassembly of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin scaffolds. Collectively, our studies reveal molecular mechanisms whereby A20 deubiquitinase activity and ubiquitin binding, linear ubiquitination, and cellular kinases cooperate to regulate inflammation and cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wertz, Ingrid E -- Newton, Kim -- Seshasayee, Dhaya -- Kusam, Saritha -- Lam, Cynthia -- Zhang, Juan -- Popovych, Nataliya -- Helgason, Elizabeth -- Schoeffler, Allyn -- Jeet, Surinder -- Ramamoorthi, Nandhini -- Kategaya, Lorna -- Newman, Robert J -- Horikawa, Keisuke -- Dugger, Debra -- Sandoval, Wendy -- Mukund, Susmith -- Zindal, Anuradha -- Martin, Flavius -- Quan, Clifford -- Tom, Jeffrey -- Fairbrother, Wayne J -- Townsend, Michael -- Warming, Soren -- DeVoss, Jason -- Liu, Jinfeng -- Dueber, Erin -- Caplazi, Patrick -- Lee, Wyne P -- Goodnow, Christopher C -- Balazs, Mercedesz -- Yu, Kebing -- Kolumam, Ganesh -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):370-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16165. Epub 2015 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunogenomics Laboratory, Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Sydney, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Death ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Inflammation/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Polyubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 88
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledford, Heidi -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):308-11. doi: 10.1038/525308a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; Interdisciplinary Studies/*trends ; Research/*history/*trends ; Research Personnel/psychology
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  • 89
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):255. doi: 10.1038/523255a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26178926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Military Science/ethics/*history ; Prisoners/*history/*psychology ; Societies, Scientific/ethics/history ; Torture/*ethics/*history/psychology ; United States ; United States Department of Defense/ethics/history
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: Ever since Stephen Paget's 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer's greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells. We show that tumour-derived exosomes uptaken by organ-specific cells prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Treatment with exosomes from lung-tropic models redirected the metastasis of bone-tropic tumour cells. Exosome proteomics revealed distinct integrin expression patterns, in which the exosomal integrins alpha6beta4 and alpha6beta1 were associated with lung metastasis, while exosomal integrin alphavbeta5 was linked to liver metastasis. Targeting the integrins alpha6beta4 and alphavbeta5 decreased exosome uptake, as well as lung and liver metastasis, respectively. We demonstrate that exosome integrin uptake by resident cells activates Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression. Finally, our clinical data indicate that exosomal integrins could be used to predict organ-specific metastasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoshino, Ayuko -- Costa-Silva, Bruno -- Shen, Tang-Long -- Rodrigues, Goncalo -- Hashimoto, Ayako -- Tesic Mark, Milica -- Molina, Henrik -- Kohsaka, Shinji -- Di Giannatale, Angela -- Ceder, Sophia -- Singh, Swarnima -- Williams, Caitlin -- Soplop, Nadine -- Uryu, Kunihiro -- Pharmer, Lindsay -- King, Tari -- Bojmar, Linda -- Davies, Alexander E -- Ararso, Yonathan -- Zhang, Tuo -- Zhang, Haiying -- Hernandez, Jonathan -- Weiss, Joshua M -- Dumont-Cole, Vanessa D -- Kramer, Kimberly -- Wexler, Leonard H -- Narendran, Aru -- Schwartz, Gary K -- Healey, John H -- Sandstrom, Per -- Labori, Knut Jorgen -- Kure, Elin H -- Grandgenett, Paul M -- Hollingsworth, Michael A -- de Sousa, Maria -- Kaur, Sukhwinder -- Jain, Maneesh -- Mallya, Kavita -- Batra, Surinder K -- Jarnagin, William R -- Brady, Mary S -- Fodstad, Oystein -- Muller, Volkmar -- Pantel, Klaus -- Minn, Andy J -- Bissell, Mina J -- Garcia, Benjamin A -- Kang, Yibin -- Rajasekhar, Vinagolu K -- Ghajar, Cyrus M -- Matei, Irina -- Peinado, Hector -- Bromberg, Jacqueline -- Lyden, David -- R01 CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01-CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):329-35. doi: 10.1038/nature15756. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. ; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. ; Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Electron Microscopy Resource Center (EMRC), Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA. ; Department of Surgery, County Council of Ostergotland, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden. ; Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A8, Canada. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway. ; Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. ; Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain. ; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Exosomes/*metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Genes, src ; Humans ; Integrin alpha6beta1/metabolism ; Integrin alpha6beta4/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Integrin beta Chains/metabolism ; Integrin beta4/metabolism ; Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Kupffer Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology/*prevention & control ; Organ Specificity ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Vitronectin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; S100 Proteins/genetics ; *Tropism
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  • 91
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monastersky, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):144-7. doi: 10.1038/519144a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; *Chronology as Topic ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; Geology/*methods ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; *Human Activities/history ; *Terminology as Topic
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  • 92
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monastersky, Richard -- Sousanis, Nick -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):427-35. doi: 10.1038/527427a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Berlin ; Brazil ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/history ; Congresses as Topic/*history ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; Environmental Policy/*history/legislation & jurisprudence ; Global Warming/*history/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; *Goals ; Greenhouse Effect/history/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; International Cooperation/*history/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Japan ; Mexico ; Negotiating ; Paris ; Sweden ; Temperature ; United Nations/legislation & jurisprudence
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cifelli, Richard L -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 9;520(7546):158. doi: 10.1038/520158a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sam Noble Museum, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. He collaborated extensively with Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska from 1998 onwards.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Fossils ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Paleontology/*history ; Poland ; Zoology/*history
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2015-05-01
    Description: The ability to differentiate stimuli predicting positive or negative outcomes is critical for survival, and perturbations of emotional processing underlie many psychiatric disease states. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) mediates the acquisition of associative memories, both positive and negative. Different populations of BLA neurons may encode fearful or rewarding associations, but the identifying features of these populations and the synaptic mechanisms of differentiating positive and negative emotional valence have remained unknown. Here we show that BLA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc projectors) or the centromedial amygdala (CeM projectors) undergo opposing synaptic changes following fear or reward conditioning. We find that photostimulation of NAc projectors supports positive reinforcement while photostimulation of CeM projectors mediates negative reinforcement. Photoinhibition of CeM projectors impairs fear conditioning and enhances reward conditioning. We characterize these functionally distinct neuronal populations by comparing their electrophysiological, morphological and genetic features. Overall, we provide a mechanistic explanation for the representation of positive and negative associations within the amygdala.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418228/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418228/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Namburi, Praneeth -- Beyeler, Anna -- Yorozu, Suzuko -- Calhoon, Gwendolyn G -- Halbert, Sarah A -- Wichmann, Romy -- Holden, Stephanie S -- Mertens, Kim L -- Anahtar, Melodi -- Felix-Ortiz, Ada C -- Wickersham, Ian R -- Gray, Jesse M -- Tye, Kay M -- DP2 DK102256/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP2-DK-102256-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH102441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH101528-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH102441-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH106018/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-MH106018/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-NS090473/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):675-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Neuroscience Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 356, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands. ; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25925480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/*cytology/*physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning, Classical ; Fear/*physiology/psychology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motivation ; *Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Nucleus Accumbens/cytology/physiology/radiation effects ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: T helper 17 (TH17) lymphocytes protect mucosal barriers from infections, but also contribute to multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. Their differentiation is controlled by RORgammat, a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor. Here we identify the RNA helicase DEAD-box protein 5 (DDX5) as a RORgammat partner that coordinates transcription of selective TH17 genes, and is required for TH17-mediated inflammatory pathologies. Surprisingly, the ability of DDX5 to interact with RORgammat and coactivate its targets depends on intrinsic RNA helicase activity and binding of a conserved nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), Rmrp, which is mutated in patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. A targeted Rmrp gene mutation in mice, corresponding to a gene mutation in cartilage-hair hypoplasia patients, altered lncRNA chromatin occupancy, and reduced the DDX5-RORgammat interaction and RORgammat target gene transcription. Elucidation of the link between Rmrp and the DDX5-RORgammat complex reveals a role for RNA helicases and lncRNAs in tissue-specific transcriptional regulation, and provides new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in TH17-dependent diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762670/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762670/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Wendy -- Thomas, Benjamin -- Flynn, Ryan A -- Gavzy, Samuel J -- Wu, Lin -- Kim, Sangwon V -- Hall, Jason A -- Miraldi, Emily R -- Ng, Charles P -- Rigo, Frank W -- Meadows, Sarah -- Montoya, Nina R -- Herrera, Natalia G -- Domingos, Ana I -- Rastinejad, Fraydoon -- Myers, Richard M -- Fuller-Pace, Frances V -- Bonneau, Richard -- Chang, Howard Y -- Acuto, Oreste -- Littman, Dan R -- 1F30CA189514-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F30 CA189514/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50-HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080885/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI121436/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK103358/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01AI080885/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01DK103358/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI100853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009161/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):517-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16193. Epub 2015 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. ; Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. ; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA. ; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, New York 10010, USA. ; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA. ; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA. ; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal. ; Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA. ; Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Hair/abnormalities ; Hirschsprung Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics ; Inflammation/immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation/genetics ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Osteochondrodysplasias/congenital/genetics ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; Th17 Cells/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2015-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robinson, Andrew -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 22;526(7574):499-501. doi: 10.1038/526499a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26490603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology/history/trends ; Civilization/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; India ; Language/*history ; Pakistan
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  • 97
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: Time is divided by geologists according to marked shifts in Earth's state. Recent global environmental changes suggest that Earth may have entered a new human-dominated geological epoch, the Anthropocene. Here we review the historical genesis of the idea and assess anthropogenic signatures in the geological record against the formal requirements for the recognition of a new epoch. The evidence suggests that of the various proposed dates two do appear to conform to the criteria to mark the beginning of the Anthropocene: 1610 and 1964. The formal establishment of an Anthropocene Epoch would mark a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lewis, Simon L -- Maslin, Mark A -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):171-80. doi: 10.1038/nature14258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK [2] School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Chronology as Topic ; *Environment ; Geology/*methods ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Activities/*history ; Industry/history ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors
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  • 98
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spinney, Laura -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):321. doi: 10.1038/525321e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; Hospitals, Psychiatric/*history/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Italy ; Mentally Ill Persons/*history/*legislation & jurisprudence
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: After stimulation, dendritic cells (DCs) mature and migrate to draining lymph nodes to induce immune responses. As such, autologous DCs generated ex vivo have been pulsed with tumour antigens and injected back into patients as immunotherapy. While DC vaccines have shown limited promise in the treatment of patients with advanced cancers including glioblastoma, the factors dictating DC vaccine efficacy remain poorly understood. Here we show that pre-conditioning the vaccine site with a potent recall antigen such as tetanus/diphtheria (Td) toxoid can significantly improve the lymph node homing and efficacy of tumour-antigen-specific DCs. To assess the effect of vaccine site pre-conditioning in humans, we randomized patients with glioblastoma to pre-conditioning with either mature DCs or Td unilaterally before bilateral vaccination with DCs pulsed with Cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) RNA. We and other laboratories have shown that pp65 is expressed in more than 90% of glioblastoma specimens but not in surrounding normal brain, providing an unparalleled opportunity to subvert this viral protein as a tumour-specific target. Patients given Td had enhanced DC migration bilaterally and significantly improved survival. In mice, Td pre-conditioning also enhanced bilateral DC migration and suppressed tumour growth in a manner dependent on the chemokine CCL3. Our clinical studies and corroborating investigations in mice suggest that pre-conditioning with a potent recall antigen may represent a viable strategy to improve anti-tumour immunotherapy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510871/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510871/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Duane A -- Batich, Kristen A -- Gunn, Michael D -- Huang, Min-Nung -- Sanchez-Perez, Luis -- Nair, Smita K -- Congdon, Kendra L -- Reap, Elizabeth A -- Archer, Gary E -- Desjardins, Annick -- Friedman, Allan H -- Friedman, Henry S -- Herndon, James E 2nd -- Coan, April -- McLendon, Roger E -- Reardon, David A -- Vredenburgh, James J -- Bigner, Darell D -- Sampson, John H -- 1UL2 RR024128-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA154291/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA154291-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA108786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 NS020023/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50-CA108786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50-NS20023/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134844/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA177476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS067037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA134844/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA177476-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS067037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI052077/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007171/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):366-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14320. Epub 2015 Mar 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [4] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [5] Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology ; Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL3/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/*drug effects/immunology ; Female ; Glioblastoma/drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/drug effects/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Substrate Specificity ; Survival Rate ; Tetanus Toxoid/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hilton, Douglas -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):554. doi: 10.1038/517554a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, Australia, and head of the Department of Medical Biology at the University of Melbourne. He first worked with Don Metcalf as an undergraduate in the 1980s.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25631437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Cells/cytology/drug effects ; Colony-Stimulating Factors/genetics/*history/isolation & ; purification/pharmacology ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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