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  • Articles  (301)
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  • 2000-2004  (301)
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  • Articles  (301)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sun avoidance in the yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Variations with season, behavior and weather (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 44 (2000), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words  Sun avoidance ; Papio ssp ; Seasonal variations ; Temperature ; Humidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Do free-ranging baboons avoid traveling towards the sun? Sun avoidance, in addition to resource and predator locations, may influence troop movement and non-random use of the home range. This paper investigates how sun avoidance, as measured by facial exposure to sunlight, influences directional choices. It hypothesizes that baboons should avoid the sun in the hot, dry season and show indifference to it in the cool, lush season. This paper also hypothesizes that baboons employ sun-avoidance behaviors more while they forage or travel to resting sites than when they travel to foraging sites or engage in active social behaviors; lastly this paper hypothesizes that sun altitude, temperature, humidity, and cloud cover influence sun-avoidance behavior. Using focal-animal techniques on 21 males from free-ranging baboon troops, I collected locational data, accurate to within 1.6 m, over 15 months. I calculated the difference between baboon bearings and the sun’s azimuth in angular degrees. Both linear and circular statistics indicate that baboons put significantly (P〈0.01) more than 90° between their bearing and the sun’s azimuth under certain conditions. Contrary to hypotheses based on the detrimental effects of insolation, baboons in the cool, lush season avoid the sun, while baboons in the hot, dry season do not. In the lush season, the extent to which baboons avoid the sun does not depend on their other behaviors. Dry-season baboons demonstrate stronger sun avoidance while resting than when engaged in other behaviors. Finally, in the dry season, temperature drives sun avoidance; humidity drives it in the lush season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840000058
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 44 (2000), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Flowering ; Phenology ; Climate change ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  This paper examines the mean flowering times of 11 plant species in the British Isles over a 58-year period, and the flowering times of a further 13 (and leafing time of an additional 1) for a reduced period of 20 years. Timings were compared to Central England temperatures and all 25 phenological events were significantly related (P〈0.001 in all but 1 case) to temperature. These findings are discussed in relation to other published work. The conclusions drawn from this work are that timings of spring and summer species will get progressively earlier as the climate warms, but that the lower limit for a flowering date is probably best determined by examining species phenology at the southern limit of their distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840000049
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  • 3
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    Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: The interaction of climate and the timing of low tides along the West Coast of the United States creates a complex mosaic of thermal environments, in which northern sites can be more thermally stressful than southern sites. Thus, climate change may not lead to a poleward shift in the distribution of intertidal organisms, as has been proposed, but instead will likely cause localized extinctions at a series of "hot spots." Patterns of exposure to extreme climatic conditions are temporally variable, and tidal predictions suggest that in the next 3 to 5 years "hot spots" are likely to appear at several northern sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Brian -- Harley, Christopher D G -- Halpin, Patricia M -- O'Donnell, Michael -- Hofmann, Gretchen E -- Blanchette, Carol A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1015-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Sciences Program, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. helmuth@biol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Body Temperature ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Pacific States ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The California Current, Devils Hole, and Pleistocene climate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winograd, Isaac J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):7 discussion 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, 432 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA. ijwinogr@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; *Climate ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Nevada ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Chloride methylation by plant pectin: an efficient environmentally significant process (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Atmospheric chloromethane (CH3Cl) plays an important role in stratospheric ozone destruction, but many uncertainties exist regarding the strengths of its sources and sinks and particularly regarding the processes generating this naturally occurring gas. Evidence is presented here that CH3Cl is produced in many terrestrial environments by a common mechanism. Abiotic conversion of chloride to CH3Cl occurs readily in plant material, with the widespread plant component pectin acting as a methyl donor. Significant CH3Cl emissions from senescent and dead leaves were observed at ambient temperatures; those emissions rose dramatically when temperatures increased. This ubiquitous process acting in terrestrial ecosystems and during biomass burning could contribute the bulk of atmospheric CH3Cl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamilton, John T G -- McRoberts, W Colin -- Keppler, Frank -- Kalin, Robert M -- Harper, David B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):206-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK. jack.hamilton@dardni.gov.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Chlorides/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Methyl Chloride/*chemistry ; Methylation ; Pectins/*chemistry ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Poaceae/chemistry ; Temperature ; Volatilization ; Water/analysis ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Biomolecular interactions at phospholipid-decorated surfaces of liquid crystals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: The spontaneous assembly of phospholipids at planar interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals and aqueous phases gives rise to patterned orientations of the liquid crystals that reflect the spatial and temporal organization of the phospholipids. Strong and weak specific-binding events involving proteins at these interfaces drive the reorganization of the phospholipids and trigger orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Because these interfaces are fluid, processes involving the lateral organization of proteins (such as the formation of protein- and phospholipid-rich domains) are also readily imaged by the orientational response of the liquid crystal, as are stereospecific enzymatic events. These results provide principles for label-free monitoring of aqueous streams for molecular and biomolecular species without the need for complex instrumentation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brake, Jeffrey M -- Daschner, Maren K -- Luk, Yan-Yeung -- Abbott, Nicholas L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry ; Biphenyl Compounds/*chemistry ; Calcium ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Fluorescence ; Glass ; Gold ; Hydrolysis ; Micelles ; Nitriles/*chemistry ; Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/*chemistry ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; Silanes/chemistry ; Temperature ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Comprehensive identification of human bZIP interactions with coiled-coil arrays (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: In eukaryotes, the combinatorial association of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins is essential for transcription. We have used protein arrays to test 492 pairings of a nearly complete set of coiled-coil strands from human basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. We find considerable partnering selectivity despite the bZIPs' homologous sequences. The interaction data are of high quality, as assessed by their reproducibility, reciprocity, and agreement with previous observations. Biophysical studies in solution support the relative binding strengths observed with the arrays. New associations provide insights into the circadian clock and the unfolded protein response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newman, John R S -- Keating, Amy E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2097-101. Epub 2003 Jun 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Circadian Rhythm ; Circular Dichroism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; G-Box Binding Factors ; Humans ; *Leucine Zippers ; Peptides/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Protein Array Analysis ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Catalytic reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at a single molybdenum center (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Dinitrogen (N2) was reduced to ammonia at room temperature and 1 atmosphere with molybdenum catalysts that contain tetradentate [HIPTN3N]3- triamidoamine ligands (such as [HIPTN3N]Mo(N2), where [HIPTN3N]3- is [(3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]3-) in heptane. Slow addition of the proton source [(2,6-lutidinium)(BAr'4), where Ar' is 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]and reductant (decamethyl chromocene) was critical for achieving high efficiency ( approximately 66% in four turnovers). Numerous x-ray studies, along with isolation and characterization of six proposed intermediates in the catalytic reaction under noncatalytic conditions, suggest that N2 was reduced at a sterically protected, single molybdenum center that cycled from Mo(III) through Mo(VI) states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yandulov, Dmitry V -- Schrock, Richard R -- GM 31978/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):76-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/*chemistry ; Atmospheric Pressure ; Catalysis ; Chromium/chemistry ; Electrons ; Ligands ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molybdenum/*chemistry ; Nitrogen/*chemistry ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Organometallic Compounds/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protons ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    DNA: a programmable force sensor (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: Direct quantification of biomolecular interaction by single-molecule force spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful tool for materials and life sciences. We introduce an approach in which the unbinding forces required to break intermolecular bonds are measured in a differential format by comparison with a known reference bond (here, a short DNA duplex). In addition to a marked increase in sensitivity and force resolution, which enabled us to resolve single-base pair mismatches, this concept allows for highly specific parallel assays. This option was exploited to overcome cross-reactions of antibodies in a protein biochip application.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albrecht, Christian -- Blank, Kerstin -- Lalic-Multhaler, Mio -- Hirler, Siegfried -- Mai, Thao -- Gilbert, Ilka -- Schiffmann, Susanne -- Bayer, Tom -- Clausen-Schaumann, Hauke -- Gaub, Hermann E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nanotype GmbH, Lochhamer Schlag 12, 82166 Grafelfing, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; *Base Pair Mismatch ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Carbocyanines ; Cross Reactions ; *DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glass ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Interleukin-5/analysis/immunology ; Mice ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Protein Array Analysis ; Protein Binding ; Silicones ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Facilitation of spinal NMDA receptor currents by spillover of synaptically released glycine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: In the mammalian CNS, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors serve prominent roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including pain transmission. For full activation, NMDA receptors require the binding of glycine. It is not known whether the brain uses changes in extracellular glycine to modulate synaptic NMDA responses. Here, we show that synaptically released glycine facilitates NMDA receptor currents in the superficial dorsal horn, an area critically involved in pain processing. During high presynaptic activity, glycine released from inhibitory interneurons escapes the synaptic cleft and reaches nearby NMDA receptors by so-called spillover. In vivo, this process may contribute to the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmadi, Seifollah -- Muth-Selbach, Uta -- Lauterbach, Andreas -- Lipfert, Peter -- Neuhuber, Winfried L -- Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anterior Horn Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Glycine/*metabolism/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Opioid Peptides/pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Serine/pharmacology ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Temperature
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    Folds on Europa: implications for crustal cycling and accommodation of extension (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-11
    Description: Regional-scale undulations with associated small-scale secondary structures are inferred to be folds on Jupiter's moon Europa. Formation is consistent with stresses from tidal deformation, potentially triggering compressional instability of a region of locally high thermal gradient. Folds may compensate for extension elsewhere on Europa and then relax away over time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prockter, L M -- Pappalardo, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):941-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, MS 7-366, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. louise.prockter@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Temperature
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    Nonlinear simulations of Jupiter's 5-micron hot spots (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-08
    Description: Large-scale nonlinear simulations of Jupiter's 5-micron hot spots produce long-lived coherent structures that cause subsidence in local regions, explaining the low cloudiness and the dryness measured by the Galileo probe inside a hot spot. Like observed hot spots, the simulated coherent structures are equatorially confined, have periodic spacing, propagate west relative to the flow, are generally confined to one hemisphere, and have an anticyclonic gyre on their equatorward side. The southern edge of the simulated hot spots develops vertical shear of up to 70 meters per second in the eastward wind, which can explain the results of the Galileo probe Doppler wind experiment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Showman, A P -- Dowling, T E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1737-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Research Council (NRC)/NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. showman@humbabe.arc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ammonia ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrogen Sulfide ; *Jupiter ; Pressure ; Temperature ; *Water
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    "Fluorescent timer": protein that changes color with time (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-25
    Description: We generated a mutant of the red fluorescent protein drFP583. The mutant (E5) changes its fluorescence from green to red over time. The rate of color conversion is independent of protein concentration and therefore can be used to trace time-dependent expression. We used in vivo labeling with E5 to measure expression from the heat shock-dependent promoter in Caenorhabditis elegans and from the Otx-2 promoter in developing Xenopus embryos. Thus, E5 is a "fluorescent timer" that can be used to monitor both activation and down-regulation of target promoters on the whole-organism scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terskikh, A -- Fradkov, A -- Ermakova, G -- Zaraisky, A -- Tan, P -- Kajava, A V -- Zhao, X -- Lukyanov, S -- Matz, M -- Kim, S -- Weissman, I -- Siebert, P -- 1 RO3 TW01362-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Alexey.Terskikh@Stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/genetics ; Cell Line ; Color ; Fluorescence ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Otx Transcription Factors ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Detection of daily clouds on Titan (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: We have discovered frequent variations in the near-infrared spectrum of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which are indicative of the daily presence of sparse clouds covering less than 1% of the area of the satellite. The thermodynamics of Titan's atmosphere and the clouds' altitudes suggest that convection governs their evolutions. Their short lives point to the presence of rain. We propose that Titan's atmosphere resembles Earth's, with clouds, rain, and an active weather cycle, driven by latent heat release from the primary condensible species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffith, C A -- Hall, J L -- Geballe, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):509-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-6010, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Methane ; Rain ; *Saturn ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Marine ecology. Warmer waters more deadly to coral reefs than pollution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Contrary to conventional wisdom, warmer ocean waters are a greater threat to coral reefs than local environmental insults. That assessment comes from a new scientific report released this week that documents a sudden and steep jump in damage stemming from the 1997-98 El Nino-La Nina event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):682-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Industry ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Water Pollution
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    A benefit of being big (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimpf, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):453.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Genome, Plant ; Plant Development ; Plants/genetics ; Temperature
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    A 14,000-year oxygen isotope record from diatom silica in two alpine lakes on Mt. Kenya (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Oxygen isotopes are sensitive tracers of climate change in tropical regions. Abrupt shifts of up to 18 per mil in the oxygen isotope ratio of diatom silica have been found in a 14,000-year record from two alpine lakes on Mt. Kenya. Interpretation of tropical-montane isotope records is controversial, especially concerning the relative roles of precipitation and temperature. Here, we argue that Holocene variations in delta(18)O are better explained by lake moisture balance than by temperature-induced fractionation. Episodes of heavy convective precipitation dated approximately 11,100 to 8600, 6700 to 5600, 2900 to 1900, and 〈1300 years before the present were linked to enhanced soil erosion, neoglacial ice advances, and forest expansion on Mt. Kenya.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barker, P A -- Street-Perrott, F A -- Leng, M J -- Greenwood, P B -- Swain, D L -- Perrott, R A -- Telford, R J -- Ficken, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2307-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diatoms/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Kenya ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Pollen ; Rain ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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    Uniform binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to elongation factor Tu by thermodynamic compensation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) binds all elongator aminoacyl-transfer RNAs (aa-tRNAs) for delivery to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Here, we show that EF-Tu binds misacylated tRNAs over a much wider range of affinities than it binds the corresponding correctly acylated tRNAs, suggesting that the protein exhibits considerable specificity for both the amino acid side chain and the tRNA body. The thermodynamic contributions of the amino acid and the tRNA body to the overall binding affinity are independent of each other and compensate for one another when the tRNAs are correctly acylated. Because certain misacylated tRNAs bind EF-Tu significantly more strongly or weakly than cognate aa-tRNAs, EF-Tu may contribute to translational accuracy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LaRiviere, F J -- Wolfson, A D -- Uhlenbeck, O C -- GM-37552/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):165-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Amino Acids/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Esterification ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Peptide Biosynthesis ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Thermus thermophilus/metabolism ; Yeasts/metabolism
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    The evolution of climate over the last millennium (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures and two major circulation features-El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-over much of the last 1000 years, mainly on the basis of high-resolution paleoclimate records. Average temperatures during the last three decades were likely the warmest of the last millennium, about 0.2 degrees C warmer than during warm periods in the 11th and 12th centuries. The 20th century experienced the strongest warming trend of the millennium (about 0.6 degrees C per century). Some recent changes in ENSO may have been unique since 1800, whereas the recent trend to more positive NAO values may have occurred several times since 1500. Uncertainties will only be reduced through more extensive spatial sampling of diverse proxy climatic records.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, P D -- Osborn, T J -- Briffa, K R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):662-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. p.jones@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Temperature ; Time ; Trees
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    Regulation of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by cyclophilin 40 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: During its development, a plant shoot progresses from a juvenile to an adult phase of vegetative growth and from a reproductively incompetent to a reproductively competent state. In Arabidopsis, loss-of-function mutations in SQUINT (SQN) reduced the number of juvenile leaves and had subtle effects on inflorescence morphology but had no effect on flowering time or on reproductive competence. SQN encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of cyclophilin 40 (CyP40), a protein found in association with the Hsp90 chaperone complex in yeast, mammals, and plants. Thus, in Arabidopsis, CyP40 is specifically required for the vegetative but not the reproductive maturation of the shoot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berardini, T Z -- Bollman, K -- Sun, H -- Poethig, R S -- R01-GM1893-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2405-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA. spoethig@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Cyclophilins ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Plant Shoots/growth & development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Temperature
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    Plant physiology. Philodendrons like it hot and heavy (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dayton, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*metabolism ; Diffusion ; Energy Metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Plant Structures/metabolism ; Temperature
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    Endangered right whales on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tynan, C T -- DeMaster, D P -- Peterson, W T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA 98112, USA. Cynthia.Tynan@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Food Chain ; *Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater ; Survival Rate ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Whales/*physiology
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    Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: effects of microbial respiration (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Food-web processes are important controls of oceanic biogenic carbon flux and ocean-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange. Two key controlling parameters are the growth efficiencies of the principal trophic components and the rate of carbon remineralization. We report that bacterial growth efficiency is an inverse function of temperature. This relationship permits bacterial respiration in the euphotic zone to be computed from temperature and bacterial production. Using the temperature-growth efficiency relationship, we show that bacterial respiration generally accounts for most community respiration. This implies that a larger fraction of assimilated carbon is respired at low than at high latitudes, so a greater proportion of production can be exported in polar than in tropical regions. Because bacterial production is also a function of temperature, it should be possible to compute euphotic zone heterotrophic respiration at large scales using remotely sensed information.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivkin, R B -- Legendre, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2398-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada. rrivkin@mun.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Bacteria/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Consumption ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature
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    Neurobiology. Learning how a fruit fly forgets (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waddell, S -- Quinn, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1271-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. waddell@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Dynamins ; Electroshock ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Learning/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/physiology ; Odors ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Temperature ; Transgenes
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    Paleoclimate. Dating--vive la difference (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adkins, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. jess@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Atmosphere ; Calibration ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Radioisotopes/metabolism ; Cold Climate ; Cosmic Radiation ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/chemistry/parasitology ; Greenland ; Half-Life ; Ice ; Plankton/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Coral reef biodiversity--habitat size matters (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knowlton, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1493-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0202, USA. nknowlton@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; Temperature
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    Climate change. Experts urge speedup to mine 'archives' (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Marine biology. Interest blooms in growing jellyfish boom (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Scyphozoa/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A global paleoclimate observing system (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alverson, K -- Bradley, R -- Briffa, K -- Cole, J -- Hughes, M -- Larocque, I -- Pedersen, T -- Thompson, L -- Tudhope, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):47-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11444288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; Oceans and Seas ; Rain ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Paleoclimate. Hydrological changes in Africa (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gasse, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2259-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre Europeen de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Geosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), BP 80, F-13454, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France. gasse@cerege.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Diatoms/*chemistry ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Kenya ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Rain ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    Linearly polarized emission from colloidal semiconductor quantum rods (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-05
    Description: Colloidal quantum rods of cadmium selenide (CdSe) exhibit linearly polarized emission. Empirical pseudopotential calculations predict that slightly elongated CdSe nanocrystals have polarized emission along the long axis, unlike spherical dots, which emit plane-polarized light. Single-molecule luminescence spectroscopy measurements on CdSe quantum rods with an aspect ratio between 1 and 30 confirm a sharp transition from nonpolarized to purely linearly polarized emission at an aspect ratio of 2. Linearly polarized luminescent chromophores are highly desirable in a variety of applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, J -- Li Ls -- Yang, W -- Manna, L -- Wang Lw -- Alivisatos, A P -- 1 R01 RR-14891-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2060-3. Epub 2001 May 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cadmium Compounds/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Colloids ; Crystallization ; Lasers ; Light ; *Luminescence ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Selenium Compounds/chemistry ; *Semiconductors ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
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    Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO(2) in modern Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO(2) reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO(2) remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO(2) are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royer, D L -- Wing, S L -- Beerling, D J -- Jolley, D W -- Koch, P L -- Hickey, L J -- Berner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. dana.royer@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Ginkgo biloba ; Gymnosperms/*cytology ; Partial Pressure ; Plant Leaves/cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Temperature ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Climate change as the dominant control on glacial-interglacial variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Although C4 plant expansions have been recognized in the late Miocene, identification of the underlying causes is complicated by the uncertainties associated with estimates of ancient precipitation, temperature, and partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (PCO2). Here we report the carbon isotopic compositions of leaf wax n-alkanes in lake sediment cores from two sites in Mesoamerica that have experienced contrasting moisture variations since the last glacial maximum. Opposite isotopic trends obtained from these two sites indicate that regional climate exerts a strong control on the relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants and that in the absence of favorable moisture and temperature conditions, low PCO2 alone is insufficient to drive an expansion of C4 plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Y -- Street-Perrott, F A -- Metcalfe, S E -- Brenner, M -- Moreland, M -- Freeman, K H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkanes/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Guatemala ; Mexico ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Pollen ; Rain ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Trees/growth & development ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoclimate. Corals, chemistry, and climate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrag, Daniel P -- Linsley, Braddock K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):277-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Geochemical Oceanography, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. schrag@eps.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; Climate ; Cnidaria/*chemistry/growth & development/physiology ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Strontium/analysis ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Polytype distribution in circumstellar silicon carbide (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: The inferred crystallographic class of circumstellar silicon carbide based on astronomical infrared spectra is controversial. We have directly determined the polytype distribution of circumstellar SiC from transmission electron microscopy of presolar silicon carbide from the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite. Only two polytypes (of a possible several hundred) were observed: cubic 3C and hexagonal 2H silicon carbide and their intergrowths. We conclude that this structural simplicity is a direct consequence of the low pressures in circumstellar outflows and the corresponding low silicon carbide condensation temperatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daulton, T L -- Bernatowicz, T J -- Lewis, R S -- Messenger, S -- Stadermann, F J -- Amari, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1852-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, 60439-4838, USA. tdaulton@nrlssc.navy.mil〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Carbon Compounds, Inorganic/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pressure ; Silicon Compounds/*analysis ; Temperature
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    A heat-sensitive TRP channel expressed in keratinocytes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Mechanical and thermal cues stimulate a specialized group of sensory neurons that terminate in the skin. Three members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels are expressed in subsets of these neurons and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of a novel thermosensitive TRP channel. TRPV3 has a unique threshold: It is activated at innocuous (warm) temperatures and shows an increased response at noxious temperatures. TRPV3 is specifically expressed in keratinocytes; hence, skin cells are capable of detecting heat via molecules similar to those in heat-sensing neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peier, Andrea M -- Reeve, Alison J -- Andersson, David A -- Moqrich, Aziz -- Earley, Taryn J -- Hergarden, Anne C -- Story, Gina M -- Colley, Sian -- Hogenesch, John B -- McIntyre, Peter -- Bevan, Stuart -- Patapoutian, Ardem -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2046-9. Epub 2002 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blotting, Northern ; CHO Cells ; Capsaicin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Cation Transport Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Epidermis/cytology/innervation/metabolism ; Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ion Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Keratinocytes/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Endings/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Ruthenium Red/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; TRPV Cation Channels ; Temperature
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    Fisheries research. No more surprises from evanescent squid (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bostanci, Adam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1000-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Decapodiformes/physiology ; Falkland Islands ; *Fisheries ; Forecasting ; Models, Biological ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Water Movements
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    Antarctic Sea ice--a habitat for extremophiles (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: The pack ice of Earth's polar oceans appears to be frozen white desert, devoid of life. However, beneath the snow lies a unique habitat for a group of bacteria and microscopic plants and animals that are encased in an ice matrix at low temperatures and light levels, with the only liquid being pockets of concentrated brines. Survival in these conditions requires a complex suite of physiological and metabolic adaptations, but sea-ice organisms thrive in the ice, and their prolific growth ensures they play a fundamental role in polar ecosystems. Apart from their ecological importance, the bacterial and algae species found in sea ice have become the focus for novel biotechnology, as well as being considered proxies for possible life forms on ice-covered extraterrestrial bodies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D N -- Dieckmann, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK, LL59 5EY. d.thomas@bangor.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biotechnology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Exobiology ; Freezing ; *Ice ; Light ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Sodium Chloride ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Timing requirements for insulin/IGF-1 signaling in C. elegans (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: The insulin/IGF-1 (where IGF-1 is insulin-like growth factor-1) signaling pathway influences longevity, reproduction, and diapause in many organisms. Because of the fundamental importance of this system in animal physiology, we asked when during the animal's life it is required to regulate these different processes. We find that in Caenorhabditis elegans, the pathway acts during adulthood, to relatively advanced ages, to influence aging. In contrast, it regulates diapause during development. In addition, the pathway controls longevity and reproduction independently of one another. Together our findings show that life-span regulation can be dissociated temporally from phenotypes that might seem to decrease the quality of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dillin, Andrew -- Crawford, Douglas K -- Kenyon, Cynthia -- 5RO1AG11816/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):830-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/physiology ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Insulin/*physiology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Longevity ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA Helicases/genetics/physiology ; RNA Interference ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction ; *Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: The introduction of biodegradable implant materials as well as minimally invasive surgical procedures in medicine has substantially improved health care within the past few decades. This report describes a group of degradable thermoplastic polymers that are able to change their shape after an increase in temperature. Their shape-memory capability enables bulky implants to be placed in the body through small incisions or to perform complex mechanical deformations automatically. A smart degradable suture was created to illustrate the potential of these shape-memory thermoplastics in biomedical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lendlein, Andreas -- Langer, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1673-6. Epub 2002 Apr 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉mnemoScience GmbH, Pauwelsstrabetae 19, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. a.lendlein@mnemoscience.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Dioxanes/chemistry ; Elasticity ; Elastomers ; Isocyanates/chemistry ; Mechanics ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyesters/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Rats ; Stress, Mechanical ; *Sutures ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Gunter Wachtershauser profile. Between a rock and a hard place (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2006-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetic Acid/chemistry ; Amino Acids/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical/history ; *Evolution, Chemical ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Iron/chemistry ; Organic Chemicals/chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Sulfides/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Chemistry. Catalytic degradation of chlorinated phenols (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meunier, Bernard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):270-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France. bmeunier@lcc-toulouse.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Catalysis ; Chlorine Compounds/chemistry ; Chlorophenols/*chemistry ; Dioxins/chemistry ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry ; Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry ; Ligands ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pentachlorophenol/*chemistry ; Pressure ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Photosynthetic light harvesting by carotenoids: detection of an intermediate excited state (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: We present the first direct evidence of the presence of an intermediate singlet excited state (Sx) mediating the internal conversion from S2 to S1 in carotenoids. The S2 to Sx transition is extremely fast and is completed within approximately 50 femtoseconds. These results require a reassessment of the energy transfer pathways from carotenoids to chlorophylls in the primary step of photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cerullo, G -- Polli, D -- Lanzani, G -- De Silvestri, S -- Hashimoto, H -- Cogdell, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2395-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Laboratory for Ultrafast and Ultraintense Optical Science (INFM), Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. giulio.cerullo@fisi.polimi.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carotenoids/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Chlorophyll/chemistry/metabolism ; Cyclohexanes ; Energy Transfer ; *Light ; Photosynthesis ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; beta Carotene/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in Polycomb-group silencing (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play important roles in maintaining the silent state of HOX genes. Recent studies have implicated histone methylation in long-term gene silencing. However, a connection between PcG-mediated gene silencing and histone methylation has not been established. Here we report the purification and characterization of an EED-EZH2 complex, the human counterpart of the Drosophila ESC-E(Z) complex. We demonstrate that the complex specifically methylates nucleosomal histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3-K27). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that H3-K27 methylation colocalizes with, and is dependent on, E(Z) binding at an Ultrabithorax (Ubx) Polycomb response element (PRE), and that this methylation correlates with Ubx repression. Methylation on H3-K27 facilitates binding of Polycomb (PC), a component of the PRC1 complex, to histone H3 amino-terminal tail. Thus, these studies establish a link between histone methylation and PcG-mediated gene silencing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Ru -- Wang, Liangjun -- Wang, Hengbin -- Xia, Li -- Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye -- Tempst, Paul -- Jones, Richard S -- Zhang, Yi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1039-43. Epub 2002 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Homeobox ; HeLa Cells ; *Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; Histones/*metabolism ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Peptide Mapping ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Methyltransferases ; Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Repressor Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Response Elements ; Temperature ; *Transcription Factors
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    Ecology. Looking beneath the surface (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, Jack A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1903-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources Research Unit, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. morgan@lamar.colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Soil ; Temperature
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    Two-photon imaging of lymphocyte motility and antigen response in intact lymph node (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Lymphocyte motility is vital for trafficking within lymphoid organs and for initiating contact with antigen-presenting cells. Visualization of these processes has previously been limited to in vitro systems. We describe the use of two-photon laser microscopy to image the dynamic behavior of individual living lymphocytes deep within intact lymph nodes. In their native environment, T cells achieved peak velocities of more than 25 micrometers per minute, displaying a motility coefficient that is five to six times that of B cells. Antigenic challenge changed T cell trajectories from random walks to "swarms" and stable clusters. Real-time two-photon imaging reveals lymphocyte behaviors that are fundamental to the initiation of the immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Mark J -- Wei, Sindy H -- Parker, Ian -- Cahalan, Michael D -- GM-41514/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-48071/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1869-73. Epub 2002 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology/physiology ; Antigens/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/physiology ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cell Size ; Fluoresceins ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Lasers ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/*immunology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy/methods ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Photons ; Rhodamines ; Succinimides ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Origin of life. Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bada, Jeffrey L -- Lazcano, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1982-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 02093, USA. jbada@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/chemistry ; *Biopolymers/chemistry ; Catalysis ; DNA/chemistry ; Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Chemical ; *Origin of Life ; Peptides/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/chemistry ; RNA/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Sulfate clues for the early history of atmospheric oxygen (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paytan, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):626-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Braun Hall, Building 320, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. apaytan@pangea.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Iron/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen ; Seawater ; Sulfates/*chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfur Isotopes ; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/metabolism ; Temperature
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    Ideas about the surface runoff features on Mars (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knauth, L P -- Klonowski, S -- Burt, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):711-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Freezing ; *Mars ; *Salts ; Temperature ; *Water
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    Ideas about the surface runoff features on Mars (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doran, P T -- Forman, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):711-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Sodium Chloride ; Temperature ; *Water
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  • 56
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    A low temperature transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The ejection of material from Mars is thought to be caused by large impacts that would heat much of the ejecta to high temperatures. Images of the magnetic field of martian meteorite ALH84001 reveal a spatially heterogeneous pattern of magnetization associated with fractures and rock fragments. Heating the meteorite to 40 degrees C reduces the intensity of some magnetic features, indicating that the interior of the rock has not been above this temperature since before its ejection from the surface of Mars. Because this temperature cannot sterilize most bacteria or eukarya, these data support the hypothesis that meteorites could transfer life between planets in the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weiss, B P -- Kirschvink, J L -- Baudenbacher, F J -- Vali, H -- Peters, N T -- Macdonald, F A -- Wikswo, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):791-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, 170-25, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. bweiss@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallization ; *Exobiology ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Temperature
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    Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Quantifying the moisture history of the Amazon Basin is essential for understanding the cause of rain forest diversity and its potential as a methane source. We reconstructed the Amazon River outflow history for the past 14,000 years to provide a moisture budget for the river drainage basin. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera recovered from a marine sediment core in a region of Amazon River discharge shows that the Amazon Basin was extremely dry during the Younger Dryas, with the discharge reduced by at least 40% as compared with that of today. After the Younger Dryas, a meltwater-driven discharge event was followed by a steady increase in the Amazon Basin effective moisture throughout the Holocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maslin, M A -- Burns, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2285-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK. mmaslin@geog.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; *Climate ; Eukaryota/*chemistry ; *Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; Methane ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Zooplankton/*chemistry
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    Climate change and malaria: temperatures without fevers? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: As the world gets warmer, the predictions about the spread of vector-based diseases such as malaria get gloomier. However, in their timely Perspective, Dye and Reiter explain the implications of a new climate model (Randolph and Rogers), which predicts that the distribution of malaria is unlikely to change dramatically in the next 50 years even if the world does get hotter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dye, C -- Reiter, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1697-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Prevention and Eradication, World Health Organization (WHO), 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. dyec@who.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/parasitology/physiology ; *Climate ; *Forecasting ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Humidity ; Insect Vectors/parasitology/physiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Plasmodium falciparum/physiology ; Rain ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature
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    Specification of Drosophila hematopoietic lineage by conserved transcription factors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Two major classes of cells observed within the Drosophila hematopoietic repertoire are plasmatocytes/macrophages and crystal cells. The transcription factor Lz (Lozenge), which resembles human AML1 (acute myeloid leukemia- 1) protein, is necessary for the development of crystal cells during embryonic and larval hematopoiesis. Another transcription factor, Gcm (glial cells missing), has previously been shown to be required for plasmatocyte development. Misexpression of Gcm causes crystal cells to be transformed into plasmatocytes. The Drosophila GATA protein Srp (Serpent) is required for both Lz and Gcm expression and is necessary for the development of both classes of hemocytes, whereas Lz and Gcm are required in a lineage-specific manner. Given the similarities of Srp and Lz to mammalian GATA and AML1 proteins, observations in Drosophila are likely to have broad implications for understanding mammalian hematopoiesis and leukemias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lebestky, T -- Chang, T -- Hartenstein, V -- Banerjee, U -- GM07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS29367/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01EY08152/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):146-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Lineage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila/*cytology/embryology/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GATA Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Hemocytes/*cytology/metabolism ; Larva/cytology ; Macrophages/cytology/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neuropeptides/genetics/*physiology ; Temperature ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology
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    A H+-gated urea channel: the link between Helicobacter pylori urease and gastric colonization (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: Acidic media trigger cytoplasmic urease activity of the unique human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Deletion of ureI prevents this activation of cytoplasmic urease that is essential for bacterial acid resistance. UreI is an inner membrane protein with six transmembrane segments as shown by in vitro transcription/translation and membrane separation. Expression of UreI in Xenopus oocytes results in acid-stimulated urea uptake, with a pH profile similar to activation of cytoplasmic urease. Mutation of periplasmic histidine 123 abolishes stimulation. UreI-mediated transport is urea specific, passive, nonsaturable, nonelectrogenic, and temperature independent. UreI functions as a H+-gated urea channel regulating cytoplasmic urease that is essential for gastric survival and colonization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weeks, D L -- Eskandari, S -- Scott, D R -- Sachs, G -- DK41301/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK43462/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK46917/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):482-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cytoplasm/enzymology/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Gastric Acid ; Glycosylation ; Helicobacter pylori/enzymology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Histidine/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/enzymology ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Stomach/*microbiology ; Temperature ; Urea/*metabolism ; Urease/*metabolism ; Xenopus
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    Charon's first detailed spectra hold many surprises (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):53-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwestern Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. efy@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ammonia ; Crystallization ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Pluto ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays ; *Water
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    How soft is a protein? A protein dynamics force constant measured by neutron scattering (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-02
    Description: An effective environmental force constant is introduced to quantify the molecular resilience (or its opposite, "softness") of a protein structure and relate it to biological function and activity. Specific resilience-function relations were found in neutron-scattering experiments on purple membranes containing bacteriorhodopsin, the light-activated proton pump of halobacteria; the connection between resilience and stability is illustrated by a study of myoglobin in different environments. Important advantages of the neutron method are that it can characterize the dynamics of any type of biological sample-which need not be crystalline or monodisperse-and that it enables researchers to focus on the dynamics of specific parts of a complex structure with deuterium labeling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zaccai, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1604-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Biologie Structurale, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France. zaccai@ibs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry/physiology ; Chemistry, Physical ; Deuterium/chemistry ; Myoglobin/*chemistry/physiology ; Neutrons ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protons ; Purple Membrane/chemistry ; Scattering, Radiation ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Plasma membrane compartmentalization in yeast by messenger RNA transport and a septin diffusion barrier (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: Asymmetric localization of proteins plays a key role in many cellular processes, including cell polarity and cell fate determination. Using DNA microarray analysis, we identified a plasma membrane protein-encoding mRNA (IST2) that is transported to the bud tip by an actomyosin-based process. mRNA localization created a higher concentration of IST2 protein in the bud compared with that of the mother cell, and this asymmetry was maintained by a septin-mediated membrane diffusion barrier at the mother-bud neck. These results indicate that yeast creates distinct plasma membrane compartments, as has been described in neurons and epithelial cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takizawa, P A -- DeRisi, J L -- Wilhelm, J E -- Vale, R D -- 38496/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):341-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actomyosin/metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Compartmentation ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Cytoskeletal Proteins ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Diffusion ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; *Myosin Heavy Chains ; *Myosin Type V ; Myosins/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-09-08
    Description: A method for analyzing combinatorial DNA arrays using oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes and a conventional flatbed scanner is described here. Labeling oligonucleotide targets with nanoparticle rather than fluorophore probes substantially alters the melting profiles of the targets from an array substrate. This difference permits the discrimination of an oligonucleotide sequence from targets with single nucleotide mismatches with a selectivity that is over three times that observed for fluorophore-labeled targets. In addition, when coupled with a signal amplification method based on nanoparticle-promoted reduction of silver(I), the sensitivity of this scanometric array detection system exceeds that of the analogous fluorophore system by two orders of magnitude.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taton, T A -- Mirkin, C A -- Letsinger, R L -- GM 57356/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1757-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pair Mismatch ; Base Pairing ; Carbocyanines ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Gold ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/instrumentation/*methods ; *Oligonucleotide Probes ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Temperature
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    The response of two contrasting limestone grasslands to simulated climate change (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Two different UK limestone grasslands were exposed to simulated climate change with the use of nonintrusive techniques to manipulate local climate over 5 years. Resistance to climate change, defined as the ability of a community to maintain its composition and biomass in response to environmental stress, could be explained by reference to the functional composition and successional status of the grasslands. The more fertile, early-successional grassland was much more responsive to climate change. Resistance could not be explained by the particular climates experienced by the two grasslands. Productive, disturbed landscapes created by modern human activity may prove more vulnerable to climate change than older, traditional landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grime, J P -- Brown, V K -- Thompson, K -- Masters, G J -- Hillier, S H -- Clarke, I P -- Askew, A P -- Corker, D -- Kielty, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):762-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Rain ; Temperature
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    Global warming. Some coral bouncing back from El Nino (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):941-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; Symbiosis ; Temperature
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    Stellar production rates of carbon and its abundance in the universe (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The bulk of the carbon in our universe is produced in the triple-alpha process in helium-burning red giant stars. We calculated the change of the triple-alpha reaction rate in a microscopic 12-nucleon model of the (12)C nucleus and looked for the effects of minimal variations of the strengths of the underlying interactions. Stellar model calculations were performed with the alternative reaction rates. Here, we show that outside a narrow window of 0.5 and 4% of the values of the strong and Coulomb forces, respectively, the stellar production of carbon or oxygen is reduced by factors of 30 to 1000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oberhummer, H -- Csoto, A -- Schlattl, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):88-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Nuclear Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. ohu@kph.tuwien.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; *Carbon/chemistry ; Helium/chemistry ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; *Oxygen/chemistry ; Temperature
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    Upwelling intensification as part of the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transition (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: A deep-sea sediment core underlying the Benguela upwelling system off southwest Africa provides a continuous time series of sea surface temperature (SST) for the past 4.5 million years. Our results indicate that temperatures in the region have declined by about 10 degrees C since 3.2 million years ago. Records of paleoproductivity suggest that this cooling was associated with an increase in wind-driven upwelling tied to a shift from relatively stable global warmth during the mid-Pliocene to the high-amplitude glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Quaternary. These observations imply that Atlantic Ocean surface water circulation was radically different during the mid-Pliocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marlow, J R -- Lange, C B -- Wefer, G -- Rosell-Mele, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2288-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fossil Fuels and Environmental Geochemistry, Drummond Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. J.R.Marlow@ncl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; *Diatoms ; *Geologic Sediments ; Namibia ; Temperature ; Water Movements ; Wind
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    Paleoclimate. A slow dance for El Nino (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cole, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1496-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geosciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. jcole@geo.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11234077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; *Cnidaria/growth & development ; Geologic Sediments ; Greenhouse Effect ; Oceans and Seas ; Papua New Guinea ; Rain ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time
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    beta -Helical polymers from isocyanopeptides (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Polymerization of isocyanopeptides results in the formation of high molecular mass polymers that fold in a proteinlike fashion to give helical strands in which the peptide chains are arranged in beta-sheets. The beta-helical polymers retain their structure in water and unfold in a cooperative process at elevated temperatures. The peptide architecture in these polymers is a different form of the beta-helix motif found in proteins. Unlike their natural counterparts, which contain arrays of large beta-sheets stacked in a helical fashion, the isocyanopeptide polymers have a central helical core that acts as a director for the beta-sheet-like arrangement of the peptide side arms. The helical structure of these isocyanopeptide polymers has the potential to be controlled through tailoring of the side branches and the hydrogen-bonding network present in the beta-sheets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cornelissen, J J -- Donners, J J -- de Gelder, R -- Graswinckel, W S -- Metselaar, G A -- Rowan, A E -- Sommerdijk, N A -- Nolte, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):676-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alanine/*chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Cyanides/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Molecular Conformation ; Oligopeptides/chemistry ; Peptides/*chemistry ; Polymers/chemistry ; Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Temperature ; Trifluoroacetic Acid ; Water/chemistry
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    Planetary science. Global change on Mars? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paige, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2107-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. dap@mars.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Pressure ; Temperature
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    Proximity-induced superconductivity in DNA (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Conductivity measurements on double-stranded DNA molecules deposited by a combing process across a submicron slit between rhenium/carbon metallic contacts reveal conduction to be ohmic between room temperature and 1 kelvin. The resistance per molecule is less than 100 kilohm and varies weakly with temperature. Below the superconducting transition temperature (1 kelvin) of the contacts, proximity-induced superconductivity is observed. These results imply that DNA molecules can be conducting down to millikelvin temperature and that phase coherence is maintained over several hundred nanometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasumov, A Y -- Kociak, M -- Gueron, S -- Reulet, B -- Volkov, V T -- Klinov, D V -- Bouchiat, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):280-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Associe au CNRS, Bat 510, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA/*chemistry ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Impedance ; Electrochemistry ; Electrodes ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Temperature
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    Earth history. The rise of atmospheric oxygen (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasting, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):819-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. kasting@essc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Hydrogen ; Methane/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Sulfur Isotopes/analysis ; Temperature
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    Planetary science. Jupiter's two-faced Moon, Ganymede, falling into line (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):22-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11191988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Temperature ; *Water
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    Marine biology. Expansion of the marine Archaea (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):56-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02881-1197, USA. dcsmith@gso.uri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/chemistry/*physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Membrane Lipids/analysis ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-05-19
    Description: We analyzed lake-sediment cores from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to reconstruct the climate history of the region over the past 2600 years. Time series analysis of sediment proxies, which are sensitive to the changing ratio of evaporation to precipitation (oxygen isotopes and gypsum precipitation), reveal a recurrent pattern of drought with a dominant periodicity of 208 years. This cycle is similar to the documented 206-year period in records of cosmogenic nuclide production (carbon-14 and beryllium-10) that is thought to reflect variations in solar activity. We conclude that a significant component of century-scale variability in Yucatan droughts is explained by solar forcing. Furthermore, some of the maxima in the 208-year drought cycle correspond with discontinuities in Maya cultural evolution, suggesting that the Maya were affected by these bicentennial oscillations in precipitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hodell, D A -- Brenner, M -- Curtis, J H -- Guilderson, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. dhodell@geology.ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Calcium Sulfate ; *Climate ; Cultural Evolution ; Disasters/*history ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Mexico ; *Periodicity ; Rain ; *Solar Activity ; Sunlight/adverse effects ; Temperature
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    The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, P A -- Seltzer, G O -- Fritz, S C -- Dunbar, R B -- Grove, M J -- Tapia, P M -- Cross, S L -- Rowe, H D -- Broda, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke University, Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA. pbaker@geo.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Bolivia ; Diatoms ; *Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; Peru ; Plankton ; *Rain ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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    Microbial dehalorespiration with 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant because of its widespread use as an industrial solvent, its improper disposal, and its substantial emission to the atmosphere. We report the isolation of an anaerobic bacterium, strain TCA1, that reductively dechlorinates TCA to 1,1-dichloroethane and chloroethane. Strain TCA1 required H2 as an electron donor and TCA as an electron acceptor for growth, indicating that dechlorination is a respiratory process. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain TCA1 is related to gram-positive bacteria with low DNA G+C content and that its closest relative is Dehalobacter restrictus, an obligate H2-oxidizing, chloroethene-respiring bacterium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Baolin -- Griffin, Benjamin M -- Ayala-del-Rio, Hector L -- Hashsham, Syed A -- Tiedje, James M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification/cytology/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Base Composition ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Culture Media ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Electron Transport ; Energy Metabolism ; Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism ; Ethyl Chloride/metabolism ; Formates/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptococcaceae/classification/cytology/growth & development/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; Trichloroethanes/*metabolism
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    Regulation of oceanic silicon and carbon preservation by temperature control on bacteria (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: We demonstrated in laboratory experiments that temperature control of marine bacteria action on diatoms strongly influences the coupling of biogenic silica and organic carbon preservation. Low temperature intensified the selective regeneration of organic matter by marine bacteria as the silicon:carbon preservation ratio gradually increased from approximately 1 at 33 degrees C to approximately 6 at -1.8 degrees C. Temperature control of bacteria-mediated selective preservation of silicon versus carbon should help to interpret and model the variable coupling of silicon and carbon sinking fluxes and the spatial patterns of opal accumulation in oceanic systems with different temperature regimes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bidle, Kay D -- Manganelli, Maura -- Azam, Farooq -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1980-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA. bidle@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Antarctic Regions ; Bacteria/growth & development/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; California ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Diatoms/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrolysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; Silicon/*metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Regulation of hypoxic death in C. elegans by the insulin/IGF receptor homolog DAF-2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: To identify genetic determinants of hypoxic cell death, we screened for hypoxia-resistant (Hyp) mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that specific reduction-of-function (rf) mutants of daf-2, an insulin/insulinlike growth factor (IGF) receptor (INR) homolog gene, were profoundly Hyp. The hypoxia resistance was acutely inducible just before hypoxic exposure and was mediated through an AKT-1/PDK-1/forkhead transcription factor pathway overlapping with but distinct from signaling pathways regulating life-span and stress resistance. Selective neuronal and muscle expression of daf-2(+) restored hypoxic death, and daf-2(rf) prevented hypoxia-induced muscle and neuronal cell death, which demonstrates a potential for INR modulation in prophylaxis against hypoxic injury of neurons and myocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Barbara A -- Avidan, Michael S -- Crowder, C Michael -- R01 NS045905/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2388-91. Epub 2002 Jun 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065745" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Alleles ; Animals ; Anoxia/genetics ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Death ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Cell Survival ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Genes, Helminth ; Intestines/cytology/metabolism ; Longevity ; Movement ; Muscles/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; *Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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  • 81
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    Conformational dynamics in a dipeptide after single-mode vibrational excitation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: The dynamics of conformational isomerization are explored in a methyl-capped dipeptide, N-acetyl-tryptophan methyl amide (NATMA), using infrared-ultraviolet (IR-UV) hole-filling and IR-induced population transfer spectroscopies. IR radiation selectively excites individual NH stretch vibrational fundamentals of single conformations of the molecule in the early portions of a gas-phase expansion, and then this excited population is collisionally recooled into its conformational minima for subsequent conformation-specific detection. Efficient isomerization is induced by the IR excitation that redistributes population between the same conformations that have population in the absence of IR excitation. The quantum yields for transfer of the population into the various conformational minima depend uniquely on which conformation is excited and on which NH stretch vibration is excited within a given conformation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dian, Brian C -- Longarte, Asier -- Zwier, Timothy S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2369-73. Epub 2002 May 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Dipeptides/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Infrared Rays ; Isomerism ; *Lasers ; Molecular Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/*analogs & derivatives/*chemistry ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vibration
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2297-303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Cosmic Radiation ; Elementary Particles ; Genome ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Lasers ; Light ; Microwaves ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Optics and Photonics ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rod Opsins/physiology ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature ; Tomography/methods
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Here we show that whereas soil warming accelerates soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere, this response is small and short-lived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. We also show that warming increases the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. Because plant growth in many mid-latitude forests is nitrogen-limited, warming has the potential to indirectly stimulate enough carbon storage in plants to at least compensate for the carbon losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made in some climate models that lead to projections of large long-term releases of soil carbon in response to warming of forest ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melillo, J M -- Steudler, P A -- Aber, J D -- Newkirk, K -- Lux, H -- Bowles, F P -- Catricala, C -- Magill, A -- Ahrens, T -- Morrisseau, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2173-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. jmelillo@mbl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Massachusetts ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; *Soil ; Temperature ; *Trees/metabolism
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    Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (〈100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Dover, C L -- German, C R -- Speer, K G -- Parson, L M -- Vrijenhoek, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1253-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. cindy_vandover@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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  • 85
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    Multiple roles of Arabidopsis VRN1 in vernalization and flowering time control (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Arabidopsis VRN genes mediate vernalization, the process by which a long period of cold induces a mitotically stable state that leads to accelerated flowering during later development. VRN1 encodes a protein that binds DNA in vitro in a non-sequence-specific manner and functions in stable repression of the major target of the vernalization pathway, the floral repressor FLC. Overexpression of VRN1 reveals a vernalization-independent function for VRN1, mediated predominantly through the floral pathway integrator FT, and demonstrates that VRN1 requires vernalization-specific factors to target FLC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levy, Yaron Y -- Mesnage, Stephane -- Mylne, Joshua S -- Gendall, Anthony R -- Dean, Caroline -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):243-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Photoperiod ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; Temperature
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  • 86
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    Direct patterning of modified oligonucleotides on metals and insulators by dip-pen nanolithography (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: The use of direct-write dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) to generate covalently anchored, nanoscale patterns of oligonucleotides on both metallic and insulating substrates is described. Modification of DNA with hexanethiol groups allowed patterning on gold, and oligonucleotides bearing 5'-terminal acrylamide groups could be patterned on derivatized silica. Feature sizes ranging from many micrometers to less than 100 nanometers were achieved, and the resulting patterns exhibited the sequence-specific binding properties of the DNA from which they were composed. The patterns can be used to direct the assembly of individual oligonucleotide-modified particles on a surface, and the deposition of multiple DNA sequences in a single array is demonstrated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demers, L M -- Ginger, D S -- Park, S-J -- Li, Z -- Chung, S-W -- Mirkin, C A -- 1 F32 HG02463/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1836-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adsorption ; *DNA/chemistry ; *Gold ; Humidity ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; *Nanotechnology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Oxides ; Silanes ; *Silicon Compounds ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Surface Properties ; Temperature
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    Dissolved organic carbon support of respiration in the dark ocean (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aristegui, Javier -- Duarte, Carlos M -- Agusti, Susana -- Doval, Marylo -- Alvarez-Salgado, Xose A -- Hansell, Dennis A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1967.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. jaristegui@dbio.ulpgc.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; *Darkness ; Oceans and Seas ; Organic Chemicals/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen Consumption ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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  • 88
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    Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw, M Rebecca -- Zavaleta, Erika S -- Chiariello, Nona R -- Cleland, Elsa E -- Mooney, Harold A -- Field, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. shaw@globalecology.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geraniaceae/*growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Weather
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    Origin of life. Life as we don't know it (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: There are two main groups of theories for the origin of life on Earth, the prebiotic broth theories and the hydrothermal theories, exemplified by the iron-sulfur world theory. In his Perspective, Wachtershauser discusses the report by Cody et al., which provides key support for the latter proposal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wachtershauser, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1307-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tal 29, 80331 Munich, Germany. info@patent.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide/chemistry/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/*chemistry ; Formates/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/chemistry/metabolism ; *Origin of Life ; Peptides/chemistry ; Pressure ; Pyruvic Acid/*chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfur/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Formation of sphalerite (ZnS) deposits in natural biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-02
    Description: Abundant, micrometer-scale, spherical aggregates of 2- to 5-nanometer-diameter sphalerite (ZnS) particles formed within natural biofilms dominated by relatively aerotolerant sulfate-reducing bacteria of the family Desulfobacteriaceae. The biofilm zinc concentration is about 10(6) times that of associated groundwater (0.09 to 1.1 parts per million zinc). Sphalerite also concentrates arsenic (0.01 weight %) and selenium (0.004 weight %). The almost monomineralic product results from buffering of sulfide concentrations at low values by sphalerite precipitation. These results show how microbes control metal concentrations in groundwater- and wetland-based remediation systems and suggest biological routes for formation of some low-temperature ZnS deposits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Labrenz, M -- Druschel, G K -- Thomsen-Ebert, T -- Gilbert, B -- Welch, S A -- Kemner, K M -- Logan, G A -- Summons, R E -- De Stasio, G -- Bond, P L -- Lai, B -- Kelly, S D -- Banfield, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1744-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arsenic/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Chemical Precipitation ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallization ; Deltaproteobacteria/growth & development/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism ; Ferrous Compounds/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/physiology ; Selenium/metabolism ; Sulfides/*metabolism ; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/growth & development/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Water Microbiology ; Zinc Compounds/*metabolism
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    Impacts of climatic change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The effects of climate variability on Pacific salmon abundance are uncertain because historical records are short and are complicated by commercial harvesting and habitat alteration. We use lake sediment records of delta15N and biological indicators to reconstruct sockeye salmon abundance in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years. Marked shifts in populations occurred over decades during this period, and some pronounced changes appear to be related to climatic change. Variations in salmon returns due to climate or harvesting can have strong impacts on sockeye nursery lake productivity in systems where adult salmon carcasses are important nutrient sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finney, B P -- Gregory-Eaves, I -- Sweetman, J -- Douglas, M S -- Smol, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):795-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. finney@ims.uaf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Climate ; Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Industry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton ; Salmon/*physiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Blue-fluorescent antibodies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: The forte of catalytic antibodies has resided in the control of the ground-state reaction coordinate. A principle and method are now described in which antibodies can direct the outcome of photophysical and photochemical events that take place on excited-state potential energy surfaces. The key component is a chemically reactive optical sensor that provides a direct report of the dynamic interplay between protein and ligand at the active site. To illustrate the concept, we used a trans-stilbene hapten to elicit a panel of monoclonal antibodies that displayed a range of fluorescent spectral behavior when bound to a trans-stilbene substrate. Several antibodies yielded a blue fluorescence indicative of an excited-state complex or "exciplex" between trans-stilbene and the antibody. The antibodies controlled the isomerization coordinate of trans-stilbene and dynamically coupled this manifold with an active-site residue. A step was taken toward the use of antibody-based photochemical sensors for diagnostic and clinical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simeonov, A -- Matsushita, M -- Juban, E A -- Thompson, E H -- Hoffman, T Z -- Beuscher, A E 4th -- Taylor, M J -- Wirsching, P -- Rettig, W -- McCusker, J K -- Stevens, R C -- Millar, D P -- Schultz, P G -- Lerner, R A -- Janda, K D -- AI39089/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM43858/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01CA27489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):307-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Catalytic/*chemistry ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Fluorescence ; Haptens ; Ligands ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Photochemistry ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Stereoisomerism ; Stilbenes/*chemistry/*immunology ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Molecular biology. New way found to study closely related proteins (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: Rather than designing specific inhibitors for closely related proteins, researchers are remodeling the proteins to make them uniquely susceptible to inhibition. As described in the 21 September issue of Nature, the technique involves enlarging the active site of an enzyme so that it can bind an inhibitor that won't fit into the active sites of related--but unaltered--enzymes. Researchers can then insert the gene that encodes the modified enzyme into cells or living animals and turn off that enzyme by feeding them the inhibitor--without affecting other, very similar, enzymes. The technique may have some advantages over other approaches to studying the functions of individual proteins, such as mutating or knocking out the genes that encode them, which may disrupt embryonic development, producing abnormal animals or no animals at all.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2029-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Division ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism ; Glycine ; Mutation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; *Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Temperature ; Yeasts/cytology/enzymology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    The global spread of malaria in a future, warmer world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-08
    Description: The frequent warnings that global climate change will allow falciparum malaria to spread into northern latitudes, including Europe and large parts of the United States, are based on biological transmission models driven principally by temperature. These models were assessed for their value in predicting present, and therefore future, malaria distribution. In an alternative statistical approach, the recorded present-day global distribution of falciparum malaria was used to establish the current multivariate climatic constraints. These results were applied to future climate scenarios to predict future distributions, which showed remarkably few changes, even under the most extreme scenarios.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogers, D J -- Randolph, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1763-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Trypanosomiasis and Land-use in Africa Research Group, Oxford Tick Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. david.rogers@zoology.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/parasitology/physiology ; *Climate ; Cluster Analysis ; Culicidae/parasitology/physiology ; *Forecasting ; *Global Health ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Humidity ; Insect Vectors/parasitology/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Malaria, Falciparum/*epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Plasmodium falciparum/physiology ; Rain ; Risk ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Nonbiological fractionation of iron isotopes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Laboratory experiments demonstrate that iron isotopes can be chemically fractionated in the absence of biology. Isotopic variations comparable to those seen during microbially mediated reduction of ferrihydrite are observed. Fractionation may occur in aqueous solution during equilibration between inorganic iron complexes. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of iron isotope fractionation and suggest that nonbiological processes may contribute to iron isotope variations observed in sediments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anbar, A D -- Roe, J E -- Barling, J -- Nealson, K H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):126-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. anbar@earth.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Fractionation ; Chlorides ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Ion Exchange Resins ; *Iron Isotopes ; Mass Spectrometry ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Requirement of Mis6 centromere connector for localizing a CENP-A-like protein in fission yeast (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-24
    Description: Mammalian kinetochores contain the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A, whose incorporation into limited chromosomal regions may be important for centromere function and chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, regulation of CENP-A localization and its role have not been clear. Here we report that the fission yeast homolog SpCENP-A is essential for establishing centromere chromatin associated with equal chromosome segregation. SpCENP-A binding to the nonrepetitious inner centromeres depended on Mis6, an essential centromere connector protein acting during G1-S phase of the cell cycle. Mis6 is likely required for recruiting SpCENP-A to form proper connection of sister centromeres.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, K -- Chen, E S -- Yanagida, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2215-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Centromere/*metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Chromosome Segregation ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; G1 Phase ; Histones/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; S Phase ; Schizosaccharomyces/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Primordial carbonylated iron-sulfur compounds and the synthesis of pyruvate (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-26
    Description: Experiments exploring the potential catalytic role of iron sulfide at 250 degrees C and elevated pressures (50, 100, and 200 megapascals) revealed a facile, pressure-enhanced synthesis of organometallic phases formed through the reaction of alkyl thiols and carbon monoxide with iron sulfide. A suite of organometallic compounds were characterized with ultraviolet-visible and Raman spectroscopy. The natural synthesis of such compounds is anticipated in present-day and ancient environments wherever reduced hydrothermal fluids pass through iron sulfide-containing crust. Here, pyruvic acid was synthesized in the presence of such organometallic phases. These compounds could have provided the prebiotic Earth with critical biochemical functionality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cody, G D -- Boctor, N Z -- Filley, T R -- Hazen, R M -- Scott, J H -- Sharma, A -- Yoder, H S Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1337-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/*chemistry ; Formates/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Organometallic Compounds/*chemistry ; Origin of Life ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pressure ; Pyruvic Acid/*chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Spectrum Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopes-Gautier, R -- Doute, S -- Smythe, W D -- Kamp, L W -- Carlson, R W -- Davies, A G -- Leader, F E -- McEwen, A S -- Geissler, P E -- Kieffer, S W -- Keszthelyi, L -- Barbinis, E -- Mehlman, R -- Segura, M -- Shirley, J -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; *Jupiter ; *Spacecraft ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. The weather on Titan (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: When the Voyager 1 spacecraft returned images in 1980, the dense atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was assumed to be bland and featureless. As Lorenz discusses in his Perspective, recent ground-based spectroscopy, and images from the Hubble Space Telescope, are changing this perception. Observations such as the short-lived clouds in Titan's atmosphere reported by Griffith et al. suggest that although average precipitation is likely to be low, individual precipitation events may be heavy enough to cause deep valleys on Titan's surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenz, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):467-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA. rlorenz@pl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Methane ; Rain ; *Saturn ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Water ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Assessment of oceanic productivity with the triple-isotope composition of dissolved oxygen (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: Plant production in the sea is a primary mechanism of global oxygen formation and carbon fixation. For this reason, and also because the ocean is a major sink for fossil fuel carbon dioxide, much attention has been given to estimating marine primary production. Here, we describe an approach for estimating production of photosynthetic oxygen, based on the isotopic composition of dissolved oxygen of seawater. This method allows the estimation of integrated oceanic productivity on a time scale of weeks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luz, B -- Barkan, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):2028-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; *Photosynthesis ; Plankton/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seasons ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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