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  • 1
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    Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R W -- Anderson, M S -- Johnson, R E -- Smythe, W D -- Hendrix, A R -- Barth, C A -- Soderblom, L A -- Hansen, G B -- McCord, T B -- Dalton, J B -- Clark, R N -- Shirley, J H -- Ocampo, A C -- Matson, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2062-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. rcarlson@lively.jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*analysis/chemistry ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopes-Gautier, R -- Doute, S -- Smythe, W D -- Kamp, L W -- Carlson, R W -- Davies, A G -- Leader, F E -- McEwen, A S -- Geissler, P E -- Kieffer, S W -- Keszthelyi, L -- Barbinis, E -- Mehlman, R -- Segura, M -- Shirley, J -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; *Jupiter ; *Spacecraft ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Photometry from voyager 2: initial results from the neptunian atmosphere, satellites, and rings (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-12-15
    Description: The Voyager photopolarimeter successfully accomplished its objectives for the Neptune encounter, performing measurements on the planet, several of its satellites, and its ring system. A photometric map of Neptune at 0.26 micrometer (microm) shows the planet to be bland, with no obvious contrast features. No polar haze was observed. At 0.75 microm, contrast features are observed, with the Great Dark Spot appearing as a low-albedo region and the bright companion as being substantially brighter than its surroundings, implying it to be at a higher altitude than the Great Dark Spot. Triton's linear phase coefficients of 0.011 magnitudes per degree at 0.26 microm and 0.013 magnitudes per degree at 0.75 microm are consistent with a solid-surface object possessing high reflectivity. Preliminary geometric albedos for Triton, Nereid, and 1989N2 were obtained at 0.26 and 0.75 microm. Triton's rotational phase curve shows evidence of two major compositional units on its surface. A single stellar occultation of the Neptune ring system elucidated an internal structure in 1989N1R, in the approximately 50-kilometer region of modest optical depth. 1989N2R may have been detected. The deficiency of material in the Neptune ring system, when compared to Uranus', may imply the lack of a "recent" moon-shattering event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lane, A L -- West, R A -- Hord, C W -- Nelson, R M -- Simmons, K E -- Pryor, W R -- Eposito, L W -- Horn, L J -- Wallis, B D -- Buratti, B J -- Brophy, T G -- Yanamandra-Fisher, P -- Colwell, J E -- Bliss, D A -- Mayo, M J -- Smythe, W D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Dec 15;246(4936):1450-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17755998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Temperature and Thermal Emissivity of the Surface of Neptune's Satellite Triton (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-10-19
    Description: Analysis of the preliminary results from the Voyager mission to the Neptune system has provided the scientific community with several methods by which the temperature of Neptune's satellite Triton may be determined. If the 37.5 K surface temperature reported by several Voyager investigations is correct, then the photometry reported by the imaging experiment on Voyager requires that Triton's surface have a remarkably low emissivity. Such a low emissivity is not required in order to explain the photometry from the photopolarimeter experiment on Voyager. A low emissivity would be inconsistent with Triton having a rough surface at the approximately 100-microm scale as might be expected given the active renewal processes which appear to dominate Triton's surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, R M -- Smythe, W D -- Wallis, B D -- Horn, L J -- Lane, A L -- Mayo, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 19;250(4979):429-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at venus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infaied Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substanmial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R W -- Baines, K H -- Encrenaz, T -- Taylor, F W -- Drossart, P -- Kamp, L W -- Pollack, J B -- Lellouch, E -- Collard, A D -- Calcutt, S B -- Grinspoon, D -- Weissman, P R -- Smythe, W D -- Ocampo, A C -- Danielson, G E -- Fanale, F P -- Johnson, T V -- Kieffer, H H -- Matson, D L -- McCord, T B -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1541-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Salts on Europa's surface detected by Galileo's near infrared mapping spectrometer. The NIMS Team (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Reflectance spectra in the 1- to 2.5-micrometer wavelength region of the surface of Europa obtained by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer exhibit distorted water absorption bands that indicate the presence of hydrated minerals. The laboratory spectra of hydrated salt minerals such as magnesium sulfates and sodium carbonates and mixtures of these minerals provide a close match to the Europa spectra. The distorted bands are only observed in the optically darker areas of Europa, including the lineaments, and may represent evaporite deposits formed by water, rich in dissolved salts, reaching the surface from a water-rich layer underlying an ice crust.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCord, T B -- Hansen, G B -- Fanale, F P -- Carlson, R W -- Matson, D L -- Johnson, T V -- Smythe, W D -- Crowley, J K -- Martin, P D -- Ocampo, A -- Hibbitts, C A -- Granahan, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates ; Evolution, Planetary ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Magnesium Sulfate ; Oceans and Seas ; *Salts ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: Five absorption features are reported at wavelengths of 3.4, 3.88, 4. 05, 4.25, and 4.57 micrometers in the surface materials of the Galilean satellites Callisto and Ganymede from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Candidate materials include CO2, organic materials (such as tholins containing C(triple bond)N and C-H), SO2, and compounds containing an SH-functional group; CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen [(CN)2] may be present within the surface material itself as collections of a few molecules each. The spectra indicate that the primary surface constituents are water ice and hydrated minerals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCord, T B -- Carlson, R W -- Smythe, W D -- Hansen, G B -- Clark, R N -- Hibbitts, C A -- Fanale, F P -- Granahan, J C -- Segura, M -- Matson, D L -- Johnson, T V -- Martin, P D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):271-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. tom@kahana.pgd.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Nitriles/*analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sulfur/*analysis ; Sulfur Dioxide/analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The opposition effect of the moon: the contribution of coherent backscatter (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-04-23
    Description: The opposition effect, the sharp surge in brightness of an astronomical object observed near zero phase angle, which has been known for more than a century, has generally been explained by shadow hiding. The reflectances of several Apollo lunar soil samples have been measured as a function of phase angle in linearly and circularly polarized light. All samples exhibited a decrease in the linear polarization ratio and an increase in the circular polarization ratio in the opposition peak. This provides unequivocal proof that most of the lunar opposition effect is caused by coherent backscatter, not shadow hiding. This result has major implications for the interpretation of photometric observations of bodies in the solar system, including the Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hapke, B W -- Nelson, R M -- Smythe, W D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 23;260(5107):509-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17830428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer experiment on Galileo (1992)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 60 (1992), S. 457-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is a combination of imaging and spectroscopic methods. Simultaneous use of these two methods yields a powerful combination, far greater than when used individually. For geological studies of surfaces, it can be used to map morphological features, while simultaneously determining their composition and mineralogy, providing data to investigate the evolution of surface geology. For atmospheres, many of the most interesting phenomena are transitory, with unpredictable locations. With concurrent mapping and spectroscopy, such features can be found and spectroscopically analyzed. In addition, the spatial/compositional aspects of known features can be fully investigated. The NIMS experiment will investigate Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the two year orbital operation period, commencing December 1995. Prior to that, Galileo will have flown past Venus, the Earth/Moon system (twice), and two asteroids; obtaining scientific measurements for all of these objects. The NIMS instrument covers the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 μ, which includes the reflected-sunlight and thermal-radiation regimes for many solar system objects. This spectral region contains diagnostic spectral signatures, arising from molecular vibrational transitions (and some electronic transitions) of both solid and gaseous species. Imaging is performed by a combination of one-dimensional instrument spatial scanning, coupled with orthogonal spacecraft scan-platform motion, yielding two-dimensional images for each of the NIMS wavelengths. The instrument consists of a telescope, with one dimension of spatial scanning, and a diffraction grating spectrometer. Both are passively cooled to low temperatures in order to reduce background photon shot noise. The detectors consist of an array of indium antimonide and silicon photovoltaic diodes, contained within a focal-plane-assembly, and cooled to cryogenic temperatures using a radiative cooler. Spectral and spatial scanning is accomplished by electro-mechanical devices, with motions executed using commandable instrument modes. Particular attention was given to the thermal and contamination aspects of the Galileo spacecraft, both of which could profoundly affect NIMS performance. Various protective measures have been implemented, including shades to protect against thruster firings as well as thermal radiation from the spacecraft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216865
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
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    EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN—A Cobalt-60 Irradiation Facility (1960)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1960-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0019-7866
    Electronic ISSN: 1541-5724
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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