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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1989-12-15
    Description: The Voyager photopolarimeter successfully accomplished its objectives for the Neptune encounter, performing measurements on the planet, several of its satellites, and its ring system. A photometric map of Neptune at 0.26 micrometer (microm) shows the planet to be bland, with no obvious contrast features. No polar haze was observed. At 0.75 microm, contrast features are observed, with the Great Dark Spot appearing as a low-albedo region and the bright companion as being substantially brighter than its surroundings, implying it to be at a higher altitude than the Great Dark Spot. Triton's linear phase coefficients of 0.011 magnitudes per degree at 0.26 microm and 0.013 magnitudes per degree at 0.75 microm are consistent with a solid-surface object possessing high reflectivity. Preliminary geometric albedos for Triton, Nereid, and 1989N2 were obtained at 0.26 and 0.75 microm. Triton's rotational phase curve shows evidence of two major compositional units on its surface. A single stellar occultation of the Neptune ring system elucidated an internal structure in 1989N1R, in the approximately 50-kilometer region of modest optical depth. 1989N2R may have been detected. The deficiency of material in the Neptune ring system, when compared to Uranus', may imply the lack of a "recent" moon-shattering event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lane, A L -- West, R A -- Hord, C W -- Nelson, R M -- Simmons, K E -- Pryor, W R -- Eposito, L W -- Horn, L J -- Wallis, B D -- Buratti, B J -- Brophy, T G -- Yanamandra-Fisher, P -- Colwell, J E -- Bliss, D A -- Mayo, M J -- Smythe, W D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Dec 15;246(4936):1450-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17755998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1990-10-19
    Description: Analysis of the preliminary results from the Voyager mission to the Neptune system has provided the scientific community with several methods by which the temperature of Neptune's satellite Triton may be determined. If the 37.5 K surface temperature reported by several Voyager investigations is correct, then the photometry reported by the imaging experiment on Voyager requires that Triton's surface have a remarkably low emissivity. Such a low emissivity is not required in order to explain the photometry from the photopolarimeter experiment on Voyager. A low emissivity would be inconsistent with Triton having a rough surface at the approximately 100-microm scale as might be expected given the active renewal processes which appear to dominate Triton's surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, R M -- Smythe, W D -- Wallis, B D -- Horn, L J -- Lane, A L -- Mayo, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 19;250(4979):429-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: The Galileo Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer obtained a spectrum of Venus atmospheric emissions in the 55.0- to 125.0-nanometer (nm) wavelength region. Emissions of helium (58.4 nm), ionized atomic oxygen (83.4 nm), and atomic hydrogen (121.6 nm), as well as a blended spectral feature of atomic hydrogen (Lyman-beta) and atomic oxygen (102.5 nm), were observed at 3.5-nm resolution. During the Galileo spacecraft cruise from Venus to Earth, Lyman-alpha emission from solar system atomic hydrogen (121.6 nm) was measured. The dominant source of the Lyman-alpha emission is atomic hydrogen from the interstellar medium. A model of Galileo observations at solar maximum indicates a decrease in the solar Lyman-alpha flux near the solar poles. A strong day-to-day variation also occurs with the 27-day periodicity of the rotation of the sun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hord, C W -- Barth, C A -- Esposito, L W -- McClintock, W E -- Pryor, W R -- Simmons, K E -- Stewart, A I -- Thomas, G E -- Ajello, J M -- Lane, A L -- West, R W -- Sandel, B R -- Broadfoot, A L -- Hunten, D M -- Shemansky, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1548-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1996-07-19
    Description: An absorption band at 260 nanometers on the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede, identified as the Hartley band of Ozone (O3), was measured with the Hubble Space Telescope. The column abundance of ozone, 4.5 x 10(16) per square centimeter, can be produced by ion impacts or by photochemical equilibrium with previously detected molecular oxygen (O2). An estimated number density ratio of [O3]/[O2] = 10(-4) to 10(-3) requires an atmospheric density orders of magnitude higher than upper limits from spacecraft occultation experiments. Apparently, this O2-O3 "atmosphere" is trapped in Ganymede's surface ice, an inference consistent with the shift and broadening of the band compared with the gas-phase O3 band.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noll, K S -- Johnson, R E -- Lane, A L -- Domingue, D L -- Weaver, H A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Jul 19;273(5273):341-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8662517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Ozone/*analysis
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1979-06-01
    Description: An overview of the Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter is presented, including a brief discussion of the characteristics of the spacecraft and trajectory and highlights of the results which are described in the subsequent reports.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, E C -- Lane, A L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jun 1;204(4396):945-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17800428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1982-01-29
    Description: The Voyager 2 photopolarimeter was reprogrammed prior to the August 1981 Saturn encounter to perform orthogonal-polarization, two-color measurements on Saturn, Titan, and the rings. Saturn's atmosphere has ultraviolet limb brightening in the mid-latitudes and pronounced polar darkening north of 65 degrees N. Titan's opaque atmosphere shows strong positive polarization at all phase angles (2.7 degrees to 154 degrees ), and no single-size spherical particle model appears to fit the data. A single radial stellar occultation of the darkened, shadowed rings indicated a ring thickness of less than 200 meters at several locations and clear evidence for density waves caused by satellite resonances. Multiple, very narrow strands of material were found in the Encke division and within the brightest single strand of the F ring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lane, A L -- Hord, C W -- West, R A -- Esposito, L W -- Coffeen, D L -- Sato, M -- Simmons, K E -- Pomphrey, R B -- Morris, R B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 29;215(4532):537-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17771274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1978-01-06
    Description: The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 +/- 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollack, J B -- Veverka, J -- Pang, K -- Colburn, D -- Lane, A L -- Ajello, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Jan 6;199(4324):66-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17841956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1983-10-07
    Description: The Voyager spacecraft observed a narrow, eccentric ringlet in the Maxwell gap (1.45 Saturn radii) in Saturn's rings. Intercomparison of the Voyager imaging, photopolarimeter, ultraviolet spectrometer, and radio science observations yields results not available from individual observations. The width of the ringlet varies from about 30 to about 100 kilometers, its edges are sharp on a radial scale 〈 1 kilometer, and its opacity exhibits a double peak near the center. The shape and width of the ringlet are consistent with a set of uniformly precessing, confocal ellipses with foci at Saturn's center of mass. The ringlet precesses as a unit at a rate consistent with the known dynamical oblateness of Saturn; the lack of differential precession across the ringlet yields a ringlet mass of about 5 x 10(18) grams. The ratio of surface mass density to particle cross-sectional area is about five times smaller than values obtained elsewhere in the Saturn ring system, indicating a relatively larger fraction of small particles. Also, comparison of the measured transmission of the ringlet at radio, visible, and ultraviolet wavelengths indicates that about half of the total extinction is due to particles smaller than 1 centimeter in radius, in contrast even with nearby regions of the C ring. However, the color and brightness of the ringlet material are not measurably different from those of nearby C ring particles. We find this ringlet is similar to several of the rings of Uranus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Esposito, L W -- Borderies, N -- Goldreich, P -- Cuzzi, J N -- Holberg, J B -- Lane, A L -- Pomphrey, R B -- Terrile, R J -- Lissauer, J J -- Marouf, E A -- Tyler, G L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Oct 7;222(4619):57-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17810092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1978-01-06
    Description: A reflectance spectrum of Phobos (from 200 to 1100 nanometers) has been compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The reflectance of the martian satellite is approximately constant at 5 percent from 1100 to 400 nanometers but drops sharply below 400 nanometers, reaching a value of 1 percent at 200 nanometers. The spectral albedo of Phobos bears a striking resemblance to that of asteroids (1) Ceres and (2) Pallas. Comparison of the reflectance spectra of asteroids with those of meteorites has shown that the spectral signature of Ceres is indicative of a carbonaceous chondritic composition. A physical explanation of how the compositional information is imposed on the reflectance spectrum is given. On the basis of a good match between the reflectance spectra of Phobos and Ceres and the extensive research that has been done to infer the composition of Ceres, it seems reasonable to believe that the surface composition of Phobos is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. This suggestion is consistent with the recently determined low density of Mars's inner satellite. Our result and recent Viking noble gas measurements suggest different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pang, K D -- Pollack, J B -- Veverka, J -- Lane, A L -- Ajello, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Jan 6;199(4324):64-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17841955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1979-11-23
    Description: The photopolarimeter instrument on Voyager 2 was used to obtain a map of Jupiter at an effective wavelength of 2400 angstroms. Analysis of a typical north-south swath used to make this map shows strong absorption at high latitudes by a molecular or particulate constituent in the Jovian atmosphere. At 65 degrees north latitude, the absorbing constituent extends to altitudes above the 50-millibar pressure level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hord, C W -- West, R A -- Simmons, K E -- Coffeen, D L -- Sato, M -- Lane, A L -- Bergstralh, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Nov 23;206(4421):956-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17733913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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