ALBERT

Description: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO(2) in modern Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO(2) reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO(2) remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO(2) are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royer, D L -- Wing, S L -- Beerling, D J -- Jolley, D W -- Koch, P L -- Hickey, L J -- Berner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. dana.royer@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanne, Amy E -- Tank, David C -- Cornwell, William K -- Eastman, Jonathan M -- Smith, Stephen A -- FitzJohn, Richard G -- McGlinn, Daniel J -- O'Meara, Brian C -- Moles, Angela T -- Reich, Peter B -- Royer, Dana L -- Soltis, Douglas E -- Stevens, Peter F -- Westoby, Mark -- Wright, Ian J -- Aarssen, Lonnie -- Bertin, Robert I -- Calaminus, Andre -- Govaerts, Rafael -- Hemmings, Frank -- Leishman, Michelle R -- Oleksyn, Jacek -- Soltis, Pamela S -- Swenson, Nathan G -- Warman, Laura -- Beaulieu, Jeremy M -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):E6-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14394.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA. [2] Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. [2] Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. ; 1] Department of Ecological Sciences, Systems Ecology, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; 1] Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada. [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. ; Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [2] Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [2] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [3] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ; Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [2] Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. ; 1] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [2] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. ; 1] Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. [2] Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. ; National Institute for Mathematical &Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however, assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations are limited by their reduced ecologic complexity and sample period, respectively. In contrast, the geological record contains long-term evidence for a variety of global environmental perturbations, including ocean acidification plus their associated biotic responses. We review events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO(2), global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ~300 million years of Earth's history, some with contemporaneous extinction or evolutionary turnover among marine calcifiers. Although similarities exist, no past event perfectly parallels future projections in terms of disrupting the balance of ocean carbonate chemistry-a consequence of the unprecedented rapidity of CO(2) release currently taking place.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Honisch, Barbel -- Ridgwell, Andy -- Schmidt, Daniela N -- Thomas, Ellen -- Gibbs, Samantha J -- Sluijs, Appy -- Zeebe, Richard -- Kump, Lee -- Martindale, Rowan C -- Greene, Sarah E -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Ries, Justin -- Zachos, James C -- Royer, Dana L -- Barker, Stephen -- Marchitto, Thomas M Jr -- Moyer, Ryan -- Pelejero, Carles -- Ziveri, Patrizia -- Foster, Gavin L -- Williams, Branwen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1058-63. doi: 10.1126/science.1208277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Early flowering plants are thought to have been woody species restricted to warm habitats. This lineage has since radiated into almost every climate, with manifold growth forms. As angiosperms spread and climate changed, they evolved mechanisms to cope with episodic freezing. To explore the evolution of traits underpinning the ability to persist in freezing conditions, we assembled a large species-level database of growth habit (woody or herbaceous; 49,064 species), as well as leaf phenology (evergreen or deciduous), diameter of hydraulic conduits (that is, xylem vessels and tracheids) and climate occupancies (exposure to freezing). To model the evolution of species' traits and climate occupancies, we combined these data with an unparalleled dated molecular phylogeny (32,223 species) for land plants. Here we show that woody clades successfully moved into freezing-prone environments by either possessing transport networks of small safe conduits and/or shutting down hydraulic function by dropping leaves during freezing. Herbaceous species largely avoided freezing periods by senescing cheaply constructed aboveground tissue. Growth habit has long been considered labile, but we find that growth habit was less labile than climate occupancy. Additionally, freezing environments were largely filled by lineages that had already become herbs or, when remaining woody, already had small conduits (that is, the trait evolved before the climate occupancy). By contrast, most deciduous woody lineages had an evolutionary shift to seasonally shedding their leaves only after exposure to freezing (that is, the climate occupancy evolved before the trait). For angiosperms to inhabit novel cold environments they had to gain new structural and functional trait solutions; our results suggest that many of these solutions were probably acquired before their foray into the cold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanne, Amy E -- Tank, David C -- Cornwell, William K -- Eastman, Jonathan M -- Smith, Stephen A -- FitzJohn, Richard G -- McGlinn, Daniel J -- O'Meara, Brian C -- Moles, Angela T -- Reich, Peter B -- Royer, Dana L -- Soltis, Douglas E -- Stevens, Peter F -- Westoby, Mark -- Wright, Ian J -- Aarssen, Lonnie -- Bertin, Robert I -- Calaminus, Andre -- Govaerts, Rafael -- Hemmings, Frank -- Leishman, Michelle R -- Oleksyn, Jacek -- Soltis, Pamela S -- Swenson, Nathan G -- Warman, Laura -- Beaulieu, Jeremy M -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 6;506(7486):89-92. doi: 10.1038/nature12872. Epub 2013 Dec 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA [2] Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA [2] Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. ; 1] Department of Ecological Sciences, Systems Ecology, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands [2] Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; 1] Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. ; Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA [2] Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA [2] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA [3] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ; Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA [2] Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. ; 1] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA [2] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. ; 1] Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia [2] Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. ; National Institute for Mathematical & Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peppe, Daniel J -- Royer, Dana L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1210-1. doi: 10.1126/science.aac5264.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA. damiel_peppe@baylor.edu. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanne, Amy E -- Tank, David C -- Cornwell, William K -- Eastman, Jonathan M -- Smith, Stephen A -- FitzJohn, Richard G -- McGlinn, Daniel J -- O'Meara, Brian C -- Moles, Angela T -- Reich, Peter B -- Royer, Dana L -- Soltis, Douglas E -- Stevens, Peter F -- Westoby, Mark -- Wright, Ian J -- Aarssen, Lonnie -- Bertin, Robert I -- Calaminus, Andre -- Govaerts, Rafael -- Hemmings, Frank -- Leishman, Michelle R -- Oleksyn, Jacek -- Soltis, Pamela S -- Swenson, Nathan G -- Warman, Laura -- Beaulieu, Jeremy M -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):380. doi: 10.1038/nature14371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Many palaeoclimate studies have quantified pre-anthropogenic climate change to calculate climate sensitivity (equilibrium temperature change in response to radiative forcing change), but a lack of consistent methodologies produces a wide range of estimates and hinders comparability of results. Here we present a stricter approach, to improve intercomparison of palaeoclimate sensitivity estimates in a manner compatible with equilibrium projections for future climate change. Over the past 65 million years, this reveals a climate sensitivity (in K W−1 m2) of 0.3–1.9 or 0.6–1.3 at 95% or 68% probability, respectively. The latter implies a warming of 2.2–4.8 K per doubling of atmospheric CO2, which agrees with IPCC estimates.