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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of temperature on migration of Lepidoptera into Britain (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: A unique 113-year record of numbers of nine migrating butterflies and 20 migrating moths is examined in relation to temperatures on the migration route, to temperatures in England, and to the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). This study clearly reveals the strong association between numbers of migrant Lepidoptera and temperatures in France; with higher temperatures associated with increased migrant numbers. The NAO also appears influential with high index years associated with increased numbers. The strong temperature link suggests that Britain and other northern temperate countries can expect to receive larger numbers of migrant Lepidoptera if climate warms as predicted in the 21st century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00910.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenology of British butterflies and climate change (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Data from a national butterfly monitoring scheme were analysed to test for relationships between temperature and three phenological measures, duration of flight period and timing of both first and peak appearance. First appearances of most British butterflies has advanced in the last two decades and is strongly related to earlier peak appearance and, for multibrooded species, longer flight period. Mean dates of first and peak appearance are examined in relation to Manley's central England temperatures, using regression techniques. We predict that, in the absence of confounding factors, such as interactions with other organisms and land-use change, climate warming of the order of 1 °C could advance first and peak appearance of most butterflies by 2–10 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00322.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UV-B effect on Quercus robur leaf litter decomposition persists over four years (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The effects of elevated UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation on the long-term decomposition of Quercus robur leaf litter were assessed at an outdoor facility in the UK by exposing saplings to elevated UV-B radiation (corresponding to a 30% increase above the ambient level of erythemally weighted UV-B, equivalent to that resulting from a c. 18% reduction in ozone column) under arrays of cellulose diacetate-filtered fluorescent UV-B lamps that also produced UV-A radiation (315–400 nm). Saplings were also exposed to elevated UV-A radiation alone under arrays of polyester-filtered fluorescent lamps and to ambient solar radiation under arrays of nonenergized lamps. After 8 months of irradiation, abscised leaves were placed into litter bags and allowed to decompose in the litter layer of a mixed deciduous woodland for 4.08 years. The dry weight loss of leaf litter from saplings irradiated with elevated UV-B and UV-A radiation during growth was 17% greater than that of leaf litter irradiated with elevated UV-A radiation alone. Annual fractional weight loss of litter (k), and the estimated time taken for 95% of material to decay (3/k) were respectively increased and decreased by 27% for leaf litter exposed during growth to elevated UV-B and UV-A radiation, relative to that exposed to UV-A alone. The present data corroborate those from a previous study indicating that UV-B radiation applied during growth accelerates the subsequent decomposition of Q. robur leaf litter in soil, but indicate that this effect persists for over four years after abscission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00423.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examining the total arrival distribution of migratory birds (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: This paper reports on the total distribution of spring migration timing of willow warbler, chiffchaff and pied flycatcher at locations in the UK, Germany, Russia and Finland. This is the first time that high-quality data based on known-effort monitoring has been examined on a continental scale. First arrival dates, commonly reported in the literature, were positively correlated with mean arrival dates although they would not make good predictors of the latter. At all locations, at least one aspect of the arrival distribution of each species had got significantly earlier in recent years. The trend towards earliness was associated with warmer local temperatures and more positive winter North Atlantic Oscillation index. In years that were early, the arrival distribution became more elongated and skewed. Researchers should now investigate the consequences of earlier arrival on current and future bird populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00887.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ‘SSW to NNE’– North Atlantic Oscillation affects the progress of seasons across Europe (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Three European plant phenological network datasets were analysed for latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of nine phenological ‘seasons’ spanning the entire year. The networks were: (1) the historical first European Phenological Network (1882–1941) by Hoffmann & Ihne, (2) the network of the International Phenological Gardens in Europe (1959–1998), founded by Schnelle & Volkert in 1957 and based on cloned plants, and (3) a dataset (1951–1998) that was recently collated during the EU Fifth Framework project POSITIVE, which included network data of seven Central and Eastern European countries. Our study is most likely the first, for over a century, to analyse average onset and year-to-year variability of the progress of seasons across a continent. For early, mid, and late spring seasons we found a marked progress of the seasonal onset from SW to NE throughout Europe, more precisely from WSW to ENE in early spring, then from SW to NE and finally from SSW to NNE in late spring, as exhibited by the relationship between latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. The movement of summer was more south to north directed, as the longitudinal gradient (west–east component) strongly declined or was even of opposite sign. Autumn, as shown by leaf colouring dates, arrived from NE to SW. Possible reasons for the differences among the three datasets are discussed. The annual variability of latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of the seasons across Europe was closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index; in years with high NAO in both winter and spring, the west–east component of progress was more pronounced; in summer and autumn, the pattern of the seasons may be more uniform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00954.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 44 (2000), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Flowering ; Phenology ; Climate change ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  This paper examines the mean flowering times of 11 plant species in the British Isles over a 58-year period, and the flowering times of a further 13 (and leafing time of an additional 1) for a reduced period of 20 years. Timings were compared to Central England temperatures and all 25 phenological events were significantly related (P〈0.001 in all but 1 case) to temperature. These findings are discussed in relation to other published work. The conclusions drawn from this work are that timings of spring and summer species will get progressively earlier as the climate warms, but that the lower limit for a flowering date is probably best determined by examining species phenology at the southern limit of their distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840000049
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenology and the changing pattern of bird migration in Britain (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 42 (1999), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Phenology ; Migration ; Climate ; Temperature ; Birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Britain has a huge mass of data on the timing of bird migration, although much of this remains in a form that is inaccessible for immediate scientific study. In this paper, I undertake a preliminary examination of data from a number of historical and current sources. Among these are the Marsham family records from Norfolk, dating back to 1736, and post-World War II records from coastal bird observatories. The majority of the examined time series displayed a negative relationship to temperature indicating a tendency for the earlier arrival of the studied birds in warmer springs. In addition to temperature effects, trends through time and some sampling effects (through population size) have become apparent. Identification and curation of data sources and further analysis is still required to produce a clearer picture of climate effects on bird migration timing and on subsequent bird population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050096
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of Brain and Serum Cholinesterase Activity with Age in Wild Small Mammals (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 56 (1996), S. 604 -611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900087
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influences of population size and woodland area on bird species distributions in small woods (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 100-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bird species distributions ; Habitat fragmentation ; Incidence function ; Random placement ; Regional abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Distributions of individual bird species in 151 small woods (size range 0.02–30 ha) were investigated in 3 consecutive years during which the abundance of certain species varied markedly. Relationships between the probabilities of certain bird species breeding and woodland area were described using incidence functions derived from logistic regression analysis. In general, for species which were largely dependent on woodland and seldom occurred in other habitats (such as hedgerows and gardens), the probability of breeding approached 100% only for woods of 10 ha and more, whereas species with less stringent habitat requirements occurred in the majority of woods, including those of 1 ha and less. The sensitivity of incidence functions to changes in regional abundance and the size distribution of the study woods was examined. For some species, distribution patterns could not be distinguished from those expected if pairs had been distributed in proportion to woodland area (random placement), but the majority did not conform to random placement in at least 1 of the 3 years. This nonconformity was consistent across all 3 years for some species, such as wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), despite substantial fluctuations in population sizes between years, while for others, such as robin (Erithacus rubecula), distribution patterns changed with changes in regional abundance. The results suggested that some species, such as wren and blackbird (Turdus merula), preferred small woods, while other species, such as chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), preferred large woods. For several other species, including robin, great tit (Parus major), long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus) and marsh tit (P. palustris), small woods appeared to be sub-optimal under at least some conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328797
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of variation in calcium intake on the growth of wood mice and bank voles (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 130-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Wood mouse ; Bank vole ; Calcium ; Growth ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Calcium intake by wild rodents varies with season and habitat. This may have important ecological consequences; several studies have suggested that calcium availability may limit growth and reproduction. We studied the effect on growth of varying the calcium intake of captive wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) and bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber 1780). To determine whether effects observed in the laboratory could be detected in free-living animals, we also compared the body weights and lengths of free-living animals on calcium-poor gritstone areas with those of rodents on calcium-rich limestone habitats where the dietary calcium concentration was between 2 and 5 times higher. Captive wood mice fed high calcium (0.87%) diet grew at the same rate as mice fed low calcium (0.30%) diet but continued growing for longer, thereby achieving higher asymptotic weights. In contrast, captive bank voles fed the high calcium diet grew more slowly and had lower asymptotic weights than voles fed the low calcium diet. As expected from the laboratory growth study, the higher calcium intake of free-living wood mice on the limestone was associated with greater body size compared with mice on the gritstone. However, bank voles were also larger on the limestone, even though high calcium intake impaired growth in captive animals. The contrast between wood mice and bank voles in the effects of calcium on growth, the reason why impaired growth may not be apparent in bank voles from calcium-rich habitats and the ecological significance of these results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317273
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