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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (264)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 1975-1979  (78)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (264)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Taylor & Francis
  • Springer  (9)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in about 20 million deaths. This enormous impact, coupled with renewed interest in emerging infections, makes characterization of the virus involved a priority. Receptor binding, the initial event in virus infection, is a major determinant of virus transmissibility that, for influenza viruses, is mediated by the hemagglutinin (HA) membrane glycoprotein. We have determined the crystal structures of the HA from the 1918 virus and two closely related HAs in complex with receptor analogs. They explain how the 1918 HA, while retaining receptor binding site amino acids characteristic of an avian precursor HA, is able to bind human receptors and how, as a consequence, the virus was able to spread in the human population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gamblin, S J -- Haire, L F -- Russell, R J -- Stevens, D J -- Xiao, B -- Ha, Y -- Vasisht, N -- Steinhauer, D A -- Daniels, R S -- Elliot, A -- Wiley, D C -- Skehel, J J -- AI-13654/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1838-42. Epub 2004 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Birds ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*chemistry/*metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Influenza A virus/*immunology/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/*virology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Virus/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces a disease similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats, yet in contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CD4 is not the viral receptor. We identified a primary receptor for FIV as CD134 (OX40), a T cell activation antigen and costimulatory molecule. CD134 expression promotes viral binding and renders cells permissive for viral entry, productive infection, and syncytium formation. Infection is CXCR4-dependent, analogous to infection with X4 strains of HIV. Thus, despite the evolutionary divergence of the feline and human lentiviruses, both viruses use receptors that target the virus to a subset of cells that are pivotal to the acquired immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimojima, Masayuki -- Miyazawa, Takayuki -- Ikeda, Yasuhiro -- McMonagle, Elizabeth L -- Haining, Hayley -- Akashi, Hiroomi -- Takeuchi, Yasuhiro -- Hosie, Margaret J -- Willett, Brian J -- R01 AI49765-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1192-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/virology ; Cats ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Library ; HIV/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, OX40 ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: Epidemiological observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing some chronic noncommunicable diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult life-style factors but also by environmental factors acting in early life. Research in evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and animal and human physiology provides support for this idea and suggests that environmental processes influencing the propensity to disease in adulthood operate during the periconceptual, fetal, and infant phases of life. This "developmental origins of health and disease" concept may have important biological, medical, and socioeconomic implications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gluckman, Peter D -- Hanson, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1733-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liggins Institute, University of Auckland and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birth Weight ; *Chronic Disease ; Cues ; Disease/*etiology ; *Disease Susceptibility ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; *Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Style ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Risk Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):668.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cervix Uteri/*chemistry ; Collagen/analysis ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Humans ; Labor, Obstetric/*physiology ; Myometrium/*physiology ; *Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pregnancy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Beak shape is a classic example of evolutionary diversification. Beak development in chicken and duck was used to examine morphological variations among avian species. There is only one proliferative zone in the frontonasal mass of chickens, but two in ducks. These growth zones are associated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) activity. By "tinkering" with BMP4 in beak prominences, the shapes of the chicken beak can be modulated.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380220/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380220/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Ping -- Jiang, Ting-Xin -- Suksaweang, Sanong -- Widelitz, Randall Bruce -- Chuong, Cheng-Ming -- AR42177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR47364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- CA83716/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-07/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-07S1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-08/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-08S1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-09/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-10/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364-01A2/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364-02/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1465-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*embryology ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Division ; *Chick Embryo ; Chickens/genetics/metabolism ; Ducks/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) serves as a danger signal associated with viral infection and leads to stimulation of innate immune cells. In contrast, the immunostimulatory potential of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is poorly understood and innate immune receptors for ssRNA are unknown. We report that guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich ssRNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) stimulate dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages to secrete interferon-alpha and proinflammatory, as well as regulatory, cytokines. By using Toll-like receptor (TLR)-deficient mice and genetic complementation, we show that murine TLR7 and human TLR8 mediate species-specific recognition of GU-rich ssRNA. These data suggest that ssRNA represents a physiological ligand for TLR7 and TLR8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heil, Florian -- Hemmi, Hiroaki -- Hochrein, Hubertus -- Ampenberger, Franziska -- Kirschning, Carsten -- Akira, Shizuo -- Lipford, Grayson -- Wagner, Hermann -- Bauer, Stefan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1526-9. Epub 2004 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitat Munchen, Trogerstr. 9, D - 81675 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Guanosine/analysis ; HIV-1/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology ; Macrophages/*immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry/*immunology ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Thionucleotides/chemistry/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 7 ; Toll-Like Receptor 8 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transfection ; Uridine/analysis
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Uganda provides the clearest example that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable if populations are mobilized to avoid risk. Despite limited resources, Uganda has shown a 70% decline in HIV prevalence since the early 1990s, linked to a 60% reduction in casual sex. The response in Uganda appears to be distinctively associated with communication about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through social networks. Despite substantial condom use and promotion of biomedical approaches, other African countries have shown neither similar behavioral responses nor HIV prevalence declines of the same scale. The Ugandan success is equivalent to a vaccine of 80% effectiveness. Its replication will require changes in global HIV/AIDS intervention policies and their evaluation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoneburner, Rand L -- Low-Beer, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):714-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Population Health Evaluation Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. randstoneburner@netzero.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Condoms ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information Dissemination ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Prevalence ; *Risk Reduction Behavior ; Sexual Abstinence ; *Sexual Behavior ; Social Support ; Uganda/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samet, Jonathan M -- DeMarini, David M -- Malling, Heinrich V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):971-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jsamet@jhsph.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/*toxicity ; Air Pollution/*adverse effects ; Animals ; DNA Damage ; Female ; Filtration/instrumentation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Industry ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagens/*toxicity ; Ontario ; Particle Size ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Spermatogonia/drug effects/physiology ; Stem Cells/drug effects/physiology ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: Group A streptococci, a common human pathogen, secrete streptokinase, which activates the host's blood clot-dissolving protein, plasminogen. Streptokinase is highly specific for human plasminogen, exhibiting little or no activity against other mammalian species, including mouse. Here, a transgene expressing human plasminogen markedly increased mortality in mice infected with streptococci, and this susceptibility was dependent on bacterial streptokinase expression. Thus, streptokinase is a key pathogenicity factor and the primary determinant of host species specificity for group A streptococcal infection. In addition, local fibrin clot formation may be implicated in host defense against microbial pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Hongmin -- Ringdahl, Ulrika -- Homeister, Jonathon W -- Fay, William P -- Engleberg, N Cary -- Yang, Angela Y -- Rozek, Laura S -- Wang, Xixi -- Sjobring, Ulf -- Ginsburg, David -- P01HL057346/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1283-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ancrod/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anticoagulants/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Disease Susceptibility ; Fibrin/metabolism ; Fibrinolysin/metabolism ; Fibrinolysis ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Plasminogen/genetics/*metabolism ; Skin/blood supply/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Spleen/microbiology ; Streptococcal Infections/*microbiology ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*enzymology/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Streptokinase/genetics/*metabolism ; Transgenes ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: We report that Id knockout mouse embryos display multiple cardiac defects, but mid-gestation lethality is rescued by the injection of 15 wild-type embryonic stem (ES) cells into mutant blastocysts. Myocardial markers altered in Id mutant cells are restored to normal throughout the chimeric myocardium. Intraperitoneal injection of ES cells into female mice before conception also partially rescues the cardiac phenotype with no incorporation of ES cells. Insulin-like growth factor 1, a long-range secreted factor, in combination with WNT5a, a locally secreted factor, likely account for complete reversion of the cardiac phenotype. Thus, ES cells have the potential to reverse congenital defects through Id-dependent local and long-range effects in a mammalian embryo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351017/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351017/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fraidenraich, Diego -- Stillwell, Elizabeth -- Romero, Elizabeth -- Wilkes, David -- Manova, Katia -- Basson, Craig T -- Benezra, Robert -- K01 HL076568/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- KO1HL076568/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA107429/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA107429/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):247-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology/*therapy ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics/physiology ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pericardium/embryology/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Wnt Proteins
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/classification/parasitology ; Humans ; Lice Infestations/history/transmission ; Pediculus/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Germain, Adrienne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Advisory Committees ; *Contraceptives, Postcoital ; *Family Planning Services/economics ; Female ; *Health Policy ; Humans ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Politics ; Pregnancy ; *Pregnancy in Adolescence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; *Women's Health
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):666-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Caloric Restriction ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood ; Female ; Fetus/physiology ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Labor, Obstetric/*physiology ; Lung/embryology/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; *Obstetric Labor, Premature/etiology/genetics/physiopathology/prevention & ; control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Progesterone/metabolism ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A/metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism ; Uterus/physiology
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chien, Kenneth R -- Moretti, Alessandra -- Laugwitz, Karl-Ludwig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):239-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. kchien@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology/*therapy ; Heart Diseases/therapy ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics/physiology ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pericardium/embryology/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Wnt Proteins
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, Maynard V -- Varki, Ajit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):191-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Washington Genome Center, Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mvo@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/physiology ; Primates/genetics ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Retroelements ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Deletion ; Species Specificity
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Darwin's finches are a classic example of species diversification by natural selection. Their impressive variation in beak morphology is associated with the exploitation of a variety of ecological niches, but its developmental basis is unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of expression patterns of various growth factors in species comprising the genus Geospiza. We found that expression of Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the upper beaks strongly correlated with deep and broad beak morphology. When misexpressed in chicken embryos, Bmp4 caused morphological transformations paralleling the beak morphology of the large ground finch G. magnirostris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abzhanov, Arhat -- Protas, Meredith -- Grant, B Rosemary -- Grant, Peter R -- Tabin, Clifford J -- P01 DK56246/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1462-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology/*embryology/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens/anatomy & histology ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Variation ; Genetic Vectors ; Growth Substances/genetics/metabolism ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Signal Transduction ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):154-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Feed/analysis/toxicity ; Animals ; Diet ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/toxicity ; Female ; Fish Products ; *Fisheries ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*analysis/toxicity ; Nutrition Policy ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; *Salmon ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior ; *Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Pre-Eclampsia/etiology ; Pregnancy ; Selection, Genetic ; United States ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2168-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Nevirapine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Uganda ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: To elucidate gene function on a global scale, we identified pairs of genes that are coexpressed over 3182 DNA microarrays from humans, flies, worms, and yeast. We found 22,163 such coexpression relationships, each of which has been conserved across evolution. This conservation implies that the coexpression of these gene pairs confers a selective advantage and therefore that these genes are functionally related. Many of these relationships provide strong evidence for the involvement of new genes in core biological functions such as the cell cycle, secretion, and protein expression. We experimentally confirmed the predictions implied by some of these links and identified cell proliferation functions for several genes. By assembling these links into a gene-coexpression network, we found several components that were animal-specific as well as interrelationships between newly evolved and ancient modules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stuart, Joshua M -- Segal, Eran -- Koller, Daphne -- Kim, Stuart K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):249-55. Epub 2003 Aug 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford Medical Informatics, 251 Campus Drive, Medical School Office Building X-215, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Division/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Databases, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Insect ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Mutation ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Species Specificity ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renner, Rebecca -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1829.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/growth & development ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Maternal Exposure ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; *Military Science ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; *Perchlorates/adverse effects/toxicity ; Pregnancy ; *Sodium Compounds/adverse effects/toxicity ; Thyroid Gland/drug effects/metabolism ; Thyroid Hormones/metabolism ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; United States Government Agencies ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/adverse effects/toxicity ; *Water Supply
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Hybridization is frequent in many organismal groups, but its role in adaptation is poorly understood. In sunflowers, species found in the most extreme habitats are ancient hybrids, and new gene combinations generated by hybridization are speculated to have contributed to ecological divergence. This possibility was tested through phenotypic and genomic comparisons of ancient and synthetic hybrids. Most trait differences in ancient hybrids could be recreated by complementary gene action in synthetic hybrids and were favored by selection. The same combinations of parental chromosomal segments required to generate extreme phenotypes in synthetic hybrids also occurred in ancient hybrids. Thus, hybridization facilitated ecological divergence in sunflowers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieseberg, Loren H -- Raymond, Olivier -- Rosenthal, David M -- Lai, Zhao -- Livingstone, Kevin -- Nakazato, Takuya -- Durphy, Jennifer L -- Schwarzbach, Andrea E -- Donovan, Lisa A -- Lexer, Christian -- R01 G59065/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1211-6. Epub 2003 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. lriesebe@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Diploidy ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Helianthus/*genetics/physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; United States
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: Mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1) gene are a common cause of human primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Here we show that Cyp1b1-/- mice have ocular drainage structure abnormalities resembling those reported in human PCG patients. Using Cyp1b1-/- mice, we identified the tyrosinase gene (Tyr) as a modifier of the drainage structure phenotype, with Tyr deficiency increasing the magnitude of dysgenesis. The severe dysgenesis in eyes lacking both CYP1B1 and TYR was alleviated by administration of the tyrosinase product dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Tyr also modified the drainage structure dysgenesis in mice with a mutant Foxc1 gene, which is also involved in PCG. These experiments raise the possibility that a tyrosinase/l-dopa pathway modifies human PCG, which could open new therapeutic avenues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libby, Richard T -- Smith, Richard S -- Savinova, Olga V -- Zabaleta, Adriana -- Martin, Janice E -- Gonzalez, Frank J -- John, Simon W M -- CA34196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1578-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Albinism, Ocular/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Anterior Eye Segment/*abnormalities ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/deficiency/genetics ; Cornea/abnormalities ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Glaucoma/*congenital/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iris/abnormalities ; Levodopa/administration & dosage/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Trabecular Meshwork/abnormalities ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK. rja@st-and.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Diploidy ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Genotype ; Helianthus/*genetics/physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Smell ; Species Specificity ; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/*physiology
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: Phylogenies provide new ways to measure biodiversity, to assess conservation priorities, and to quantify the evolutionary history in any set of species. Methodological problems and a lack of knowledge about most species have so far hampered their use. In the future, as techniques improve and more data become accessible, we will have an expanded set of conservation options, including ways to prioritize outcomes from evolutionary and ecological processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mace, Georgina M -- Gittleman, John L -- Purvis, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1707-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Classification/methods ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; *Phylogeny ; Species Specificity
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Identification of general properties of evolutionary radiations has been hindered by the lack of a general statistical and phylogenetic approach applicable across diverse taxa. We present a comparative analytical framework for examining phylogenetic patterns of diversification and morphological disparity with data from four iguanian-lizard taxa that exhibit substantially different patterns of evolution. Taxa whose diversification occurred disproportionately early in their evolutionary history partition more of their morphological disparity among, rather than within, subclades. This inverse relationship between timing of diversification and morphological disparity within subclades may be a general feature that transcends the historically contingent properties of different evolutionary radiations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harmon, Luke J -- Schulte, James A 2nd -- Larson, Allan -- Losos, Jonathan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):961-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. harmon@biology.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Iguanas/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Statistical ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieseberg, Loren H -- Livingstone, Kevin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):267-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. lriesebe@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: In many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, a dominant breeding pair is assisted in offspring care by nonbreeding helpers. A leading explanation for this altruistic behavior is Hamilton's idea that helpers gain indirect fitness benefits by rearing relatives (kin selection). Many studies have shown that helpers typically provide care for relatives, but relatively few have shown that helpers provide closer kin with preferential care (kin discrimination), fueling the suggestion that kin selection only poorly accounts for the evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates. We used meta-analysis to show that (i) individuals consistently discriminate between kin, and (ii) stronger discrimination occurs in species where the benefits of helping are greater. These results suggest a general role for kin selection and that the relative importance of kin selection varies across species, as predicted by Hamilton's rule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffin, Ashleigh S -- West, Stuart A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):634-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. a.griffin@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Birds/*physiology ; Breeding ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Family ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Male ; Mammals/*physiology ; Probability ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior ; Species Specificity
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: DNA microarray analysis has provided a wealth of data on global patterns of gene expression but has yet to deliver on its early promise of identifying networks of interacting gene products. In his Perspective, Quackenbush discusses new work (Stuart et al.) that uses evolutionary conservation of gene expression patterns in yeast, worm, fruit fly, and human in an attempt to identify functionally related groups of genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quackenbush, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):240-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. johnq@tigr.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Division/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Insect ; Humans ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA Splicing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Species Specificity
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: Humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, differ in approximately 1.24% of their genomic DNA sequences. The fraction of these changes accumulated during the speciation processes that have separated the two lineages may be of special relevance in understanding the basis of their differences. We analyzed human and chimpanzee sequence data to search for the patterns of divergence and polymorphism predicted by a theoretical model of speciation. According to the model, positively selected changes should accumulate in chromosomes that present fixed structural differences, such as inversions, between the two species. Protein evolution was more than 2.2 times faster in chromosomes that had undergone structural rearrangements compared with colinear chromosomes. Also, nucleotide variability is slightly lower in rearranged chromosomes. These patterns of divergence and polymorphism may be, at least in part, the molecular footprint of speciation events in the human and chimpanzee lineages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro, Arcadi -- Barton, Nick H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):321-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. arcadi.navarro@cexs.upf.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Hominidae/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/physiology ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: The genomes of human, mouse, and rat have been sequenced. Now, as O'Brien and Murphy announce in their Perspective, the genome sequence derby is heating up with the addition of dog to the list (Kirkness et al.). As they explain, even though the coverage of the dog genome (1.5x) is lower than that of mouse (8x), there are many valuable insights to be gained from comparing the sequence of dog with those of mouse and human.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, Stephen J -- Murphy, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1854-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Contig Mapping ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dogs/*genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice/genetics ; Mutation ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Radiation Hybrid Mapping ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; Synteny ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trainor, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):523-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. pat@stowers-institute.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/embryology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Transplantation ; Chimera ; Ducks/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Maxillofacial Development ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Neural Crest/*cytology/embryology/physiology ; Quail/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Skull/embryology/growth & development ; Species Specificity ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1311.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications/epidemiology/*transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Malaria/*complications/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Placenta Diseases/drug therapy/epidemiology/parasitology ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology ; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/drug therapy/*epidemiology ; Uganda/epidemiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):32-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Survival ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Memory ; Mice ; Neurons/*physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Prolactin/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, Prolactin/genetics/physiology ; Seasons ; Smell ; Songbirds/physiology ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frank, Lone -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Child ; *Cohort Studies ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Databases, Factual ; Denmark/epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Research Design ; Female ; Humans ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; *Mothers ; Patient Selection ; Pregnancy
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster/*parasitology ; Female ; Insect Viruses/*physiology ; Male ; Odors ; Orchidaceae/*metabolism ; Oviposition ; Pollen ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Attractants/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology/*virology
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloomfield, Frank H -- Oliver, Mark H -- Hawkins, Paul -- Campbell, Melanie -- Phillips, David J -- Gluckman, Peter D -- Challis, John R G -- Harding, Jane E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):606.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. f.bloomfield@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood/secretion ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Eating ; Female ; *Fertilization ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/embryology/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/blood ; *Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Obstetric Labor, Premature/*etiology ; *Parturition ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/embryology/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Random Allocation ; Sheep ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: Neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory system of the adult brain throughout life, in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but its physiological regulation is not understood. We show that the production of neuronal progenitors is stimulated in the forebrain subventricular zone of female mice during pregnancy and that this effect is mediated by the hormone prolactin. The progenitors then migrate to produce new olfactory interneurons, a process likely to be important for maternal behavior, because olfactory discrimination is critical for recognition and rearing of offspring. Neurogenesis occurs even in females that mate with sterile males. These findings imply that forebrain olfactory neurogenesis may contribute to adaptive behaviors in mating and pregnancy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shingo, Tetsuro -- Gregg, Christopher -- Enwere, Emeka -- Fujikawa, Hirokazu -- Hassam, Rozina -- Geary, Colleen -- Cross, James C -- Weiss, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):117-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genes & Development Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Choroid Plexus/metabolism ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Estradiol/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Female ; Interneurons/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Prolactin/administration & dosage/blood/pharmacology/*physiology ; Prosencephalon/*cytology/*physiology ; Pseudopregnancy ; Receptors, Prolactin/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Gene acquisition is an ongoing process in many bacterial genomes, contributing to adaptation and ecological diversification. Lateral gene transfer is considered the primary explanation for discordance among gene phylogenies and as an obstacle to reconstructing the tree of life. We measured the extent of phylogenetic conflict and alien-gene acquisition within quartets of sequenced genomes. Although comparisons of complete gene inventories indicate appreciable gain and loss of genes, orthologs available for phylogenetic reconstruction are consistent with a single tree.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daubin, Vincent -- Moran, Nancy A -- Ochman, Howard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Likelihood Functions ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mazel, C H -- Cronin, T W -- Caldwell, R L -- Marshall, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):51. Epub 2003 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical Sciences Incorporated, 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Color Perception ; Crustacea/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Fluorescence ; Light ; Male ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*physiology ; Pigmentation ; Seawater ; Species Specificity
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: Even though human and chimpanzee gene sequences are nearly 99% identical, sequence comparisons can nevertheless be highly informative in identifying biologically important changes that have occurred since our ancestral lineages diverged. We analyzed alignments of 7645 chimpanzee gene sequences to their human and mouse orthologs. These three-species sequence alignments allowed us to identify genes undergoing natural selection along the human and chimp lineage by fitting models that include parameters specifying rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution. This evolutionary approach revealed an informative set of genes with significantly different patterns of substitution on the human lineage compared with the chimpanzee and mouse lineages. Partitions of genes into inferred biological classes identified accelerated evolution in several functional classes, including olfaction and nuclear transport. In addition to suggesting adaptive physiological differences between chimps and humans, human-accelerated genes are significantly more likely to underlie major known Mendelian disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Andrew G -- Glanowski, Stephen -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Thomas, Paul D -- Kejariwal, Anish -- Todd, Melissa A -- Tanenbaum, David M -- Civello, Daniel -- Lu, Fu -- Murphy, Brian -- Ferriera, Steve -- Wang, Gary -- Zheng, Xianqgun -- White, Thomas J -- Sninsky, John J -- Adams, Mark D -- Cargill, Michele -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1960-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genes ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Mice/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Pseudogenes ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Smell/genetics ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fazleabas, Asgerally T -- Kim, J Julie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):355-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. asgi@uic.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blastocyst/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; *Embryo Implantation ; Endometrium/cytology/*physiology ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; L-Selectin/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Signal Transduction ; Trophoblasts/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnston, Mark -- Stormo, Gary D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):997-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. mj@wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chickens/genetics ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/genetics ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Richard A -- Nelson, David L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1331-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. agibbs@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cebidae/genetics ; Cercopithecidae/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Exons ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; *Phylogeny ; Primates/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkman, Sarah K -- Hartl, Daniel L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):353-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cat Diseases/parasitology/transmission ; Cats ; Female ; Food Parasitology ; Genes, Protozoan ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Mice ; Mouth ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/parasitology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Toxoplasma/*genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Toxoplasmosis/*parasitology/transmission ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*parasitology/transmission ; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/epidemiology/parasitology ; Virulence
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabbe, John C -- Wahlsten, Douglas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1313-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Environment ; Housing, Animal ; *Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Species Specificity
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, Erica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):654-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Amphipoda/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/genetics ; *Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Siberia ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Turbellaria/classification
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):162-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Child ; *Child Development ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Disease ; Environment ; Epidemiologic Research Design ; *Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Mother-Child Relations ; *Mothers ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pregnancy ; Social Environment ; United States/epidemiology
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Nonhuman primates represent the most relevant model organisms to understand the biology of Homo sapiens. The recent divergence and associated overall sequence conservation between individual members of this taxon have nonetheless largely precluded the use of primates in comparative sequence studies. We used sequence comparisons of an extensive set of Old World and New World monkeys and hominoids to identify functional regions in the human genome. Analysis of these data enabled the discovery of primate-specific gene regulatory elements and the demarcation of the exons of multiple genes. Much of the information content of the comprehensive primate sequence comparisons could be captured with a small subset of phylogenetically close primates. These results demonstrate the utility of intraprimate sequence comparisons to discover common mammalian as well as primate-specific functional elements in the human genome, which are unattainable through the evaluation of more evolutionarily distant species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boffelli, Dario -- McAuliffe, Jon -- Ovcharenko, Dmitriy -- Lewis, Keith D -- Ovcharenko, Ivan -- Pachter, Lior -- Rubin, Edward M -- HL66728/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HG02362-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1391-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoproteins A/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Cebidae/genetics ; Cercopithecidae/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Hylobates/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; *Phylogeny ; Primates/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 52
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, R A -- Helms, J A -- K02 DE 00421/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- N01-HD-7-3263/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R03 DE014795/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R03 DE014795-01/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R29 DE12462-03/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- T32 DE07236/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):565-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Suite U-453, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Body Patterning ; Cell Transplantation ; Chimera ; Coturnix/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Ducks/anatomy & histology/*embryology/growth & development ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Maxillofacial Development ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Neural Crest/*cytology/embryology/physiology ; Nose/embryology ; Skull/embryology/growth & development ; Species Specificity ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall Graves, Jennifer A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biological Science Disciplines/education ; Classification ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; *Genomics ; Humans ; *Proteomics ; Species Specificity
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1876-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mice/genetics ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Smell/genetics ; Species Specificity
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: Trophoblast adhesion to the uterine wall is the requisite first step of implantation and, subsequently, placentation. At the maternal-fetal interface, we investigated the expression of selectin adhesion systems that enable leukocyte capture from the bloodstream. On the maternal side, human uterine epithelial cells up-regulated selectin oligosaccharide-based ligands during the window of receptivity. On the fetal side, human trophoblasts expressed L-selectin. This ligand-receptor system was functional, because beads coated with the selectin ligand 6-sulfo sLe(x) bound to trophoblasts, and trophoblasts bound to ligand-expressing uterine luminal epithelium in tissue sections. These results suggest that trophoblast L-selectin mediates interactions with the uterus and that this adhesion mechanism may be critical to establishing human pregnancy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Genbacev, Olga D -- Prakobphol, Akraporn -- Foulk, Russell A -- Krtolica, Ana R -- Ilic, Dusko -- Singer, Mark S -- Yang, Zhi-Qiang -- Kiessling, Laura L -- Rosen, Steven D -- Fisher, Susan J -- DE 07244/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- HL 64597/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R37GM23547/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HD 42283/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):405-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Stomatology, Anatomy, and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; Blastocyst/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cells, Cultured ; *Embryo Implantation ; Endometrium/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Female ; Follicular Phase ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Jurkat Cells ; L-Selectin/immunology/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Luteal Phase ; Mice ; Microspheres ; Oligosaccharides/*metabolism ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Pregnancy ; Trophoblasts/metabolism/*physiology ; Up-Regulation
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Although island attributes such as size and accessibility to colonizing organisms can influence community structure, the consequences of these for ecosystem functioning are little understood. A study of the suspended soils of spatially discrete epiphytes or treetop "islands" in the canopies of New Zealand rainforest trees revealed that different components of the decomposer community responded either positively or negatively to island size, as well as to the tree species that the islands occurred in. This in turn led to important differences between islands in the rates of ecosystem processes driven by the decomposer biota. This system serves as a model for better understanding how attributes of both real and habitat islands may affect key ecosystem functions through determining the community structure of organisms that drive these functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wardle, David A -- Yeates, Gregor W -- Barker, Gary M -- Bellingham, Peter J -- Bonner, Karen I -- Williamson, Wendy M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1717-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden. david.wardle@svek.slu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/physiology ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Carbon/metabolism ; Coniferophyta ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fungi/growth & development ; Geography ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Lauraceae ; Liliaceae/*growth & development ; Nematoda/physiology ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oligochaeta/physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Population Density ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; Vitex
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2003-12-06
    Description: To understand the role of adaptation in speciation, one must characterize the ecologically relevant phenotypic effects of naturally occurring alleles at loci potentially causing reproductive isolation. The desaturase2 gene of Drosophila melanogaster is such a locus. Two geographically differentiated ds2 alleles underlie a pheromonal difference between the Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan races. We used a site-directed gene replacement technique to introduce an allele of ds2 from the Zimbabwe population into Cosmopolitan flies. We show that the Cosmopolitan allele confers resistance to cold as well as susceptibility to starvation when the entire genetic background is otherwise identical. We conclude that ecological adaptation likely accompanies sexual isolation between the two behavioral races of D. melanogaster.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greenberg, Anthony J -- Moran, Jennifer R -- Coyne, Jerry A -- Wu, Chung-I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1754-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Africa ; Alkadienes/analysis ; Alkenes/analysis ; Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Caribbean Region ; Cold Temperature ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acid Desaturases/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Insect ; Genotype ; Male ; Phenotype ; Pheromones/physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; Starvation ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stillman, Jonathon H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Ocean-view Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. jstillman@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; California ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Heart/physiology ; Heart Rate ; Mexico ; Oregon ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Temperature
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2003-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Jian -- Li, Wen-Hsiung -- Wu, Chung-I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):988; author reply 988.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ciwu@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cercopithecidae/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes ; Genetics, Population ; Hominidae/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/physiology ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woods, Gordon L -- White, Kenneth L -- Vanderwall, Dirk K -- Li, Guang-Peng -- Aston, Kenneth I -- Bunch, Thomas D -- Meerdo, Lora N -- Pate, Barry J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1063. Epub 2003 May 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwest Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA. gwoods@uidaho.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Equidae/*embryology/*genetics ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Horses ; Male ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Pregnancy
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, Bernice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1502-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Viral ; Genetic Variation ; Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*genetics/immunology/physiology ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control/transmission/*veterinary/*virology ; Neuraminidase/genetics ; Point Mutation ; Reassortant Viruses/genetics ; Species Specificity ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control/transmission/*virology ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Virus Replication ; World Health Organization
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: Many mammalian species rely on pheromones-semiochemicals produced by other members of the same species-to communicate social status and reproductive readiness. To assess how the central nervous system integrates the complex repertoire of pheromones, we recorded from single neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb, a nucleus that processes pheromonal signals, of male mice engaged in natural behaviors. Neuronal firing was robustly modulated by physical contact with male and female conspecifics, with individual neurons activated selectively by specific combinations of the sex and strain of conspecifics. We infer that mammals encode social and reproductive information by integrating vomeronasal sensory activity specific to sex and genetic makeup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luo, Minmin -- Fee, Michale S -- Katz, Lawrence C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1196-201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. luo@neuro.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Anal Canal ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Face ; Female ; Genitalia ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Microelectrodes ; Mouth ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Smell ; Species Specificity ; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/*physiology
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):561-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Glands/embryology/secretion ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/secretion ; Animals ; Birth Weight ; Diet ; Fasting ; Female ; *Fertilization ; Fetus/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/secretion ; *Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Obstetric Labor, Premature/*etiology ; *Parturition ; Pituitary Gland/embryology/secretion ; Pregnancy ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Sheep ; Weight Loss
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: Comparison of the gene-expression profiles between adults of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans has uncovered the evolution of genes that exhibit sex-dependent regulation. Approximately half the genes showed differences in expression between the species, and among these, approximately 83% involved a gain, loss, increase, decrease, or reversal of sex-biased expression. Most of the interspecific differences in messenger RNA abundance affect male-biased genes. Genes that differ in expression between the species showed functional clustering only if they were sex-biased. Our results suggest that sex-dependent selection may drive changes in expression of many of the most rapidly evolving genes in the Drosophila transcriptome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ranz, Jose M -- Castillo-Davis, Cristian I -- Meiklejohn, Colin D -- Hartl, Daniel L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1742-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Male ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Species Specificity ; *Transcription, Genetic ; X Chromosome/genetics
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alward, Wallace L M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1527-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. wallace-alward@uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Albinism, Ocular/genetics ; Animals ; Anterior Eye Segment/*abnormalities ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics ; Cornea/abnormalities ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Glaucoma/*congenital/*genetics/pathology/therapy ; Humans ; *Intraocular Pressure ; Iris/abnormalities ; Levodopa/administration & dosage/metabolism ; Mice ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/*deficiency/metabolism ; Mutation ; Optic Nerve ; Pregnancy ; Trabecular Meshwork/abnormalities/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: Hundreds of coral species coexist sympatrically on reefs, reproducing in mass-spawning events where hybridization appears common. In the Caribbean, DNA sequence data from all three sympatric Acropora corals show that mass spawning does not erode species barriers. Species A. cervicornis and A. palmata are distinct at two nuclear loci or share ancestral alleles. Morphotypes historically given the name Acropora prolifera are entirely F(1) hybrids of these two species, showing morphologies that depend on which species provides the egg for hybridization. Although selection limits the evolutionary potential of hybrids, F(1) individuals can reproduce asexually and form long-lived, potentially immortal hybrids with unique morphologies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vollmer, Steven V -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. svollmer@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Calmodulin/genetics ; Caribbean Region ; Cnidaria/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Collagen/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Likelihood Functions ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Breast cancer manifests itself in the mammary epithelium, yet there is a growing recognition that mammary stromal cells also play an important role in tumorigenesis. During its developmental cycle, the mammary gland displays many of the properties associated with breast cancer, and many of the stromal factors necessary for mammary development also promote or protect against breast cancer. Here we review our present knowledge of the specific factors and cell types that contribute to epithelial-stromal crosstalk during mammary development. To find cures for diseases like breast cancer that rely on epithelial-stromal crosstalk, we must understand how these different cell types communicate with each other.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiseman, Bryony S -- Werb, Zena -- CA57621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1046-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*physiopathology ; Cell Communication ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Extracellular Matrix/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology/*physiopathology ; Morphogenesis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Signal Transduction ; Stromal Cells/*physiology
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- Montagnier, Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1730-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use ; *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/prevention & ; control/transmission/virology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; Health Services/economics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; International Cooperation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Research Support as Topic ; Technology Transfer ; United Nations
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Copeland, Neal G -- Jenkins, Nancy A -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA. copeland@ncifcrf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Composition ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genes ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains/*genetics ; Multigene Family ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Diatoms are encased in an intricately patterned wall that consists of amorphous silica. Species-specific fabrication of this ornate biomineral enables taxonomists to identify thousands of diatom species. The molecular mechanisms that control this nanofabrication and generate the diversity of patterns is not well understood. A simple model is described, in which repeated phase separation events during wall biogenesis are assumed to produce self-similar silica patterns in smaller and smaller scales. On the basis of this single assumption, the apparently complex patterns found in the valves of the diatom genus Coscinodiscus can be predicted. Microscopic analysis of valves in statu nascendi from three different Coscinodiscus species supports the conclusions derived from the model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumper, Manfred -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2430-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl Biochemie I, Universitat Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. manfred.sumper@vkl.uni-regensburg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Wall/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Chemical Precipitation ; Diatoms/*chemistry/classification/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Models, Biological ; Morphogenesis ; Polyamines/analysis/metabolism ; Polymers ; Silicic Acid/chemistry/metabolism ; Silicon Dioxide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2167-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birth Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; Diet ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Embryo Implantation ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/metabolism ; Hypertension/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; *Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Placenta/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ivell, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):637-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, University of Hamburg, Grandweg 64, 22529 Hamburg, Germany. ivell@ihf.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Endometrium/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; Leydig Cells/metabolism ; Lymphokines/metabolism ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Ovary/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Peptide/chemistry/*physiology ; Relaxin/blood/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Testis/physiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; Vasodilation
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Aneuploidy (trisomy or monosomy) is the leading genetic cause of pregnancy loss in humans and results from errors in meiotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the absence of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) promotes aneuploidy in murine oocytes by inducing defective meiotic chromosome segregation. The abnormal oocyte karyotype is inherited by embryos, which die in utero at an early stage of development. In addition, embryo death in SCP3-deficient females increases with advancing maternal age. We found that SCP3 is required for chiasmata formation and for the structural integrity of meiotic chromosomes, suggesting that altered chromosomal structure triggers nondisjunction. SCP3 is thus linked to inherited aneuploidy in female germ cells and provides a model system for studying age-dependent degeneration in oocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Li -- Liu, Jian-Guo -- Hoja, Mary-Rose -- Wilbertz, Johannes -- Nordqvist, Katarina -- Hoog, Christer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1115-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; *Embryo Loss ; Female ; Karyotyping ; Litter Size ; Male ; Maternal Age ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nondisjunction, Genetic ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Pregnancy ; Recombination, Genetic ; Synaptonemal Complex/physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the same ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds decreases. Our study aimed to determine whether this perceptual narrowing is unique to language or might also apply to face processing. We tested discrimination of human and monkey faces by 6-month-olds, 9-month-olds, and adults, using the visual paired-comparison procedure. Only the youngest group showed discrimination between individuals of both species; older infants and adults only showed evidence of discrimination of their own species. These results suggest that the "perceptual narrowing" phenomenon may represent a more general change in neural networks involved in early cognition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pascalis, Olivier -- de Haan, Michelle -- Nelson, Charles A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1321-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK. o.pascalis@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials ; *Face ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Species Specificity ; Speech Perception
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  • 75
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Timothy Trengove -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2015.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11898821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; Jurisprudence ; Nevirapine/therapeutic use ; *Politics ; Pregnancy ; Preventive Health Services/*legislation & jurisprudence ; South Africa
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  • 76
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2111-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; Ciona intestinalis/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Computational Biology ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes ; *Genome ; Humans ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/classification/genetics
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1863-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mice/*genetics ; Rats/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
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  • 78
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):233-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Blood ; Brain/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Haplorhini/*genetics ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Liver/metabolism ; Macaca/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Pongo pygmaeus/genetics ; Species Specificity
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: The first chordates appear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago. The modern ascidian tadpole represents a plausible approximation to these ancestral chordates. To illuminate the origins of chordate and vertebrates, we generated a draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. The Ciona genome contains approximately 16,000 protein-coding genes, similar to the number in other invertebrates, but only half that found in vertebrates. Vertebrate gene families are typically found in simplified form in Ciona, suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development. The ascidian genome has also acquired a number of lineage-specific innovations, including a group of genes engaged in cellulose metabolism that are related to those in bacteria and fungi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehal, Paramvir -- Satou, Yutaka -- Campbell, Robert K -- Chapman, Jarrod -- Degnan, Bernard -- De Tomaso, Anthony -- Davidson, Brad -- Di Gregorio, Anna -- Gelpke, Maarten -- Goodstein, David M -- Harafuji, Naoe -- Hastings, Kenneth E M -- Ho, Isaac -- Hotta, Kohji -- Huang, Wayne -- Kawashima, Takeshi -- Lemaire, Patrick -- Martinez, Diego -- Meinertzhagen, Ian A -- Necula, Simona -- Nonaka, Masaru -- Putnam, Nik -- Rash, Sam -- Saiga, Hidetoshi -- Satake, Masanobu -- Terry, Astrid -- Yamada, Lixy -- Wang, Hong-Gang -- Awazu, Satoko -- Azumi, Kaoru -- Boore, Jeffrey -- Branno, Margherita -- Chin-Bow, Stephen -- DeSantis, Rosaria -- Doyle, Sharon -- Francino, Pilar -- Keys, David N -- Haga, Shinobu -- Hayashi, Hiroko -- Hino, Kyosuke -- Imai, Kaoru S -- Inaba, Kazuo -- Kano, Shungo -- Kobayashi, Kenji -- Kobayashi, Mari -- Lee, Byung-In -- Makabe, Kazuhiro W -- Manohar, Chitra -- Matassi, Giorgio -- Medina, Monica -- Mochizuki, Yasuaki -- Mount, Steve -- Morishita, Tomomi -- Miura, Sachiko -- Nakayama, Akie -- Nishizaka, Satoko -- Nomoto, Hisayo -- Ohta, Fumiko -- Oishi, Kazuko -- Rigoutsos, Isidore -- Sano, Masako -- Sasaki, Akane -- Sasakura, Yasunori -- Shoguchi, Eiichi -- Shin-i, Tadasu -- Spagnuolo, Antoinetta -- Stainier, Didier -- Suzuki, Miho M -- Tassy, Olivier -- Takatori, Naohito -- Tokuoka, Miki -- Yagi, Kasumi -- Yoshizaki, Fumiko -- Wada, Shuichi -- Zhang, Cindy -- Hyatt, P Douglas -- Larimer, Frank -- Detter, Chris -- Doggett, Norman -- Glavina, Tijana -- Hawkins, Trevor -- Richardson, Paul -- Lucas, Susan -- Kohara, Yuji -- Levine, Michael -- Satoh, Nori -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- HD-37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2157-67.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Cellulose/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/physiology ; Ciona intestinalis/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Computational Biology ; Endocrine System/physiology ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Duplication ; Genes ; Genes, Homeobox ; *Genome ; Heart/embryology/physiology ; Immunity/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Muscle Proteins/genetics ; Organizers, Embryonic/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; Thyroid Gland/physiology ; Urochordata/genetics ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hare, Brian -- Brown, Michelle -- Williamson, Christina -- Tomasello, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1634-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; *Cues ; *Dogs ; Food ; Humans ; Memory ; Pan troglodytes ; *Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Vision, Ocular ; Wolves
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Snow, Melanie -- Cox, Shae-Lee -- Jenkin, Graham -- Trounson, Alan -- Shaw, Jillian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2227.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropins, Equine/administration & dosage ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Nude ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Ovariectomy ; Ovary/*transplantation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Rats ; *Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; *Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7% identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. The underlying genetic basis of many of these differences may be altered gene expression. We have compared the transcriptome in blood leukocytes, liver, and brain of humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and macaques using microarrays, as well as protein expression patterns of humans and chimpanzees using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also studied three mouse species that are approximately as related to each other as are humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We identified species-specific gene expression patterns indicating that changes in protein and gene expression have been particularly pronounced in the human brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enard, Wolfgang -- Khaitovich, Philipp -- Klose, Joachim -- Zollner, Sebastian -- Heissig, Florian -- Giavalisco, Patrick -- Nieselt-Struwe, Kay -- Muchmore, Elaine -- Varki, Ajit -- Ravid, Rivka -- Doxiadis, Gaby M -- Bontrop, Ronald E -- Paabo, Svante -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):340-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*metabolism ; DNA, Complementary ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Haplorhini/*genetics ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Leukocytes/*metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Muridae/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organ Specificity ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Pongo pygmaeus/genetics ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: Comparison of two fully sequenced genomes of Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate endosymbionts of aphids, reveals the most extreme genome stability to date: no chromosome rearrangements or gene acquisitions have occurred in the past 50 to 70 million years, despite substantial sequence evolution and the inactivation and loss of individual genes. In contrast, the genomes of their closest free-living relatives, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., are more than 2000-fold more labile in content and gene order. The genomic stasis of B. aphidicola, likely attributable to the loss of phages, repeated sequences, and recA, indicates that B. aphidicola is no longer a source of ecological innovation for its hosts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tamas, Ivica -- Klasson, Lisa -- Canback, Bjorn -- Naslund, A Kristina -- Eriksson, Ann-Sofie -- Wernegreen, Jennifer J -- Sandstrom, Jonas P -- Moran, Nancy A -- Andersson, Siv G E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2376-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphids/*microbiology/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Buchnera/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Intergenic ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Operon ; Pseudogenes ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cummings, Craig A -- Relman, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1976-9. Epub 2002 May 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthrax/microbiology ; Bacillus anthracis/*classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; *Bacterial Typing Techniques/economics ; Bioterrorism ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/microbiology/transmission ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Disease Outbreaks ; Forensic Medicine ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/economics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infection/microbiology/transmission ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; Species Specificity ; Virulence
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Vlas, Sake J -- Nagelkerke, Nico J D -- Jha, Prabhat -- Plummer, Frank A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/economics/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; HIV/drug effects/physiology ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Viral Load
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):953-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; Caenorhabditis/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Cell Lineage ; *Developmental Biology ; Eye/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; *Genes ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Male ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Determination Processes ; Species Specificity ; Stomatognathic System/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: We compared three-dimensional structure-from-motion (3D-SFM) processing in awake monkeys and humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Occipital and midlevel extrastriate visual areas showed similar activation by 3D-SFM stimuli in both species. In contrast, intraparietal areas showed significant 3D-SFM activation in humans but not in monkeys. This suggests that human intraparietal cortex contains visuospatial processing areas that are not present in monkeys.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vanduffel, W -- Fize, D -- Peuskens, H -- Denys, K -- Sunaert, S -- Todd, J T -- Orban, G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):413-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium. wim@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Depth Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Species Specificity ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Pathways/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mural, Richard J -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Miklos, George L Gabor -- Wides, Ron -- Halpern, Aaron -- Li, Peter W -- Sutton, Granger G -- Nadeau, Joe -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Holt, Robert A -- Kodira, Chinnappa D -- Lu, Fu -- Chen, Lin -- Deng, Zuoming -- Evangelista, Carlos C -- Gan, Weiniu -- Heiman, Thomas J -- Li, Jiayin -- Li, Zhenya -- Merkulov, Gennady V -- Milshina, Natalia V -- Naik, Ashwinikumar K -- Qi, Rong -- Shue, Bixiong Chris -- Wang, Aihui -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Xin -- Yan, Xianghe -- Ye, Jane -- Yooseph, Shibu -- Zhao, Qi -- Zheng, Liansheng -- Zhu, Shiaoping C -- Biddick, Kendra -- Bolanos, Randall -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Dew, Ian M -- Fasulo, Daniel -- Flanigan, Michael J -- Huson, Daniel H -- Kravitz, Saul A -- Miller, Jason R -- Mobarry, Clark M -- Reinert, Knut -- Remington, Karin A -- Zhang, Qing -- Zheng, Xiangqun H -- Nusskern, Deborah R -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lei, Yiding -- Zhong, Wenyan -- Yao, Alison -- Guan, Ping -- Ji, Rui-Ru -- Gu, Zhiping -- Wang, Zhen-Yuan -- Zhong, Fei -- Xiao, Chunlin -- Chiang, Chia-Chien -- Yandell, Mark -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Amanatides, Peter G -- Hladun, Suzanne L -- Pratts, Eric C -- Johnson, Jeffery E -- Dodson, Kristina L -- Woodford, Kerry J -- Evans, Cheryl A -- Gropman, Barry -- Rusch, Douglas B -- Venter, Eli -- Wang, Mei -- Smith, Thomas J -- Houck, Jarrett T -- Tompkins, Donald E -- Haynes, Charles -- Jacob, Debbie -- Chin, Soo H -- Allen, David R -- Dahlke, Carl E -- Sanders, Robert -- Li, Kelvin -- Liu, Xiangjun -- Levitsky, Alexander A -- Majoros, William H -- Chen, Quan -- Xia, Ashley C -- Lopez, John R -- Donnelly, Michael T -- Newman, Matthew H -- Glodek, Anna -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Nodell, Marc -- Ali, Feroze -- An, Hui-Jin -- Baldwin-Pitts, Danita -- Beeson, Karen Y -- Cai, Shuang -- Carnes, Mark -- Carver, Amy -- Caulk, Parris M -- Center, Angela -- Chen, Yen-Hui -- Cheng, Ming-Lai -- Coyne, My D -- Crowder, Michelle -- Danaher, Steven -- Davenport, Lionel B -- Desilets, Raymond -- Dietz, Susanne M -- Doup, Lisa -- Dullaghan, Patrick -- Ferriera, Steven -- Fosler, Carl R -- Gire, Harold C -- Gluecksmann, Andres -- Gocayne, Jeannine D -- Gray, Jonathan -- Hart, Brit -- Haynes, Jason -- Hoover, Jeffery -- Howland, Tim -- Ibegwam, Chinyere -- Jalali, Mena -- Johns, David -- Kline, Leslie -- Ma, Daniel S -- MacCawley, Steven -- Magoon, Anand -- Mann, Felecia -- May, David -- McIntosh, Tina C -- Mehta, Somil -- Moy, Linda -- Moy, Mee C -- Murphy, Brian J -- Murphy, Sean D -- Nelson, Keith A -- Nuri, Zubeda -- Parker, Kimberly A -- Prudhomme, Alexandre C -- Puri, Vinita N -- Qureshi, Hina -- Raley, John C -- Reardon, Matthew S -- Regier, Megan A -- Rogers, Yu-Hui C -- Romblad, Deanna L -- Schutz, Jakob -- Scott, John L -- Scott, Richard -- Sitter, Cynthia D -- Smallwood, Michella -- Sprague, Arlan C -- Stewart, Erin -- Strong, Renee V -- Suh, Ellen -- Sylvester, Karena -- Thomas, Reginald -- Tint, Ni Ni -- Tsonis, Christopher -- Wang, Gary -- Wang, George -- Williams, Monica S -- Williams, Sherita M -- Windsor, Sandra M -- Wolfe, Keriellen -- Wu, Mitchell M -- Zaveri, Jayshree -- Chaturvedi, Kabir -- Gabrielian, Andrei E -- Ke, Zhaoxi -- Sun, Jingtao -- Subramanian, Gangadharan -- Venter, J Craig -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia M -- Barnstead, Mary -- Stephenson, Lisa D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1661-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. richard.mural@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Composition ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A/genetics ; Mice, Inbred DBA/genetics ; Mice, Inbred Strains/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; *Synteny
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The presence of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose residues on the surface of pig cells is a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation. Here, we report the production of four live pigs in which one allele of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase locus has been knocked out. These pigs were produced by nuclear transfer technology; clonal fetal fibroblast cell lines were used as nuclear donors for embryos reconstructed with enucleated pig oocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lai, Liangxue -- Kolber-Simonds, Donna -- Park, Kwang-Wook -- Cheong, Hee-Tae -- Greenstein, Julia L -- Im, Gi-Sun -- Samuel, Melissa -- Bonk, Aaron -- Rieke, August -- Day, Billy N -- Murphy, Clifton N -- Carter, David B -- Hawley, Robert J -- Prather, Randall S -- R44 RR15198/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 RR07004/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1089-92. Epub 2002 Jan 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts ; Galactosyltransferases/*genetics ; *Gene Targeting ; Genetic Vectors ; Male ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Pregnancy ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature/embryology/*genetics ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: We analyzed the technical basis for a major global program to reduce disease among the poor. Effective interventions exist against the few diseases which most account for excess mortality among the poor. Achieving high coverage of effective interventions requires a well-functioning health system, as well as overcoming a set of financial and nonfinancial constraints. The annual incremental cost would be between $40 billion and $52 billion by 2015 in 83 low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. Such a program is feasible and would avoid millions of child, maternal, and adult deaths annually in poor countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jha, Prabhat -- Mills, Anne -- Hanson, Kara -- Kumaranayake, Lilani -- Conteh, Lesong -- Kurowski, Christoph -- Nguyen, Son Nam -- Cruz, Valeria Oliveira -- Ranson, Kent -- Vaz, Lara M E -- Yu, Shengchao -- Morton, Oliver -- Sachs, Jeffrey D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2036-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva 01220, Switzerland. jhap@who.int〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Delivery of Health Care/economics ; Female ; *Global Health ; Government ; Health Care Costs ; *Health Expenditures ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/economics ; *Medically Underserved Area ; *Poverty ; Pregnancy ; Preventive Health Services/economics ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2002-11-09
    Description: What factors determine the persistence of species in fragmented habitats? To address this question, we studied the relative impacts of forest deterioration and fragmentation on bird species in 12 rainforest fragments in Kenya, combining 6 years of individual capture-recapture data with measurements of current captures and museum specimens. Species mobility, as estimated from species-specific dispersal rates, and tolerance to habitat deterioration, as estimated from change in fluctuating asymmetry with increasing habitat disturbance, explained 88% of the variation in patch occupancy among eight forest bird species. Occupancy increased with mobility and with tolerance to deterioration, where both variables contributed equally to this relationship. We conclude that individual-level study, such as of dispersal behavior and phenotypic development, can predict patterns of persistence at the species level. More generally, for conservation tactics to stand a high chance of success, they should include action both within sites, to minimize habitat deterioration, and across landscapes, to maximize dispersal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lens, Luc -- Van Dongen, Stefan -- Norris, Ken -- Githiru, Mwangi -- Matthysen, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1236-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. luc.lens@rug.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Kenya ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Species Specificity ; Tarsus, Animal/anatomy & histology ; *Trees
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: In tropical Africa, Anopheles funestus is one of the three most important malaria vectors. We physically mapped 157 A. funestus complementary DNAs (cDNAs) to the polytene chromosomes of this species. Sequences of the cDNAs were mapped in silico to the A. gambiae genome as part of a comparative genomic study of synteny, gene order, and sequence conservation between A. funestus and A. gambiae. These species are in the same subgenus and diverged about as recently as humans and chimpanzees. Despite nearly perfect preservation of synteny, we found substantial shuffling of gene order along corresponding chromosome arms. Since the divergence of these species, at least 70 chromosomal inversions have been fixed, the highest rate of rearrangement of any eukaryote studied to date. The high incidence of paracentric inversions and limited colinearity suggests that locating genes in one anopheline species based on gene order in another may be limited to closely related taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharakhov, Igor V -- Serazin, Andrew C -- Grushko, Olga G -- Dana, Ali -- Lobo, Neil -- Hillenmeyer, Maureen E -- Westerman, Richard -- Romero-Severson, Jeanne -- Costantini, Carlo -- Sagnon, N'Fale -- Collins, Frank H -- Besansky, Nora J -- AI48842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI48846/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI50687/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):182-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/classification/*genetics ; *Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; Evolution, Molecular ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Order ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Linkage ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
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  • 93
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):945.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411679" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Models, Animal ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; *Placenta/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Species Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Population density in plants and animals is thought to scale with size as a result of mass-related energy requirements. Variation in resources, however, naturally limits population density and may alter expected scaling patterns. We develop and test a general model for variation within and between species in population density across the order Carnivora. We find that 10,000 kilograms of prey supports about 90 kilograms of a given species of carnivore, irrespective of body mass, and that the ratio of carnivore number to prey biomass scales to the reciprocal of carnivore mass. Using mass-specific equations of prey productivity, we show that carnivore number per unit prey productivity scales to carnivore mass near -0.75, and that the scaling rule can predict population density across more than three orders of magnitude. The relationship provides a basis for identifying declining carnivore species that require conservation measures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carbone, Chris -- Gittleman, John L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2273-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. chris.carbone@ioz.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; *Body Weight ; Carnivora/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Species Specificity
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  • 95
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 6;297(5587):1638-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles ; Animals ; *Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Eukaryota ; Financing, Organized ; Gene Library ; *Genome ; Research/economics/*trends ; *Research Support as Topic/trends ; Species Specificity ; Wasps
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: We have produced a draft sequence of the rice genome for the most widely cultivated subspecies in China, Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica, by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The genome was 466 megabases in size, with an estimated 46,022 to 55,615 genes. Functional coverage in the assembled sequences was 92.0%. About 42.2% of the genome was in exact 20-nucleotide oligomer repeats, and most of the transposons were in the intergenic regions between genes. Although 80.6% of predicted Arabidopsis thaliana genes had a homolog in rice, only 49.4% of predicted rice genes had a homolog in A. thaliana. The large proportion of rice genes with no recognizable homologs is due to a gradient in the GC content of rice coding sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Jun -- Hu, Songnian -- Wang, Jun -- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu -- Li, Songgang -- Liu, Bin -- Deng, Yajun -- Dai, Li -- Zhou, Yan -- Zhang, Xiuqing -- Cao, Mengliang -- Liu, Jing -- Sun, Jiandong -- Tang, Jiabin -- Chen, Yanjiong -- Huang, Xiaobing -- Lin, Wei -- Ye, Chen -- Tong, Wei -- Cong, Lijuan -- Geng, Jianing -- Han, Yujun -- Li, Lin -- Li, Wei -- Hu, Guangqiang -- Huang, Xiangang -- Li, Wenjie -- Li, Jian -- Liu, Zhanwei -- Li, Long -- Liu, Jianping -- Qi, Qiuhui -- Liu, Jinsong -- Li, Li -- Li, Tao -- Wang, Xuegang -- Lu, Hong -- Wu, Tingting -- Zhu, Miao -- Ni, Peixiang -- Han, Hua -- Dong, Wei -- Ren, Xiaoyu -- Feng, Xiaoli -- Cui, Peng -- Li, Xianran -- Wang, Hao -- Xu, Xin -- Zhai, Wenxue -- Xu, Zhao -- Zhang, Jinsong -- He, Sijie -- Zhang, Jianguo -- Xu, Jichen -- Zhang, Kunlin -- Zheng, Xianwu -- Dong, Jianhai -- Zeng, Wanyong -- Tao, Lin -- Ye, Jia -- Tan, Jun -- Ren, Xide -- Chen, Xuewei -- He, Jun -- Liu, Daofeng -- Tian, Wei -- Tian, Chaoguang -- Xia, Hongai -- Bao, Qiyu -- Li, Gang -- Gao, Hui -- Cao, Ting -- Wang, Juan -- Zhao, Wenming -- Li, Ping -- Chen, Wei -- Wang, Xudong -- Zhang, Yong -- Hu, Jianfei -- Wang, Jing -- Liu, Song -- Yang, Jian -- Zhang, Guangyu -- Xiong, Yuqing -- Li, Zhijie -- Mao, Long -- Zhou, Chengshu -- Zhu, Zhen -- Chen, Runsheng -- Hao, Bailin -- Zheng, Weimou -- Chen, Shouyi -- Guo, Wei -- Li, Guojie -- Liu, Siqi -- Tao, Ming -- Wang, Jian -- Zhu, Lihuang -- Yuan, Longping -- Yang, Huanming -- 1 RO1 ES09909/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):79-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Beijing Genomics Institute/Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935017" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics ; Base Composition ; Computational Biology ; Contig Mapping ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA, Intergenic ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Exons ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oryza/*genetics ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Software ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2192-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Determination by Skeleton ; Animals ; Anthropology ; Asia ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*classification/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Paleontology ; *Phylogeny ; *Skull ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- von Mering, Christian -- Letunic, Ivica -- Torrents, David -- Suyama, Mikita -- Copley, Richard R -- Christophides, George K -- Thomasova, Dana -- Holt, Robert A -- Subramanian, G Mani -- Mueller, Hans-Michael -- Dimopoulos, George -- Law, John H -- Wells, Michael A -- Birney, Ewan -- Charlab, Rosane -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Kokoza, Elena -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lewis, Suzanna -- Louis, Christos -- Barillas-Mury, Carolina -- Nusskern, Deborah -- Rubin, Gerald M -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sutton, Granger G -- Topalis, Pantelis -- Wides, Ron -- Wincker, Patrick -- Yandell, Mark -- Collins, Frank H -- Ribeiro, Jose -- Gelbart, William M -- Kafatos, Fotis C -- Bork, Peer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):149-59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Exons ; Gene Order ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Introns ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Pseudogenes ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):719-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; DNA/*genetics ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Deletion ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Software ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):25-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Galactosyltransferases/*genetics/immunology ; Genetic Vectors ; Graft Rejection/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Swine/*genetics ; *Transplantation, Heterologous
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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