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  • Cells, Cultured  (454)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Chemistry
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (489)
  • 2000-2004  (252)
  • 1980-1984  (237)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beattie, Eric C -- Stellwagen, David -- Morishita, Wade -- Bresnahan, Jacqueline C -- Ha, Byeong Keun -- Von Zastrow, Mark -- Beattie, Michael S -- Malenka, Robert C -- DA00439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH063394/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 31193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38079/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. beattie.2@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: Higher order chromatin structure presents a barrier to the recognition and repair of DNA damage. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce histone H2AX phosphorylation, which is associated with the recruitment of repair factors to damaged DNA. To help clarify the physiological role of H2AX, we targeted H2AX in mice. Although H2AX is not essential for irradiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, H2AX-/- mice were radiation sensitive, growth retarded, and immune deficient, and mutant males were infertile. These pleiotropic phenotypes were associated with chromosomal instability, repair defects, and impaired recruitment of Nbs1, 53bp1, and Brca1, but not Rad51, to irradiation-induced foci. Thus, H2AX is critical for facilitating the assembly of specific DNA-repair complexes on damaged DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Celeste, Arkady -- Petersen, Simone -- Romanienko, Peter J -- Fernandez-Capetillo, Oscar -- Chen, Hua Tang -- Sedelnikova, Olga A -- Reina-San-Martin, Bernardo -- Coppola, Vincenzo -- Meffre, Eric -- Difilippantonio, Michael J -- Redon, Christophe -- Pilch, Duane R -- Olaru, Alexandru -- Eckhaus, Michael -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Tessarollo, Lino -- Livak, Ferenc -- Manova, Katia -- Bonner, William M -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Z99 CA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):922-7. Epub 2002 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Histones/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Infertility, Male/genetics/physiopathology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Patent law. Natural substances and patentable inventions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demaine, Linda J -- Fellmeth, Aaron X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1375-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. demaine@rand.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Roots ; Titanium ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Signal transduction. History matters (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ingolia, Nicholas T -- Murray, Andrew W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):948-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cells, Cultured ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; *Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Historical essay. The early years of HIV/AIDS (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1728-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis/history ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis/*history/immunology/virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; France ; *HIV/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification/physiology ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/isolation & purification/physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/history/isolation & purification/physiology ; Patents as Topic/history ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/history/isolation & purification/metabolism ; United States ; Virus Cultivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Polyubiquitination of p53 by a ubiquitin ligase activity of p300 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: Rapid turnover of the tumor suppressor protein p53 requires the MDM2 ubiquitin ligase, and both interact with p300-CREB-binding protein transcriptional coactivator proteins. p53 is stabilized by the binding of p300 to the oncoprotein E1A, suggesting that p300 regulates p53 degradation. Purified p300 exhibited intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activity that was inhibited by E1A. In vitro, p300 with MDM2 catalyzed p53 polyubiquitination, whereas MDM2 catalyzed p53 monoubiquitination. E1A expression caused a decrease in polyubiquitinated but not monoubiquitinated p53 in cells. Thus, generation of the polyubiquitinated forms of p53 that are targeted for proteasome degradation requires the intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activities of MDM2 and p300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grossman, Steven R -- Deato, Maria E -- Brignone, Chrystelle -- Chan, Ho Man -- Kung, Andrew L -- Tagami, Hideaki -- Nakatani, Yoshihiro -- Livingston, David M -- CA15751/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):342-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus E1A Proteins/metabolism ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cells, Cultured ; E1A-Associated p300 Protein ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Role of Raf in vascular protection from distinct apoptotic stimuli (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Raf kinases have been linked to endothelial cell survival. Here, we show that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) differentially activate Raf, resulting in protection from distinct pathways of apoptosis in human endothelial cells and chick embryo vasculature. bFGF activated Raf-1 via p21-activated protein kinase-1 (PAK-1) phosphorylation of serines 338 and 339, resulting in Raf-1 mitochondrial translocation and endothelial cell protection from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, independent of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1). In contrast, VEGF activated Raf-1 via Src kinase, leading to phosphorylation of tyrosines 340 and 341 and MEK1-dependent protection from extrinsic-mediated apoptosis. These findings implicate Raf-1 as a pivotal regulator of endothelial cell survival during angiogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alavi, Alireza -- Hood, John D -- Frausto, Ricardo -- Stupack, Dwayne G -- Cheresh, David A -- CA45726/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA50286/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA75924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA78045/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):94-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/drug effects ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Transport ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Umbilical Veins ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; p21-Activated Kinases ; src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Mutations in MeCP2, which encodes a protein that has been proposed to function as a global transcriptional repressor, are the cause of Rett syndrome (RT T), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. Although the selective inactivation of MeCP2 in neurons is sufficient to confer a Rett-like phenotype in mice, the specific functions of MeCP2 in postmitotic neurons are not known. We find that MeCP2 binds selectively to BDNF promoter III and functions to repress expression of the BDNF gene. Membrane depolarization triggers the calcium-dependent phosphorylation and release of MeCP2 from BDNF promoter III, thereby facilitating transcription. These studies indicate that MeCP2 plays a key role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation and suggest that the deregulation of this process may underlie the pathology of RT T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wen G -- Chang, Qiang -- Lin, Yingxi -- Meissner, Alexander -- West, Anne E -- Griffith, Eric C -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- Greenberg, Michael E -- HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):885-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*genetics ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cloning, Molecular ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Histones/metabolism ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Methylation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Precipitin Tests ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; *Repressor Proteins ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    A subset of viral transcripts packaged within human cytomegalovirus particles (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: A human cytomegalovirus gene array was used to identify a previously unidentified class of viral transcripts. These transcripts, termed virion RNAs, were packaged within infectious virions and were delivered to the host cell on infection. This mechanism of herpesvirus gene expression allows for viral genes to be expressed within an infected cell immediately after virus entry and in the absence of transcription from the viral genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bresnahan, W A -- Shenk, T -- CA85786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI010448/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2373-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytomegalovirus/*genetics/*physiology ; Dactinomycin/pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Viral ; Genome, Viral ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virion/*genetics/physiology ; Virus Assembly
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB by proinflammatory stimuli leads to increased expression of genes involved in inflammation. Activation of NF-kappaB requires the activity of an inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)-kinase (IKK) complex containing two kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) and the regulatory protein NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modifier). An amino-terminal alpha-helical region of NEMO associated with a carboxyl-terminal segment of IKKalpha and IKKbeta that we term the NEMO-binding domain (NBD). A cell-permeable NBD peptide blocked association of NEMO with the IKK complex and inhibited cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. The peptide also ameliorated inflammatory responses in two experimental mouse models of acute inflammation. The NBD provides a target for the development of drugs that would block proinflammatory activation of the IKK complex without inhibiting basal NF-kappaB activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉May, M J -- D'Acquisto, F -- Madge, L A -- Glockner, J -- Pober, J S -- Ghosh, S -- AI 33443/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1550-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology and Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry/pharmacology ; COS Cells ; Cells, Cultured ; E-Selectin/biosynthesis/genetics ; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Granuloma-specific expression of Mycobacterium virulence proteins from the glycine-rich PE-PGRS family (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: Pathogenic mycobacteria, including the agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, must replicate in macrophages for long-term persistence within their niche during chronic infection: organized collections of macrophages and lymphocytes called granulomas. We identified several genes preferentially expressed when Mycobacterium marinum, the cause of fish and amphibian tuberculosis, resides in host granulomas and/or macrophages. Two were homologs of M. tuberculosis PE/PE-PGRS genes, a family encoding numerous repetitive glycine-rich proteins of unknown function. Mutation of two PE-PGRS genes produced M. marinum strains incapable of replication in macrophages and with decreased persistence in granulomas. Our results establish a direct role in virulence for some PE-PGRS proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramakrishnan, L -- Federspiel, N A -- Falkow, S -- AI 32396/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI 01400/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1436-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. lalitar@cmgm.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Glycine/analysis ; Granuloma/*microbiology/pathology ; Humans ; Macrophages/*microbiology ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/*microbiology/pathology ; Mycobacterium marinum/*genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/pathogenicity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rana pipiens ; Tuberculosis/microbiology ; Virulence
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  • 12
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    Induction and maintenance of the neuronal cholinergic phenotype in the central nervous system by BMP-9 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple functions in the developing nervous system. A member of this family, BMP-9, was found to be highly expressed in the embryonic mouse septum and spinal cord, indicating a possible role in regulating the cholinergic phenotype. In cultured neurons, BMP-9 directly induced the expression of the cholinergic gene locus encoding choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and up-regulated acetylcholine synthesis. The effect was reversed upon withdrawal of BMP-9. Intracerebroventricular injection of BMP-9 increased acetylcholine levels in vivo. Although certain other BMPs also up-regulated the cholinergic phenotype in vitro, they were less effective than BMP-9. These data indicate that BMP-9 is a differentiating factor for cholinergic central nervous system neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopez-Coviella, I -- Berse, B -- Krauss, R -- Thies, R S -- Blusztajn, J K -- P01 AG09525/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):313-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/biosynthesis ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/*physiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/genetics ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Growth Differentiation Factor 2 ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Neurons/metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Septum of Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Spinal Cord/embryology/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomasec, P -- Braud, V M -- Rickards, C -- Powell, M B -- McSharry, B P -- Gadola, S -- Cerundolo, V -- Borysiewicz, L K -- McMichael, A J -- Wilkinson, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigens, CD ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Down-Regulation ; HLA Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated when cells are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, the functional consequence of JNK activation in UV-irradiated cells has not been established. It is shown here that JNK is required for UV-induced apoptosis in primary murine embryonic fibroblasts. Fibroblasts with simultaneous targeted disruptions of all the functional Jnk genes were protected against UV-stimulated apoptosis. The absence of JNK caused a defect in the mitochondrial death signaling pathway, including the failure to release cytochrome c. These data indicate that mitochondria are influenced by proapoptotic signal transduction through the JNK pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tournier, C -- Hess, P -- Yang, D D -- Xu, J -- Turner, T K -- Nimnual, A -- Bar-Sagi, D -- Jones, S N -- Flavell, R A -- Davis, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):870-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Count ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism ; DNA Fragmentation ; Enzyme Activation ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Targeting ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Methyl Methanesulfonate/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Transport of peptide-MHC class II complexes in developing dendritic cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules capture peptides within the endocytic pathway to generate T cell receptor (TCR) ligands. Immature dendritic cells (DCs) sequester intact antigens in lysosomes, processing and converting antigens into peptide-MHC II complexes upon induction of DC maturation. The complexes then accumulate in distinctive, nonlysosomal MHC II+ vesicles that appear to migrate to the cell surface. Although the vesicles exclude soluble lysosomal contents and antigen-processing machinery, many contain MHC I and B7 costimulatory molecules. After arrival at the cell surface, the MHC and costimulatory molecules remain clustered. Thus, transport of peptide-MHC II complexes by DCs not only accomplishes transfer from late endocytic compartments to the plasma membrane, but does so in a manner that selectively concentrates TCR ligands and costimulatory molecules for T cell contact.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turley, S J -- Inaba, K -- Garrett, W S -- Ebersold, M -- Unternaehrer, J -- Steinman, R M -- Mellman, I -- AI-13013/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-34098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-39672/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):522-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Post Office Box 208002, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86 ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/immunology/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Endosomes/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Lysosomes/immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Muramidase/immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Thiazolidines
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Family of bitter taste receptors found (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2133-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Multigene Family ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*physiology ; *Taste ; Taste Buds/*physiology ; Transducin/biosynthesis
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  • 17
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    Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: Pig cloning will have a marked impact on the optimization of meat production and xenotransplantation. To clone pigs from differentiated cells, we microinjected the nuclei of porcine (Sus scrofa) fetal fibroblasts into enucleated oocytes, and development was induced by electroactivation. The transfer of 110 cloned embryos to four surrogate mothers produced an apparently normal female piglet. The clonal provenance of the piglet was indicated by her coat color and confirmed by DNA microsatellite analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Onishi, A -- Iwamoto, M -- Akita, T -- Mikawa, S -- Takeda, K -- Awata, T -- Hanada, H -- Perry, A C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1188-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0901, Japan. onishi@niai.affrc.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Organism/*methods ; Electric Stimulation ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Fetus/cytology ; Fibroblasts/ultrastructure ; Microinjections ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes ; Pregnancy ; *Swine/embryology/genetics
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  • 18
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    Neurobiology. Cholesterol--making or breaking the synapse (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barres, B A -- Smith, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1296-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA. barres@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/metabolism/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Coculture Techniques ; Mice ; Neuroglia/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology
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  • 19
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    SNARE function analyzed in synaptobrevin/VAMP knockout mice (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: SNAREs (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors) are generally acknowledged as central components of membrane fusion reactions, but their precise function has remained enigmatic. Competing hypotheses suggest roles for SNAREs in mediating the specificity of fusion, catalyzing fusion, or actually executing fusion. We generated knockout mice lacking synaptobrevin/VAMP 2, the vesicular SNARE protein responsible for synaptic vesicle fusion in forebrain synapses, to make use of the exquisite temporal resolution of electrophysiology in measuring fusion. In the absence of synaptobrevin 2, spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion and fusion induced by hypertonic sucrose were decreased approximately 10-fold, but fast Ca2+-triggered fusion was decreased more than 100-fold. Thus, synaptobrevin 2 may function in catalyzing fusion reactions and stabilizing fusion intermediates but is not absolutely required for synaptic fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoch, S -- Deak, F -- Konigstorfer, A -- Mozhayeva, M -- Sara, Y -- Sudhof, T C -- Kavalali, E T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1117-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Hypertonic Solutions ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/pharmacology ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; Prosencephalon/physiology ; R-SNARE Proteins ; SNARE Proteins ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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  • 20
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    Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: Adhesions between fibroblastic cells and extracellular matrix have been studied extensively in vitro, but little is known about their in vivo counterparts. Here, we characterized the composition and function of adhesions in three-dimensional (3D) matrices derived from tissues or cell culture. "3D-matrix adhesions" differ from focal and fibrillar adhesions characterized on 2D substrates in their content of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins, paxillin, other cytoskeletal components, and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Relative to 2D substrates, 3D-matrix interactions also display enhanced cell biological activities and narrowed integrin usage. These distinctive in vivo 3D-matrix adhesions differ in structure, localization, and function from classically described in vitro adhesions, and as such they may be more biologically relevant to living organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cukierman, E -- Pankov, R -- Stevens, D R -- Yamada, K M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1708-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques/methods ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/chemistry/*cytology/*metabolism ; Fibronectins/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 ; Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Focal Adhesions/chemistry/metabolism ; Glutaral/metabolism ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*methods ; Integrins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 21
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    Cancer. A CINtillating new job for the APC tumor suppressor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellman, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2555-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. david_pellman@dfci.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes/*physiology ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Genes, APC ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; beta Catenin
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  • 22
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    Filopodial calcium transients promote substrate-dependent growth cone turning (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Filopodia that extend from neuronal growth cones sample the environment for extracellular guidance cues, but the signals they transmit to growth cones are unknown. Filopodia were observed generating localized transient elevations of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) that propagate back to the growth cone and stimulate global Ca2+ elevations. The frequency of filopodial Ca2+ transients was substrate-dependent and may be due in part to influx of Ca2+ through channels activated by integrin receptors. These transients slowed neurite outgrowth by reducing filopodial motility and promoted turning when stimulated differentially within filopodia on one side of the growth cone. These rapid signals appear to serve both as autonomous regulators of filopodial movement and as frequency-coded signals integrated within the growth cone and could be a common signaling process for many motile cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomez, T M -- Robles, E -- Poo , M -- Spitzer, N C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1983-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. tmgomez@facstaff.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD29/metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; Growth Cones/metabolism/*physiology ; Integrins/metabolism ; Laminin/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neurites/metabolism/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Pseudopodia/*metabolism ; Tenascin/pharmacology ; Xenopus/embryology
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  • 23
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    Defective lymphotoxin-beta receptor-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in NIK-deficient mice (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: The role of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) in cytokine signaling remains controversial. To identify the physiologic functions of NIK, we disrupted the NIK locus by gene targeting. Although NIK-/- mice displayed abnormalities in both lymphoid tissue development and antibody responses, NIK-/- cells manifested normal NF-kappaB DNA binding activity when treated with a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and lymphotoxin-beta (LTbeta). However, NIK was selectively required for gene transcription induced through ligation of LTbeta receptor but not TNF receptors. These results reveal that NIK regulates the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB in a receptor-restricted manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yin, L -- Wu, L -- Wesche, H -- Arthur, C D -- White, J M -- Goeddel, D V -- Schreiber, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Reporter ; Interleukin-1/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/abnormalities ; Lymphotoxin beta Receptor ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NF-kappa B/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 24
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    Vascular abnormalities and deregulation of VEGF in Lkb1-deficient mice (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: The LKB1 tumor suppressor gene, mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, encodes a serine/threonine kinase of unknown function. Here we show that mice with a targeted disruption of Lkb1 die at midgestation, with the embryos showing neural tube defects, mesenchymal cell death, and vascular abnormalities. Extraembryonic development was also severely affected; the mutant placentas exhibited defective labyrinth layer development and the fetal vessels failed to invade the placenta. These phenotypes were associated with tissue-specific deregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, including a marked increase in the amount of VEGF messenger RNA. Moreover, VEGF production in cultured Lkb1(-/-) fibroblasts was elevated in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These findings place Lkb1 in the VEGF signaling pathway and suggest that the vascular defects accompanying Lkb1 loss are mediated at least in part by VEGF.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ylikorkala, A -- Rossi, D J -- Korsisaari, N -- Luukko, K -- Alitalo, K -- Henkemeyer, M -- Makela, T P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1323-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute and Biomedicum Helsinki, Post Office Box 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/*abnormalities/embryology ; Cell Death ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian/*metabolism ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endothelial Growth Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/abnormalities/cytology/embryology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lymphokines/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/abnormalities/cytology/embryology ; Neural Tube Defects/embryology ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Placenta/blood supply/embryology/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. New leads on the 'how' of Alzheimer's (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2192-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology/*physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain/*metabolism/pathology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Caspases/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Fragmentation ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Nerve Degeneration ; Neurons/metabolism/pathology/*physiology ; Synapses/enzymology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A p53 amino-terminal nuclear export signal inhibited by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: The p53 protein is present in low amounts in normally growing cells and is activated in response to physiological insults. MDM2 regulates p53 either through inhibiting p53's transactivating function in the nucleus or by targeting p53 degradation in the cytoplasm. We identified a previously unknown nuclear export signal (NES) in the amino terminus of p53, spanning residues 11 to 27 and containing two serine residues phosphorylated after DNA damage, which was required for p53 nuclear export in colloboration with the carboxyl-terminal NES. Serine-15-phosphorylated p53 induced by ultraviolet irradiation was not exported. Thus, DNA damage-induced phosphorylation may achieve optimal p53 activation by inhibiting both MDM2 binding to, and the nuclear export of, p53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Y -- Xiong, Y -- CA65572/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K01 CA087580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1910-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Negative regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation by the Pten tumor suppressor gene in vivo (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The mechanisms controlling neural stem cell proliferation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the PTEN tumor suppressor plays an important role in regulating neural stem/progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking PTEN exhibited enlarged, histoarchitecturally abnormal brains, which resulted from increased cell proliferation, decreased cell death, and enlarged cell size. Neurosphere cultures revealed a greater proliferation capacity for tripotent Pten-/- central nervous system stem/progenitor cells, which can be attributed, at least in part, to a shortened cell cycle. However, cell fate commitments of the progenitors were largely undisturbed. Our results suggest that PTEN negatively regulates neural stem cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Groszer, M -- Erickson, R -- Scripture-Adams, D D -- Lesche, R -- Trumpp, A -- Zack, J A -- Kornblum, H I -- Liu, X -- Wu, H -- MH062800-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS38489/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2186-9. Epub 2001 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Brain/abnormalities/*cytology/embryology ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nestin ; Neurons/*cytology ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*genetics/*physiology ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Succinimides/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV-1 RNA editing, hypermutation, and error-prone reverse transcription (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berkhout, B -- Das, A T -- Beerens, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11292864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cells, Cultured ; Genes, vpr ; Genome, Viral ; HIV-1/*genetics ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Proviruses/genetics ; *RNA Editing ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Many intracellular pathogens infect a broad range of host tissues, but the importance of T cells for immunity in these sites is unclear because most of our understanding of antimicrobial T cell responses comes from analyses of lymphoid tissue. Here, we show that in response to viral or bacterial infection, antigen-specific CD8 T cells migrated to nonlymphoid tissues and were present as long-lived memory cells. Strikingly, CD8 memory T cells isolated from nonlymphoid tissues exhibited effector levels of lytic activity directly ex vivo, in contrast to their splenic counterparts. These results point to the existence of a population of extralymphoid effector memory T cells poised for immediate response to infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masopust, D -- Vezys, V -- Marzo, A L -- Lefrancois, L -- AI41576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK45260/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32-AI07080/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2413-7. Epub 2001 Mar 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Flow Cytometry ; H-2 Antigens/immunology ; *Immunologic Memory ; Intestine, Small/immunology ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/immunology ; Listeriosis/*immunology ; Liver/immunology ; Lung/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Phenotype ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/*immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington's disease (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: Huntingtin is a 350-kilodalton protein of unknown function that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder. The mutant protein is presumed to acquire a toxic gain of function that is detrimental to striatal neurons in the brain. However, loss of a beneficial activity of wild-type huntingtin may also cause the death of striatal neurons. Here we demonstrate that wild-type huntingtin up-regulates transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival factor produced by cortical neurons that is necessary for survival of striatal neurons in the brain. We show that this beneficial activity of huntingtin is lost when the protein becomes mutated, resulting in decreased production of cortical BDNF. This leads to insufficient neurotrophic support for striatal neurons, which then die. Restoring wild-type huntingtin activity and increasing BDNF production may be therapeutic approaches for treating HD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuccato, C -- Ciammola, A -- Rigamonti, D -- Leavitt, B R -- Goffredo, D -- Conti, L -- MacDonald, M E -- Friedlander, R M -- Silani, V -- Hayden, M R -- Timmusk, T -- Sipione, S -- Cattaneo, E -- E.0840/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):493-8. Epub 2001 Jun 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Exons ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neurons/*metabolism/pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulation of Wnt signaling and embryo patterning by an extracellular sulfatase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The developmental signaling functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are dependent on their sulfation states. Here, we report the identification of QSulf1, the avian ortholog of an evolutionarily conserved protein family related to heparan-specific N-acetyl glucosamine sulfatases. QSulf1 expression is induced by Sonic hedgehog in myogenic somite progenitors in quail embryos and is required for the activation of MyoD, a Wnt-induced regulator of muscle specification. QSulf1 is localized on the cell surface and regulates heparan-dependent Wnt signaling in C2C12 myogenic progenitor cells through a mechanism that requires its catalytic activity, providing evidence that QSulf1 regulates Wnt signaling through desulfation of cell surface HSPGs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dhoot, G K -- Gustafsson, M K -- Ai, X -- Sun, W -- Standiford, D M -- Emerson , C P Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1663-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Body Patterning ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Coculture Techniques ; Cricetinae ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism ; Heparin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Mutation ; MyoD Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Quail/*embryology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; *Signal Transduction ; Somites/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*metabolism ; Sulfatases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Wnt Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Control of synapse number by glia (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Although astrocytes constitute nearly half of the cells in our brain, their function is a long-standing neurobiological mystery. Here we show by quantal analyses, FM1-43 imaging, immunostaining, and electron microscopy that few synapses form in the absence of glial cells and that the few synapses that do form are functionally immature. Astrocytes increase the number of mature, functional synapses on central nervous system (CNS) neurons by sevenfold and are required for synaptic maintenance in vitro. We also show that most synapses are generated concurrently with the development of glia in vivo. These data demonstrate a previously unknown function for glia in inducing and stabilizing CNS synapses, show that CNS synapse number can be profoundly regulated by nonneuronal signals, and raise the possibility that glia may actively participate in synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ullian, E M -- Sapperstein, S K -- Christopherson, K S -- Barres, B A -- NS10784/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA. emu@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cell Communication ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyridinium Compounds/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Superior Colliculi/embryology/growth & development/ultrastructure ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism ; Synaptophysin/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Malaria. Old movie spawns a new discovery (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):24-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11191991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artifacts ; Cell Membrane/parasitology/ultrastructure ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Hepatocytes/*parasitology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Malaria/parasitology ; Mice ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Plasmodium yoelii/growth & development/*physiology ; Vacuoles/physiology/ultrastructure
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    The mitochondrion: is it central to apoptosis? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkel, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):624-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cytochrome c Group/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Permeability ; Proteins/metabolism
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    Cell biology. Fusion without SNAREs? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: Highly orchestrated molecular rearrangements are required for two membranes to fuse, as happens, for example, during neurotransmitter release into the synapse. In an elegant Perspective, Scales et al. discuss two studies (Schoch et al., Wang et al.) that shed new light on the protein interactions involved in membrane fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scales, S J -- Finley, M F -- Scheller, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1015-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. sscales@gene.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Catecholamines/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Electrophysiology ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Rats ; SNARE Proteins ; Secretory Vesicles/*metabolism ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism ; Synaptotagmins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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    Discrete microdomains with high concentration of cAMP in stimulated rat neonatal cardiac myocytes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the most important modulator of sympathetic control over cardiac contractility. In cardiac myocytes and many other cell types, however, cAMP transduces the signal generated upon stimulation of various receptors and activates different cellular functions, raising the issue of how specificity can be achieved. In the general field of signal transduction, the view is emerging that specificity is guaranteed by tight localization of signaling events. Here, we show that in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, beta-adrenergic stimulation generates multiple microdomains with increased concentration of cAMP in correspondence with the region of the transverse tubule/junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The restricted pools of cAMP show a range of action as small as approximately 1 micrometer, and free diffusion of the second messenger is limited by the activity of phosphodiesterases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such gradients of cAMP specifically activate a subset of protein kinase A molecules anchored in proximity to the T tubule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zaccolo, Manuela -- Pozzan, Tullio -- TCP00089/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1711-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Sciences and Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy. manuela.zaccolo@unipd.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology ; A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Luminescent Proteins ; Myocardium/*cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Transfection
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    Contribution of human alpha-defensin 1, 2, and 3 to the anti-HIV-1 activity of CD8 antiviral factor (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: It has been known since 1986 that CD8 T lymphocytes from certain HIV-1-infected individuals who are immunologically stable secrete a soluble factor, termed CAF, that suppresses HIV-1 replication. However, the identity of CAF remained elusive despite an extensive search. By means of a protein-chip technology, we identified a cluster of proteins that were secreted when CD8 T cells from long-term nonprogressors with HIV-1 infection were stimulated. These proteins were identified as alpha-defensin 1, 2, and 3 on the basis of specific antibody recognition and amino acid sequencing. CAF activity was eliminated or neutralized by an antibody specific for human alpha-defensins. Synthetic and purified preparations of alpha-defensins also inhibited the replication of HIV-1 isolates in vitro. Taken together, our results indicate that alpha-defensin 1, 2, and 3 collectively account for much of the anti-HIV-1 activity of CAF that is not attributable to beta-chemokines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Linqi -- Yu, Wenjie -- He, Tian -- Yu, Jian -- Caffrey, Rebecca E -- Dalmasso, Enrique A -- Fu, Siyu -- Pham, Thang -- Mei, Jianfeng -- Ho, Jaclyn J -- Zhang, Wenyong -- Lopez, Peter -- Ho, David D -- AI-42848/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00102/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):995-1000. Epub 2002 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. lzhang@adarc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/chemistry/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokines, CC/immunology/physiology ; HIV Infections/*immunology/virology ; HIV Long-Term Survivors ; HIV-1/drug effects/*physiology ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutrophils/chemistry/immunology ; Protein Array Analysis ; Virus Replication ; alpha-Defensins/chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A heat-sensitive TRP channel expressed in keratinocytes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Mechanical and thermal cues stimulate a specialized group of sensory neurons that terminate in the skin. Three members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels are expressed in subsets of these neurons and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of a novel thermosensitive TRP channel. TRPV3 has a unique threshold: It is activated at innocuous (warm) temperatures and shows an increased response at noxious temperatures. TRPV3 is specifically expressed in keratinocytes; hence, skin cells are capable of detecting heat via molecules similar to those in heat-sensing neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peier, Andrea M -- Reeve, Alison J -- Andersson, David A -- Moqrich, Aziz -- Earley, Taryn J -- Hergarden, Anne C -- Story, Gina M -- Colley, Sian -- Hogenesch, John B -- McIntyre, Peter -- Bevan, Stuart -- Patapoutian, Ardem -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2046-9. Epub 2002 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blotting, Northern ; CHO Cells ; Capsaicin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Cation Transport Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Epidermis/cytology/innervation/metabolism ; Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ion Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Keratinocytes/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Endings/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Ruthenium Red/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; TRPV Cation Channels ; Temperature
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    Development. Putting the brakes on regeneration (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKerracher, Lisa -- Ellezam, Benjamin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1819-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departement de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Universite de Montreal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4 Canada. mckerral@patho.umontreal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/*physiology ; Animals ; Axonal Transport ; Axons/*physiology ; *Cell Communication ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Nerve Crush ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Optic Nerve/cytology/physiology ; Peripheral Nerves/transplantation ; Rats ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-19
    Description: Blood vessels express estrogen receptors, but their role in cardiovascular physiology is not well understood. We show that vascular smooth muscle cells and blood vessels from estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta)-deficient mice exhibit multiple functional abnormalities. In wild-type mouse blood vessels, estrogen attenuates vasoconstriction by an ERbeta-mediated increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. In contrast, estrogen augments vasoconstriction in blood vessels from ERbeta-deficient mice. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from ERbeta-deficient mice show multiple abnormalities of ion channel function. Furthermore, ERbeta-deficient mice develop sustained systolic and diastolic hypertension as they age. These data support an essential role for ERbeta in the regulation of vascular function and blood pressure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Yan -- Bian, Zhao -- Lu, Ping -- Karas, Richard H -- Bao, Lin -- Cox, Daniel -- Hodgin, Jeffrey -- Shaul, Philip W -- Thoren, Peter -- Smithies, Oliver -- Gustafsson, Jan-Ake -- Mendelsohn, Michael E -- GM20069/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD30276/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HL53546/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL56235/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HL63494/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL55309/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL56069/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL61298/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):505-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, New England Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology ; Animals ; Aorta ; Blood Pressure ; Cells, Cultured ; Estradiol/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; Guanidines/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hypertension/*physiopathology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*physiology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Nitroarginine/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phenylephrine/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen/genetics/*physiology ; *Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann cell origin and role of tumor environment (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most prevalent dominantly inherited genetic diseases of the nervous system. NF1 encodes a tumor suppressor whose functional loss results in the development of benign neurofibromas that can progress to malignancy. Neurofibromas are complex tumors composed of axonal processes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, perineurial cells, and mast cells. Through use of a conditional (cre/lox) allele, we show that loss of NF1 in the Schwann cell lineage is sufficient to generate tumors. In addition, complete NF1-mediated tumorigenicity requires both a loss of NF1 in cells destined to become neoplastic as well as heterozygosity in non-neoplastic cells. The requirement for a permissive haploinsufficient environment to allow tumorigenesis may have therapeutic implications for NF1 and other familial cancers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Yuan -- Ghosh, Pritam -- Charnay, Patrick -- Burns, Dennis K -- Parada, Luis F -- R01 NS034296/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034296-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):920-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Cranial Nerves/pathology ; Culture Techniques ; Female ; *Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Hyperplasia ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Mast Cells/chemistry/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurofibroma/genetics/*pathology ; Neurofibromatosis 1/genetics/*pathology ; Peripheral Nerves/pathology ; Schwann Cells/chemistry/*pathology ; Spinal Nerves/pathology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Enhanced tumor formation in mice heterozygous for Blm mutation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Persons with the autosomal recessive disorder Bloom syndrome are predisposed to cancers of many types due to loss-of-function mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes a recQ-like helicase. Here we show that mice heterozygous for a targeted null mutation of Blm, the murine homolog of BLM, develop lymphoma earlier than wild-type littermates in response to challenge with murine leukemia virus and develop twice the number of intestinal tumors when crossed with mice carrying a mutation in the Apc tumor suppressor. These observations indicate that Blm is a modifier of tumor formation in the mouse and that Blm haploinsufficiency is associated with tumor predisposition, a finding with important implications for cancer risk in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goss, Kathleen Heppner -- Risinger, Mary A -- Kordich, Jennifer J -- Sanz, Maureen M -- Straughen, Joel E -- Slovek, Lisa E -- Capobianco, Anthony J -- German, James -- Boivin, Gregory P -- Groden, Joanna -- CA63507/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA84291/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA88460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES06096/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoma/genetics/pathology ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Bloom Syndrome/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Helicases/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, APC ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Leukemia Virus, Murine ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/*genetics/virology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; RecQ Helicases ; Sister Chromatid Exchange
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Meiotic arrest in the mouse follicle maintained by a Gs protein in the oocyte (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: The mammalian ovarian follicle consists of a multilayered complex of somatic cells that surround the oocyte. A signal from the follicle cells keeps the oocyte cell cycle arrested at prophase of meiosis I until luteinizing hormone from the pituitary acts on the follicle cells to release the arrest, causing meiosis to continue. Here we show that meiotic arrest can be released in mice by microinjecting the oocyte within the follicle with an antibody that inhibits the stimulatory heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gs. This indicates that Gs activity in the oocyte is required to maintain meiotic arrest within the ovarian follicle and suggests that the follicle may keep the cell cycle arrested by activating Gs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehlmann, Lisa M -- Jones, Teresa L Z -- Jaffe, Laurinda A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1343-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA. lmehlman@neuron.uchc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Female ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/immunology/physiology ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & ; inhibitors/immunology/*physiology ; Hypoxanthine/pharmacology ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Oocytes/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Ovarian Follicle/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
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    Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: The recently developed testis cell transplantation method provides a powerful approach to studying the biology of the male germline stem cell and its microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The technique also is being used to examine spermatogenic defects, correct male infertility, and generate transgenic animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brinster, Ralph L -- 36504/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2174-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Baltimore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077400" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cryopreservation ; Humans ; Male ; Seminiferous Tubules/cytology ; Sertoli Cells/physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*cytology/physiology ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Testis/*cytology ; Transduction, Genetic ; *Transgenes ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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    Imaging sites of receptor dephosphorylation by PTP1B on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: When bound by extracellular ligands, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface transmit critical signals to the cell interior. Although signal termination is less well understood, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of several RTKs. However, PTP1B resides on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), so how and when it accesses RTKs has been unclear. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods, we monitored interactions between the epidermal- and platelet-derived growth factor receptors and PTP1B. PTP1B-catalyzed dephosphorylation required endocytosis of the receptors and occurred at specific sites on the surface of the ER. Most of the RTKs activated at the cell surface showed interaction with PTP1B after internalization, establishing that RTK activation and inactivation are spatially and temporally partitioned within cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haj, Fawaz G -- Verveer, Peter J -- Squire, Anthony -- Neel, Benjamin G -- Bastiaens, Philippe I H -- R01 CA49152/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1708-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Biology Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Endocytosis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*enzymology ; Energy Transfer ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Fluorescence ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Transport ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Senescence induced by altered telomere state, not telomere loss (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Primary human cells in culture invariably stop dividing and enter a state of growth arrest called replicative senescence. This transition is induced by programmed telomere shortening, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that overexpression of TRF2, a telomeric DNA binding protein, increased the rate of telomere shortening in primary cells without accelerating senescence. TRF2 reduced the senescence setpoint, defined as telomere length at senescence, from 7 to 4 kilobases. TRF2 protected critically short telomeres from fusion and repressed chromosome-end fusions in presenescent cultures, which explains the ability of TRF2 to delay senescence. Thus, replicative senescence is induced by a change in the protected status of shortened telomeres rather than by a complete loss of telomeric DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karlseder, Jan -- Smogorzewska, Agata -- de Lange, Titia -- AG16643/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA76027/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2446-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics/metabolism ; *Cell Aging ; *Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins ; *Repressor Proteins ; Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Telomere/metabolism/*physiology ; Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 ; Transformation, Genetic ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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    Development. Missized mutants help identify organ tailors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-07-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12130764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Count ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*embryology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Pituitary Gland/*cytology/growth & development ; Retina/*cytology/growth & development ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Trans-Activators/*genetics/physiology ; beta Catenin
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    A distinct signaling pathway used by the IgG-containing B cell antigen receptor (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: The immunoglobulin G (IgG)-containing B lymphocyte antigen receptor (IgG-BCR) transmits a signal distinct from that of IgM-BCR or IgD-BCR, although all three use the same signal-transducing component, Igalpha/Igbeta. Here we demonstrate that the inhibitory coreceptor CD22 down-modulates signaling through IgM-BCR and IgD-BCR, but not that through IgG-BCR, because of the IgG cytoplasmic tail, which prevents CD22 phosphorylation. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic tail of IgG specifically enhances IgG-BCR signaling by preventing CD22-mediated signal inhibition. Enhanced signaling through IgG-BCR may be involved in efficient IgG production, which is crucial for immunity to pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wakabayashi, Chisato -- Adachi, Takahiro -- Wienands, Jurgen -- Tsubata, Takeshi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2392-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510 Tokyo, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; *Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Cells, Cultured ; Immunoglobulin D/immunology/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin G/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lectins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2 ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Potential regulatory function of human dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can induce tolerance or immunity. We describe a subset of human APCs that express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro. IDO-positive APCs constituted a discrete subset identified by coexpression of the cell-surface markers CD123 and CCR6. In the dendritic cell (DC) lineage, IDO-mediated suppressor activity was present in fully mature as well as immature CD123+ DCs. IDO+ DCs could also be readily detected in vivo, which suggests that these cells may represent a regulatory subset of APCs in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munn, David H -- Sharma, Madhav D -- Lee, Jeffrey R -- Jhaver, Kanchan G -- Johnson, Theodore S -- Keskin, Derin B -- Marshall, Brendan -- Chandler, Phillip -- Antonia, Scott J -- Burgess, Russell -- Slingluff, Craig L Jr -- Mellor, Andrew L -- AI44219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI44759/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL60137/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1867-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. dmunn@mail.mcg.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigen-Presenting Cells/enzymology/immunology ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells/*enzymology/*immunology ; Down-Regulation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukin-10/pharmacology ; Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/enzymology ; Macrophages/enzymology ; Receptors, CCR6 ; Receptors, Chemokine/analysis ; Receptors, Interleukin-3/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Tryptophan/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tryptophan Oxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
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    Stem cell research. Studies cast doubt on plasticity of adult cells (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):1989-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; *Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Fusion ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Hybrid Cells/*physiology ; Mice ; Polyploidy ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 51
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    Induction of nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis in motor neurons by zinc-deficient superoxide dismutase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: Mutations in copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been implicated in the selective death of motor neurons in 2 percent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. The loss of zinc from either wild-type or ALS-mutant SODs was sufficient to induce apoptosis in cultured motor neurons. Toxicity required that copper be bound to SOD and depended on endogenous production of nitric oxide. When replete with zinc, neither ALS-mutant nor wild-type copper, zinc SODs were toxic, and both protected motor neurons from trophic factor withdrawal. Thus, zinc-deficient SOD may participate in both sporadic and familial ALS by an oxidative mechanism involving nitric oxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Estevez, A G -- Crow, J P -- Sampson, J B -- Reiter, C -- Zhuang, Y -- Richardson, G J -- Tarpey, M M -- Barbeito, L -- Beckman, J S -- R01 HL58209/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS33291/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS36761/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2498-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy/*enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chelating Agents/pharmacology ; Copper/metabolism ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Liposomes ; Motor Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Rats ; Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/toxicity ; Superoxides/metabolism ; Zinc/*metabolism
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    Responding to The River (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plotkin, S A -- Koprowski, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/history ; Pan troglodytes ; Poliovirus/growth & development ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*history ; Virus Cultivation
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    In contrast to Dolly, cloning resets telomere clock in cattle (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):586-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/genetics ; Animals ; Bioethics ; Cattle/*genetics ; *Cell Aging/genetics ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cloning, Organism ; Female ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes/physiology ; Stem Cells ; Telomere/*ultrastructure
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    Can old cells learn new tricks? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1418-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Bioethics ; *Biomedical Research ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Separation ; Cell Transplantation ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Humans ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 55
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    Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-28
    Description: The potential of cloning depends in part on whether the procedure can reverse cellular aging and restore somatic cells to a phenotypically youthful state. Here, we report the birth of six healthy cloned calves derived from populations of senescent donor somatic cells. Nuclear transfer extended the replicative life-span of senescent cells (zero to four population doublings remaining) to greater than 90 population doublings. Early population doubling level complementary DNA-1 (EPC-1, an age-dependent gene) expression in cells from the cloned animals was 3.5- to 5-fold higher than that in cells from age-matched (5 to 10 months old) controls. Southern blot and flow cytometric analyses indicated that the telomeres were also extended beyond those of newborn (〈2 weeks old) and age-matched control animals. The ability to regenerate animals and cells may have important implications for medicine and the study of mammalian aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanza, R P -- Cibelli, J B -- Blackwell, C -- Cristofalo, V J -- Francis, M K -- Baerlocher, G M -- Mak, J -- Schertzer, M -- Chavez, E A -- Sawyer, N -- Lansdorp, P M -- West, M D -- AG00378/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI29524/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM56162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):665-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced Cell Technology, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. rlanza@advancedcell.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blotting, Southern ; Cattle/*genetics ; *Cell Aging ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Clone Cells ; *Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Complementary ; Embryo Transfer ; *Eye Proteins ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Flow Cytometry ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Longevity ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; *Nerve Growth Factors ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Serpins/genetics ; Telomere/*ultrastructure
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    Toxicity of ALS-linked SOD1 mutants (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williamson, T L -- Corson, L B -- Huang, L -- Burlingame, A -- Liu, J -- Bruijn, L I -- Cleveland, D W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):399.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Copper/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Motor Neurons/metabolism/*pathology ; Mutation ; Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Yeasts/cytology/metabolism ; Zinc/*metabolism/toxicity
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    Response of Schwann cells to action potentials in development (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: Sensory axons become functional late in development when Schwann cells (SC) stop proliferating and differentiate into distinct phenotypes. We report that impulse activity in premyelinated axons can inhibit proliferation and differentiation of SCs. This neuron-glial signaling is mediated by adenosine triphosphate acting through P2 receptors on SCs and intracellular signaling pathways involving Ca2+, Ca2+/calmodulin kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element binding protein, and expression of c-fos and Krox-24. Adenosine triphosphate arrests maturation of SCs in an immature morphological stage and prevents expression of O4, myelin basic protein, and the formation of myelin. Through this mechanism, functional activity in the developing nervous system could delay terminal differentiation of SCs until exposure to appropriate axon-derived signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevens, B -- Fields, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2267-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 49, Room 5A38, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Early Growth Response Protein 1 ; Electric Stimulation ; Ganglia, Spinal/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, fos ; *Immediate-Early Proteins ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; Schwann Cells/*cytology/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    Signal transduction. An arresting start for MAPK (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Exactly how signaling proteins know where they need to be in the cell is one of the intriguing mysteries of signal transduction biology. In a Perspective, Pouyssegur reviews new results that identify b-arrestin 2 as a scaffolding protein that holds together the different components of a MAPK signaling pathway that activates the transcription factor kinase, JNK3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pouyssegur, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS-UMR 6543, Nice 06189, France. pouysseg@unice.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Endosomes/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; MAP Kinase Kinase 7 ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5 ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; Receptor, PAR-2 ; Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism ; Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
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    Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: To gain a molecular understanding of tumor angiogenesis, we compared gene expression patterns of endothelial cells derived from blood vessels of normal and malignant colorectal tissues. Of over 170 transcripts predominantly expressed in the endothelium, 79 were differentially expressed, including 46 that were specifically elevated in tumor-associated endothelium. Several of these genes encode extracellular matrix proteins, but most are of unknown function. Most of these tumor endothelial markers were expressed in a wide range of tumor types, as well as in normal vessels associated with wound healing and corpus luteum formation. These studies demonstrate that tumor and normal endothelium are distinct at the molecular level, a finding that may have significant implications for the development of anti-angiogenic therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉St Croix, B -- Rago, C -- Velculescu, V -- Traverso, G -- Romans, K E -- Montgomery, E -- Lal, A -- Riggins, G J -- Lengauer, C -- Vogelstein, B -- Kinzler, K W -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CGAP S98-146A/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1197-202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers, Tumor ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Colon/*blood supply/metabolism ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*blood supply/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Corpus Luteum/blood supply/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/blood supply/cytology/pathology ; Neoplasms/blood supply/genetics/metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*genetics ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rectum/*blood supply/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: The capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor VR1 is a cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons of the "pain" pathway. Heterologously expressed VR1 can be activated by vanilloid compounds, protons, or heat (〉43 degrees C), but whether this channel contributes to chemical or thermal sensitivity in vivo is not known. Here, we demonstrate that sensory neurons from mice lacking VR1 are severely deficient in their responses to each of these noxious stimuli. VR1-/- mice showed normal responses to noxious mechanical stimuli but exhibited no vanilloid-evoked pain behavior, were impaired in the detection of painful heat, and showed little thermal hypersensitivity in the setting of inflammation. Thus, VR1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensation and for tissue injury-induced thermal hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caterina, M J -- Leffler, A -- Malmberg, A B -- Martin, W J -- Trafton, J -- Petersen-Zeitz, K R -- Koltzenburg, M -- Basbaum, A I -- Julius, D -- NS07265/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):306-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Calcium/metabolism ; Capsaicin/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Diterpenes/pharmacology ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology ; Gene Targeting ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nerve Fibers/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Nociceptors/*physiology ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Pain Threshold ; Receptors, Drug/*physiology ; Spinal Cord/cytology/physiology ; TRPV Cation Channels
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    Fetal tissue research. Antiabortion groups target neuroscience study at Nebraska (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):202-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aborted Fetus ; *Abortion, Induced ; Academic Medical Centers ; Cells, Cultured ; Ethical Review ; Ethics Committees, Research ; *Fetal Research ; *Fetus/cytology ; Humans ; Nebraska ; *Neurosciences ; Politics ; *Research
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    Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-08
    Description: During animal development, cells become progressively more restricted in the cell types to which they can give rise. In the central nervous system (CNS), for example, multipotential stem cells produce various kinds of specified precursors that divide a limited number of times before they terminally differentiate into either neurons or glial cells. We show here that certain extracellular signals can induce oligodendrocyte precursor cells to revert to multipotential neural stem cells, which can self-renew and give rise to neurons and astrocytes, as well as to oligodendrocytes. Thus, these precursor cells have greater developmental potential than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, T -- Raff, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1754-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Developmental Neurobiology Programme, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. t.kondo@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Astrocytes/chemistry/*cytology ; Blood ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Galactosylceramides/analysis ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/biosynthesis/genetics ; Isoenzymes/biosynthesis/genetics ; Neurofilament Proteins/analysis/biosynthesis ; Neurons/chemistry/*cytology ; Oligodendroglia/chemistry/*cytology ; Optic Nerve/cytology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Rats ; Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology ; Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology
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    Failure to regulate TNF-induced NF-kappaB and cell death responses in A20-deficient mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: A20 is a cytoplasmic zinc finger protein that inhibits nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated programmed cell death (PCD). TNF dramatically increases A20 messenger RNA expression in all tissues. Mice deficient for A20 develop severe inflammation and cachexia, are hypersensitive to both lipopolysaccharide and TNF, and die prematurely. A20-deficient cells fail to terminate TNF-induced NF-kappaB responses. These cells are also more susceptible than control cells to undergo TNF-mediated PCD. Thus, A20 is critical for limiting inflammation by terminating TNF-induced NF-kappaB responses in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582399/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582399/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, E G -- Boone, D L -- Chai, S -- Libby, S L -- Chien, M -- Lodolce, J P -- Ma, A -- 5T32GM07183/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK052751/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2350-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6084, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009421" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cachexia/pathology/physiopathology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cysteine Endopeptidases ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Gene Targeting ; *I-kappa B Proteins ; Inflammation/pathology/*physiopathology ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Intestines/pathology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Kidney/pathology ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Liver/pathology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Skin/pathology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ubiquitin protein ligase activity of IAPs and their degradation in proteasomes in response to apoptotic stimuli (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: To determine why proteasome inhibitors prevent thymocyte death, we examined whether proteasomes degrade anti-apoptotic molecules in cells induced to undergo apoptosis. The c-IAP1 and XIAP inhibitors of apoptosis were selectively lost in glucocorticoid- or etoposide-treated thymocytes in a proteasome-dependent manner before death. IAPs catalyzed their own ubiquitination in vitro, an activity requiring the RING domain. Overexpressed wild-type c-IAP1, but not a RING domain mutant, was spontaneously ubiquitinated and degraded, and stably expressed XIAP lacking the RING domain was relatively resistant to apoptosis-induced degradation and, correspondingly, more effective at preventing apoptosis than wild-type XIAP. Autoubiquitination and degradation of IAPs may be a key event in the apoptotic program.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Y -- Fang, S -- Jensen, J P -- Weissman, A M -- Ashwell, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):874-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Hybridomas ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Ligases/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multienzyme Complexes/*metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Thymus Gland/cytology ; Transfection ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/metabolism ; X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Similar requirements of a plant symbiont and a mammalian pathogen for prolonged intracellular survival (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: Brucella abortus, a mammalian pathogen, and Rhizobium meliloti, a phylogenetically related plant symbiont, establish chronic infections in their respective hosts. Here a highly conserved B. abortus homolog of the R. meliloti bacA gene, which encodes a putative cytoplasmic membrane transport protein required for symbiosis, was identified. An isogenic B. abortus bacA mutant exhibited decreased survival in macrophages and greatly accelerated clearance from experimentally infected mice compared to the virulent parental strain. Thus, the bacA gene product is critical for the maintenance of two very diverse host-bacterial relationships.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LeVier, K -- Phillips, R W -- Grippe, V K -- Roop, R M 2nd -- Walker, G C -- GM31030/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2492-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Brucella abortus/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Brucellosis/immunology/*microbiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed ; Liver/microbiology ; Macrophages/immunology/*microbiology ; Medicago sativa/microbiology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/*physiology ; Spleen/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Virulence
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    Molecular biology. Targeting intron insertion into DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: In work reported on page 452, researchers have found a way to coax certain introns, bits of genetic debris that litter the DNA and interrupt the coding sequences of many genes, to hop into the exact sequences where the researchers want them. The method could enhance all sorts of genetic manipulations, from studying basic gene function to combating viral infections to delivering genes for gene therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):374.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cells, Cultured ; DNA/*genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Targeting ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genes, Viral ; Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Therapy ; HIV/genetics ; Humans ; *Introns ; Receptors, CCR5/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A time for restraint (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The debate on the use of human embryos for research will be one of the more important issues of the 21st century. Unlike recombinant DNA technology, embryonic stem cell research most probably will result in the destruction of living embryos. Many people consider this research immoral, illegal, and unnecessary. Therefore, it is imperative to proceed cautiously. Federal funding of research using human embryos or pluripotent cells derived from them would be inappropriate until further resolution of the ethical issues has been achieved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, F E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Reformed Theological Seminary, Fourth Presbyterian Church, 5500 River Road, Bethesda, MD 20816-3399, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Biomedical Research ; Cells, Cultured ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Value of Life
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Role of the guanosine triphosphatase Rac2 in T helper 1 cell differentiation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-24
    Description: T helper 1 (TH1) cells mediate cellular immunity, whereas TH2 cells potentiate antiparasite and humoral immunity. We used a complementary DNA subtraction method, representational display analysis, to show that the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac2 is expressed selectively in murine TH1 cells. Rac induces the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) promoter through cooperative activation of the nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Tetracycline-regulated transgenic mice expressing constitutively active Rac2 in T cells exhibited enhanced IFN-gamma production. Dominant-negative Rac inhibited IFN-gamma production in murine T cells. Moreover, T cells from Rac2-/- mice showed decreased IFN-gamma production under TH1 conditions in vitro. Thus, Rac2 activates TH1-specific signaling and IFN-gamma gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, B -- Yu, H -- Zheng, W -- Voll, R -- Na, S -- Roberts, A W -- Williams, D A -- Davis, R J -- Ghosh, S -- Flavell, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2219-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines/biosynthesis/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis/*genetics ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Jurkat Cells ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Signal Transduction ; Th1 Cells/cytology/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transfection ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-06-02
    Description: The differentiation potential of stem cells in tissues of the adult has been thought to be limited to cell lineages present in the organ from which they were derived, but there is evidence that some stem cells may have a broader differentiation repertoire. We show here that neural stem cells from the adult mouse brain can contribute to the formation of chimeric chick and mouse embryos and give rise to cells of all germ layers. This demonstrates that an adult neural stem cell has a very broad developmental capacity and may potentially be used to generate a variety of cell types for transplantation in different diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, D L -- Johansson, C B -- Wilbertz, J -- Veress, B -- Nilsson, E -- Karlstrom, H -- Lendahl, U -- Frisen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1660-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/cytology/physiology ; Brain/*cytology ; Cell Aggregation ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Coculture Techniques ; Ectoderm/cytology ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endoderm/cytology ; Liver/cytology/embryology ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Microinjections ; Morula/cytology/physiology ; Muscles/cytology/embryology ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Transplantation Chimera
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    Cross talk between interferon-gamma and -alpha/beta signaling components in caveolar membrane domains (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Definition of cellular responses to cytokines often involves cross-communication through their respective receptors. Here, signaling by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is shown to depend on the IFN-alpha/beta receptor components. Although these IFNs transmit signals through distinct receptor complexes, the IFN-alpha/beta receptor component, IFNAR1, facilitates efficient assembly of IFN-gamma-activated transcription factors. This cross talk is contingent on a constitutive subthreshold IFN-alpha/beta signaling and the association between the two nonligand-binding receptor components, IFNAR1 and IFNGR2, in the caveolar membrane domains. This aspect of signaling cross talk by IFNs may apply to other cytokines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takaoka, A -- Mitani, Y -- Suemori, H -- Sato, M -- Yokochi, T -- Noguchi, S -- Tanaka, N -- Taniguchi, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2357-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Encephalomyocarditis virus/drug effects/physiology ; Interferon Type I/*metabolism ; Interferon-alpha/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Interferon-beta/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Interferon-gamma/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Janus Kinase 1 ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; *Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta ; Receptors, Interferon/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/metabolism
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    Proximity of chromosomal loci that participate in radiation-induced rearrangements in human cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: Rearrangements involving the RET gene are common in radiation-associated papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The RET/PTC1 type of rearrangement is an inversion of chromosome 10 mediated by illegitimate recombination between the RET and the H4 genes, which are 30 megabases apart. Here we ask whether despite the great linear distance between them, RET and H4 recombination might be promoted by their proximity in the nucleus. We used two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization and three-dimensional microscopy to map the positions of the RET and H4 loci within interphase nuclei. At least one pair of RET and H4 was juxtaposed in 35% of normal human thyroid cells and in 21% of peripheral blood lymphocytes, but only in 6% of normal mammary epithelial cells. Spatial contiguity of RET and H4 may provide a structural basis for generation of RET/PTC1 rearrangement by allowing a single radiation track to produce a double-strand break in each gene at the same site in the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nikiforova, M N -- Stringer, J R -- Blough, R -- Medvedovic, M -- Fagin, J A -- Nikiforov, Y E -- CA 72597/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 ES 05652-10/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):138-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Breast/cytology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Epithelial Cells ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Interphase ; Lymphocytes ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/*genetics ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Thyroid Gland/*cytology/*radiation effects ; Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
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    Function of GATA transcription factors in preadipocyte-adipocyte transition (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: Genes that control the early stages of adipogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. This effect is mediated, at least in part, through the direct suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tong, Q -- Dalgin, G -- Xu, H -- Ting, C N -- Leiden, J M -- Hotamisligil, G S -- DK56894/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32DK09940/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37AI29673/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):134-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Adipocytes/*cytology/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/cytology/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; GATA2 Transcription Factor ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; Gene Expression ; Mice ; Mutation ; Obesity/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Zinc Fingers
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    Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: The mature mammalian retina is thought to lack regenerative capacity. Here, we report the identification of a stem cell in the adult mouse eye, which represents a possible substrate for retinal regeneration. Single pigmented ciliary margin cells clonally proliferate in vitro to form sphere colonies of cells that can differentiate into retinal-specific cell types, including rod photoreceptors, bipolar neurons, and Muller glia. Adult retinal stem cells are localized to the pigmented ciliary margin and not to the central and peripheral retinal pigmented epithelium, indicating that these cells may be homologous to those found in the eye germinal zone of other nonmammalian vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tropepe, V -- Coles, B L -- Chiasson, B J -- Horsford, D J -- Elia, A J -- McInnes, R R -- van der Kooy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2032-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 1105, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Clone Cells ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/biosynthesis ; Mice ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nestin ; Neuroglia/cytology/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology/embryology ; Retina/*cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
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    Neurobiology. Trigger found for synapse formation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Until now, neurobiologists have had little luck in finding the matchmakers of nerve cell connections, called synapses, in the brain. In today's issue of Cell, researchers report that a single protein can apparently trigger synapse formation between brain neurons isolated from mice and grown in culture. If the finding is borne out in living animals, it could provide fresh insights into how the brain is wired during embryonic development and might eventually provide new ways to enhance or at least maintain synapse formation in the brains of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1718-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal ; Cells, Cultured ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Membranes/chemistry
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    Cancer research. Caution raised about possible new drug (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):786-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Cell Death ; Cells, Cultured ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Culture Techniques ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Liver/cytology/*drug effects ; Liver Diseases/pathology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*pharmacology ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology ; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fetal neuron grafts pave the way for stem cell therapies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1421-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aborted Fetus ; Animals ; Bioethics ; Biomedical Research ; Brain Diseases ; Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Death ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Dopamine/biosynthesis ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Fetal Research ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Humans ; Neuroglia/cytology ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism/*transplantation ; Parkinson Disease/*therapy ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/embryology ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation
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    Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-12
    Description: A critical function of tumor suppressor p53 is the induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to noxious stresses. We report a previously unidentified pro-apoptotic gene, Noxa. Expression of Noxa induction in primary mouse cells exposed to x-ray irradiation was dependent on p53. Noxa encodes a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins; this member contains the BH3 region but not other BH domains. When ectopically expressed, Noxa underwent BH3 motif-dependent localization to mitochondria and interacted with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. We also demonstrate that blocking the endogenous Noxa induction results in the suppression of apoptosis. Noxa may thus represent a mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oda, E -- Ohki, R -- Murasawa, H -- Nemoto, J -- Shibue, T -- Yamashita, T -- Tokino, T -- Taniguchi, T -- Tanaka, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):1053-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Damage ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry/*physiology/*secretion ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*physiology ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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    Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-01-29
    Description: Malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce cellular stress and activate c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs or SAPKs). Mammalian homologs of yeast IRE1, which activate chaperone genes in response to ER stress, also activated JNK, and IRE1alpha-/- fibroblasts were impaired in JNK activation by ER stress. The cytoplasmic part of IRE1 bound TRAF2, an adaptor protein that couples plasma membrane receptors to JNK activation. Dominant-negative TRAF2 inhibited activation of JNK by IRE1. Activation of JNK by endogenous signals initiated in the ER proceeds by a pathway similar to that initiated by cell surface receptors in response to extracellular signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urano, F -- Wang, X -- Bertolotti, A -- Zhang, Y -- Chung, P -- Harding, H P -- Ron, D -- DK47119/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ES08681/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):664-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology and the Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10650002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Multienzyme Complexes/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
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    Influenza B virus in seals (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-05-12
    Description: Influenza B virus is a human pathogen whose origin and possible reservoir in nature are not known. An influenza B virus was isolated from a naturally infected harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and was found to be infectious to seal kidney cells in vitro. Sequence analyses and serology indicated that influenza virus B/Seal/Netherlands/1/99 is closely related to strains that circulated in humans 4 to 5 years earlier. Retrospective analyses of sera collected from 971 seals showed a prevalence of antibodies to influenza B virus in 2% of the animals after 1995 and in none before 1995. This animal reservoir, harboring influenza B viruses that have circulated in the past, may pose a direct threat to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Osterhaus, A D -- Rimmelzwaan, G F -- Martina, B E -- Bestebroer, T M -- Fouchier, R A -- HD 15527/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):1051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Influenza Center, Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Doctor Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Reservoirs ; Dogs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza B virus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Neutralization Tests ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Pharynx/virology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seals, Earless/*virology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics ; Virus Shedding
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    Regulated cleavage of a contact-mediated axon repellent (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-26
    Description: Contact-mediated axon repulsion by ephrins raises an unresolved question: these cell surface ligands form a high-affinity multivalent complex with their receptors present on axons, yet rather than being bound, axons can be rapidly repelled. We show here that ephrin-A2 forms a stable complex with the metalloprotease Kuzbanian, involving interactions outside the cleavage region and the protease domain. Eph receptor binding triggered ephrin-A2 cleavage in a localized reaction specific to the cognate ligand. A cleavage-inhibiting mutation in ephrin-A2 delayed axon withdrawal. These studies reveal mechanisms for protease recognition and control of cell surface proteins, and, for ephrin-A2, they may provide a means for efficient axon detachment and termination of signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hattori, M -- Osterfield, M -- Flanagan, J G -- EY11559/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD29417/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1360-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Communication ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Disintegrins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Ephrin-A2 ; Gene Expression ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Growth Cones/physiology ; Humans ; Ligands ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nervous System/embryology/enzymology ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, EphA3 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Developmental biology. Brain cells turning over a new leaf (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blood ; Cell Culture Techniques ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Neurons/*cytology ; Oligodendroglia/*cytology ; Rats ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    Development. Brain cells reveal surprising versatility (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1559-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Cells/cytology ; Brain/*cytology ; Cell Aggregation ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Mice ; Organ Specificity ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
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    Induction of apoptosis by a secreted lipocalin that is transcriptionally regulated by IL-3 deprivation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: Many hematopoietic cells undergo apoptosis when deprived of specific cytokines, and this process requires de novo RNA/protein synthesis. Using DNA microarrays to analyze interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent murine FL5.12 pro-B cells, we found that the gene undergoing maximal transcriptional induction after cytokine withdrawal is 24p3, which encodes a secreted lipocalin. Conditioned medium from IL-3-deprived FL5.12 cells contained 24p3 and induced apoptosis in naive FL5.12 cells even when IL-3 was present. 24p3 also induced apoptosis in a wide variety of leukocytes but not other cell types. Apoptotic sensitivity correlated with the presence of a putative 24p3 cell surface receptor. We conclude that IL-3 deprivation activates 24p3 transcription, leading to synthesis and secretion of 24p3, which induces apoptosis through an autocrine pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Devireddy, L R -- Teodoro, J G -- Richard, F A -- Green, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):829-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Gene Function and Expression and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute-Phase Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; *Apoptosis/drug effects ; Autocrine Communication ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; Interleukin-3/*metabolism ; Interleukins/metabolism ; Leukocytes/cytology/*physiology ; Lipocalins ; Mice ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; bcl-Associated Death Protein ; bcl-X Protein
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    Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-11-17
    Description: Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in regulating both immunity and tolerance. Hence, we hypothesized that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive B and T cells, may be caused by alterations in the functions of DCs. Consistent with this, monocytes from SLE patients' blood were found to function as antigen-presenting cells, in vitro. Furthermore, serum from SLE patients induced normal monocytes to differentiate into DCs. These DCs could capture antigens from dying cells and present them to CD4-positive T cells. The capacity of SLE patients' serum to induce DC differentiation correlated with disease activity and depended on the actions of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). Thus, unabated induction of DCs by IFN-alpha may drive the autoimmune response in SLE.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blanco, P -- Palucka, A K -- Gill, M -- Pascual, V -- Banchereau, J -- R01 AR46589/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 16;294(5546):1540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11711679" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Blood Cell Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Dendritic Cells/*cytology/*immunology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/blood/pharmacology/*physiology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Monocytes/cytology/*immunology
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    Role of T-bet in commitment of TH1 cells before IL-12-dependent selection (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: How cytokines control differentiation of helper T (TH) cells is controversial. We show that T-bet, without apparent assistance from interleukin 12 (IL-12)/STAT4, specifies TH1 effector fate by targeting chromatin remodeling to individual interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) alleles and by inducing IL-12 receptor beta2 expression. Subsequently, it appears that IL-12/STAT4 serves two essential functions in the development of TH1 cells: as growth signal, inducing survival and cell division; and as trans-activator, prolonging IFN-gamma synthesis through a genetic interaction with the coactivator, CREB-binding protein. These results suggest that a cytokine does not simply induce TH fate choice but instead may act as an essential secondary stimulus that mediates selective survival of a lineage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mullen, A C -- High, F A -- Hutchins, A S -- Lee, H W -- Villarino, A V -- Livingston, D M -- Kung, A L -- Cereb, N -- Yao, T P -- Yang, S Y -- Reiner, S L -- AI-42370/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- EY-07131/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1907-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histones/metabolism ; Interferon-gamma/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Interleukin-12/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-12 ; STAT4 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; Th1 Cells/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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    Cell cycle. Centrioles at the checkpoint (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murray, A W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1499-502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. amurray@mcb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11234079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Cycle ; *Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Centrioles/*physiology ; Centrosome/*physiology ; Chromosome Segregation ; DNA Replication ; Microtubules/physiology ; Mitosis ; Proteins/physiology ; Saccharomycetales/cytology/physiology ; Spindle Apparatus/physiology
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    Role of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG-1 in PDGF-induced cell motility (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: EDG-1 is a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP). Cell migration toward platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which stimulates sphingosine kinase and increases intracellular SPP, was dependent on expression of EDG-1. Deletion of edg-1 or inhibition of sphingosine kinase suppressed chemotaxis toward PDGF and also activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac, which is essential for protrusion of lamellipodia and forward movement. Moreover, PDGF activated EDG-1, as measured by translocation of beta-arrestin and phosphorylation of EDG-1. Our results reveal a role for receptor cross-communication in which activation of a GPCR by a receptor tyrosine kinase is critical for cell motility.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hobson, J P -- Rosenfeldt, H M -- Barak, L S -- Olivera, A -- Poulton, S -- Caron, M G -- Milstien, S -- Spiegel, S -- CA61774/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM43880/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL-61365/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS19576/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1800-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chemotaxis/drug effects ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Lysophospholipids ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Lysophospholipid ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sphingosine/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Transfection
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  • 88
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    Interference by huntingtin and atrophin-1 with cbp-mediated transcription leading to cellular toxicity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Expanded polyglutamine repeats have been proposed to cause neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) and related disorders, through abnormal interactions with other proteins containing short polyglutamine tracts such as the transcriptional coactivator CREB binding protein, CBP. We found that CBP was depleted from its normal nuclear location and was present in polyglutamine aggregates in HD cell culture models, HD transgenic mice, and human HD postmortem brain. Expanded polyglutamine repeats specifically interfere with CBP-activated gene transcription, and overexpression of CBP rescued polyglutamine-induced neuronal toxicity. Thus, polyglutamine-mediated interference with CBP-regulated gene transcription may constitute a genetic gain of function, underlying the pathogenesis of polyglutamine disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nucifora , F C Jr -- Sasaki, M -- Peters, M F -- Huang, H -- Cooper, J K -- Yamada, M -- Takahashi, H -- Tsuji, S -- Troncoso, J -- Dawson, V L -- Dawson, T M -- Ross, C A -- NS16375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34172/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS37090/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38144/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2423-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a Robo/DCC receptor complex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Axonal growth cones that cross the nervous system midline change their responsiveness to midline guidance cues: They become repelled by the repellent Slit and simultaneously lose responsiveness to the attractant netrin. These mutually reinforcing changes help to expel growth cones from the midline by making a once-attractive environment appear repulsive. Here, we provide evidence that these two changes are causally linked: In the growth cones of embryonic Xenopus spinal axons, activation of the Slit receptor Roundabout (Robo) silences the attractive effect of netrin-1, but not its growth-stimulatory effect, through direct binding of the cytoplasmic domain of Robo to that of the netrin receptor DCC. Biologically, this hierarchical silencing mechanism helps to prevent a tug-of-war between attractive and repulsive signals in the growth cone that might cause confusion. Molecularly, silencing is enabled by a modular and interlocking design of the cytoplasmic domains of these potentially antagonistic receptors that predetermines the outcome of their simultaneous activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stein, E -- Tessier-Lavigne, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1928-38. Epub 2001 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; Growth Cones/*physiology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Ligands ; Mutation ; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Xenopus/embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Binding of DCC by netrin-1 to mediate axon guidance independent of adenosine A2B receptor activation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Netrins stimulate and orient axon growth through a mechanism requiring receptors of the DCC family. It has been unclear, however, whether DCC proteins are involved directly in signaling or are mere accessory proteins in a receptor complex. Further, although netrins bind cells expressing DCC, direct binding to DCC has not been demonstrated. Here we show that netrin-1 binds DCC and that the DCC cytoplasmic domain fused to a heterologous receptor ectodomain can mediate guidance through a mechanism involving derepression of cytoplasmic domain multimerization. Activation of the adenosine A2B receptor, proposed to contribute to netrin effects on axons, is not required for rat commissural axon outgrowth or Xenopus spinal axon attraction to netrin-1. Thus, DCC plays a central role in netrin signaling of axon growth and guidance independent of A2B receptor activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stein, E -- Zou, Y -- Poo , M -- Tessier-Lavigne, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1976-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Growth Cones/physiology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Nerve Growth Factors/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists ; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists ; Rats ; Receptor, Adenosine A2B ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/cytology/metabolism ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Xanthines/pharmacology ; Xenopus/embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Mediation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-dependent cell death by apoptosis-inducing factor (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) protects the genome by functioning in the DNA damage surveillance network. PARP-1 is also a mediator of cell death after ischemia-reperfusion injury, glutamate excitotoxicity, and various inflammatory processes. We show that PARP-1 activation is required for translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus and that AIF is necessary for PARP-1-dependent cell death. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, H2O2, and N-methyl-d-aspartate induce AIF translocation and cell death, which is prevented by PARP inhibitors or genetic knockout of PARP-1, but is caspase independent. Microinjection of an antibody to AIF protects against PARP-1-dependent cytotoxicity. These data support a model in which PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in a caspase-independent pathway of programmed cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Seong-Woon -- Wang, Hongmin -- Poitras, Marc F -- Coombs, Carmen -- Bowers, William J -- Federoff, Howard J -- Poirier, Guy G -- Dawson, Ted M -- Dawson, Valina L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):259-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Inducing Factor ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochrome c Group/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Flavoproteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials ; Membrane Proteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondria/metabolism/physiology ; N-Methylaspartate/metabolism/pharmacology ; NAD/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 92
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    Amacrine-signaled loss of intrinsic axon growth ability by retinal ganglion cells (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: The central nervous system (CNS) loses the ability to regenerate early during development, but it is not known why. The retina has long served as a simple model system for study of CNS regeneration. Here we show that amacrine cells signal neonatal rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to undergo a profound and apparently irreversible loss of intrinsic axon growth ability. Concurrently, retinal maturation triggers RGCs to greatly increase their dendritic growth ability. These results suggest that adult CNS neurons fail to regenerate not only because of CNS glial inhibition but also because of a loss of intrinsic axon growth ability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldberg, Jeffrey L -- Klassen, Matthew P -- Hua, Ying -- Barres, Ben A -- 2T32GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY11030/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1860-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Sherman Fairchild Science Building D231, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA. jlgoldbe@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Amacrine Cells/*physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Aging ; *Cell Communication ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Culture Techniques ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Nerve Regeneration ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Rats ; Retina/cytology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology/transplantation/ultrastructure ; Signal Transduction ; Superior Colliculi/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-19
    Description: To explore neuronal mechanisms underlying long-term consequences of stress, we studied stress-induced changes in the neuritic translocation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splice variants. Under normal conditions, we found the synaptic AChE-S mRNA and protein in neurites. Corticosterone, anticholinesterases, and forced swim, each facilitated a rapid (minutes), yet long-lasting (weeks), shift from AChE-S to the normally rare AChE-R mRNA, promoted AChE-R mRNA translocation into neurites, and induced enzyme secretion. Weeks after stress, electrophysiological measurements in hippocampus slices displayed apparently normal evoked synaptic responses but extreme hypersensitivity to both anticholinesterases and atropine. Our findings suggest that neuronal hypersensitivity under stress involves neuritic replacement of AChE-S with AChE-R.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meshorer, Eran -- Erb, Christina -- Gazit, Roi -- Pavlovsky, Lev -- Kaufer, Daniela -- Friedman, Alon -- Glick, David -- Ben-Arie, Nissim -- Soreq, Hermona -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):508-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Eric Roland Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 91904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Acetylcholinesterase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Action Potentials ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Atropine/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurites/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; PC12 Cells ; Physostigmine/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological/genetics/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
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  • 94
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    Historical essay. A history of HIV discovery (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montagnier, Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1727-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Foundation for Aids Research and Prevention, 1 rue Miollis, Paris F-75015, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis/history ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/*history/transmission/virology ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/history/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cells, Cultured ; *HIV/classification/isolation & purification/physiology/ultrastructure ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Virus Cultivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 95
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    Retrograde support of neuronal survival without retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-19
    Description: Application of nerve growth factor (NGF) covalently cross-linked to beads increased the phosphorylation of TrkA and Akt, but not of mitogen-activated protein kinase, in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. NGF beads or iodine-125-labeled NGF beads supplied to distal axons resulted in the survival of over 80% of the neurons for 30 hours, with little or no retrograde transport of iodine-125-labeled NGF; whereas application of free iodine-125-labeled NGF (0.5 nanograms per milliliter) produced 20-fold more retrograde transport, but only 29% of the neurons survived. Thus, in contrast to widely accepted theory, a neuronal survival signal can reach the cell bodies unaccompanied by the NGF that initiated it.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacInnis, Bronwyn L -- Campenot, Robert B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1536-9. Epub 2002 Jan 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, 6-14 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*metabolism ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Microspheres ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Nerve Growth Factor/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Transport ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, trkA/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Superior Cervical Ganglion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 96
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    Myeloperoxidase, a leukocyte-derived vascular NO oxidase (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an abundant mammalian phagocyte hemoprotein thought to primarily mediate host defense reactions. Although its microbicidal functions are well established in vitro, humans deficient in MPO are not at unusual risk of infection. MPO was observed herein to modulate the vascular signaling and vasodilatory functions of nitric oxide (NO) during acute inflammation. After leukocyte degranulation, MPO localized in and around vascular endothelial cells in a rodent model of acute endotoxemia and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxant responses, to which MPO-deficient mice were resistant. Altered vascular responsiveness was due to catalytic consumption of NO by substrate radicals generated by MPO. Thus MPO can directly modulate vascular inflammatory responses by regulating NO bioavailability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eiserich, Jason P -- Baldus, Stephan -- Brennan, Marie-Luise -- Ma, Wenxin -- Zhang, Chunxiang -- Tousson, Albert -- Castro, Laura -- Lusis, Aldons J -- Nauseef, William M -- White, C Roger -- Freeman, Bruce A -- I01 BX000513/BX/BLRD VA/ -- R01 HL067930/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R03 TW005682/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2391-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jpeiserich@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aorta ; Catalysis ; Cattle ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromans/metabolism/pharmacology ; Coculture Techniques ; Cyclic GMP/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology/*physiology ; Endotoxemia/enzymology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism/pharmacology ; Inflammation/*enzymology/physiopathology ; Leukocytes/*enzymology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peroxidase/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Vasodilation
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  • 97
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    An anti-apoptotic role for the p53 family member, p73, during developmental neuron death (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: p53 plays an essential pro-apoptotic role, a function thought to be shared with its family members p73 and p63. Here, we show that p73 is primarily present in developing neurons as a truncated isoform whose levels are dramatically decreased when sympathetic neurons apoptose after nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. Increased expression of truncated p73 rescues these neurons from apoptosis induced by NGF withdrawal or p53 overexpression. In p73-/- mice, all isoforms of p73 are deleted and the apoptosis of developing sympathetic neurons is greatly enhanced. Thus, truncated p73 is an essential anti-apoptotic protein in neurons, serving to counteract the pro-apoptotic function of p53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pozniak, C D -- Radinovic, S -- Yang, A -- McKeon, F -- Kaplan, D R -- Miller, F D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):304-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neuronal Survival, Brain Tumor Research Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2B4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*physiology ; Escherichia coli ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*physiology ; Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis/chemistry/physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sympathetic Nervous System/cytology/*physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Diabetes research. Islet transplants not yet ready for prime time (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: When researchers in Edmonton, Canada, announced last month that a new procedure for transplanting pancreatic islet cells had freed seven adults with type I diabetes from taking insulin, the results generated a great deal of public enthusiasm. Some important caveats tended to get lost, however. One drawback is that transplant recipients would need to take immunosuppressive drugs for the rest of their lives to keep from rejecting the tissue. But more importantly, even if the benefits of the transplants outweigh the risks of the drugs, there's just not enough islet tissue to go around and there won't be anytime soon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwillich, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):531-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*surgery ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Graft Rejection/prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Insulin/biosynthesis ; Islets of Langerhans/*cytology/metabolism ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Mice ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Tissue Donors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: Benzodiazepine tranquilizers are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. To identify the molecular and neuronal target mediating the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines, we generated and analyzed two mouse lines in which the alpha2 or alpha3 GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, respectively, were rendered insensitive to diazepam by a knock-in point mutation. The anxiolytic action of diazepam was absent in mice with the alpha2(H101R) point mutation but present in mice with the alpha3(H126R) point mutation. These findings indicate that the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepine drugs is mediated by alpha2 GABAA receptors, which are largely expressed in the limbic system, but not by alpha3 GABAA receptors, which predominate in the reticular activating system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Low, K -- Crestani, F -- Keist, R -- Benke, D -- Brunig, I -- Benson, J A -- Fritschy, J M -- Rulicke, T -- Bluethmann, H -- Mohler, H -- Rudolph, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Binding Sites ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Diazepam/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Mice ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phenobarbital/pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/physiology ; Receptors, GABA-A/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 100
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    Identification of HE1 as the second gene of Niemann-Pick C disease (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Niemann-Pick type C2 disease (NP-C2) is a fatal hereditary disorder of unknown etiology characterized by defective egress of cholesterol from lysosomes. Here we show that the disease is caused by a deficiency in HE1, a ubiquitously expressed lysosomal protein identified previously as a cholesterol-binding protein. HE1 was undetectable in fibroblasts from NP-C2 patients but present in fibroblasts from unaffected controls and NP-C1 patients. Mutations in the HE1 gene, which maps to chromosome 14q24.3, were found in NP-C2 patients but not in controls. Treatment of NP-C2 fibroblasts with exogenous recombinant HE1 protein ameliorated lysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naureckiene, S -- Sleat, D E -- Lackland, H -- Fensom, A -- Vanier, M T -- Wattiaux, R -- Jadot, M -- Lobel, P -- DK45992/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK54317/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- NS37918/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2298-301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; CHO Cells ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Lysosomes/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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