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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Filopodia that extend from neuronal growth cones sample the environment for extracellular guidance cues, but the signals they transmit to growth cones are unknown. Filopodia were observed generating localized transient elevations of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) that propagate back to the growth cone and stimulate global Ca2+ elevations. The frequency of filopodial Ca2+ transients was substrate-dependent and may be due in part to influx of Ca2+ through channels activated by integrin receptors. These transients slowed neurite outgrowth by reducing filopodial motility and promoted turning when stimulated differentially within filopodia on one side of the growth cone. These rapid signals appear to serve both as autonomous regulators of filopodial movement and as frequency-coded signals integrated within the growth cone and could be a common signaling process for many motile cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomez, T M -- Robles, E -- Poo , M -- Spitzer, N C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1983-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. tmgomez@facstaff.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD29/metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; Growth Cones/metabolism/*physiology ; Integrins/metabolism ; Laminin/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neurites/metabolism/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Pseudopodia/*metabolism ; Tenascin/pharmacology ; Xenopus/embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-11-14
    Description: Specification of the appropriate neurotransmitter is a crucial step in neuronal differentiation because it enables signalling among populations of neurons. Experimental manipulations demonstrate that both autonomous and activity-dependent genetic programs contribute to this process during development, but whether natural environmental stimuli specify transmitter expression in a neuronal population is unknown. We investigated neurons of the ventral suprachiasmatic nucleus that regulate neuroendocrine pituitary function in response to light in teleosts, amphibia and primates. Here we show that altering light exposure, which changes the sensory input to the circuit controlling adaptation of skin pigmentation to background, changes the number of neurons expressing dopamine in larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis in a circuit-specific and activity-dependent manner. Neurons newly expressing dopamine then regulate changes in camouflage colouration in response to illumination. Thus, physiological activity alters the numbers of behaviourally relevant amine-transmitter-expressing neurons in the brain at postembryonic stages of development. The results may be pertinent to changes in cognitive states that are regulated by biogenic amines.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803045/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803045/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dulcis, Davide -- Spitzer, Nicholas C -- R01 NS015918/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS015918-26/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS015918-27/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS015918-28/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS015918-29/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):195-201. doi: 10.1038/nature07569.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Molecular Genetics, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UCSD La Jolla, California 92093-0357, USA. ddulcis@biomail.ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology/*radiation effects ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects/*radiation effects ; Chelating Agents/pharmacology ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Larva/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; Light ; *Lighting ; Melanotrophs/physiology ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Neuropeptide Y/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Skin Pigmentation/physiology ; Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/cytology/drug effects ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology ; Xenopus laevis/metabolism/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2009-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spitzer, Nicholas C -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):843-4. doi: 10.1038/458843a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*cytology/*genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Mice ; Neurogenesis/*genetics ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spitzer, N C -- Sejnowski, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1060-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. nick@biomail.ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Chemotaxis ; *Computational Biology ; *Computer Simulation ; Computing Methodologies ; Drosophila/embryology ; *Models, Biological ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: Neurotransmitters have been thought to be fixed throughout life, but whether sensory stimuli alter behaviorally relevant transmitter expression in the mature brain is unknown. We found that populations of interneurons in the adult rat hypothalamus switched between dopamine and somatostatin expression in response to exposure to short- and long-day photoperiods. Changes in postsynaptic dopamine receptor expression matched changes in presynaptic dopamine, whereas somatostatin receptor expression remained constant. Pharmacological blockade or ablation of these dopaminergic neurons led to anxious and depressed behavior, phenocopying performance after exposure to the long-day photoperiod. Induction of newly dopaminergic neurons through exposure to the short-day photoperiod rescued the behavioral consequences of lesions. Natural stimulation of other sensory modalities may cause changes in transmitter expression that regulate different behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dulcis, Davide -- Jamshidi, Pouya -- Leutgeb, Stefan -- Spitzer, Nicholas C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):449-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1234152.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA. ddulcis@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Count ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; Hypothalamus/metabolism/physiology ; Male ; Maze Learning ; *Photoperiod ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism ; Seasons ; Somatostatin/*metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/*psychology ; *Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spitzer, Nicholas C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 30;350(6260):510-1. doi: 10.1126/science.aad4876.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. nspitzer@ucsd.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/*embryology ; GABAergic Neurons/*cytology ; Humans ; Zona Incerta/*embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1979-06-15
    Description: Individually identified neurons can be recognized in grasshopper embryos, and are accessible to examination by morphological, physiological, and biochemical techniques from their birth to their maturation. Only after the axon of an identified neuron reaches its postsynaptic target does the neurotransmitter accumulate, the soma rapidly enlarge, and the central arborizations greatly expand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goodman, C S -- O'Shea, M -- McCaman, R -- Spitzer, N C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jun 15;204(4398):1219-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Central Nervous System/*embryology ; Ganglia/cytology ; Grasshoppers/cytology/embryology ; Morphogenesis ; Neurons/*cytology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Octopamine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-11-01
    Description: The generation of specific patterns of neuronal connections has usually been regarded as a central problem in neurobiology. The prevailing view for many years has been that these connections are established by complementary recognition molecules on the pre- and postsynaptic cells (the chemoaffinity theory). Experimental results obtained in the past decade, however, indicate that the view that axon guidance and synaptogenesis proceed according to restrictive chemical markers is too narrow. Although a more rigid plan may prevail in some invertebrates, the formation of specific connections in vertebrates also involves competition between axon terminals, trophic feedback between pre- and postsynaptic cells, and modification of connections by functional activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Easter, S S Jr -- Purves, D -- Rakic, P -- Spitzer, N C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 1;230(4725):507-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4048944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Cell Communication ; Ganglia, Autonomic/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology ; *Models, Neurological ; Nervous System/*anatomy & histology ; Neurons/*anatomy & histology ; Synapses/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 2 (1979), S. 363-395 
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 301 (1983), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Our initial experiments examined the effect of Met-enkephalin on endplate potential (e.p.p.) amplitudes in conditions of low quantal content8. Enkephalin (10-30 ,?) applied by pressure ejection through a 'puffer' pipette led to a consistent but variable decrease in the size of the evoked response ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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