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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Background: Trace elements have been hypothesised to be involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and volcanic degassing is the major natural sources of trace elements. Both incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Catania and volcanic activity of Mount Etna have been significantly increased during the last 30 years. Due to prevailing trade winds direction, volcanic gases from Etna summit craters are mostly blown towards the eastern and southern sectors of the volcano. Objective: To evaluate the possible association between Multiple Sclerosis and exposure to volcanogenic trace elements. Methods: We evaluated prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in four communities (47,234 inhabitants) located in the eastern flank and in two communities (52,210 inhabitants) located in the western flank of Mount Etna, respectively the most and least exposed area to crater gas emissions. Results: A higher prevalence was found in the population of the eastern flank compared to the population of the western one (137.6/100,000 versus 94.3/100,000; p-value 0.04). We found a borderline significantly higher incidence risk during the incidence study period (1980–2009) in the population of the eastern flank 4.6/100,000 (95% CI 3.1–5.9), compared with the western population 3.2/100,000 (95% CI 2.4–4.2) with a RR of 1.41 (95% CI 0.97–2.05; p-value 0.06). Incidence risks have increased over the time in both populations reaching a peak of 6.4/100,000 in the eastern flank and of 4.4/100.000 in the western flank during 2000–2009. Conclusion: We found a higher prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis among populations living in the eastern flank of Mount Etna. According to our data a possible role of TE cannot be ruled out as possible co-factor in the MS pathogenesis. However larger epidemiological study are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
    Description: Published
    Description: e74259
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna volcano ; Multiple Sclerosis ; trace elements ; volcanic activity ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Hule and Rı´o Cuarto are maar lakes located 11 and 18 km N of Poa´s volcano along a 27 km long fracture zone, in the Central Volcanic Range of Costa Rica. Both lakes are characterized by a stable thermic and chemical stratification and recently they were affected by fish killing events likely related to the uprising of deep anoxic waters to the surface caused by rollover phenomena. The vertical profiles of temperature, pH, redox potential, chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved gases, as well as prokaryotic diversity estimated by DNA fingerprinting and massive 16S rRNA pyrosequencing along the water column of the two lakes, have highlighted that different bio-geochemical processes occur in these meromictic lakes. Although the two lakes host different bacterial and archaeal phylogenetic groups, water and gas chemistry in both lakes is controlled by the same prokaryotic functions, especially regarding the CO2-CH4 cycle. Addition of hydrothermal CO2 through the bottom of the lakes plays a fundamental priming role in developing a stable water stratification and fuelling anoxic bacterial and archaeal populations. Methanogens and methane oxidizers as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria responsible of organic carbon recycling resulted to be stratified with depth and strictly related to the chemical-physical conditions and availability of free oxygen, affecting both the CO2 and CH4 chemical concentrations and their isotopic compositions along the water column. Hule and Rı´o Cuarto lakes were demonstrated to contain a CO2 (CH4, N2)-rich gas reservoir mainly controlled by the interactions occurring between geosphere and biosphere. Thus, we introduced the term of bio-activity volcanic lakes to distinguish these lakes, which have analogues worldwide (e.g. Kivu: D.R.C.-Rwanda; Albano, Monticchio and Averno: Italy; Pavin: France) from volcanic lakes only characterized by geogenic CO2 reservoir such as Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon).
    Description: Published
    Description: e102456
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: bio activity, volcanic lakes, costa rica ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e83994, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083994.
    Description: Gas bubbles in marine mammals entangled and drowned in gillnets have been previously described by computed tomography, gross examination and histopathology. The absence of bacteria or autolytic changes in the tissues of those animals suggested that the gas was produced peri- or post-mortem by a fast decompression, probably by quickly hauling animals entangled in the net at depth to the surface. Gas composition analysis and gas scoring are two new diagnostic tools available to distinguish gas embolisms from putrefaction gases. With this goal, these methods have been successfully applied to pathological studies of marine mammals. In this study, we characterized the flux and composition of the gas bubbles from bycaught marine mammals in anchored sink gillnets and bottom otter trawls. We compared these data with marine mammals stranded on Cape Cod, MA, USA. Fresh animals or with moderate decomposition (decomposition scores of 2 and 3) were prioritized. Results showed that bycaught animals presented with significantly higher gas scores than stranded animals. Gas composition analyses indicate that gas was formed by decompression, confirming the decompression hypothesis.
    Description: This study was funded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Mammal Center, and Wick and Sloan Simmons.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e87720, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087720.
    Description: The abundance of the subarctic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, and temperate, shelf copepod, Centropages typicus, was estimated from samples collected bi-monthly over the Northeast U.S. continental shelf (NEUS) from 1977–2010. Latitudinal variation in long term trends and seasonal patterns for the two copepod species were examined for four sub-regions: the Gulf of Maine (GOM), Georges Bank (GB), Southern New England (SNE), and Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). Results suggested that there was significant difference in long term variation between northern region (GOM and GB), and the MAB for both species. C. finmarchicus generally peaked in May – June throughout the entire study region and Cen. typicus had a more complex seasonal pattern. Time series analysis revealed that the peak time for Cen. typicus switched from November – December to January - March after 1985 in the MAB. The long term abundance of C. finmarchicus showed more fluctuation in the MAB than the GOM and GB, whereas the long term abundance of Cen. typicus was more variable in the GB than other sub-regions. Alongshore transport was significantly correlated with the abundance of C. finmarchicus, i.e., more water from north, higher abundance for C. finmarchicus. The abundance of Cen. typicus showed positive relationship with the Gulf Stream north wall index (GSNWI) in the GOM and GB, but the GSNWI only explained 12–15% of variation in Cen. typicus abundance. In general, the alongshore current was negatively correlated with the GSNWI, suggesting that Cen. typicus is more abundant when advection from the north is less. However, the relationship between Cen. typicus and alongshore transport was not significant. The present study highlights the importance of spatial scales in the study of marine populations: observed long term changes in the northern region were different from the south for both species.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e81150, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081150.
    Description: Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Amoebophrya infect free-living dinoflagellates, some of which can cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). High prevalence of Amoebophrya spp. has been linked to the decline of some HABs in marine systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Amoebophrya spp. on the dynamics of dinoflagellate blooms in Salt Pond (MA, USA), particularly the harmful species Alexandrium fundyense. The abundance of Amoebophrya life stages was estimated 3–7 days per week through the full duration of an annual A. fundyense bloom using fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (FISH- TSA). More than 20 potential hosts were recorded including Dinophysis spp., Protoperidinium spp. and Gonyaulax spp., but the only dinoflagellate cells infected by Amoebophrya spp. during the sampling period were A. fundyense. Maximum A. fundyense concentration co-occurred with an increase of infected hosts, followed by a massive release of Amoebophrya dinospores in the water column. On average, Amoebophrya spp. infected and killed ~30% of the A. fundyense population per day in the end phase of the bloom. The decline of the host A. fundyense population coincided with a dramatic life-cycle transition from vegetative division to sexual fusion. This transition occurred after maximum infected host concentrations and before peak infection percentages were observed, suggesting that most A. fundyense escaped parasite infection through sexual fusion. The results of this work highlight the importance of high frequency sampling of both parasite and host populations to accurately assess the impact of parasites on natural plankton assemblages.
    Description: L. Velo-Sua´rez was supported by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (IOF; grant agreement: MOHAB PIOF-GA-252260). This work was supported in part by NSF grants OCE-0430724 and OCE-0911031 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants 1P50-ES01274201 and 1P01ES021923-01 to D.M. Anderson and D.J. McGillicuddy through the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, National Park Service Cooperative Agreement H238015504 to D.M. Anderson.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e88170, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088170.
    Description: Recent successful efforts to increase protection for manta rays has highlighted the lack of basic ecological information, including vertical and horizontal movement patterns, available for these species. We deployed pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on nine reef manta rays, Manta alfredi, to determine diving behaviors and vertical habitat use. Transmitted and archived data were obtained from seven tagged mantas over deployment periods of 102–188 days, including three recovered tags containing 2.6 million depth, temperature, and light level data points collected every 10 or 15 seconds. Mantas frequented the upper 10 m during daylight hours and tended to occupy deeper water throughout the night. Six of the seven individuals performed a cumulative 76 deep dives (〉150 m) with one individual reaching 432 m, extending the known depth range of this coastal, reef-oriented species and confirming its role as an ecological link between epipelagic and mesopelagic habitats. Mean vertical velocities calculated from high-resolution dive data (62 dives 〉150 m) from three individuals suggested that mantas may use gliding behavior during travel and that this behavior may prove more efficient than continuous horizontal swimming. The behaviors in this study indicate manta rays provide a previously unknown link between the epi- and mesopelagic layers of an extremely oligotrophic marine environment and provide evidence of a third marine species that utilizes gliding to maximize movement efficiency.
    Description: inancial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award numbers USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e87877, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087877.
    Description: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binds to environmental toxicants including synthetic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and is involved in a diverse array of biological processes. Recently, the AHR was shown to control host immunity by affecting the balance between inflammatory T cells that produce IL-17 (Th17) and IL-22 versus regulatory T cells (Treg) involved in tolerance. While environmental AHR ligands can mediate this effect, endogenous ligands are likely to be more relevant in host immune responses. We investigated downstream metabolites of tryptophan as potential AHR ligands because (1) tryptophan metabolites have been implicated in regulating the balance between Th17 and Treg cells and (2) many of the AHR ligands identified thus far are derivatives of tryptophan. We characterized the ability of tryptophan metabolites to bind and activate the AHR and to increase IL-22 production in human T cells. We report that the tryptophan metabolite, cinnabarinic acid (CA), is an AHR ligand that stimulates the differentiation of human and mouse T cells producing IL-22. We compare the IL-22-stimulating activity of CA to that of other tryptophan metabolites and define stimulation conditions that lead to CA production from immune cells. Our findings link tryptophan metabolism to AHR activation and define a novel endogenous AHR agonist with potentially broad biological functions.
    Description: This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants OD000329 and R01AI40312 (to JMM), R01ES006272 (to MEH), P42ES007381 (Superfund Research Program at Boston University to JS, DHS and MEH), R21CA134882 (to JS), NIH Training Grant T32 GM007175 (MML), and the Harvey V. Berneking Living Trust. BK is supported by Career Development Awards from the NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK083334) and the NASPGHAN Foundation. JEM is a recipient of the Human Frontiers Science Program Long-Term Fellowship (LT000231/2011-L). JMM is a recipient of the NIH Director's Pioneer Award Program, part of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, through grant DPI OD00329.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e74265, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074265.
    Description: Microorganisms associated with coastal sands serve as a natural biofilter, providing essential nutrient recycling in nearshore environments and acting to maintain coastal ecosystem health. Anthropogenic stressors often impact these ecosystems, but little is known about whether these disturbances can be identified through microbial community change. The blowout of the Macondo Prospect reservoir on April 20, 2010, which released oil hydrocarbons into the Gulf of Mexico, presented an opportunity to examine whether microbial community composition might provide a sensitive measure of ecosystem disturbance. Samples were collected on four occasions, beginning in mid-June, during initial beach oiling, until mid-November from surface sand and surf zone waters at seven beaches stretching from Bay St. Louis, MS to St. George Island, FL USA. Oil hydrocarbon measurements and NOAA shoreline assessments indicated little to no impact on the two most eastern beaches (controls). Sequence comparisons of bacterial ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions isolated from beach sands located to the east and west of Mobile Bay in Alabama demonstrated that regional drivers account for markedly different bacterial communities. Individual beaches had unique community signatures that persisted over time and exhibited spatial relationships, where community similarity decreased as horizontal distance between samples increased from one to hundreds of meters. In contrast, sequence analyses detected larger temporal and less spatial variation among the water samples. Superimposed upon these beach community distance and time relationships, was increased variability in bacterial community composition from oil hydrocarbon contaminated sands. The increased variability was observed among the core, resident, and transient community members, indicating the occurrence of community-wide impacts rather than solely an overprinting of oil hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria onto otherwise relatively stable sand population structures. Among sequences classified to genus, Alcanivorax, Alteromonas, Marinobacter, Winogradskyella, and Zeaxanthinibacter exhibited the largest relative abundance increases in oiled sands.
    Description: Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences program, grant ES-004184 to SLM and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation's grant for the Rare Biosphere in the Built Environment MLS.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e84006, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084006.
    Description: Conservation and management efforts for white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) remain hampered by a lack of basic demographic information including age and growth rates. Sharks are typically aged by counting growth bands sequentially deposited in their vertebrae, but the assumption of annual deposition of these band pairs requires testing. We compared radiocarbon (Δ14C) values in vertebrae from four female and four male white sharks from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean (NWA) with reference chronologies documenting the marine uptake of 14C produced by atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices to generate the first radiocarbon age estimates for adult white sharks. Age estimates were up to 40 years old for the largest female (fork length [FL]: 526 cm) and 73 years old for the largest male (FL: 493 cm). Our results dramatically extend the maximum age and longevity of white sharks compared to earlier studies, hint at possible sexual dimorphism in growth rates, and raise concerns that white shark populations are considerably more sensitive to human-induced mortality than previously thought.
    Description: This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 was awarded to SRT) and LLH was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e85872, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085872.
    Description: Assemblages of megabenthos are structured in seven depth-related zones between ~700 and 4000 m on the rocky and topographically complex continental margin south of Tasmania, southeastern Australia. These patterns emerge from analysis of imagery and specimen collections taken from a suite of surveys using photographic and in situ sampling by epibenthic sleds, towed video cameras, an autonomous underwater vehicle and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seamount peaks in shallow zones had relatively low biomass and low diversity assemblages, which may be in part natural and in part due to effects of bottom trawl fishing. Species richness was highest at intermediate depths (1000–1300 m) as a result of an extensive coral reef community based on the bioherm-forming scleractinian Solenosmilia variabilis. However, megabenthos abundance peaked in a deeper, low diversity assemblage at 2000–2500 m. The S. variabilis reef and the deep biomass zone were separated by an extensive dead, sub-fossil S. variabilis reef and a relatively low biomass stratum on volcanic rock roughly coincident with the oxygen minimum layer. Below 2400 m, megabenthos was increasingly sparse, though punctuated by occasional small pockets of relatively high diversity and biomass. Nonetheless, megabenthic organisms were observed in the vast majority of photographs on all seabed habitats and to the maximum depths observed - a sandy plain below 3950 m. Taxonomic studies in progress suggest that the observed depth zonation is based in part on changing species mixes with depth, but also an underlying commonality to much of the seamount and rocky substrate biota across all depths. Although the mechanisms supporting the extraordinarily high biomass in 2000–2500 m depths remains obscure, plausible explanations include equatorwards lateral transport of polar production and/or a response to depth-stratified oxygen availability.
    Description: Components of this work were supported by the National Science Foundation, the Australian Department of Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, the Australian Commonwealth Environmental Research Fund, a grant of ship time by the Australian National Research Facility, and the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans and Climate Adaptation Flagships.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e88618, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088618.
    Description: The taxon Syndermata comprises the biologically interesting wheel animals (“Rotifera”: Bdelloidea + Monogononta + Seisonidea) and thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), and is central for testing superordinate phylogenetic hypotheses (Platyzoa, Gnathifera) in the metazoan tree of life. Recent analyses of syndermatan phylogeny suggested paraphyly of Eurotatoria (free-living bdelloids and monogononts) with respect to endoparasitic acanthocephalans. Data of epizoic seisonids, however, were absent, which may have affected the branching order within the syndermatan clade. Moreover, the position of Seisonidea within Syndermata should help in understanding the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism. Here, we report the first phylogenomic analysis that includes all four higher-ranked groups of Syndermata. The analyzed data sets comprise new transcriptome data for Seison spec. (Seisonidea), Brachionus manjavacas (Monogononta), Adineta vaga (Bdelloidea), and Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Acanthocephala). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees for a total of 19 metazoan species were reconstructed from up to 410 functionally diverse proteins. The results unanimously place Monogononta basally within Syndermata, and Bdelloidea appear as the sister group to a clade comprising epizoic Seisonidea and endoparasitic Acanthocephala. Our results support monophyly of Syndermata, Hemirotifera (Bdelloidea + Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), and Pararotatoria (Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), rejecting monophyly of traditional Rotifera and Eurotatoria. This serves as an indication that early acanthocephalans lived epizoically or as ectoparasites on arthropods, before their complex lifecycle with arthropod intermediate and vertebrate definite hosts evolved.
    Description: The work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grant Ha2103/4-3, Priority Project "Deep Metazoan Phylogeny", SPP1174; www. dfg.de). Additional financial support came from the Center for Computational Sciences (SRFN) of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (http://www.csm.unimainz. de).
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e97338, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097338.
    Description: Metagenomics-based functional profiling analysis is an effective means of gaining deeper insight into the composition of marine microbial populations and developing a better understanding of the interplay between the functional genome content of microbial communities and abiotic factors. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of 24 datasets covering surface and depth-related environments at 11 sites around the world's oceans. The complete datasets comprises approximately 12 million sequences, totaling 5,358 Mb. Based on profiling patterns of Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) of proteins, a core set of reference photic and aphotic depth-related COGs, and a collection of COGs that are associated with extreme oxygen limitation were defined. Their inferred functions were utilized as indicators to characterize the distribution of light- and oxygen-related biological activities in marine environments. The results reveal that, while light level in the water column is a major determinant of phenotypic adaptation in marine microorganisms, oxygen concentration in the aphotic zone has a significant impact only in extremely hypoxic waters. Phylogenetic profiling of the reference photic/aphotic gene sets revealed a greater variety of source organisms in the aphotic zone, although the majority of individual photic and aphotic depth-related COGs are assigned to the same taxa across the different sites. This increase in phylogenetic and functional diversity of the core aphotic related COGs most probably reflects selection for the utilization of a broad range of alternate energy sources in the absence of light.
    Description: This work was supported by King Abdullah University for Science and Technology Global Collaborative Partners (GCR) program.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e80192, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080192.
    Description: In vertebrates and arthropods, blood clotting involves the establishment of a plug of aggregated thrombocytes (the cellular clot) and an extracellular fibrillar clot formed by the polymerization of the structural protein of the clot, which is fibrin in mammals, plasma lipoprotein in crustaceans, and coagulin in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Both elements of the clot function to staunch bleeding. Additionally, the extracellular clot functions as an agent of the innate immune system by providing a passive anti-microbial barrier and microbial entrapment device, which functions directly at the site of wounds to the integument. Here we show that, in addition to these passive functions in immunity, the plasma lipoprotein clot of lobster, the coagulin clot of Limulus, and both the platelet thrombus and the fibrin clot of mammals (human, mouse) operate to capture lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). The lipid A core of LPS is the principal agent of gram-negative septicemia, which is responsible for more than 100,000 human deaths annually in the United States and is similarly toxic to arthropods. Quantification using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test shows that clots capture significant quantities of LPS and fluorescent-labeled LPS can be seen by microscopy to decorate the clot fibrils. Thrombi generated in the living mouse accumulate LPS in vivo. It is suggested that capture of LPS released from gram-negative bacteria entrapped by the blood clot operates to protect against the disease that might be caused by its systemic dispersal.
    Description: Grant # 0344360 from the National Science Foundation (PBA).
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e90815, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090815.
    Description: Recreational water quality, as measured by culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), may be influenced by persistent populations of these bacteria in local sands or wrack, in addition to varied fecal inputs from human and/or animal sources. In this study, pyrosequencing was used to generate short sequence tags of the 16S hypervariable region ribosomal DNA from shallow water samples and from sand samples collected at the high tide line and at the intertidal water line at sites with and without FIB exceedance events. These data were used to examine the sand and water bacterial communities to assess the similarity between samples, and to determine the impact of water quality exceedance events on the community composition. Sequences belonging to a group of bacteria previously identified as alternative fecal indicators were also analyzed in relationship to water quality violation events. We found that sand and water samples hosted distinctly different overall bacterial communities, and there was greater similarity in the community composition between coastal water samples from two distant sites. The dissimilarity between high tide and intertidal sand bacterial communities, although more similar to each other than to water, corresponded to greater tidal range between the samples. Within the group of alternative fecal indicators greater similarity was observed within sand and water from the same site, likely reflecting the anthropogenic contribution at each beach. This study supports the growing evidence that community-based molecular tools can be leveraged to identify the sources and potential impact of fecal pollution in the environment, and furthermore suggests that a more diverse bacterial community in beach sand and water may reflect a less contaminated site and better water quality.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant OCE-0430724, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant P0ES012742 to the Woods Hole Center for Ocean and Human Health. E. Halliday was partially supported by WHOI Academic Programs and grants from the WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund and the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e103536, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103536.
    Description: Conservation efforts aimed at the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, remain limited by a lack of basic information on most aspects of its ecology, including global population structure, population sizes and movement patterns. Here we report on the movements of 47 Red Sea whale sharks fitted with three types of satellite transmitting tags from 2009–2011. Most of these sharks were tagged at a single aggregation site near Al-Lith, on the central coast of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Individuals encountered at this site were all juveniles based on size estimates ranging from 2.5–7 m total length with a sex ratio of approximately 1:1. All other known aggregation sites for juvenile whale sharks are dominated by males. Results from tagging efforts showed that most individuals remained in the southern Red Sea and that some sharks returned to the same location in subsequent years. Diving data were recorded by 37 tags, revealing frequent deep dives to at least 500 m and as deep as 1360 m. The unique temperature-depth profiles of the Red Sea confirmed that several whale sharks moved out of the Red Sea while tagged. The wide-ranging horizontal movements of these individuals highlight the need for multinational, cooperative efforts to conserve R. typus populations in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
    Description: Financial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award nos. USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the United States National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e112379, doi:10.1575/1912/6845.
    Description: Increasing Transparent Exopolymer Particle (TEP) formation during diatom blooms as a result of elevated temperature and pCO2 have been suggested to result in enhanced aggregation and carbon flux, therewith potentially increasing the sequestration of carbon by the ocean. We present experimental results on TEP and aggregate formation by Thalassiosira weissflogii (diatom) in the presence or absence of bacteria under two temperature and three pCO2 scenarios. During the aggregation phase of the experiment TEP formation was elevated at the higher temperature (20°C vs. 15°C), as predicted. However, in contrast to expectations based on the established relationship between TEP and aggregation, aggregation rates and sinking velocity of aggregates were depressed in warmer treatments, especially under ocean acidification conditions. If our experimental findings can be extrapolated to natural conditions, they would imply a reduction in carbon flux and potentially reduced carbon sequestration after diatom blooms in the future ocean.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants OCE-0926711 & OCE-1041038 to UP and Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research and Jacobs University Bremen to SS.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e92277, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092277.
    Description: Argos recently implemented a new algorithm to calculate locations of satellite-tracked animals that uses a Kalman filter (KF). The KF algorithm is reported to increase the number and accuracy of estimated positions over the traditional Least Squares (LS) algorithm, with potential advantages to the application of state-space methods to model animal movement data. We tested the performance of two Bayesian state-space models (SSMs) fitted to satellite tracking data processed with KF algorithm. Tracks from 7 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) tagged with ARGOS satellite transmitters equipped with Fastloc GPS loggers were used to calculate the error of locations estimated from SSMs fitted to KF and LS data, by comparing those to “true” GPS locations. Data on 6 fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were used to investigate consistency in movement parameters, location and behavioural states estimated by switching state-space models (SSSM) fitted to data derived from KF and LS methods. The model fit to KF locations improved the accuracy of seal trips by 27% over the LS model. 82% of locations predicted from the KF model and 73% of locations from the LS model were 〈5 km from the corresponding interpolated GPS position. Uncertainty in KF model estimates (5.6±5.6 km) was nearly half that of LS estimates (11.6±8.4 km). Accuracy of KF and LS modelled locations was sensitive to precision but not to observation frequency or temporal resolution of raw Argos data. On average, 88% of whale locations estimated by KF models fell within the 95% probability ellipse of paired locations from LS models. Precision of KF locations for whales was generally higher. Whales’ behavioural mode inferred by KF models matched the classification from LS models in 94% of the cases. State-space models fit to KF data can improve spatial accuracy of location estimates over LS models and produce equally reliable behavioural estimates.
    Description: This research was primarily funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundo Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia (FRCT), through research projects TRACE-PTDC/MAR/74071/2006 and MAPCET-M2.1.2/F/012/2011 [FEDER], the Competitiveness Factors Operational (COMPETE), QREN European Social Fund, and Proconvergencia Açores/EU Program]. We acknowledge funds provided by FCT to LARSyS Associated Laboratory and IMAR-University of the Azores/the Thematic Area D & E of the Strategic Project PEst-OE/EEI/LA0009/2011–1012 and 2013–2014 (OE & Compete) and by the FRCT - Government of the Azores pluriannual funding. MAS was supported by an FCT postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/29841/2006) and is currently supported by POPH, QREN European Social Fund and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education through an FCT Investigator grant. RP was supported by an FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/41192/2007) and by the research grant from the Azores Regional Fund for Science and Technology (M3.1.5/F/115/2012). IJ was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) through their support of the Ocean Tracking Network. DJFR is funded by the United Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change as part of their Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment program. DT is funded by Natural Environment Research Council and Marine Scotland.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e94249, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094249.
    Description: The exploration of microbial communities by sequencing 16S rRNA genes has expanded with low-cost, high-throughput sequencing instruments. Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing has recently gained popularity over 454 pyrosequencing due to its lower costs, higher accuracy and greater throughput. Although recent reports suggest that Illumina and 454 pyrosequencing provide similar beta diversity measures, it remains to be demonstrated that pre-existing 454 pyrosequencing workflows can transfer directly from 454 to Illumina MiSeq sequencing by simply changing the sequencing adapters of the primers. In this study, we modified 454 pyrosequencing primers targeting the V4-V5 hyper-variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene to be compatible with Illumina sequencers. Microbial communities from cows, humans, leeches, mice, sewage, and termites and a mock community were analyzed by 454 and MiSeq sequencing of the V4-V5 region and MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region. Our analysis revealed that reference-based OTU clustering alone introduced biases compared to de novo clustering, preventing certain taxa from being observed in some samples. Based on this we devised and recommend an analysis pipeline that includes read merging, contaminant filtering, and reference-based clustering followed by de novo OTU clustering, which produces diversity measures consistent with de novo OTU clustering analysis. Low levels of dataset contamination with Illumina sequencing were discovered that could affect analyses that require highly sensitive approaches. While moving to Illumina-based sequencing platforms promises to provide deeper insights into the breadth and function of microbial diversity, our results show that care must be taken to ensure that sequencing and processing artifacts do not obscure true microbial diversity.
    Description: This work was partially funded by an Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation – Multicellular and Inter-kingdom Signaling (EFRI-MIKS) grant awarded by the US National Science Foundation to Joerg Graf and NIH RO1 GM095390 to JG and HGM.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is an open-access article, free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e101658, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101658.
    Description: Profiling floats equipped with bio-optical sensors well complement ship-based and satellite ocean color measurements by providing highly-resolved time-series data on the vertical structure of biogeochemical processes in oceanic waters. This is the first study to employ an autonomous profiling (APEX) float in the Gulf of Mexico for measuring spatiotemporal variability in bio-optics and hydrography. During the 17-month deployment (July 2011 to December 2012), the float mission collected profiles of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, particulate backscattering (bbp), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence from the ocean surface to a depth of 1,500 m. Biogeochemical variability was characterized by distinct depth trends and local “hot spots”, including impacts from mesoscale processes associated with each of the water masses sampled, from ambient deep waters over the Florida Plain, into the Loop Current, up the Florida Canyon, and eventually into the Florida Straits. A deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) occurred between 30 and 120 m, with the DCM depth significantly related to the unique density layer ρ = 1023.6 (R2 = 0.62). Particulate backscattering, bbp, demonstrated multiple peaks throughout the water column, including from phytoplankton, deep scattering layers, and resuspension. The bio-optical relationship developed between bbp and chlorophyll (R2 = 0.49) was compared to a global relationship and could significantly improve regional ocean-color algorithms. Photooxidation and autochthonous production contributed to CDOM distributions in the upper water column, whereas in deep water, CDOM behaved as a semi-conservative tracer of water masses, demonstrating a tight relationship with density (R2 = 0.87). In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, this research lends support to the use of autonomous drifting profilers as a powerful tool for consideration in the design of an expanded and integrated observing network for the Gulf of Mexico.
    Description: This project was funded by Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Contract M10PC00112 to Leidos, Inc. with subcontract to ASB (www.boem.gov).
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e82764, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082764.
    Description: Many marine invertebrates have planktonic larvae with cilia used for both propulsion and capturing of food particles. Hence, changes in ciliary activity have implications for larval nutrition and ability to navigate the water column, which in turn affect survival and dispersal. Using high-speed high-resolution microvideography, we examined the relationship between swimming speed, velar arrangements, and ciliary beat frequency of freely swimming veliger larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata over the course of larval development. Average swimming speed was greatest 6 days post hatching, suggesting a reduction in swimming speed towards settlement. At a given age, veliger larvae have highly variable speeds (0.8–4 body lengths s−1) that are independent of shell size. Contrary to the hypothesis that an increase in ciliary beat frequency increases work done, and therefore speed, there was no significant correlation between swimming speed and ciliary beat frequency. Instead, there are significant correlations between swimming speed and visible area of the velar lobe, and distance between centroids of velum and larval shell. These observations suggest an alternative hypothesis that, instead of modifying ciliary beat frequency, larval C. fornicata modify swimming through adjustment of velum extension or orientation. The ability to adjust velum position could influence particle capture efficiency and fluid disturbance and help promote survival in the plankton.
    Description: K.Y.K. Chan was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar 1 Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), with funding provided by the Coastal Ocean Institute, the Croucher Foundation, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. H. Jiang was supported by National Science Foundation grant NSF OCE-1129496 and an award from WHOI's Ocean Life Institute, and D.K. Padilla was supported by NSF IOS-0920032.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e93296, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093296.
    Description: Direct and indirect human impacts on coastal ecosystems have increased over the last several centuries, leading to unprecedented degradation of coastal habitats and loss of ecological services. Here we document a two-century temporal disparity between salt marsh accretion and subsequent loss to indirect human impacts. Field surveys, manipulative experiments and GIS analyses reveal that crab burrowing weakens the marsh peat base and facilitates further burrowing, leading to bank calving, disruption of marsh accretion, and a loss of over two centuries of sequestered carbon from the marsh edge in only three decades. Analogous temporal disparities exist in other systems and are a largely unrecognized obstacle in attaining sustainable ecosystem services in an increasingly human impacted world. In light of the growing threat of indirect impacts worldwide and despite uncertainties in the fate of lost carbon, we suggest that estimates of carbon emissions based only on direct human impacts may significantly underestimate total anthropogenic carbon emissions.
    Description: This research was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation Biological Oceanography Program and the Brown University Undergraduate Teaching and Research Award Program.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e90785, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090785.
    Description: Microbes are now well regarded for their important role in mammalian health. The microbiology of skin – a unique interface between the host and environment - is a major research focus in human health and skin disorders, but is less explored in other mammals. Here, we report on a cross-population study of the skin-associated bacterial community of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), and examine the potential for a core bacterial community and its variability with host (endogenous) or geographic/environmental (exogenous) specific factors. Skin biopsies or freshly sloughed skin from 56 individuals were sampled from populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and South Pacific oceans and bacteria were characterized using 454 pyrosequencing of SSU rRNA genes. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses revealed the ubiquity and abundance of bacteria belonging to the Flavobacteria genus Tenacibaculum and the Gammaproteobacteria genus Psychrobacter across the whale populations. Scanning electron microscopy of skin indicated that microbial cells colonize the skin surface. Despite the ubiquity of Tenacibaculum and Psychrobater spp., the relative composition of the skin-bacterial community differed significantly by geographic area as well as metabolic state of the animals (feeding versus starving during migration and breeding), suggesting that both exogenous and endogenous factors may play a role in influencing the skin-bacteria. Further, characteristics of the skin bacterial community from these free-swimming individuals were assembled and compared to two entangled and three dead individuals, revealing a decrease in the central or core bacterial community members (Tenacibaculum and Psychrobater spp.), as well as the emergence of potential pathogens in the latter cases. This is the first discovery of a cross-population, shared skin bacterial community. This research suggests that the skin bacteria may be connected to humpback health and immunity and could possibly serve as a useful index for health and skin disorder monitoring of threatened and endangered marine mammals.
    Description: A.A. was funded by a WHOI Ocean Life Institute post-doctoral scholar award, and this research was supported by a grant to A.A. and T.J.M. from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's (WHOI) Marine Mammal Center.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e95380, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095380.
    Description: Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaeota are one of the most abundant and cosmopolitan chemoautotrophs within the global dark ocean. To date, no representatives of this archaeal group retrieved from the dark ocean have been successfully cultured. We used single cell genomics to investigate the genomic and metabolic diversity of thaumarchaea within the mesopelagic of the subtropical North Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean. Phylogenetic and metagenomic recruitment analysis revealed that MGI single amplified genomes (SAGs) are genetically and biogeographically distinct from existing thaumarchaea cultures obtained from surface waters. Confirming prior studies, we found genes encoding proteins for aerobic ammonia oxidation and the hydrolysis of urea, which may be used for energy production, as well as genes involved in 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate and oxidative tricarboxylic acid pathways. A large proportion of protein sequences identified in MGI SAGs were absent in the marine cultures Cenarchaeum symbiosum and Nitrosopumilus maritimus, thus expanding the predicted protein space for this archaeal group. Identifiable genes located on genomic islands with low metagenome recruitment capacity were enriched in cellular defense functions, likely in response to viral infections or grazing. We show that MGI Thaumarchaeota in the dark ocean may have more flexibility in potential energy sources and adaptations to biotic interactions than the existing, surface-ocean cultures.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF grants EF-826924 (R.S.), OCE-821374 (R.S.) and OCE-1232982 (R.S. and B.K.S.); the DOE JGI 2010 Microbes Program grant CSP77 (R.S. and M.E.S.); National Institutes of Health grant 1UH2DK083993 (H.G.M.). Work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The contributions of S.K. were funded under Agreement No. HSHQDC-07-C-00020 awarded by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for the management and operation of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a Federally Funded Research and Development Center.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS Biology 12 (2014): e1001889, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001889.
    Description: Microbial ecology is plagued by problems of an abstract nature. Cell sizes are so small and population sizes so large that both are virtually incomprehensible. Niches are so far from our everyday experience as to make their very definition elusive. Organisms that may be abundant and critical to our survival are little understood, seldom described and/or cultured, and sometimes yet to be even seen. One way to confront these problems is to use data of an even more abstract nature: molecular sequence data. Massive environmental nucleic acid sequencing, such as metagenomics or metatranscriptomics, promises functional analysis of microbial communities as a whole, without prior knowledge of which organisms are in the environment or exactly how they are interacting. But sequence-based ecological studies nearly always use a comparative approach, and that requires relevant reference sequences, which are an extremely limited resource when it comes to microbial eukaryotes. In practice, this means sequence databases need to be populated with enormous quantities of data for which we have some certainties about the source. Most important is the taxonomic identity of the organism from which a sequence is derived and as much functional identification of the encoded proteins as possible. In an ideal world, such information would be available as a large set of complete, well-curated, and annotated genomes for all the major organisms from the environment in question. Reality substantially diverges from this ideal, but at least for bacterial molecular ecology, there is a database consisting of thousands of complete genomes from a wide range of taxa, supplemented by a phylogeny-driven approach to diversifying genomics. For eukaryotes, the number of available genomes is far, far fewer, and we have relied much more heavily on random growth of sequence databases, raising the question as to whether this is fit for purpose.
    Description: This project was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF; Grants GBMF2637 and GBMF3111) to the National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR) and the National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA).
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is an open-access article, free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e98995, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098995.
    Description: Management of marine ecosystems increasingly demands comprehensive and quantitative assessments of ocean health, but lacks a tool to do so. We applied the recently developed Ocean Health Index to assess ocean health in the relatively data-rich US west coast region. The overall region scored 71 out of 100, with sub-regions scoring from 65 (Washington) to 74 (Oregon). Highest scoring goals included tourism and recreation (99) and clean waters (87), while the lowest scoring goals were sense of place (48) and artisanal fishing opportunities (57). Surprisingly, even in this well-studied area data limitations precluded robust assessments of past trends in overall ocean health. Nonetheless, retrospective calculation of current status showed that many goals have declined, by up to 20%. In contrast, near-term future scores were on average 6% greater than current status across all goals and sub-regions. Application of hypothetical but realistic management scenarios illustrate how the Index can be used to predict and understand the tradeoffs among goals and consequences for overall ocean health. We illustrate and discuss how this index can be used to vet underlying assumptions and decisions with local stakeholders and decision-makers so that scores reflect regional knowledge, priorities and values. We also highlight the importance of ongoing and future monitoring that will provide robust data relevant to ocean health assessment.
    Description: Beau and Heather Wrigley generously provided the founding grant. Additional financial and in-kind support was provided by the Pacific Life Foundation, Thomas W. Haas Fund of the New Hampshire Charitable Foundation, the Oak Foundation, Akiko Shiraki Dynner Fund for Ocean Exploration and Conservation, Darden Restaurants Inc. Foundation, Conservation International, New England Aquarium, National Geographic, and the University of California Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, which supported the Ecosystem Health Working Group as part of the Science of Ecosystem-Based Management project funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Individual authors also acknowledge support from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e109696, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109696.
    Description: The deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat hosts a diverse community of archaea and bacteria that withstand extreme fluctuations in environmental conditions. Abundant viruses in these systems, a high proportion of which are lysogenic, must also withstand these environmental extremes. Here, we explore the evolutionary strategies of both microorganisms and viruses in hydrothermal systems through comparative analysis of a cellular and viral metagenome, collected by size fractionation of high temperature fluids from a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent. We detected a high enrichment of mobile elements and proviruses in the cellular fraction relative to microorganisms in other environments. We observed a relatively high abundance of genes related to energy metabolism as well as cofactors and vitamins in the viral fraction compared to the cellular fraction, which suggest encoding of auxiliary metabolic genes on viral genomes. Moreover, the observation of stronger purifying selection in the viral versus cellular gene pool suggests viral strategies that promote prolonged host integration. Our results demonstrate that there is great potential for hydrothermal vent viruses to integrate into hosts, facilitate horizontal gene transfer, and express or transfer genes that manipulate the hosts’ functional capabilities.
    Description: Funding for sequencing of the viral metagenome was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. All other funding was provided by a NASA Astrobiology Institute grant through Cooperative Agreement NNA04CC09A to the Geophysical Laboratory at the Carnegie Institution for Science. R.A. was funded by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship through NSF grant number DGE-0718124, an NSF IGERT grant to the University of Washington Astrobiology Program, and the ARCS Foundation.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e113158, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113158.
    Description: Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of chemical toxicity, contributing to teratogenesis and to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Developing animals may be especially sensitive to chemicals causing oxidative stress. The developmental expression and inducibility of anti-oxidant defenses through activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) affect susceptibility to oxidants, but the embryonic response to oxidants is not well understood. To assess the response to chemically mediated oxidative stress and how it may vary during development, zebrafish embryos, eleutheroembryos, or larvae at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days post fertilization (dpf) were exposed to DMSO (0.1%), tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ; 10 µM) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 2 nM) for 6 hr. Transcript abundance was assessed by real-time qRT-PCR and microarray. qRT-PCR showed strong (4- to 5-fold) induction of gstp1 by tBHQ as early as 1 dpf. tBHQ also induced gclc (2 dpf), but not sod1, nqo1, or cyp1a. TCDD induced cyp1a but none of the other genes. Microarray analysis showed that 1477 probes were significantly different among the DMSO-, tBHQ-, and TCDD-treated eleutheroembryos at 4 dpf. There was substantial overlap between genes induced in developing zebrafish and a set of marker genes induced by oxidative stress in mammals. Genes induced by tBHQ in 4-dpf zebrafish included those involved in glutathione synthesis and utilization, signal transduction, and DNA damage/stress response. The strong induction of hsp70 determined by microarray was confirmed by qRT-PCR and by use of transgenic zebrafish expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the hsp70 promoter. Genes strongly down-regulated by tBHQ included mitfa, providing a molecular explanation for the loss of pigmentation in tBHQ-exposed embryos. These data show that zebrafish embryos are responsive to oxidative stress as early as 1 dpf, that responsiveness varies with development in a gene-specific manner, and that the oxidative stress response is substantially conserved in vertebrate animals.
    Description: This research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01ES016366 (MEH), R01ES006272 (MEH), R01ES015912 (JJS), and F32ES017585 (ART-L), the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) Postdoctoral Scholar award, and the Walter A. and Hope Noyes Smith endowed chair (MEH). AGM and MJC were supported in part by the Marine Biological Laboratory's Program in Global Infectious Disease, funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gefter, Amanda -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):552-3. doi: 10.1038/509552a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance that has anthropogenic as well as natural marine and terrestrial sources. The tropospheric N2O concentrations have varied substantially in the past in concert with changing climate on glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales. It is not well understood, however, how N2O emissions from marine and terrestrial sources change in response to varying environmental conditions. The distinct isotopic compositions of marine and terrestrial N2O sources can help disentangle the relative changes in marine and terrestrial N2O emissions during past climate variations. Here we present N2O concentration and isotopic data for the last deglaciation, from 16,000 to 10,000 years before present, retrieved from air bubbles trapped in polar ice at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. With the help of our data and a box model of the N2O cycle, we find a 30 per cent increase in total N2O emissions from the late glacial to the interglacial, with terrestrial and marine emissions contributing equally to the overall increase and generally evolving in parallel over the last deglaciation, even though there is no a priori connection between the drivers of the two sources. However, we find that terrestrial emissions dominated on centennial timescales, consistent with a state-of-the-art dynamic global vegetation and land surface process model that suggests that during the last deglaciation emission changes were strongly influenced by temperature and precipitation patterns over land surfaces. The results improve our understanding of the drivers of natural N2O emissions and are consistent with the idea that natural N2O emissions will probably increase in response to anthropogenic warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schilt, Adrian -- Brook, Edward J -- Bauska, Thomas K -- Baggenstos, Daniel -- Fischer, Hubertus -- Joos, Fortunat -- Petrenko, Vasilii V -- Schaefer, Hinrich -- Schmitt, Jochen -- Severinghaus, Jeffrey P -- Spahni, Renato -- Stocker, Thomas F -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 11;516(7530):234-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13971.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92037, USA. ; Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA. ; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Aquatic Organisms/*metabolism ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Global Warming ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis/history/*metabolism ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Rain ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 10;508(7495):159. doi: 10.1038/508159a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electrical Equipment and Supplies/*adverse effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Humans ; Nicotine/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Smoke/adverse effects ; Smoking/adverse effects/prevention & control ; Smoking Cessation/*methods ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products/*adverse effects ; Volatilization
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schindel, David E -- du Plessis, Pierre -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):37. doi: 10.1038/515037a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. ; CRIAA Southern African Development and Consulting, Windhoek, Namibia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Republic of Korea ; Technology Transfer ; Theft/*legislation & jurisprudence
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):273. doi: 10.1038/514273a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diffusion of Innovation ; Faculty ; Internationality ; Internet/utilization ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Students/statistics & numerical data ; Universities/economics/*organization & administration/*trends
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  • 33
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 6;507(7490):18. doi: 10.1038/507018a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24598618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conflict of Interest/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Dust ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Silicosis/etiology/prevention & control ; United States ; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration/*legislation & ; jurisprudence
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2014-06-17
    Description: Disease tolerance is the ability of the host to reduce the effect of infection on host fitness. Analysis of disease tolerance pathways could provide new approaches for treating infections and other inflammatory diseases. Typically, an initial exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a state of refractoriness to further LPS challenge (endotoxin tolerance). We found that a first exposure of mice to LPS activated the ligand-operated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the hepatic enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, which provided an activating ligand to the former, to downregulate early inflammatory gene expression. However, on LPS rechallenge, AhR engaged in long-term regulation of systemic inflammation only in the presence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). AhR-complex-associated Src kinase activity promoted IDO1 phosphorylation and signalling ability. The resulting endotoxin-tolerant state was found to protect mice against immunopathology in Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections, pointing to a role for AhR in contributing to host fitness.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4098076/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4098076/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bessede, Alban -- Gargaro, Marco -- Pallotta, Maria T -- Matino, Davide -- Servillo, Giuseppe -- Brunacci, Cinzia -- Bicciato, Silvio -- Mazza, Emilia M C -- Macchiarulo, Antonio -- Vacca, Carmine -- Iannitti, Rossana -- Tissi, Luciana -- Volpi, Claudia -- Belladonna, Maria L -- Orabona, Ciriana -- Bianchi, Roberta -- Lanz, Tobias V -- Platten, Michael -- Della Fazia, Maria A -- Piobbico, Danilo -- Zelante, Teresa -- Funakoshi, Hiroshi -- Nakamura, Toshikazu -- Gilot, David -- Denison, Michael S -- Guillemin, Gilles J -- DuHadaway, James B -- Prendergast, George C -- Metz, Richard -- Geffard, Michel -- Boon, Louis -- Pirro, Matteo -- Iorio, Alfonso -- Veyret, Bernard -- Romani, Luigina -- Grohmann, Ursula -- Fallarino, Francesca -- Puccetti, Paolo -- P30 CA056036/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109542/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES007685/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01ES007685/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 10;511(7508):184-90. doi: 10.1038/nature13323.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy [2] IMS Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France [3]. ; 1] Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy [2]. ; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. ; Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy. ; Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy. ; 1] Experimental Neuroimmunology Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Center for Advanced Research and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 078-8510 Asahikawa, Japan. ; Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan. ; CNRS UMR6290, Institut de Genetique et Developpement de Rennes, Universite de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes, France. ; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, 95616 California, USA. ; Australian School of Advanced Medicine (ASAM), Macquarie University, 2109 New South Wales, Australia. ; Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, 19096 Pennsylvania, USA. ; New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, 50010 Iowa, USA. ; IMS Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France. ; Bioceros, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands. ; Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. ; Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24930766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Disease Resistance/drug effects/*genetics/*immunology ; Endotoxemia/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism ; Inflammation/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Kynurenine/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism ; src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: The balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is controlled by intrinsic factors and niche signals. In the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, some intrinsic factors promote germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal, whereas others stimulate differentiation. However, it remains poorly understood how the balance between self-renewal and differentiation is controlled. Here we use D. melanogaster ovarian GSCs to demonstrate that the differentiation factor Bam controls the functional switch of the COP9 complex from self-renewal to differentiation via protein competition. The COP9 complex is composed of eight Csn subunits, Csn1-8, and removes Nedd8 modifications from target proteins. Genetic results indicated that the COP9 complex is required intrinsically for GSC self-renewal, whereas other Csn proteins, with the exception of Csn4, were also required for GSC progeny differentiation. Bam-mediated Csn4 sequestration from the COP9 complex via protein competition inactivated the self-renewing function of COP9 and allowed other Csn proteins to promote GSC differentiation. Therefore, this study reveals a protein-competition-based mechanism for controlling the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Because numerous self-renewal factors are ubiquitously expressed throughout the stem cell lineage in various systems, protein competition may function as an important mechanism for controlling the self-renewal-to-differentiation switch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, Lei -- Wang, Su -- Lu, Tinglin -- Weng, Changjiang -- Song, Xiaoqing -- Park, Joseph K -- Sun, Jin -- Yang, Zhi-Hao -- Yu, Junjing -- Tang, Hong -- McKearin, Dennis M -- Chamovitz, Daniel A -- Ni, Jianquan -- Xie, Ting -- GM64428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):233-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13562.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA [2] Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Da Tun Road, Beijing 100101, China [3]. ; 1] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA [3]. ; 1] Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2]. ; Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA. ; Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; 1] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA [2] Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Da Tun Road, Beijing 100101, China. ; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, 15 Da Tun Road, Beijing 100101, China. ; Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ; 1] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Binding, Competitive ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ovary/cytology ; Peptide Hydrolases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2014-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469351/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469351/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geisbert, Thomas W -- UC7 AI070083/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):41-3. doi: 10.1038/nature13746. Epub 2014 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas 77550-0610, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Viral/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/*drug therapy ; *Immunization, Passive ; Male
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):325. doi: 10.1038/510325a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24943940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ireland ; Laboratories/*standards ; *Management Audit ; Research/economics/*standards ; Universities/*standards
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  • 38
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):274. doi: 10.1038/514274a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Peer Review, Research ; *Research Personnel/standards ; *Reward
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  • 39
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Nicola -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):151. doi: 10.1038/507151a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Earthquakes/*statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*instrumentation ; *Oceans and Seas
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) spike, comprising three gp120 and three gp41 subunits, is a conformational machine that facilitates HIV-1 entry by rearranging from a mature unliganded state, through receptor-bound intermediates, to a post-fusion state. As the sole viral antigen on the HIV-1 virion surface, Env is both the target of neutralizing antibodies and a focus of vaccine efforts. Here we report the structure at 3.5 A resolution for an HIV-1 Env trimer captured in a mature closed state by antibodies PGT122 and 35O22. This structure reveals the pre-fusion conformation of gp41, indicates rearrangements needed for fusion activation, and defines parameters of immune evasion and immune recognition. Pre-fusion gp41 encircles amino- and carboxy-terminal strands of gp120 with four helices that form a membrane-proximal collar, fastened by insertion of a fusion peptide-proximal methionine into a gp41-tryptophan clasp. Spike rearrangements required for entry involve opening the clasp and expelling the termini. N-linked glycosylation and sequence-variable regions cover the pre-fusion closed spike; we used chronic cohorts to map the prevalence and location of effective HIV-1-neutralizing responses, which were distinguished by their recognition of N-linked glycan and tolerance for epitope-sequence variation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348022/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348022/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pancera, Marie -- Zhou, Tongqing -- Druz, Aliaksandr -- Georgiev, Ivelin S -- Soto, Cinque -- Gorman, Jason -- Huang, Jinghe -- Acharya, Priyamvada -- Chuang, Gwo-Yu -- Ofek, Gilad -- Stewart-Jones, Guillaume B E -- Stuckey, Jonathan -- Bailer, Robert T -- Joyce, M Gordon -- Louder, Mark K -- Tumba, Nancy -- Yang, Yongping -- Zhang, Baoshan -- Cohen, Myron S -- Haynes, Barton F -- Mascola, John R -- Morris, Lynn -- Munro, James B -- Blanchard, Scott C -- Mothes, Walther -- Connors, Mark -- Kwong, Peter D -- AI0678501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI100645/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM056550/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01-GM56550/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI050410/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098859/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM098859/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI100696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21-AI100696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000142/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI100645/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AI005023-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AI005024-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 23;514(7523):455-61. doi: 10.1038/nature13808. Epub 2014 Oct 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa. ; Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ; Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa [2] University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa [3] Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa. ; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA. ; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25296255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Cohort Studies ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Genetic Variation ; Glycosylation ; HIV Antibodies/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; HIV Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; Membrane Fusion ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polysaccharides/chemistry/immunology ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Structural Homology, Protein ; Virus Internalization
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  • 41
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Nicola -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 6;506(7486):16-7. doi: 10.1038/506016a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computers/economics/*utilization ; Hobbies/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Motivation ; Research/economics/*manpower ; Volunteers/psychology/*statistics & numerical data
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  • 42
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 27;506(7489):419-20. doi: 10.1038/506419a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aminobenzoates/administration & dosage/*poisoning ; Anesthesia/ethics/methods ; Anesthetics/administration & dosage/*poisoning ; *Animal Welfare/ethics ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/*physiology ; Avoidance Learning/drug effects ; Escape Reaction/drug effects ; Euthanasia, Animal/*ethics/*methods ; Zebrafish/*physiology
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: Autophagy, the process by which proteins and organelles are sequestered in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation, is critical in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Much of our understanding of this process has emerged from analysis of bulk cytoplasmic autophagy, but our understanding of how specific cargo, including organelles, proteins or intracellular pathogens, are targeted for selective autophagy is limited. Here we use quantitative proteomics to identify a cohort of novel and known autophagosome-enriched proteins in human cells, including cargo receptors. Like known cargo receptors, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) was highly enriched in autophagosomes, and associated with ATG8 proteins that recruit cargo-receptor complexes into autophagosomes. Unbiased identification of NCOA4-associated proteins revealed ferritin heavy and light chains, components of an iron-filled cage structure that protects cells from reactive iron species but is degraded via autophagy to release iron through an unknown mechanism. We found that delivery of ferritin to lysosomes required NCOA4, and an inability of NCOA4-deficient cells to degrade ferritin led to decreased bioavailable intracellular iron. This work identifies NCOA4 as a selective cargo receptor for autophagic turnover of ferritin (ferritinophagy), which is critical for iron homeostasis, and provides a resource for further dissection of autophagosomal cargo-receptor connectivity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180099/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180099/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mancias, Joseph D -- Wang, Xiaoxu -- Gygi, Steven P -- Harper, J Wade -- Kimmelman, Alec C -- GM070565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM095567/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA127003/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA157490/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM095567/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA157490/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 1;509(7498):105-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13148. Epub 2014 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [4] Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24695223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; *Autophagy ; Biological Availability ; Ferritins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivators/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phagosomes/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Transport ; *Proteomics ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus is dominated by antibodies that bind to the globular head of haemagglutinin, which undergoes a continuous antigenic drift, necessitating the re-formulation of influenza vaccines on an annual basis. Recently, several laboratories have described a new class of rare influenza-neutralizing antibodies that target a conserved site in the haemagglutinin stem. Most of these antibodies use the heavy-chain variable region VH1-69 gene, and structural data demonstrate that they bind to the haemagglutinin stem through conserved heavy-chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) residues. However, the VH1-69 antibodies are highly mutated and are produced by some but not all individuals, suggesting that several somatic mutations may be required for their development. To address this, here we characterize 197 anti-stem antibodies from a single donor, reconstruct the developmental pathways of several VH1-69 clones and identify two key elements that are required for the initial development of most VH1-69 antibodies: a polymorphic germline-encoded phenylalanine at position 54 and a conserved tyrosine at position 98 in HCDR3. Strikingly, in most cases a single proline to alanine mutation at position 52a in HCDR2 is sufficient to confer high affinity binding to the selecting H1 antigen, consistent with rapid affinity maturation. Surprisingly, additional favourable mutations continue to accumulate, increasing the breadth of reactivity and making both the initial mutations and phenylalanine at position 54 functionally redundant. These results define VH1-69 allele polymorphism, rearrangement of the VDJ gene segments and single somatic mutations as the three requirements for generating broadly neutralizing VH1-69 antibodies and reveal an unexpected redundancy in the affinity maturation process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pappas, Leontios -- Foglierini, Mathilde -- Piccoli, Luca -- Kallewaard, Nicole L -- Turrini, Filippo -- Silacci, Chiara -- Fernandez-Rodriguez, Blanca -- Agatic, Gloria -- Giacchetto-Sasselli, Isabella -- Pellicciotta, Gabriele -- Sallusto, Federica -- Zhu, Qing -- Vicenzi, Elisa -- Corti, Davide -- Lanzavecchia, Antonio -- U19 AI-057266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 18;516(7531):418-22. doi: 10.1038/nature13764. Epub 2014 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Insitute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. ; Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; Unit of Preventive Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; 1] Insitute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland [2] Humabs BioMed SA, Via Mirasole 1, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland [3]. ; 1] Insitute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland [2] Insitute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland [3].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25296253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry/*genetics ; Female ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; Influenza, Human/*immunology/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/*genetics ; Orthomyxoviridae/*immunology/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Binding/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Young Adult
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2014-07-22
    Description: During cap-dependent eukaryotic translation initiation, ribosomes scan messenger RNA from the 5' end to the first AUG start codon with favourable sequence context. For many mRNAs this AUG belongs to a short upstream open reading frame (uORF), and translation of the main downstream ORF requires re-initiation, an incompletely understood process. Re-initiation is thought to involve the same factors as standard initiation. It is unknown whether any factors specifically affect translation re-initiation without affecting standard cap-dependent translation. Here we uncover the non-canonical initiation factors density regulated protein (DENR) and multiple copies in T-cell lymphoma-1 (MCT-1; also called MCTS1 in humans) as the first selective regulators of eukaryotic re-initiation. mRNAs containing upstream ORFs with strong Kozak sequences selectively require DENR-MCT-1 for their proper translation, yielding a novel class of mRNAs that can be co-regulated and that is enriched for regulatory proteins such as oncogenic kinases. Collectively, our data reveal that cells have a previously unappreciated translational control system with a key role in supporting proliferation and tissue growth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4134322/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4134322/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schleich, Sibylle -- Strassburger, Katrin -- Janiesch, Philipp Christoph -- Koledachkina, Tatyana -- Miller, Katharine K -- Haneke, Katharina -- Cheng, Yong-Sheng -- Kuchler, Katrin -- Stoecklin, Georg -- Duncan, Kent E -- Teleman, Aurelio A -- 260602/European Research Council/International -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):208-12. doi: 10.1038/nature13401. Epub 2014 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2]. ; 1] Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany [2]. ; Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Zentrum fur Molekulare Biologie der Universitat Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/genetics/growth & development ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Biosynthesis/*genetics ; Signal Transduction
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  • 46
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):140. doi: 10.1038/514140a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Female ; *Global Warming ; Male ; Pacific Ocean ; Walruses/*physiology
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2014-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlamminger, Stephan -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):478-80. doi: 10.1038/nature13507. Epub 2014 Jun 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 48
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mallapaty, Smriti -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 20;506(7488):279. doi: 10.1038/506279a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Fasting ; *Federal Government ; Humans ; Male ; Nepal ; *Politics ; Schools, Medical/organization & administration ; *Strikes, Employee ; Universities/*organization & administration
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2014-06-05
    Description: Genome instability is central to ageing, cancer and other diseases. It is not only proteins involved in DNA replication or the DNA damage response (DDR) that are important for maintaining genome integrity: from yeast to higher eukaryotes, mutations in genes involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in the biogenesis and export of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) also induce DNA damage and genome instability. This instability is frequently mediated by R-loops formed by DNA-RNA hybrids and a displaced single-stranded DNA. Here we show that the human TREX-2 complex, which is involved in mRNP biogenesis and export, prevents genome instability as determined by the accumulation of gamma-H2AX (Ser-139 phosphorylated histone H2AX) and 53BP1 foci and single-cell electrophoresis in cells depleted of the TREX-2 subunits PCID2, GANP and DSS1. We show that the BRCA2 repair factor, which binds to DSS1, also associates with PCID2 in the cell. The use of an enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged hybrid-binding domain of RNase H1 and the S9.6 antibody did not detect R-loops in TREX-2-depleted cells, but did detect the accumulation of R-loops in BRCA2-depleted cells. The results indicate that R-loops are frequently formed in cells and that BRCA2 is required for their processing. This link between BRCA2 and RNA-mediated genome instability indicates that R-loops may be a chief source of replication stress and cancer-associated instability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhatia, Vaibhav -- Barroso, Sonia I -- Garcia-Rubio, Maria L -- Tumini, Emanuela -- Herrera-Moyano, Emilia -- Aguilera, Andres -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 17;511(7509):362-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13374. Epub 2014 Jun 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro Andaluz de Biologia Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24896180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Single-Stranded/chemistry/*metabolism ; Exodeoxyribonucleases/chemistry/deficiency/*metabolism ; *Genomic Instability ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/deficiency/*metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; *RNA Transport ; Ribonuclease H/chemistry ; Ribonucleoproteins/biosynthesis/metabolism
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: Targeted genome editing by artificial nucleases has brought the goal of site-specific transgene integration and gene correction within the reach of gene therapy. However, its application to long-term repopulating haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has remained elusive. Here we show that poor permissiveness to gene transfer and limited proficiency of the homology-directed DNA repair pathway constrain gene targeting in human HSCs. By tailoring delivery platforms and culture conditions we overcame these barriers and provide stringent evidence of targeted integration in human HSCs by long-term multilineage repopulation of transplanted mice. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of our strategy by targeting a corrective complementary DNA into the IL2RG gene of HSCs from healthy donors and a subject with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). Gene-edited HSCs sustained normal haematopoiesis and gave rise to functional lymphoid cells that possess a selective growth advantage over those carrying disruptive IL2RG mutations. These results open up new avenues for treating SCID-X1 and other diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082311/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082311/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Genovese, Pietro -- Schiroli, Giulia -- Escobar, Giulia -- Di Tomaso, Tiziano -- Firrito, Claudia -- Calabria, Andrea -- Moi, Davide -- Mazzieri, Roberta -- Bonini, Chiara -- Holmes, Michael C -- Gregory, Philip D -- van der Burg, Mirjam -- Gentner, Bernhard -- Montini, Eugenio -- Lombardo, Angelo -- Naldini, Luigi -- 249845/European Research Council/International -- TGT11D02/Telethon/Italy -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 12;510(7504):235-40. doi: 10.1038/nature13420. Epub 2014 May 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉TIGET, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; 1] TIGET, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy [2] Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; 1] TIGET, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy [2] The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia. ; Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California 94804, USA. ; Department of Immunology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] TIGET, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy [2] Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy [3].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD34/metabolism ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Endonucleases/metabolism ; Fetal Blood/cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Hematopoiesis/genetics ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation/genetics ; Targeted Gene Repair/*methods ; X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases/*genetics/therapy
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt, Brian -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 24;511(7510):S81. doi: 10.1038/511S81a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25054857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; *Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Financing, Organized/economics ; Investments/economics ; Research/*economics/*standards ; Research Support as Topic/economics ; Reward ; Universities/economics/standards
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: The TRIM37 (also known as MUL) gene is located in the 17q23 chromosomal region, which is amplified in up to approximately 40% of breast cancers. TRIM37 contains a RING finger domain, a hallmark of E3 ubiquitin ligases, but its protein substrate(s) is unknown. Here we report that TRIM37 mono-ubiquitinates histone H2A, a chromatin modification associated with transcriptional repression. We find that in human breast cancer cell lines containing amplified 17q23, TRIM37 is upregulated and, reciprocally, the major H2A ubiquitin ligase RNF2 (also known as RING1B) is downregulated. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip experiments in 17q23-amplified breast cancer cells identified many genes, including multiple tumour suppressors, whose promoters were bound by TRIM37 and enriched for ubiquitinated H2A. However, unlike RNF2, which is a subunit of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), we find that TRIM37 associates with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). TRIM37, PRC2 and PRC1 are co-bound to specific target genes, resulting in their transcriptional silencing. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TRIM37 results in loss of ubiquitinated H2A, dissociation of PRC1 and PRC2 from target promoters, and transcriptional reactivation of silenced genes. Knockdown of TRIM37 in human breast cancer cells containing amplified 17q23 substantially decreases tumour growth in mouse xenografts. Conversely, ectopic expression of TRIM37 renders non-transformed cells tumorigenic. Collectively, our results reveal TRIM37 as an oncogenic H2A ubiquitin ligase that is overexpressed in a subset of breast cancers and promotes transformation by facilitating silencing of tumour suppressors and other genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269325/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269325/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhatnagar, Sanchita -- Gazin, Claude -- Chamberlain, Lynn -- Ou, Jianhong -- Zhu, Xiaochun -- Tushir, Jogender S -- Virbasius, Ching-Man -- Lin, Ling -- Zhu, Lihua J -- Wajapeyee, Narendra -- Green, Michael R -- R01 GM033977/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM033977/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):116-20. doi: 10.1038/nature13955. Epub 2014 Nov 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA [2] Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. ; CEA/DSV/iRCM/LEFG, Genopole G2, and Universite Paris Diderot, 91057 Evry, France. ; Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. ; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA. ; 1] Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA [2] Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/*enzymology/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Gene Silencing ; Heterografts ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; MCF-7 Cells ; Mice ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 6;506(7486):17. doi: 10.1038/506017a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Copyright/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Data Mining/trends ; Humans ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; *Research ; Research Personnel
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):6. doi: 10.1038/514006a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25279880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology/economics/*trends ; *Brain/physiology ; Callithrix ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Neurosciences/economics/*trends ; United States
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mansell, Warren -- Carey, Timothy A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 11;513(7517):172. doi: 10.1038/513172e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Manchester, UK. ; Centre for Remote Health, Alice Springs, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25209790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Evidence-Based Practice ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/*therapy ; *Mental Health
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 17;511(7509):285-7. doi: 10.1038/511285a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan, and co-director of the Sick Kids Center for Global Child Health in Toronto, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25030151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afghanistan/epidemiology ; Child ; Child Welfare/*statistics & numerical data ; Disease Eradication/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Pakistan/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology ; Poliovirus/immunology ; Poliovirus Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Travel ; Vaccination/*legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; World Health Organization
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2014-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geraedts, Joep -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):340. doi: 10.1038/510340d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Maastricht University, the Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24943949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Democracy ; *European Union ; Humans ; *Public Opinion ; Stem Cell Research/*legislation & jurisprudence
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt-Kaler, Ferdinand -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):349. doi: 10.1038/510349a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24943951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joseph, Mathai -- Robinson, Andrew -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 3;508(7494):36-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24707526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; Federal Government ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India ; Informatics ; Research Support as Topic ; Science/economics/history/*legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & ; administration
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: A defining feature governing head patterning of jawed vertebrates is a highly conserved gene regulatory network that integrates hindbrain segmentation with segmentally restricted domains of Hox gene expression. Although non-vertebrate chordates display nested domains of axial Hox expression, they lack hindbrain segmentation. The sea lamprey, a jawless fish, can provide unique insights into vertebrate origins owing to its phylogenetic position at the base of the vertebrate tree. It has been suggested that lamprey may represent an intermediate state where nested Hox expression has not been coupled to the process of hindbrain segmentation. However, little is known about the regulatory network underlying Hox expression in lamprey or its relationship to hindbrain segmentation. Here, using a novel tool that allows cross-species comparisons of regulatory elements between jawed and jawless vertebrates, we report deep conservation of both upstream regulators and segmental activity of enhancer elements across these distant species. Regulatory regions from diverse gnathostomes drive segmental reporter expression in the lamprey hindbrain and require the same transcriptional inputs (for example, Kreisler (also known as Mafba), Krox20 (also known as Egr2a)) in both lamprey and zebrafish. We find that lamprey hox genes display dynamic segmentally restricted domains of expression; we also isolated a conserved exonic hox2 enhancer from lamprey that drives segmental expression in rhombomeres 2 and 4. Our results show that coupling of Hox gene expression to segmentation of the hindbrain is an ancient trait with origin at the base of vertebrates that probably led to the formation of rhombomeric compartments with an underlying Hox code.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209185/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209185/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Hugo J -- Bronner, Marianne E -- Krumlauf, Robb -- R01 DE017911/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS086907/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01DE017911/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01NS086907/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 23;514(7523):490-3. doi: 10.1038/nature13723. Epub 2014 Sep 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA. ; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; 1] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Conserved Sequence/*genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Genes, Homeobox/*genetics ; Lampreys/embryology/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rhombencephalon/*embryology/*metabolism ; Vertebrates/*embryology/genetics ; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mantyka-Pringle, Chrystal -- Kythreotis, Andrew P -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 30;514(7524):567. doi: 10.1038/514567e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. ; Cardiff University, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic ; Environmental Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Global Warming/*prevention & control ; New York City ; *Politics ; *Public Opinion ; *United Nations
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  • 62
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):144-5. doi: 10.1038/505144a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Europe ; Gross Domestic Product ; Research/*economics/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Support as Topic
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: The climate-active gas methane is generated both by biological processes and by thermogenic decomposition of fossil organic material, which forms methane and short-chain alkanes, principally ethane, propane and butane. In addition to natural sources, environments are exposed to anthropogenic inputs of all these gases from oil and gas extraction and distribution. The gases provide carbon and/or energy for a diverse range of microorganisms that can metabolize them in both anoxic and oxic zones. Aerobic methanotrophs, which can assimilate methane, have been considered to be entirely distinct from utilizers of short-chain alkanes, and studies of environments exposed to mixtures of methane and multi-carbon alkanes have assumed that disparate groups of microorganisms are responsible for the metabolism of these gases. Here we describe the mechanism by which a single bacterial strain, Methylocella silvestris, can use methane or propane as a carbon and energy source, documenting a methanotroph that can utilize a short-chain alkane as an alternative to methane. Furthermore, during growth on a mixture of these gases, efficient consumption of both gases occurred at the same time. Two soluble di-iron centre monooxygenase (SDIMO) gene clusters were identified and were found to be differentially expressed during bacterial growth on these gases, although both were required for efficient propane utilization. This report of a methanotroph expressing an additional SDIMO that seems to be uniquely involved in short-chain alkane metabolism suggests that such metabolic flexibility may be important in many environments where methane and short-chain alkanes co-occur.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crombie, Andrew T -- Murrell, J Colin -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):148-51. doi: 10.1038/nature13192. Epub 2014 Apr 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24776799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Beijerinckiaceae/enzymology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Enzyme Induction/drug effects ; Gases/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Global Warming ; Methane/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Propane/*metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2014-11-14
    Description: The Haldane model on a honeycomb lattice is a paradigmatic example of a Hamiltonian featuring topologically distinct phases of matter. It describes a mechanism through which a quantum Hall effect can appear as an intrinsic property of a band structure, rather than being caused by an external magnetic field. Although physical implementation has been considered unlikely, the Haldane model has provided the conceptual basis for theoretical and experimental research exploring topological insulators and superconductors. Here we report the experimental realization of the Haldane model and the characterization of its topological band structure, using ultracold fermionic atoms in a periodically modulated optical honeycomb lattice. The Haldane model is based on breaking both time-reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry. To break time-reversal symmetry, we introduce complex next-nearest-neighbour tunnelling terms, which we induce through circular modulation of the lattice position. To break inversion symmetry, we create an energy offset between neighbouring sites. Breaking either of these symmetries opens a gap in the band structure, which we probe using momentum-resolved interband transitions. We explore the resulting Berry curvatures, which characterize the topology of the lowest band, by applying a constant force to the atoms and find orthogonal drifts analogous to a Hall current. The competition between the two broken symmetries gives rise to a transition between topologically distinct regimes. By identifying the vanishing gap at a single Dirac point, we map out this transition line experimentally and quantitatively compare it to calculations using Floquet theory without free parameters. We verify that our approach, which allows us to tune the topological properties dynamically, is suitable even for interacting fermionic systems. Furthermore, we propose a direct extension to realize spin-dependent topological Hamiltonians.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jotzu, Gregor -- Messer, Michael -- Desbuquois, Remi -- Lebrat, Martin -- Uehlinger, Thomas -- Greif, Daniel -- Esslinger, Tilman -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 13;515(7526):237-40. doi: 10.1038/nature13915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25391960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crooks, Richard M -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):165-6. doi: 10.1038/505165a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aptamers, Nucleotide ; Biosensing Techniques/*methods ; Humans ; Male ; Microfluidics/*methods
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: The phylogeny of Allotheria, including Multituberculata and Haramiyida, remains unsolved and has generated contentious views on the origin and earliest evolution of mammals. Here we report three new species of a new clade, Euharamiyida, based on six well-preserved fossils from the Jurassic period of China. These fossils reveal many craniodental and postcranial features of euharamiyidans and clarify several ambiguous structures that are currently the topic of debate. Our phylogenetic analyses recognize Euharamiyida as the sister group of Multituberculata, and place Allotheria within the Mammalia. The phylogeny suggests that allotherian mammals evolved from a Late Triassic (approximately 208 million years ago) Haramiyavia-like ancestor and diversified into euharamiyidans and multituberculates with a cosmopolitan distribution, implying homologous acquisition of many craniodental and postcranial features in the two groups. Our findings also favour a Late Triassic origin of mammals in Laurasia and two independent detachment events of the middle ear bones during mammalian evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bi, Shundong -- Wang, Yuanqing -- Guan, Jian -- Sheng, Xia -- Meng, Jin -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 30;514(7524):579-84. doi: 10.1038/nature13718. Epub 2014 Sep 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China [2] Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA. ; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China. ; Beijing Natural History Museum, 126 Tianqiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China. ; Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China. ; Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25209669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; *Fossils ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; *Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):5. doi: 10.1038/514005a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25279879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Authorship ; Periodicals as Topic/ethics/*standards ; Research Design ; *Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct/statistics & numerical data
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: The NRT1/PTR family of proton-coupled transporters are responsible for nitrogen assimilation in eukaryotes and bacteria through the uptake of peptides. However, in most plant species members of this family have evolved to transport nitrate as well as additional secondary metabolites and hormones. In response to falling nitrate levels, NRT1.1 is phosphorylated on an intracellular threonine that switches the transporter from a low-affinity to high-affinity state. Here we present both the apo and nitrate-bound crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana NRT1.1, which together with in vitro binding and transport data identify a key role for His 356 in nitrate binding. Our data support a model whereby phosphorylation increases structural flexibility and in turn the rate of transport. Comparison with peptide transporters further reveals how the NRT1/PTR family has evolved to recognize diverse nitrogenous ligands, while maintaining elements of a conserved coupling mechanism within this superfamily of nutrient transporters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982047/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982047/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Joanne L -- Newstead, Simon -- G0900399/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 6;507(7490):68-72. doi: 10.1038/nature13116. Epub 2014 Feb 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK [2] Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anion Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histidine/chemistry/metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Models, Molecular ; Nitrates/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protons ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: Brown dwarfs--substellar bodies more massive than planets but not massive enough to initiate the sustained hydrogen fusion that powers self-luminous stars--are born hot and slowly cool as they age. As they cool below about 2,300 kelvin, liquid or crystalline particles composed of calcium aluminates, silicates and iron condense into atmospheric 'dust', which disappears at still cooler temperatures (around 1,300 kelvin). Models to explain this dust dispersal include both an abrupt sinking of the entire cloud deck into the deep, unobservable atmosphere and breakup of the cloud into scattered patches (as seen on Jupiter and Saturn). However, hitherto observations of brown dwarfs have been limited to globally integrated measurements, which can reveal surface inhomogeneities but cannot unambiguously resolve surface features. Here we report a two-dimensional map of a brown dwarf's surface that allows identification of large-scale bright and dark features, indicative of patchy clouds. Monitoring suggests that the characteristic timescale for the evolution of global weather patterns is approximately one day.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crossfield, I J M -- Biller, B -- Schlieder, J E -- Deacon, N R -- Bonnefoy, M -- Homeier, D -- Allard, F -- Buenzli, E -- Henning, Th -- Brandner, W -- Goldman, B -- Kopytova, T -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 30;505(7485):654-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12955.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; 1] Max Planck Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK. ; 1] Max Planck Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany [2] UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France. ; CRAL-ENS, 46 Allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France. ; 1] Max Planck Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany [2] International Max-Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics at the University of Heidelberg, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):141. doi: 10.1038/505141a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2014-08-28
    Description: Sensory regions of the brain integrate environmental cues with copies of motor-related signals important for imminent and ongoing movements. In mammals, signals propagating from the motor cortex to the auditory cortex are thought to have a critical role in normal hearing and behaviour, yet the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which these motor-related signals influence auditory cortical activity remain poorly understood. Using in vivo intracellular recordings in behaving mice, we find that excitatory neurons in the auditory cortex are suppressed before and during movement, owing in part to increased activity of local parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Electrophysiology and optogenetic gain- and loss-of-function experiments reveal that motor-related changes in auditory cortical dynamics are driven by a subset of neurons in the secondary motor cortex that innervate the auditory cortex and are active during movement. These findings provide a synaptic and circuit basis for the motor-related corollary discharge hypothesized to facilitate hearing and auditory-guided behaviours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248668/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248668/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, David M -- Nelson, Anders -- Mooney, Richard -- NS079929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC013826/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS079929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008441/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 11;513(7517):189-94. doi: 10.1038/nature13724. Epub 2014 Aug 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2]. ; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; Electrical Synapses/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Julienne, Paul S -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):440-1. doi: 10.1038/nature13211. Epub 2014 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 73
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gewin, Virginia -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 24;511(7510):499-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Mentors ; Minority Groups/*education/*statistics & numerical data ; Science/education/*manpower ; United States ; Universities/*manpower ; Women/education
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  • 74
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):5-6. doi: 10.1038/514005b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25279878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; Congresses as Topic ; Environmental Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence/trends ; Fossil Fuels/supply & distribution/utilization ; Global Warming/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Goals ; *International Cooperation ; New York City ; *Politics ; United Nations/legislation & jurisprudence/organization & administration
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2014-08-01
    Description: The history of the Hadean Earth ( approximately 4.0-4.5 billion years ago) is poorly understood because few known rocks are older than approximately 3.8 billion years old. The main constraints from this era come from ancient submillimetre zircon grains. Some of these zircons date back to approximately 4.4 billion years ago when the Moon, and presumably the Earth, was being pummelled by an enormous flux of extraterrestrial bodies. The magnitude and exact timing of these early terrestrial impacts, and their effects on crustal growth and evolution, are unknown. Here we provide a new bombardment model of the Hadean Earth that has been calibrated using existing lunar and terrestrial data. We find that the surface of the Hadean Earth was widely reprocessed by impacts through mixing and burial by impact-generated melt. This model may explain the age distribution of Hadean zircons and the absence of early terrestrial rocks. Existing oceans would have repeatedly boiled away into steam atmospheres as a result of large collisions as late as about 4 billion years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marchi, S -- Bottke, W F -- Elkins-Tanton, L T -- Bierhaus, M -- Wuennemann, K -- Morbidelli, A -- Kring, D A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 31;511(7511):578-82. doi: 10.1038/nature13539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA. ; 1] Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC 20015, USA [2] School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin 10115, Germany. ; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice 06304, France. ; Universities Space Research Association, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; *Earth (Planet) ; History, Ancient ; Hot Temperature ; *Minor Planets ; Models, Theoretical
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2014-04-18
    Description: Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a new, genetically distinct organism. The molecular basis of sperm-egg recognition is unknown, but is likely to require interactions between receptor proteins displayed on their surface. Izumo1 is an essential sperm cell-surface protein, but its receptor on the egg has not been described. Here we identify folate receptor 4 (Folr4) as the receptor for Izumo1 on the mouse egg, and propose to rename it Juno. We show that the Izumo1-Juno interaction is conserved within several mammalian species, including humans. Female mice lacking Juno are infertile and Juno-deficient eggs do not fuse with normal sperm. Rapid shedding of Juno from the oolemma after fertilization suggests a mechanism for the membrane block to polyspermy, ensuring eggs normally fuse with just a single sperm. Our discovery of an essential receptor pair at the nexus of conception provides opportunities for the rational development of new fertility treatments and contraceptives.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998876/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998876/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bianchi, Enrica -- Doe, Brendan -- Goulding, David -- Wright, Gavin J -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 24;508(7497):483-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13203. Epub 2014 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. ; Mouse Production Team, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. ; Electron and Advanced Light Microscopy Suite, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; Fertilization/genetics/*physiology ; Genes, Essential ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/*metabolism ; Infertility, Female/genetics ; Male ; Mammals ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Oocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Ovum/cytology/*metabolism ; Parthenogenesis ; Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Spermatozoa/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 77
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 25;513(7519):460. doi: 10.1038/513460a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Great Britain ; *Lobbying ; Politics ; Public Opinion ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Science/economics ; Scotland
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  • 78
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crous, Casparus J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 4;513(7516):7. doi: 10.1038/513007a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25186869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/ethnology ; Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data ; Developing Countries/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Research/*standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel/*standards/*supply & distribution ; Reward ; United States
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marciano, William J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 6;506(7486):43-4. doi: 10.1038/506043a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bianco, Paolo -- Cattaneo, Elena -- De Luca, Michele -- Pani, Luca -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 27;506(7489):434. doi: 10.1038/506434c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. ; University of Milan, Italy. ; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. ; Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Rome, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Foundations ; Humans ; Italy ; Patient Advocacy ; Regenerative Medicine/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Stem Cell Transplantation/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards
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  • 81
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):279. doi: 10.1038/513279a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Homosexuality/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Interdisciplinary Studies/standards ; Prejudice/*prevention & control ; Science/*manpower/*standards
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2014-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biller-Andorno, Nikola -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 10;511(7508):155. doi: 10.1038/511155a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/prevention & control ; Early Detection of Cancer/*ethics ; Female ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*ethics
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2014-07-11
    Description: The key to explaining and controlling a range of quantum phenomena is to study how information propagates around many-body systems. Quantum dynamics can be described by particle-like carriers of information that emerge in the collective behaviour of the underlying system, the so-called quasiparticles. These elementary excitations are predicted to distribute quantum information in a fashion determined by the system's interactions. Here we report quasiparticle dynamics observed in a quantum many-body system of trapped atomic ions. First, we observe the entanglement distributed by quasiparticles as they trace out light-cone-like wavefronts. Second, using the ability to tune the interaction range in our system, we observe information propagation in an experimental regime where the effective-light-cone picture does not apply. Our results will enable experimental studies of a range of quantum phenomena, including transport, thermalization, localization and entanglement growth, and represent a first step towards a new quantum-optic regime of engineered quasiparticles with tunable nonlinear interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jurcevic, P -- Lanyon, B P -- Hauke, P -- Hempel, C -- Zoller, P -- Blatt, R -- Roos, C F -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 10;511(7508):202-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Institut fur Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Institut fur Experimentalphysik, Universitat Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [3]. ; 1] Institut fur Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ; 1] Institut fur Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Institut fur Experimentalphysik, Universitat Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 84
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2014-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biba, Erin -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 20;515(7527):S124-5. doi: 10.1038/515S124a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25407711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Antioxidants/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Free Radicals/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Humans ; Melanoma/pathology/*prevention & control ; Plant Extracts/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Polypodium/chemistry ; Sunscreening Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Suntan/drug effects ; Tablets ; Treatment Failure ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & jurisprudence ; alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a mutation in the gene encoding huntingtin (Htt) leading to expanded polyglutamine repeats of mutant Htt (mHtt) that elicit oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and motor and behavioural changes. Huntington's disease is characterized by highly selective and profound damage to the corpus striatum, which regulates motor function. Striatal selectivity of Huntington's disease may reflect the striatally selective small G protein Rhes binding to mHtt and enhancing its neurotoxicity. Specific molecular mechanisms by which mHtt elicits neurodegeneration have been hard to determine. Here we show a major depletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), the biosynthetic enzyme for cysteine, in Huntington's disease tissues, which may mediate Huntington's disease pathophysiology. The defect occurs at the transcriptional level and seems to reflect influences of mHtt on specificity protein 1, a transcriptional activator for CSE. Consistent with the notion of loss of CSE as a pathogenic mechanism, supplementation with cysteine reverses abnormalities in cultures of Huntington's disease tissues and in intact mouse models of Huntington's disease, suggesting therapeutic potential.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349202/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349202/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paul, Bindu D -- Sbodio, Juan I -- Xu, Risheng -- Vandiver, M Scott -- Cha, Jiyoung Y -- Snowman, Adele M -- Snyder, Solomon H -- MH18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH018501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007309/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 1;509(7498):96-100. doi: 10.1038/nature13136. Epub 2014 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; 1] The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; 1] The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA [3] Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/enzymology ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase/*deficiency/genetics ; Cysteine/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Dietary Supplements ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drinking Water/chemistry ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics ; Huntington Disease/drug therapy/*enzymology/genetics/*pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & ; dosage/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Sp1 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) mediate the rapid release of calcium (Ca(2+)) from intracellular stores into the cytosol, which is essential for numerous cellular functions including excitation-contraction coupling in muscle. Lack of sufficient structural detail has impeded understanding of RyR gating and regulation. Here we report the closed-state structure of the 2.3-megadalton complex of the rabbit skeletal muscle type 1 RyR (RyR1), solved by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy at an overall resolution of 4.8 A. We fitted a polyalanine-level model to all 3,757 ordered residues in each protomer, defining the transmembrane pore in unprecedented detail and placing all cytosolic domains as tertiary folds. The cytosolic assembly is built on an extended alpha-solenoid scaffold connecting key regulatory domains to the pore. The RyR1 pore architecture places it in the six-transmembrane ion channel superfamily. A unique domain inserted between the second and third transmembrane helices interacts intimately with paired EF-hands originating from the alpha-solenoid scaffold, suggesting a mechanism for channel gating by Ca(2+).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300236/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300236/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zalk, Ran -- Clarke, Oliver B -- des Georges, Amedee -- Grassucci, Robert A -- Reiken, Steven -- Mancia, Filippo -- Hendrickson, Wayne A -- Frank, Joachim -- Marks, Andrew R -- P01 HL081172/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR060037/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM029169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL061503/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL083418/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01AR060037/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM29169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01HL061503/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54GM095315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):44-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13950. Epub 2014 Dec 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; 1] Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. ; 1] Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/deficiency/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rabbits ; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells that produce the cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. The differentiation of TH17 cells is regulated by transcription factors such as RORgammat, but post-translational mechanisms preventing the rampant production of pro-inflammatory IL-17A have received less attention. Here we show that the deubiquitylating enzyme DUBA is a negative regulator of IL-17A production in T cells. Mice with DUBA-deficient T cells developed exacerbated inflammation in the small intestine after challenge with anti-CD3 antibodies. DUBA interacted with the ubiquitin ligase UBR5, which suppressed DUBA abundance in naive T cells. DUBA accumulated in activated T cells and stabilized UBR5, which then ubiquitylated RORgammat in response to TGF-beta signalling. Our data identify DUBA as a cell-intrinsic suppressor of IL-17 production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rutz, Sascha -- Kayagaki, Nobuhiko -- Phung, Qui T -- Eidenschenk, Celine -- Noubade, Rajkumar -- Wang, Xiaoting -- Lesch, Justin -- Lu, Rongze -- Newton, Kim -- Huang, Oscar W -- Cochran, Andrea G -- Vasser, Mark -- Fauber, Benjamin P -- DeVoss, Jason -- Webster, Joshua -- Diehl, Lauri -- Modrusan, Zora -- Kirkpatrick, Donald S -- Lill, Jennie R -- Ouyang, Wenjun -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):417-21. doi: 10.1038/nature13979. Epub 2014 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Stability ; Female ; Inflammation/genetics/pathology ; Interleukin-17/*biosynthesis ; Intestine, Small/metabolism/pathology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity ; Th17 Cells/*metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bollen, Mathieu -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):29-30. doi: 10.1038/nature14080. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Mitosis ; Protein Phosphatase 1/*metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 2/*metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*cytology/*enzymology
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2014-11-20
    Description: Emerging evidence suggests that the ribosome has a regulatory function in directing how the genome is translated in time and space. However, how this regulation is encoded in the messenger RNA sequence remains largely unknown. Here we uncover unique RNA regulons embedded in homeobox (Hox) 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) that confer ribosome-mediated control of gene expression. These structured RNA elements, resembling viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), are found in subsets of Hox mRNAs. They facilitate ribosome recruitment and require the ribosomal protein RPL38 for their activity. Despite numerous layers of Hox gene regulation, these IRES elements are essential for converting Hox transcripts into proteins to pattern the mammalian body plan. This specialized mode of IRES-dependent translation is enabled by an additional regulatory element that we term the translation inhibitory element (TIE), which blocks cap-dependent translation of transcripts. Together, these data uncover a new paradigm for ribosome-mediated control of gene expression and organismal development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4353651/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4353651/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, Shifeng -- Tian, Siqi -- Fujii, Kotaro -- Kladwang, Wipapat -- Das, Rhiju -- Barna, Maria -- 7DP2OD00850902/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD008509/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM102519/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):33-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14010. Epub 2014 Nov 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; 1] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5' Untranslated Regions/*genetics ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/embryology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Genes, Homeobox/*genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA Caps/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/*genetics ; Ribosomal Proteins/metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Zebrafish/genetics
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Endocytosis is required for internalization of micronutrients and turnover of membrane components. Endophilin has been assigned as a component of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here we show in mammalian cells that endophilin marks and controls a fast-acting tubulovesicular endocytic pathway that is independent of AP2 and clathrin, activated upon ligand binding to cargo receptors, inhibited by inhibitors of dynamin, Rac, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, PAK1 and actin polymerization, and activated upon Cdc42 inhibition. This pathway is prominent at the leading edges of cells where phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate-produced by the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate by SHIP1 and SHIP2-recruits lamellipodin, which in turn engages endophilin. This pathway mediates the ligand-triggered uptake of several G-protein-coupled receptors such as alpha2a- and beta1-adrenergic, dopaminergic D3 and D4 receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4, the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR, HGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR, NGFR and IGF1R, as well as interleukin-2 receptor. We call this new endocytic route fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boucrot, Emmanuel -- Ferreira, Antonio P A -- Almeida-Souza, Leonardo -- Debard, Sylvain -- Vallis, Yvonne -- Howard, Gillian -- Bertot, Laetitia -- Sauvonnet, Nathalie -- McMahon, Harvey T -- U105178805/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):460-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14067. Epub 2014 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK [2] Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London &Birkbeck College, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London &Birkbeck College, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; 1] Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London &Birkbeck College, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France. ; Institut Pasteur, Unite de Pathogenie Moleculaire Microbienne, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Acyltransferases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Clathrin ; Dynamins/metabolism ; *Endocytosis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Pseudopodia/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: The manufacture of geometric engravings is generally interpreted as indicative of modern cognition and behaviour. Key questions in the debate on the origin of such behaviour are whether this innovation is restricted to Homo sapiens, and whether it has a uniquely African origin. Here we report on a fossil freshwater shell assemblage from the Hauptknochenschicht ('main bone layer') of Trinil (Java, Indonesia), the type locality of Homo erectus discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891 (refs 2 and 3). In the Dubois collection (in the Naturalis museum, Leiden, The Netherlands) we found evidence for freshwater shellfish consumption by hominins, one unambiguous shell tool, and a shell with a geometric engraving. We dated sediment contained in the shells with (40)Ar/(39)Ar and luminescence dating methods, obtaining a maximum age of 0.54 +/- 0.10 million years and a minimum age of 0.43 +/- 0.05 million years. This implies that the Trinil Hauptknochenschicht is younger than previously estimated. Together, our data indicate that the engraving was made by Homo erectus, and that it is considerably older than the oldest geometric engravings described so far. Although it is at present not possible to assess the function or meaning of the engraved shell, this discovery suggests that engraving abstract patterns was in the realm of Asian Homo erectus cognition and neuromotor control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joordens, Josephine C A -- d'Errico, Francesco -- Wesselingh, Frank P -- Munro, Stephen -- de Vos, John -- Wallinga, Jakob -- Ankjaergaard, Christina -- Reimann, Tony -- Wijbrans, Jan R -- Kuiper, Klaudia F -- Mucher, Herman J -- Coqueugniot, Helene -- Prie, Vincent -- Joosten, Ineke -- van Os, Bertil -- Schulp, Anne S -- Panuel, Michel -- van der Haas, Victoria -- Lustenhouwer, Wim -- Reijmer, John J G -- Roebroeks, Wil -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):228-31. doi: 10.1038/nature13962. Epub 2014 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9515, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5199, Allee Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France [2] Institute of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Oysteinsgate 3PO Box 7805, Bergen, Norway. ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. ; 1] School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200 Canberra, Australia [2] National Museum of Australia, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Canberra, Australia. ; 1] Wageningen University, Soil Geography and Landscape Group &Netherlands Centre for Luminescence Dating, PO Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands [2] Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB, Delft, The Netherlands. ; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9515, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Prinses Beatrixsingel 21, 6301VK, Valkenburg, The Netherlands. ; Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5199, Allee Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France. ; 1] Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7205, Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite, CP51, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France [2] Biotope Recherche et Developpement, 22 Boulevard Marechal Foch, 34140 Meze, France. ; Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, PO Box 1600, 3800BP, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. ; 1] Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands [3] Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 7, 6211KJ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. ; 1] Faculte de Medecine, Universite d'Aix-Marseille, EFS, CNRS UMR 7268, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille, France [2] Department of Medical Imaging Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Marseille, Chemin de Bourrellys, 13915 Marseille, France. ; Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9515, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Shells ; Animals ; Engraving and Engravings/*history ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Indonesia ; Mollusca ; *Tool Use Behavior
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlichting, Ilme -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):26-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14072. Epub 2014 Nov 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria/*enzymology ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*chemistry/*radiation effects ; *X-Rays
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: The kinetochore is the crucial apparatus regulating chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Particularly in meiosis I, unlike in mitosis, sister kinetochores are captured by microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole (mono-orientation) and centromeric cohesion mediated by cohesin is protected in the following anaphase. Although meiotic kinetochore factors have been identified only in budding and fission yeasts, these molecules and their functions are thought to have diverged earlier. Therefore, a conserved mechanism for meiotic kinetochore regulation remains elusive. Here we have identified in mouse a meiosis-specific kinetochore factor that we termed MEIKIN, which functions in meiosis I but not in meiosis II or mitosis. MEIKIN plays a crucial role in both mono-orientation and centromeric cohesion protection, partly by stabilizing the localization of the cohesin protector shugoshin. These functions are mediated mainly by the activity of Polo-like kinase PLK1, which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner. Our integrative analysis indicates that the long-awaited key regulator of meiotic kinetochore function is Meikin, which is conserved from yeasts to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jihye -- Ishiguro, Kei-ichiro -- Nambu, Aya -- Akiyoshi, Bungo -- Yokobayashi, Shihori -- Kagami, Ayano -- Ishiguro, Tadashi -- Pendas, Alberto M -- Takeda, Naoki -- Sakakibara, Yogo -- Kitajima, Tomoya S -- Tanno, Yuji -- Sakuno, Takeshi -- Watanabe, Yoshinori -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):466-71. doi: 10.1038/nature14097. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer (CSIC-USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain. ; Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811 Japan. ; Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *Conserved Sequence ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/metabolism
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: Members of the dynein family, consisting of cytoplasmic and axonemal isoforms, are motors that move towards the minus ends of microtubules. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein-1) plays roles in mitosis and cellular cargo transport, and is implicated in viral infections and neurodegenerative diseases. Cytoplasmic dynein-2 (dynein-2) performs intraflagellar transport and is associated with human skeletal ciliopathies. Dyneins share a conserved motor domain that couples cycles of ATP hydrolysis with conformational changes to produce movement. Here we present the crystal structure of the human cytoplasmic dynein-2 motor bound to the ATP-hydrolysis transition state analogue ADP.vanadate. The structure reveals a closure of the motor's ring of six AAA+ domains (ATPases associated with various cellular activites: AAA1-AAA6). This induces a steric clash with the linker, the key element for the generation of movement, driving it into a conformation that is primed to produce force. Ring closure also changes the interface between the stalk and buttress coiled-coil extensions of the motor domain. This drives helix sliding in the stalk which causes the microtubule binding domain at its tip to release from the microtubule. Our structure answers the key questions of how ATP hydrolysis leads to linker remodelling and microtubule affinity regulation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336856/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336856/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt, Helgo -- Zalyte, Ruta -- Urnavicius, Linas -- Carter, Andrew P -- 100387/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A025_1011/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT100387/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):435-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14023. Epub 2014 Dec 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Cytoplasm ; Cytoplasmic Dyneins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Protein Conformation
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2014-10-23
    Description: The gastrointestinal tracts of mammals are colonized by hundreds of microbial species that contribute to health, including colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. Many antibiotics destroy intestinal microbial communities and increase susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. Among these, Clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea, greatly increases morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Which intestinal bacteria provide resistance to C. difficile infection and their in vivo inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Here we correlate loss of specific bacterial taxa with development of infection, by treating mice with different antibiotics that result in distinct microbiota changes and lead to varied susceptibility to C. difficile. Mathematical modelling augmented by analyses of the microbiota of hospitalized patients identifies resistance-associated bacteria common to mice and humans. Using these platforms, we determine that Clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium, is associated with resistance to C. difficile infection and, upon administration, enhances resistance to infection in a secondary bile acid dependent fashion. Using a workflow involving mouse models, clinical studies, metagenomic analyses, and mathematical modelling, we identify a probiotic candidate that corrects a clinically relevant microbiome deficiency. These findings have implications for the rational design of targeted antimicrobials as well as microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for individuals at risk of C. difficile infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354891/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354891/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buffie, Charlie G -- Bucci, Vanni -- Stein, Richard R -- McKenney, Peter T -- Ling, Lilan -- Gobourne, Asia -- No, Daniel -- Liu, Hui -- Kinnebrew, Melissa -- Viale, Agnes -- Littmann, Eric -- van den Brink, Marcel R M -- Jenq, Robert R -- Taur, Ying -- Sander, Chris -- Cross, Justin R -- Toussaint, Nora C -- Xavier, Joao B -- Pamer, Eric G -- AI95706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD008440/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2OD008440/OD/NIH HHS/ -- K23 AI095398/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA023766/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI042135/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI095706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI42135/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009149/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 CA148967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):205-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13828. Epub 2014 Oct 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA. ; Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Genomics Core Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [3] Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Clostridium/metabolism ; Clostridium difficile/drug effects/*physiology ; Colitis/metabolism/microbiology/prevention & control/therapy ; Disease Susceptibility/*microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/drug effects/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Metagenome/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters translocate substrates across cell membranes, using energy harnessed from ATP binding and hydrolysis at their nucleotide-binding domains. ABC exporters are present both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with examples implicated in multidrug resistance of pathogens and cancer cells, as well as in many human diseases. TmrAB is a heterodimeric ABC exporter from the thermophilic Gram-negative eubacterium Thermus thermophilus; it is homologous to various multidrug transporters and contains one degenerate site with a non-catalytic residue next to the Walker B motif. Here we report a subnanometre-resolution structure of detergent-solubilized TmrAB in a nucleotide-free, inward-facing conformation by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. The reconstructions clearly resolve characteristic features of ABC transporters, including helices in the transmembrane domain and nucleotide-binding domains. A cavity in the transmembrane domain is accessible laterally from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane as well as from the cytoplasm, indicating that the transporter lies in an inward-facing open conformation. The two nucleotide-binding domains remain in contact via their carboxy-terminal helices. Furthermore, comparison between our structure and the crystal structures of other ABC transporters suggests a possible trajectory of conformational changes that involves a sliding and rotating motion between the two nucleotide-binding domains during the transition from the inward-facing to outward-facing conformations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372080/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372080/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, JungMin -- Wu, Shenping -- Tomasiak, Thomas M -- Mergel, Claudia -- Winter, Michael B -- Stiller, Sebastian B -- Robles-Colmanares, Yaneth -- Stroud, Robert M -- Tampe, Robert -- Craik, Charles S -- Cheng, Yifan -- 1P41CA196276-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 CA196276/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM082250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50GM082250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM024485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM024485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37GM024485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR026814/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S10RR026814/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):396-400. doi: 10.1038/nature13872. Epub 2014 Nov 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. ; 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [2] Cluster of Excellence - Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*chemistry/immunology/*ultrastructure ; Antigens/chemistry/immunology ; Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rotation ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2014-10-21
    Description: Organohalide chemistry underpins many industrial and agricultural processes, and a large proportion of environmental pollutants are organohalides. Nevertheless, organohalide chemistry is not exclusively of anthropogenic origin, with natural abiotic and biological processes contributing to the global halide cycle. Reductive dehalogenases are responsible for biological dehalogenation in organohalide respiring bacteria, with substrates including polychlorinated biphenyls or dioxins. Reductive dehalogenases form a distinct subfamily of cobalamin (B12)-dependent enzymes that are usually membrane associated and oxygen sensitive, hindering detailed studies. Here we report the characterization of a soluble, oxygen-tolerant reductive dehalogenase and, by combining structure determination with EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy and simulation, show that a direct interaction between the cobalamin cobalt and the substrate halogen underpins catalysis. In contrast to the carbon-cobalt bond chemistry catalysed by the other cobalamin-dependent subfamilies, we propose that reductive dehalogenases achieve reduction of the organohalide substrate via halogen-cobalt bond formation. This presents a new model in both organohalide and cobalamin (bio)chemistry that will guide future exploitation of these enzymes in bioremediation or biocatalysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Payne, Karl A P -- Quezada, Carolina P -- Fisher, Karl -- Dunstan, Mark S -- Collins, Fraser A -- Sjuts, Hanno -- Levy, Colin -- Hay, Sam -- Rigby, Stephen E J -- Leys, David -- BB/H021523/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):513-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13901. Epub 2014 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25327251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Cobalt/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Halogenation ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Phenols/chemistry/metabolism ; Phyllobacteriaceae/*enzymology ; Protein Conformation ; Solubility ; Vitamin B 12/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2014-10-14
    Description: Intracellular ISG15 is an interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta-inducible ubiquitin-like modifier which can covalently bind other proteins in a process called ISGylation; it is an effector of IFN-alpha/beta-dependent antiviral immunity in mice. We previously published a study describing humans with inherited ISG15 deficiency but without unusually severe viral diseases. We showed that these patients were prone to mycobacterial disease and that human ISG15 was non-redundant as an extracellular IFN-gamma-inducing molecule. We show here that ISG15-deficient patients also display unanticipated cellular, immunological and clinical signs of enhanced IFN-alpha/beta immunity, reminiscent of the Mendelian autoinflammatory interferonopathies Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and spondyloenchondrodysplasia. We further show that an absence of intracellular ISG15 in the patients' cells prevents the accumulation of USP18, a potent negative regulator of IFN-alpha/beta signalling, resulting in the enhancement and amplification of IFN-alpha/beta responses. Human ISG15, therefore, is not only redundant for antiviral immunity, but is a key negative regulator of IFN-alpha/beta immunity. In humans, intracellular ISG15 is IFN-alpha/beta-inducible not to serve as a substrate for ISGylation-dependent antiviral immunity, but to ensure USP18-dependent regulation of IFN-alpha/beta and prevention of IFN-alpha/beta-dependent autoinflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303590/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303590/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xianqin -- Bogunovic, Dusan -- Payelle-Brogard, Beatrice -- Francois-Newton, Veronique -- Speer, Scott D -- Yuan, Chao -- Volpi, Stefano -- Li, Zhi -- Sanal, Ozden -- Mansouri, Davood -- Tezcan, Ilhan -- Rice, Gillian I -- Chen, Chunyuan -- Mansouri, Nahal -- Mahdaviani, Seyed Alireza -- Itan, Yuval -- Boisson, Bertrand -- Okada, Satoshi -- Zeng, Lu -- Wang, Xing -- Jiang, Hui -- Liu, Wenqiang -- Han, Tiantian -- Liu, Delin -- Ma, Tao -- Wang, Bo -- Liu, Mugen -- Liu, Jing-Yu -- Wang, Qing K -- Yalnizoglu, Dilek -- Radoshevich, Lilliana -- Uze, Gilles -- Gros, Philippe -- Rozenberg, Flore -- Zhang, Shen-Ying -- Jouanguy, Emmanuelle -- Bustamante, Jacinta -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Abel, Laurent -- Lebon, Pierre -- Notarangelo, Luigi D -- Crow, Yanick J -- Boisson-Dupuis, Stephanie -- Casanova, Jean-Laurent -- Pellegrini, Sandra -- 1P01AI076210-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 309449/European Research Council/International -- 8UL1TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI076210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI090935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01AI090935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R00 AI106942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R00AI106942-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI035237/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI095983/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI095983/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI083025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19AI083025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):89-93. doi: 10.1038/nature13801. Epub 2014 Oct 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. ; 1] St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, CNRS URA 1961, 75724 Paris, France. ; 1] Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA [3] Microbiology Training Area, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA. ; 1] Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy. ; Immunology Division and Pediatric Neurology Department, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. ; Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 4739 Teheran, Iran. ; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK. ; Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China. ; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. ; Sangzhi County People's Hospital, Sangzhi 427100, China. ; Genetics Laboratory, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. ; 1] Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China [2] Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Bacteria-Cell Interactions Unit, 75724 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR5235, Montpellier II University, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France. ; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada. ; Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France. ; 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France [2] Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France. ; 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France [2] Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France [3] Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France. ; 1] Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA [3] Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA. ; 1] St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France [3] Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France. ; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK [2] Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France [3] INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France. ; 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France [2] Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA [4] Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France [5]. ; 1] Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, CNRS URA 1961, 75724 Paris, France [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25307056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Alleles ; Child ; Cytokines/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Inflammation/genetics/immunology/*prevention & control ; Interferon Type I/*immunology/metabolism ; Intracellular Space/*metabolism ; Male ; Pedigree ; S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitination ; Ubiquitins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Viruses/immunology
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, exhibits extensive aeolian, that is, wind-formed, dunes, features previously identified exclusively on Earth, Mars and Venus. Wind tunnel data collected under ambient and planetary-analogue conditions inform our models of aeolian processes on the terrestrial planets. However, the accuracy of these widely used formulations in predicting the threshold wind speeds required to move sand by saltation, or by short bounces, has not been tested under conditions relevant for non-terrestrial planets. Here we derive saltation threshold wind speeds under the thick-atmosphere, low-gravity and low-sediment-density conditions on Titan, using a high-pressure wind tunnel refurbished to simulate the appropriate kinematic viscosity for the near-surface atmosphere of Titan. The experimentally derived saltation threshold wind speeds are higher than those predicted by models based on terrestrial-analogue experiments, indicating the limitations of these models for such extreme conditions. The models can be reconciled with the experimental results by inclusion of the extremely low ratio of particle density to fluid density on Titan. Whereas the density ratio term enables accurate modelling of aeolian entrainment in thick atmospheres, such as those inferred for some extrasolar planets, our results also indicate that for environments with high density ratios, such as in jets on icy satellites or in tenuous atmospheres or exospheres, the correction for low-density-ratio conditions is not required.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burr, Devon M -- Bridges, Nathan T -- Marshall, John R -- Smith, James K -- White, Bruce R -- Emery, Joshua P -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):60-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14088. Epub 2014 Dec 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 306 EPS Building, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. ; Space Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA. ; SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 100, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. ; Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, USA. ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Davis, California 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: The widespread reorganization of cellular architecture in mitosis is achieved through extensive protein phosphorylation, driven by the coordinated activation of a mitotic kinase network and repression of counteracting phosphatases. Phosphatase activity must subsequently be restored to promote mitotic exit. Although Cdc14 phosphatase drives this reversal in budding yeast, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activities have each been independently linked to mitotic exit control in other eukaryotes. Here we describe a mitotic phosphatase relay in which PP1 reactivation is required for the reactivation of both PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 to coordinate mitotic progression and exit in fission yeast. The staged recruitment of PP1 (the Dis2 isoform) to the regulatory subunits of the PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 (B55 also known as Pab1; B56 also known as Par1) holoenzymes sequentially activates each phosphatase. The pathway is blocked in early mitosis because the Cdk1-cyclin B kinase (Cdk1 also known as Cdc2) inhibits PP1 activity, but declining cyclin B levels later in mitosis permit PP1 to auto-reactivate. PP1 first reactivates PP2A-B55; this enables PP2A-B55 in turn to promote the reactivation of PP2A-B56 by dephosphorylating a PP1-docking site in PP2A-B56, thereby promoting the recruitment of PP1. PP1 recruitment to human, mitotic PP2A-B56 holoenzymes and the sequences of these conserved PP1-docking motifs suggest that PP1 regulates PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 activities in a variety of signalling contexts throughout eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338534/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338534/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grallert, Agnes -- Boke, Elvan -- Hagting, Anja -- Hodgson, Ben -- Connolly, Yvonne -- Griffiths, John R -- Smith, Duncan L -- Pines, Jonathon -- Hagan, Iain M -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- A13678/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A16406/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C147/A16406/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C29/A13678/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):94-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14019. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Division Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. ; The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK. ; Biological Mass Spectrometry, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Conserved Sequence ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Holoenzymes/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1/*metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 2/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*cytology/*enzymology ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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