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  • Springer  (93,783)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (93,783)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (48,999)
  • 1983  (44,784)
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  • 1980-1984  (93,783)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Naturwissenschaften, Springer, 71(12), pp. 599-608, ISSN: 0028-1042
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale du développement de grandes larves ayant hiverné, chez 4 espèces deMyrmica. Utilisant une gamme de températures de 15°C à 25°C, nous avons montré que: 1. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les espèces quant à l'effet de la température sur les durées de développement. Toutes suivent le modèle: log. durée de développement =a-b T°C, avec la même valeur pour b. Ceci donne un Q10 effectif d'environ 3,1. Ce résultat est en accord avec les estimations de respirométrie chez les ouvrières de fourmis. 2. Les valeurs de a diffèrent de façon significative entre la plupart des espèces, ce qui confirme la différence intrinsèque que nous avions démontrée à la température constante de 22,5°C dans un précédent travail. Les durées de développement larvaire peuvent être ainsi classées, de la plus rapide à la plus lente:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. A toutes les températures, il faut 1,5 fois plus de temps àM. sabuleti qu'àM. ruginodis pour qu'une grande larve ayant hiverné se transforme en nymphe blanche. 3. Nous n'avons pas observé de grandes différences dans la survie des larves et la production des reines, aux températures utilisées dans nos expériences. La plupart des espèces survivent le mieux à 22°C environ. 4. Les résultats sont brièvement discutés en fonction de la distribution écologique des 4 espèces dans le Sud de l'Angleterre. 5. Nous discutons les effets possibles d'un régime de température variable. Nous suggérons que l'amplitude des variations peut ne pas avoir un effet important alors que la périodicité des variations pourrait avoir un effet plus important.
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvaæ of fourMyrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15–25°C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time=a-b T°C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5°C in previous work. The development times of larvæ can be ordered from fastest to slowest being:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takesM. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long asM. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species, survived best at about 22°C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the four species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 210-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Density effects inEublaberus distanti have been tested upon larvæ in groups of 20, 100 and 500 individuals. Increased density leads to higher larval mortality, particularly in young larvæ, a larger difference between slow development and rapid development, and a decrease in adult size. Density effects in cockroaches can be explained in terms of population dynamics comparable to phasic modifications of desert Locusts.
    Notes: Resume Les effets de la densité ont été testés sur des lots de larves de l'espèceEublaberus distanti, lots de 20, 100 et 500 individus par 615 cm2. Lorsque la densité augmente, la mortalité larvaire s'accroit, surtout chez les larves jeunes. L'augmentation de densité accentue les différences entre individus à développement rapide et développement plus lent, de même qu'elle implique une réduction de taille chez les adultes. Les effets de la densité s'expliquent par la dynamique de la régulation des populations de Blattes, comparable aux modifications phasaires des Acridiens migrateurs.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Volk vonHarpagoxenus sublœvis wurde in einem naturnahen Habitat künstlich angesiedelt. Am 7. und 8. Juli 1981, zwischen 2015 und 2130 MEZ, konnte erstmalig unter Freilandbedingungen das Locksterzelverhalten ergatomorpher Jungweibchen in Nestnähe beobachtet werden. Gleichzeitig fand am 7. Juli ein Sklavenraubzug desHarpagoxenus-Volkes auf ein benachbartesLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)-Nest statt. Das bisher nur aus Laborbeobachtungen bekannte Sexualverhalten wird somit unter Freilandbedingungen in gleicher Form gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A colony ofHarpagoxenus sublœvis was artificially established in a near-natural habitat. The sexual calling behavior of young ergatomorphic queens was observed for the first time under field conditions on July 7 and 8 1981, between 2015 and 2130 Central European Time. Simultaneously, on July 7, theHarpagoxenus colony conducted a slave raid on a neighboring nest ofLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius). Previously the sexual behavior was known only from laboratory studies, these observations now show that it is performed in an identical manner under natural conditions.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a new method of marking (with wire rings) which renders possible the individual identification of all the members of the colony.
    Notes: Resume L'auteur propose une nouvelle méthode de marquage, au moyen de ceintures de métal, permettant d'identifier chaque membre de la société.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, four categories of workers can be defined: minim, small, medium, large and very large. In each category, the workers are able to lay reproductive eggs and to produce, by parthenogenesis, queens, males and new workers of all sizes. Medium sized workers show the higher productivity. Average egg size and fecundity are related to workers size. All eggs seem able to develop. Difference between workers appear more quantitative than qualitative; the monophasic polymorphism of this species corresponds to this biological resemblance.
    Notes: Resume Chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor, on peut définir 4 catégories d'ouvrières: minimes, petites, moyennes, grandes et très grandes. Dans chaque catégorie, les ouvrières sont capables de pondre et de produire par parthénogenèse, des reines, des mâles et de nouvelles ouvrières de toutes tailles. Les ouvrières moyennes présentent la plus forte productivité. La grosseur moyenne des œufs et la fécondité varient avec la taille des ouvrières; tous les œufs semblent capables de se développer. Les différences entre ouvrières apparaissent donc davantage comme quantitatives que qualitatives; le polymorphisme monophasique de l'espèce correspond bien à cette similitude biologique.
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 51-73 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seed harvesting by the antMessor galla has been followed over a 2.5-year period in a woodland savanna of the sahelo soudanian zone, where seeds are produced only once a year, in restricted and fluctuating numbers following a short rainy season. Ants harvesting was highly seasonal. At the onset of the dry season, when new seeds were available, the ants harvested very intensively and exhibited a clear choice of some seeds they stored in their underground granaries. Their activity decreased there-after and remained low and irregular: the ants mainly collected the most abundant seed species found in their nest vicinity. The yearly total collected ranged between 3.105 and 4.106 seeds for each colony studied (1 to 19 kg in fresh weight). In an area studied more precisely in 1978–79, 1979–80 and 1980–81, the ants harvesting amounted to 4, 5 and 4 kg ha−1 yr−1, which represented respectively 0.4, 1.7 and 0.5% of the annual herbaceous seed production. In 1978–79, 3 studied colonies did not seem to have stored in their nest more than one annual harvest. Ants harvesting varied in space and in time, according to the available resources around their nests. This adaptibility is considered to be an effective adjustment to a fluctuating food supply.
    Notes: Resume La récolte des fourmis granivoresMessor galla a été suivie pendant deux ans et demi, dans un milieu sahélo-soudanien où les graines sont produites une fois par an, à l'issue d'une courte saison des pluies, en quantités limitées et variables selon les années. La récolte des fourmis est très saisonnière. En début de saison sèche, lorsque les nouvelles graines de l'année arrivent à maturité, les fourmilières récoltent intensément et montrent une nette préférence pour certaines graines qu'elles mettent en réserve. Leur activité décroît ensuite et reste faible et irrégulière tout le reste de l'année; elles ramènent alors essentiellement les graines les plus abondantes du milieu environnant leur nid. Les récoltes annuelles des fourmilières étudiées ont varié, selon la taille des colonies, de 3×105 à 4×106 graines, et de 1 à 19 kg. Dans un quadrat suivi plus précisément, les fourmis ont récolté successivement chaque année en 1978–80, 1979–80 et 1980–81, 4, 5, puis 4 kg/ha de graines, ce qui a représenté 0,4, 1,7, puis 0,5% de la production annuelle de graines par la végétation herbacée. En 1978–79, 3 colonies étudiées ne semblaient pas avoir stocké dans leurs nids plus d'une année de récolte. La récolte des fourmis a varié dans le temps et dans l'espace en fonction des disponibilités du milieu entourant leur nid. Cette plasticité semble être une réponse adaptée à la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle des disponibilités alimentaires.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 74-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cette étude faite sur le terrain dans le désert du sud-ouest des Etats-Unis différencie le comportement social de cinq espèces de fourmis moissonneuses:Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus. Les espèces diffèrent significativement quant à leurs rythmes d'activité pour plusieurs tâches (fourragement, maintien du nid, surveillance, maintien des débris, rassemblement), ainsi que pour l'utilisation de l'espace autour du nid et la réaction de la societé à un dérangement. En général, les différences de comportement peuvent s'organiser en fonction de la quantité habituelle d'ouvrières hors du nid. Chez les espèces ayant une plus grande quantité d'ouvrières à l'extérieur du nid, l'organisation de la société met plus en valeur l'acquisition de la nourriture et la territorialité. Par contre, les espèces ayant moins d'ouvrières hors du nid ont un comportement social qui leur permet de réduire leur contact avec d'autres sociétés. En examinant les régularités temporelles et spatiales du comportment social, on peut mieux comprendre les rapports interspécifiques chez les communautés de fourmis.
    Notes: Summary This field study examines the social behavior of five sympatric species of desert seed-eating ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus, P. rugosus, P. maricopa, P. desertorum, P. californicus). The species differed significantly in measures of activity rhythms in various colony tasks, use of space around the nest yard, and reaction to disturbance. Species differences were related to the typical size of a colony's outside work force. The behavior ofP. rugosus, P. barbatus, andP. maricopa, which had larger outside work forces, emphasized territoriality and the acquisition of food; that ofP. desertorum andP. californicus, which had smaller outside work forces, emphasized the avoidance of contact with other colonies. Examining the patterns in colony behavior can illuminate interspecific relationships in desert ant communities.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les reines du frelon oriental sont agressives l'une envers l'autre au début de la saison active, pendant les mois de mai, juin et juillet: elles défendent leur “Lebenraum” à l'intérieur du nid et ne permettent à aucune autre reine de pénétrer dans leur territoire. A cette période, toute rencontre de 2 reines, dans le nid de l'une ou dans tout autre endroit, déclenche un comportement agressif mutuel. Le combat qui s'ensuit peut durer des heures et dans son déroulement, si l'une des reines défait l'autre elle la pique au cou jusqu'à la mort. Cependant, dans de nombreux exemples, le combat n'apporte pas de solution: les combattants épuisés se retirent avant de reprendre le combat. D'autres fois, l'une des reines peut réussir à mutiler sa rivale en amputant l'extrémité de ses pattes. La reine estropiée abandonne le combat en adoptant une posture d' “infériorité” à l'égard du vainqueur et en offrant de la nourriture. Nous avons décrit en détail les différentes phases du combat entre les reines mises par deux.
    Notes: Summary Queens of the Oriental hornet are aggressive towards one another in the beginning of the active season, during the months of May, June and July: they defend their “Lebenraum” within the nest and do not enable any other queen to enter their territory. At that period any encounter between two queens, whether within the nest of the one or anawhere else, releases mutual aggressive behavior. The ensuing combat may last for hours and in its course, if the one queen beats the other, it stings it to death in the neck. In many instances, however, the combat remains unresolved and the exhausted combatants withdraw to recuperate before resuming their battle. At other times, one of the queens may succeed in maiming its rival by amputating the tips of its limbs at which point the disabled queen concedes the fight by assuming an “inferior” posture towards the victor and making a food offering. The various phases in the combat between queen pairs are described in detail.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les distributions de trois «formes», en réalité des espèces jumelles d'Iridomyrmex purpureus furent étudiées près de Morgan en Australie du Sud, où la précipitation annuelle est de 230 mm. La dispersion des colonies a été décrite en détail pour une «forme bleue» et pour la formepurpureus sens. strict. qui existait dans cette région bien au-delà de ses limites pour les basses précipitations. Une colonie exceptionnellement grande d'I. purpureus couvrait un territoire de 10 ha: comprenant plus de 85 nids, elle avait plus de 1 500 entrées individuelles. Nous avons décrit les interactions entre les ouvrières des différentes formes, et leurs interactions au sein et entre les colonies de la même forme. La totalité de la faune de fourmis de la région et les faunes qui accompagnaient les différentes espèces d'Iridomyrmex furent étudiées au moyen de récoltes faites à la main et de piègeages dans des fosses. La diversité (abondance d'espèces) et la présence d'espèces de fourmis sans adaptations particulières sont liées au type de végétation et auxIridomyrmex associées. Les prises dans les pièges suggérant que le nombre d'individus et le nombre d'espèces d'autres taxons actifs à la surface du sol, en particulier les collemboles, sont affectés par le nombre de fourmis, en particulier les espèces d'Iridomyrmex et d'autres fourmis sans adaptations particulières. Au niveau évolutif, lesIridomyrmex influencent aussi la faune associé. On a noté la présence d'araignées zodariides présentant un mimétisme de couleur par rapport aux espèces presque identiques d'I. purpureus, dont ils sont des prédateurs. Nous avons noté et discuté des cas possibles de mimétisme d'I. purpureus par des fourmis du genreCamponotus.
    Notes: Summary The distributions of three “forms”, actually sibling species, of meat ant were studied near Morgan, South Australia, an area with mean annual rainfall of 230 mm. Colony dispersion is described for a “blue form” and for formpurpureus sens. strict. which occurs in this locality far beyond its normal low rainfall limit. An unusually large colony ofpurpureus had a territory covering 10 ha with more than 85 nests and over 1,500 individual nest entrances. Worker interactions between forms, and within and between colonies within forms are described. The ant fauna of the locality as a whole and the faunas accompanying differentIridomyrmex species were investigated by means of hand collections and pitfall trapping. Diversity (species — richness) and the occurrence of widely adapted ant species are related to vegetation type and associatedIridomymex. Catches of pitfall traps suggested that the numbers of individuals and species of other taxa active on the soil surface, predominantly Collembola, were affected by numbers of ants, particularlyIridomyrmex species and other, widely adapted ants.Iridomyrmex also influence associated fauna at an evolutionary level. The presence of zodariid spiders which are sibling species-specific colour mimics and predators of meat ants is noted. Possible cases of mimicry of meat ants by ants of the genusCamponotus are recorded and discussed.
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neständerungen der Weibchen einer neotropischen Faltenwespe,Polìstes versicolor, wurde in Panama beobachtet. In erstem Falle wurden häufige Lageänderungen zwischen zwei benachbarten Nestern beobachtet. Einmal wechselte ein ovariell höchstentwickeltes Weibchen häufig die Nester. In zweitem Falle, verliessen vielleicht alle Weibchen desselben Nestes und wurden von einem naheliegenden Neste aufgenommen. In letztem Falle, wurden einige Arbeiterinnen eines Nestes angenommen von einem anderen Nest, deren Gründerinnen wahrscheinlich nicht ihre nahe Verwandten waren. Die Verhalten bei Umnestung wurden beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Shifts of females ofPolistes versicolor between adjacent nests were observed in Panama. In the first case, females of two neighboring nests frequently changed their positions and one female who had developed eggs in ovaries shifted between the nests repeatedly. In the second case, possibly all females shifted to a nearby nest after abandonment of their original nest and were accepted by females of the new nest. In the third case where workers shifted, relatedness between them and foundresses of the new nest was considered to be low. Behaviours accompanying the shifts are described.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmi myrmicinePristomyrmex pungens. En général, les colonies de cette espèce se composent de plusieurs milliers de petites ouvirères, tandis qu'un petit nombre de mâles (2–3 %) apparaissent occasionnellement en juin et juillet dans les colonies mûres et que de grandes ouvrières à ocelles et spermathèque abortive (reines ergatoïdes) ont pu être observées très rarement. Nous avons démontré que les petites ouvrières vierges peuvent pondre des œufs qui donnent d'autres petites ouvrières. Les cellules des ganglions cérébroïdes et les ovogonies des ouvrières sont diploïdes (2 n=24), mais la formule haploïde (n=12) a pu être observée chez les ovocytes au stade pachytène ainsi que chez les spermatocytes des mâles. Ces mâles possèdent des organes copulatoires normaux et leur spermatogenèse est normale, mais ils ne fécondent probablement pas les petites ouvrières, lesquelles sont dépourvues de spermathèque et d'organes copulatoires fonctionnels. Ces observations indiquent que la reproduction chezP. pungens est assumée de façon prépondérante, et probablement complètement, par les petites ouvrières, de façon par conséquent thélytoque. Nous discutons l'évolution du cycle biologique deP. pungens, en soulignant la difficulté d'appliquer à cette espèce le concept de “reine” ou même de décider si elle est »eusociale» ou non. Au regard de l'isolement génétique présumé entre colonies, le mode de sélection maintenant dans ce cas une structure sociale est probablement davantage une sélection de groupe interdémique plutôt qu'une sélection de parentèle.
    Notes: Summary The life cycle of the myrmicine antPristomyrmex pungens was investigated. Colonies of this species are usually composed of several thousand small workers, although a few males (2–3 %) occasionally appear during June and July in mature colonies, and large workers with ocelli and abortive spermathecae (here termedergatoid queens) were observed extremely rarely. We found that the virgin small workers can lay eggs and that these develop into further small workers. Cerebral ganglion cells and oogonial cells had the diploid chromosome number (2 n=24), but the haploid number (n=12) was observed in oocytes at pachytene, and also in spermatocytes from the rare males. Males have functionally normal copulatory organs and their spermatogenesis is normal, but they probably do not mate, because small workers have no spermatheca and their copulatory organs are degenerative. These observations indicate that reproduction inP. pungens is carried out predominatly or, probably, wholly by the small workers and hence is thelytokous. We discuss the evolution of theP. pungens life cycle, pointing out the difficulty of applying the “queen” concept to this species or even in deciding whether or not it is “eusocial”. In view of the apparent genetic isolation between colonies, the mode of selection maintaining sociality in this case is probably interdemic group selection rather than kin selection.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In investigating the antennal positions and movements associated with the transfer of substance from one worker ant to another, during trophallactic contacts, the question arises as to whether these different positions and movements act as particular singals. InCamponotus vagus, these behavioural units are organized into sequences. There is no stereotypy in the sequences: recordings show great variability, particularly in the donor ant. On the other hand, differences in the organization of sequences and in their variability were seen to be related to the worker's social function (forager or broodtender worker). Trophallactic behaviour in the two partners was analysed using different methods (slow motion film with frame by frame analysis; use of radioelements with simultaneous recording of trophallactic flux and antennal movements; cross-correlogrammes). No definite system of signals and responses corresponding to antennal movements was found to underly the ant's trophallactic behaviour. But it does not exclude that the antennæ activity as a whole, owing to its structure may have a function in communication.
    Notes: Resume L'étude des positions et mouvements d'antennes qui accompagnent les transferts de substances d'une ouvrière de Fourmi à l'autre, au cours des contacts trophallactiques, pose le problème de la valeur de signal de ces différents actes. ChezCamponotus vagus, ces unités comportementales sont organisées de manière séquentielle. Il n'y a pas stéréotypie des séquences; on enregistre une grande variablité, en particulier chez l'ouvrière donneuse. D'autre part, il apparaît des différences dans l'organisation des séquences et leur variabilité, en relation avec la fonction sociale exercée par l'ouvrière (récolteuse ou nourrice). L'analyse du comportement trophallactique des deux partenaires, par plusieurs méthodes différentes (cinéma accéléré avec analyse image par image, emploi des radio-éléments avec enregistrement simultané des actes et du flux trophallactique, cross-corrélogrammes), a permis de montrer que leurs actes ne constituent pas, au niveau antennaire, un système précis de signaux et de réponses. Ceci n'exclut pas la possibilité que l'activité antennaire globale ait par sa structure une fonction de communication.
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  • 15
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 132-141 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Pour chacune des trois espèces de fourmis de la famille Dolichoderinæ, quatre modèles de reproduction des colonies ont été examinés par électrophorèse: (1) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée une seule fois, (2) chaque colonie provient d'une seule femelle inséminée deux fois, (3) les colonies proviennent de deux reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois, et (4) les colonies proviennent de trois reines «égales», chacune inséminée une seule fois. Pour chacun de ces modèles, la fréquence des colonies de chaque composition génétique a été calculée et comparée avec la distribution observée. Les colonies étudiées deConomyrma insana sont de type monogyne. Un grand nombre des colonies étudiées deConomyrma bicolor sont de type polygyne fonctionnelle. La polygynie se trouve dans toutes les localités examinées. Peut-être la polygynie se trouve-t-elle aussi chezIridomyrmex pruinosum. Sa fréquence est peut-être moins grande que chezC. bicolor.
    Notes: Summary For each of three species of dolichoderine ants, four mating system models were tested electrophoretically. The models tested were: (1) each colony is derived from one, singly-inseminated female, (2) each colony is derived from one female, inseminated twice, (3) colonies have two, coequal, singly-inseminated queens, and (4) colonies have three, coequal, singly-inseminated queens. From each of these models, expected frequencies of colonies of various genotypic compositions were calculated. Goodness of fit of actual colony types were then tested. Conomyrma insana colonies were shown to be monogynous. A large number of theConomyrma bicolor colonies studied are functionally polygynous. Polygyny occurs in all localities examined. Polygyny may also occur inIridomyrmex pruinosum. Its occurence may be less widespread than inC. bicolor.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The characteritics of tandem running were analysed in two species of Ponerine ants from tropical Africa, together with the stimuli causing either the leader or the follower to start or to maintain the tandem running. With regard to the genusMesoponera, tandem running allows the recruitment for the capture of a mobile and voluminous prey, the collective transport of a dead insect untransportable by a sole individual, the hunting of small preys and the collection of sugared substances. The genusHypoponera makes use of tandem running to recruit but only in the instance of dismembering of large prey. On the other hand it was shown that in one of the species (Hypoponera sp.), the number of tandems formed can depend on various olfactory stimuli perceived in the nearby environment of the colony. A change in certain elements of the environment can therefore cause specific effects in some of the complex interactions observed in ant societies.
    Notes: Resume J'ai analysé, chez deux espèces de Fourmis Ponérines d'Afrique tropicale, les caractéristiques de la marche en tandem et les stimuli qui interviennent, agissant sur l'ouvrièreguide ou sur l'ouvrière recrutée, pour déterminer la mise en route ou le maintien des tandems. Pour le genreMesoponera, les tandems permettent le recrutement pour la capture d'une proie mobile et volumineuse, mais aussi pour le transport collectif d'un insecte mort qui ne peut être transporté par une seule ouvrière, — ou pour la chasse d'un grand nombre de petites proies, enfin pour la récolte d'une substance sucrée. Le genreHypoponera utilise le tandem pour recruter, mais uniquement lors du dépeçage d'une proie volumineuse. D'autre part, j'ai montré que chezHypoponera sp. le nombre de tandems peut dépendre de stimuli olfactifs déterminés, perçus dans le très proche environnement de la société. Par conséquent, la modification de certains éléments de l'environnement peut avoir une action spécifique sur la manifestation d'interactions complexes observées dans les sociétés de Fourmis.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 335-340 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les réponses variées à l'humidité relative chez quatre espèces de fourmis de feu qui se trouvent au Texas (Solenopsis aurea, S. geminata, S. invicta, etS. xyloni) ont été examinées avec une chambre gradient linéaire. Seuls les ouvriers n'ont pas montré de réponse hydrokinétique, tandis que les ouvrières soigneuses de toutes les espèces examinées ont montré une préférence marquée (hydrokinesis négative) pour les atmosphères saturées (près de 100 % d'humidité relative). Les réponses sont probablement causées par la sensibilité plus élevée de la couvée à la dessication.
    Notes: Summary The responses of the four fire ant species found in Texas (Solenopsis aurea Wheeler,Solenopsis geminata Fabricius,Solenopsis invicta Buren, andSolenopsis xyloni McCook) to varied relative humidities were examined. Humidity preferences of worker ants were determined with a linear gradient chamber. Workers alone did not exhibit any hydrokinetic responses, whereas brood tending workers of all species tested showed a marked preference (negative hydrokinesis) for saturated atmospheres (near 100 % RH). The responses are presumably due to the broods' hogher susceptibility to desiccation.
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  • 18
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    Notes: Summary Because social parasites are relatively rare in tropical ant faunas, new or poorly known forms deserve special attention. TwoPheidole species evidently parasitic onP. indica are here described as new species from India (P. lanuginosa, P. parasitica), while a previously known northern South American form,P. microgyna Wheeler, is redescribed and evaluated as a possible parasite ofP. minutula or a closely related host species. Next, all of the nine certain or likely social parasites ofPheidole known worldwide are compared, and an anatomical parasitic syndrome is identified through character state analysis. The nine species appear to be independently evolved. The parasitic character states have tended to evolve within each of these species at different rates, and hence the evolution is interpreted as having been not only parallel among species but mosaic in nature within species (seetable I). In spite of the lesser irregularities in this pattern, an overall trend is evident: the first changes to occur were loss of the worker caste (a loss still incomplete in the overall slightly modifiedP. inquilina), reduction of size, lengthening of the scape, reduction of sculpturing on the body surface, and broadening of the postpetiole. These shifts were followed by reduction of the mandibles and the segments of the funiculus. The generaAnergatides andBruchomyrma, each based on a single extremely advanced species, are placed in synonymy underPheidole. The problematic generaHagioxenus, Parapheidole, andSifolinia are compared withPheidole and their status evaluated. The greater known diversity of parasitic ants in the temperate zones, as compared with the tropics, remains a key problem in the study of ant evolution. Whether the difference is genuine or an artifact of differential sampling cannot be determined until more intensive collecting is undertaken in the tropics.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 387-402 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed investigation of polyethism was carried out on a colony ofNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973) obscuricornis, involving behavioural observations on its inhabitants, and subsequent dissection of each. Ovariant development in each ant was closely related to its social status. Ovaries are well developed among nuress and totally degenerate in foragers. This is the case in both gynes and workers, and ovarian polymorphism between the two castes is only weakly marked. The evolutionary implications of the observed relationships between nursing behaviour and reproductive ability are discussed.
    Notes: Resume L'étude détaillée du polyéthisme par l'observation des activités individuelles dans une société deNeoponera (=Pachycondyla sensuBrown, 1973)obscuricornis a été suivie de la dissection de tous les individus. L'état ovarien de chaque fourmi est en relation avec son statut social dans la colonie: développé chez les sogneuses, l'ovaire a complètement régressé chez les fourrageuses. Ce phénomène s'observe aussi bien chez les femelles que chez les ouvrières, seul un faible polymorphisme ovarient permettant de distinguer les deux castes. Les implications évolutives d'une liaison entre les conduites parentales et l'aptitude à la ponte sont discutées.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 375-386 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les relations génétiques de huit espèces de guêpes d'Europe du nord, représentantVespula s. str. (le grouperufa),Paravespula (le groupevulgaris) etDolichovespula, sont étudiées ici par électrophorèse enzymatique. Le niveau de variation génétique intraspécifique observé est relativement bas, et les populations du sud de la Finlande ne montrent pas de différences géographiques nettes. Les caractères d'allozymes sont ensuite utilisés pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques par quatre techniques de construction. Il est suggéré queDolichovespula media n'est pas étroitement apparentée aux autres espèces deDolichovespula européens, et queParavespula etVespula s. str. ne forment peut-être pas un seul groupe monophylétique. Deux des espèces étudiées,V. austriaca etD. omissa, sont des parasites sociaux obligatoires. Dans les deux cas le parasite est apparenté à son hôte. Cela appuie l'hypothèse que le parasite social apparaît généralement à partir de la même souche ancestrale que l'espèce hôte.
    Notes: Summary Genetic relationships of eight northern European yellowjacket species, representingVespula s. str. (therufa group),Paravespula thevulgaris group) andDolichovespula, are here studied by enzyme electrophoresis. The observed level of intraspecific genic variation is relatively low, and the southern Finnish populations show no clear-cut geographic differences. The allozyme characters are further used to construct phylogenetic trees by four tree-building techniques. It is suggested thatDolichovespula media is not phylogenetically closely related to other EuropeanDolichovespula species, and thatParavespula andVespula s. str. may not form a single monophyletic group. Two of the species studied,V. austriaca andD. omissa, are obligatory social parasites. In both cases the parasite is related to its host. This supports the hypothesis that the social parasite generally arises from the same ancestral stock as the host species.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 361-374 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im staate New York sind Kolonien gemischter Arten vonPolyergus lucidus undFormica schaufussi untersucht worden. Am späten Nachmittag, nach dem Höhepunkt der Tagestemperatur, wurden Sklavenraubzuge ausgeführt. Mehrfache Raubzüge auf verschiedene Kolonien vonFormica gerichtet waren normal. Dazu gehöten auch wiederholte Raubzüge auf dieselbe Kolonie. In den Laboratoriumnestern wurden etwa 75% des geraubtenFormica Gebrüts gefressen. Aus einer Gruppe von 27 Raubzüge die im Laboratorium stattfanden, wurden 25 aufFormica Nester ausgeführt die am Tage des Überfalles erkundschaftet worden waren.Polyergus Kundschafter gehören zur den ältesten Individuen der Kolonie; frischgeschlüpfte Erwachsene beteiligen sich nicht an Erkundungen während ihrer ganzen Schlüpfungssaison. Die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe vonPolyergus Arbeitern die unmittelbar vor dem Überfall auf der Oberfläche in der Nähe des Nestes umhergehen, wechselt sich kontinuierlich. Die verhaltensänderung die am häufigsten auftrat war die vom Herumgehen an einem Tag zum Kudschaften am nächsten Tag. Die zweithäufigste Änderung war die vom Kundschaften zum Herumstreifen. Das erste kundschaften der frühlingssaison fand nur einen Tag nach Erscheinung derPolyergus Larven staat. Der erste Sklavenraubzug wurde dann 4 Tage später ausgefuhrt.Formica Gebrüt war in frielebenden Kolonien bis zu 4 Wochen früher anwesend alsPolyergus Gebrüt in gemischten Nestern. ObwohlPolyergus Arbeiter gewöhnlich durch Erbrechen des Speisebreies vonFormica gefüttert werden, tranken und frassen sie gelegentlich auch Eier unabhängig vonFormica. DiePolyergus Köningen war immer nur vonFormica Arbeiter umgeben.Polyergus Eier kriechen in etwa 12 Tagen zu Larven aus, worauf das Larvenstadium noch 9 bis 12 Tagen dauert. Schlüpfung der Erwachsenen fand 20 bis 23 Tage nach dem Puppenstadium statt. FrischbefruchtetePolyergus Königinnen folgen Sklavenraubzüge und versuchen von den überfallen Nesten adoptiert zu werden indem sie die Verwirrung derFormica während eines Überfalles benutzen. Abspaltung von Tochterkolonien wurde nie beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Mixed-species colonies ofPolyergus lucidus andFórmica schaufussi were studied in New York. Slave raids were conducted in late afternoon, past the peak in diurnal temperature. Multiple raids on differentFormica colonies were common, as were re-raids on the same colony. In laboratory nests, about 75% of the raidedFormica brood was eaten. Of 27 days on which raids occurred in the laboratory, 25 were onFormica nests souted on the day of the raid.Polyergus scouts are among the oldest individuals in the colony, and callows do not participate in scouting during the entire season of their eclosion. The group ofPolyergus workers that circle on the surface near the nest prior to raiding has a dynamic composition. The most frequent behavioral transition was from circling on one day to scouting on the next. The next most common change was from scouting to circling. The first scouting of the spring season occurred only one day after the appearance ofPolyergus larvae. The first slave raid was conducted 4 days later.Formica brood was present in freeliving colonies from 1–4 weeks earlier thanPolyergus brood in mixed nests. Although workers ofPolyergus were usually fed by regurgitation fromFormica, they occasionally drank and ate eggs independently. ThePolyergus queen was surrounded only byFormica workers.Polyergus eggs hatched into larvae in approximately 12 days, with the larval stage lasting an additional 9–12 days. Eclosion of callows took place within 20–23 days after pupation. Newly matedPolyergus queens follow slave raids and attempt adoption into target nests when theFormica are scattered during a slave raid. The process of budding was never observed.
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    Insectes sociaux 31 (1984), S. 473-475 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Ce travail contribue à la distinction taxonomique entreGoniomma hispanicum etG. baeticum, à partir de l'utilisation d'analyses multidimensionnelles menées sur dix variables définies sur le système de vénation de la première paire d'ailes de la femelle, et donne des résultats hautement significatifs.
    Notes: Summary This work helps in the taxonomical distinction betweenGoniomma hispanicum andG. baeticum, through the use of multidimensional analyses which were carried out on ten variables defined in the venation system of the first pair of wings on the female and gave highly significative results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 680-693 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Physical seismic models ; Uniaxial loading ; Shear displacement ; Locked zone ; Seismoactivity
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    Notes: Abstract Square plate models with a diagonally located slit in compression were studied photoelastically. The resulting stress field surrounding the discontinuity (slit) is evaluated before and after seismoactive (seismic-energy-releasing) shear displacement. The mechanism of the fast shear movement (stick-slip), including its radiation properties, in interpreted. The results confirm the existence of a central locked zone in the loaded slit, the limits of which coincide with the initiation points of stick-slip movements. The zone is interpreted as the source of the seismic energy release. The complementary measurements (direct optical and ultrasonic) are presented to verify the results of the photoelastic analysis. The results obtained are discussed in regard to the conclusions that follow from the theory of elasticity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 763-763 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 747-762 
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    Keywords: Total ozone ; Periodicities
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    Notes: Abstract Total ozone data series for 1957–82 at ten locations were subjected to Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis. Besides the annual, semi-annual, and quasi-biennial oscillations, peaks were noticed at 3.5–4, 6–7, and 10–11 years. For Arosa, Switzerland, for a longer period (1932–71), an additional peak was indicated at about 16 years.
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    Keywords: precursory ground tilt ; temporal variation of crustal deformation ; the 1944 Tonankai earthquake ; leveling survey ; earthquake prediction
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    Notes: Abstract The temporal variation in precursory ground tilt prior to the 1944 Tonankai (Japan) earthquake, which is a great thrust-type earthquake along the Nankai Trough, is discussed using the analysis of data from repeated surveys along short-distance leveling routes.Sato (1970) pointed out that an anomalous tilt occurred one day before the earthquake at Kakegawa near the northern end of the focal region of the earthquake. From the analysis of additional leveling data, Sato's result is re-examined and the temporal change in the ground tilt is deduced for the period of about ten days beginning six days before the earthquake. A remarkable precursory tilt started two or three days before the earthquake. The direction of the precursory tilt was up towards the south (uplift on the southern Nankai Trough side), but the coseismic tilt was up towards the southeast, perpendicular to the strike of the main thrust fault of the Tonankai earthquake. The postseismic tilt was probably opposite of the coseismic tilt. The preseismic tilt is attributed to precursory slip on part of the main fault. If similar precursory deformation occurs before a future earthquake expected to occur in the adjacent Tokai region, the deformation may help predict the time of the Tokai earthquake.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 781-792 
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    Keywords: Precursory tilt ; aseismic slip ; thrust faulting
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    Notes: Abstract During three years preceding the 1976 Friuli earthquake, a continuous southward ground tilt was recorded by a tiltmeter placed near Tolmezzo, 15 km north-west of the epicentre of the impending earthquake. The cumulative ground tilt amounted to as much as 3 minutes of arc. Since the tiltmeter was placed in the proximity of an active fault, such a tilt can be explained if the fault slipped aseismically on its shallower section during the same three year period. Aseismic slip on the fault might have been caused by the same mechanism which concentrated stress in the region and eventually produced the 1976 earthquake.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 793-811 
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    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Instability ; San Andreas fault
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The locked section of the San Andreas fault in southern California has experienced a number of large and great earthquakes in the past, and thus is expected to have more in the future. To estimate the location, time, and slip of the next few earthquakes, an earthquake instability model is formulated. The model is similar to one recently developed for moderate earthquakes on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. In both models, unstable faulting (the earthquake analog) is caused by failure of all or part of a patch of brittle, strain-softening fault zone. In the present model the patch extends downward from the ground surface to about 12 km depth, and extends 500 km along strike from Parkfield to the Salton Sea. The variation of patch strength along strike is adjusted by trial until the computed sequence of instabilities matches the sequence of large and great earthquakes sincea.d. 1080 reported by Sieh and others. The last earthquake was theM=8.3 Ft. Tejon event in 1857. The resulting strength variation has five contiguous sections of alternately low and high strength. From north to south, the approximate locations of the sections are: (1) Parkfield to Bitterwater Valley, (2) Bitterwater Valley to Lake Hughes, (3) Lake Hughes to San Bernardino, (4) San Bernardino to Palm Springs, and (5) Palm Springs to the Salton Sea. Sections 1, 3, and 5 have strengths between 53 and 88 bars; sections 2 and 4 have strengths between 164 and 193 bars. Patch section ends and unstable rupture ends usually coincide, although one or more adjacent patch sections may fail unstably at once. The model predicts that the next sections of the fault to slip unstably will be 1, 3, and 5; the order and dates depend on the assumed length of an earthquake rupture in about 1700.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 831-847 
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    Notes: Abstract Between 1 January 1980 and 28 July 1981, a series of large earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes around 7, took place along the western segment of the Alpide belt. The sequence started in the Azores and migrated eastward along the belt at a rate of about 4400 km/yr with consecutive large events in northern Algeria, southern Italy, southern Greece and Iran. Two different methods are employed to identify similar series and corresponding migration velocities during earlier time periods of this century. The data set used contains all earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes larger than 6.3 and covers the time interval 1901–81. The concept of linear migration is tested for eastward and/or westward propagation, considering high migration velocities from 1600 to 11 000 km/yr. Results obtained are not homogeneous with respect to the two opposite migration directions, west-east and east-west, and we interpret this as a net drift of earthquake activity from the west to the east. Our efforts here are concentrated on analysis of observational data and on estabilishing the uniqueness of migration patterns. Because of the complexity of the tectonic system in question, we did not attempt to establish a mechanism explaining the migration of the observed earthquake sequences.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 1-9 
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    Keywords: Q factor ; Attenuation ; Coda ; Scattering ; Seismic wave
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    Notes: Abstract When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 86-88 
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    Keywords: Atmospheric electric potential gradients ; orographic effect
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    Notes: Abstract Potential gradients were measured in the valley of the Simhachalam hills and near the top. They were found to be higher at the top than in the valley, where they increased in the forenoon. It was the reverse at the top of the hills. The valley winds were found to play an important role in the variation of potential gradient.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 110-123 
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    Keywords: ageotrophic flow ; vertical redistribution of momentum
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    Notes: Abstract Data from the SESAME storm-scale network are used in computing the momentum budget of the prestorm, storm, and poststorm environment of a severe storm complex. In the prestorm period geostrophic flow dominates the environment. With progression into the storm period all terms in the momentum equation become important, as a significant ageostrophic component in the momentum field develops. Turbulent effects are estimated as a residual, and the results indicate that they are comparable in magnitude to the other terms. Their effect is to decrease the positive momentum, particularly at levels above 500 mbar, where the vertical motion is the strongest. Vertical profiles of area means ofu andv indicate that the storm is apparently redistributing momentum downwards, thus reducing the mean shear. In the poststorm period the flow once again becomes largely geostrophic, and a maximum in wind speed reappears at upper levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 143-156 
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    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Hydrogeodynamic
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    Notes: Abstract The paper reviews the chief results of the hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic investigations conducted for earthquake prediction in all seismic regions of the USSR. An extensive amount of data on the variations of approximately 40 hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic parameters were collected with a broad network of 83 stations. These data are analysed in connection with regional seismic activities. The hydrogeochemical precursors are classified on the basis of statistical treatment of the regular observations. Several features of the hydrogeochemical anomalies that depend on the physicochemical nature of the precursor, geological conditions in a given region, and features of the expected seismic event are pointed out. Some sophisticated statistical methods of data analysis and several examples of actual earthquake predictions based on hydrogeochemical methods are given. Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic precursors are found to be highly effective for shortterm predictions. Possible mechanisms that may cause hydrogeochemical precursors are discussed. Sophisticated automatic equipment developed in the Soviet Union for hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic observations are briefly mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 175-184 
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    Keywords: Hydrogen emission ; Seismic activity ; Earthquake prediction
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of chemical composition of bubbles from a mineral spring at Yuya Spa situated close to the Median Tectonic Line, the longest active fault in Japan, showed that the periods of increased H2 emission coincided with occurrences of the Ohno earthquake swarm nearby. Four cases of the coincidence without exception were observed in the last three years. The fluctuation of H2 concentration ranges between 〈0.5 and 200 ppm, whereas other gases such as He, Ar, N2, and CH4 do not fluctuate much. The H2 concentration is correlated with the energy released by the seismic activity. This field evidence, together with the results of laboratory experiments conducted bySugisaki et al. (1983), leads to the conclusion that H2 observed at the mineral spring was produced by the reaction between groundwater and rock fractured in the seismic activities. The observation that H2 in the mineral spring tends to appear prior to an earthquake suggests that microcracks may occur in rocks prior to earthquakes. The precursory emission of H2 may be useful for earthquake prediction.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 218-230 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several kinds of geochemical anomaly before strong earthquakes have been observed in China since 1966. They include changes in groundwater radon levels, ion content of water (Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−, SO 4 −2 , F−), dissolved gases (H2, CO2), and gases escaping from the aeration zone through abandoned dry wells (Ar, N2, CO2). The radon anomalies may be grouped as long-term and short-term anomalies. Most of the geochemical anomalies observed are characterized by a pattern of increase. The largest amplitude recorded was 37 times the base level. Preliminary study indicates that the types of seismogeochemical anomaly observed prior to strong earthquakes depend on tectonic, geologic, lithologic, and hydrogeological conditions at the monitoring station. Results obtained from modelling experiments on the mechanisms of some anomalies are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 340-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Radon emanation ; Fault creep
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon emanation was continuously monitored for several months at two locations along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California. The recorded emanations showed several impulsive increases that lasted as much as five hours with amplitudes considerably larger than meteorologically induced diurnal variations. Some of the radon increases were accompanied or followed by earthquakes or fault-creep events. They were possibly the result of some sudden outbursts of relatively radon-rich ground gas, sometimes triggered by crustal deformation or vibration.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fat body ; Basement membrane ; Ageing ; Transplantation ; Monoclonal antibody
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hemocytes oftu-Sz ts melanotic tumor larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster encapsulate heterospecific and surface-modified homospecific tissue implants, but do not encapsulate unmodified homospecific implants (R. Rizki and Rizki 1980). In the present study we usedtu-Sz ts hosts to assay changes in larval fat body surfaces during development. Donor fat bodies from various ages of larvae were accepted (remained unencapsulated) intu-Sz ts hosts whereas fat bodies from donors with everted spiracles and all subsequent stages of development that were tested were rejected (encapsulated). Since the demarcation between acceptance and rejection by thetu-Sz ts blood cells did not coincide with the gross morphological changes that appear in the fat body during metamorphosis (dissolution of the basement membrane and dispersal of the freed fat body cells at pupation), we compared acceptable and nonacceptable fat body surfaces by three other methods. Fat body surface ultrastructure was examined, fat bodies were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, and fat body surfaces were reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for basement membrane. These approaches did not uncover fat body surface changes associated with eversion of the anterior spiracles, suggesting that recognition of tissue surface heterogeneities by the insect hemocytes exceeds the resolving power of the other three methods. However, the monoclonal antibody fails to bind to the basement membrane ofD. virilis larvae, whose fat body is always rejected intu-Sz ts hosts. This supports our suggestion that the molecular architecture of the basement membrane may be important in eliciting the encapsulation response.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra carnea ; Fertilization ; Sperm-egg interactions ; Site-specificity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization in the freshwater hydrozoanHydra carnea has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sperm penetrate the jelly coat which covers the entire egg surface only at the site of the emission of the polar bodies. The egg surface exhibits a small depression, the so called fertilization pit at this site. Sperm-egg fusion takes place only at the bottom of the fertilization pit.Hydra sperm lack a structurally distinct acrosome and in most of the observed cases, fusion was initiated by contact between the membrane of the lateral part of the sperm head and the egg surfacce. Neither microvilli nor a fertilization cone are formed at the site of gamete fusion. The process of membrane fusion takes only a few seconds and within 1 to 2 min sperm head and midpiece are incorporated in the egg. Electron dense material is released by the egg upon insemination but cortical granule exocytosis does not occur and a fertilization envelope is not formed. The possible polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in hydrozoans are discussed. Hydra eggs can be cut into halves whereupon the egg membranes reseal at the cut edges and the fragments assume a spherical shape. Fragments containing the female pronucleus can be inseminated and exhibit normal cleavage and development. The observation that in such isolated parts the jelly coat will not fuse along the cut edges was used to determine its role in site-specific gamete fusion. These experiments indicate that site-specificity of gamete fusion can be attributed to special membrane properties at the fertilization pit.
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  • 39
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Budding ; Polarity ; Positional information ; Ascidian
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the polysteelid ascidian,Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, buds can arise at any antero-posterior positional level around the basal margin of a functional zooid. In this study, each bud was cut into anterior and posterior halves along its proximo-distal axis. When an anterior half was combined with a posterior half from a higher (more posterior) level, the future zooid developed the same anteroposterior polarity as a normal bud. When the same operation was performed with a posterior half from a lower (more anterior) level, the antero-posterior polarity was inverted, resulting in a reversed body asymmetry (situs inversus viscerum). Bud polarity depended not on the size or the growth stage of the fragmented buds, but on the difference in parental positional levels from which respective buds to be fused had originated. Surgically constructed doublehalf buds developed a single polarity instead of a pattern reduplication. Insertion experiments with bud pieces showed that the gap between the positional levels was recognized at the proximal region of operated buds. The results of this study are inconsistent with the predictions of the polar coordinate model for pattern formation. It is concluded that a parent zooid possesses antero-posterior position-specific potential for determining bud polarity.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tunicamycin ; Exogastrulation ; Neural induction ; Cell permeability
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bufo arenarum eggs at late blastula and gastrula were treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein glycosylation, to investigate its effects on morphogenesis and neural induction. Because of the low permeability of the amphibian egg to a number of drugs, the blastocoel was opened surgically prior to treatment. Almost all of the eggs treated with the antimetabolite, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, from late blastula stage for 24h exhibited exogastrulation. The effect is dose- and stage-dependent as shown by the lower proportion of exogastrulae obtained when eggs are treated at a lower concentration (5 μg/ml) or after the onset of gastrulation. Treatment with the antimetabolite did not interfere with neural induction, as partial exogastrulae developed a small neural tube. The most striking biochemical effect was an enhanced uptake of glucose, mannose and leucine. The incorporation of mannose into acid-insoluble material was severely inhibited by tunicamycin, with a concomitant decrease of leucine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 51-51 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Immunofluorescence ; Telotrophic Meroistic Ovary ; Postribosomal Particles ; Insect Oogenesis ; Early Insect Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During previtellogenesis, the oocytes of the telotrophic meroistic ovary ofDysdercus are provided with ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles by the nurse cells. At the end of vitellogenesis, the oocyte itself becomes active as shown by autoradiography. The proteins synthesized by the oocyte are stored in cytoplasmic postribosomal particles which are preformed by the tropharium. The proteins of these particles were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gels and their endogenous oocyte proteins revealed by fluorography. The synthesis, transport, and storage of the postribosomal particles are demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. The young oocytes of previtellogenic follicles show a diffuse distribution of these particles. In late vitellogenesis, fluorescence becomes more and more concentrated in spots throughout a distinct region in the middle part of the oocyte. Thus, in freshly laid eggs, the periplasm is free of fluorescence. During migration of the cleavage nuclei the postribosomal particles were shifted into the cortex. Fluorescence is then most intense in the periplasmic region. During blastoderm formation, however, fluorescence decreases.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gastropoda ; Mesoderm induction ; Dorsoventral polarity ; Epigenetics ; Mosaic/regulative development
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    Notes: Summary In equally cleaving gastropods, the interactions between micromeres and macromeres involved in the determination of the mesentoblast mother cell (3D) were studied by changing the spatial arrangement of the micromeres by deleting one first quartet micromere or its progeny. A fixed relation was found between the deletion site and the place of origin of 3D; therefore, a fixed relation also exists in the configuration of the three remaining first quartet micromeres and the 3D. These results argue against the possibility that the animal-vegetal interactions do not choose between macromeres, but only permit the expression of a choice already made in another way and at another moment. The results are consistent with a stochastic model in which accidental differences between the macromeres in the number or extent of contacts with first quartet micromeres play a discriminating role during micromere — macromere interactions, that lead to 3D determination. Embryos which lack a given first quartet micromere show a total absence of regulation in the larval head pattern; only the cephalic plates show regulative abilities while forming the adult head structures. Therefore, in later stages new activating and restraining factors seem to play a part in the head development.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Pattern formation ; Differentiation markers
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The appearance and spatial distrubution of ultrastructural markers ofDictyostelium discoideum differentiation were quantitatively analysed. Our results combined with data from the literature on the functions of cells at various stages of development lead to the following conclusions. When food is no longer available all amoebae initially develop an autophagic apparatus in order to sustain metabolism. After slugs have been formed, autophagy is suppressed in the prespore cells. During aggregation a number of cells gradually form prespore characteristics. These cells arise at random but later they become located in the basal part of the tip-forming aggregate. From the early slug stage onwards, cells of the posterior two third region gradually enter into the prespore pathway. During prolonged slug migration the optimal acquirement of prespore characteristics is blocked. Cells of the anterior region show no active differentiation but they maintain the morphology and most of the functions of aggregating cells. At the rear-guard of the slug and later on in the basal region of the maturing fruiting body, a second anteriorlike region appears. Actual stalk cell differentiation takes place only at the apex and at the base of the developing fruiting body.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaeta ; Typosyllis ; Reproduction ; Endocrine control
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When exposed to a “winter” light-temperature cycle, reproduction in the polychaeteTyposyllis prolifera is inhibited by a hormone from the proventriculus. When exposed to a “summer” cycle, worms show periodic reproduction following an endogenous lunar rhythmictiy. The endocrine system mediating the stimulation of reproduction by summer conditions, was studied by extirpation and transplantation of prostomium and/or proventriculus. A previously unknown prostomial hormone was found to play a major role in this process. Summer conditions induce a temporary endocrine activity in the prostomium. This homone probably does not act directly on peripheral targets, but stimulates reproduction by inactivating the proventricular endocrine system. The experimental evidence of a hierarchic neuroendocrine system governing reproductive activity in syllid polychaetes is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Fetal human brain ; Acetylcholinesterase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlative histological, histochemical and biochemical investigations on laminar compartments from four different areas of fetal human neopallium at 28 weeks of gestation revealed discrete distribution of gangliosides in the cerebral wall. Highest level of total ganglioside concentration was found in the layers of cortical anlage (cortical plate and “subplate layer”) which are concomittantly characterized by highest activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and which are known to be involved in intensive synaptogenesis at this stage of cortical development. In three of four areas the proportion of GD1a — ganglioside from total ganglioside amount tended to increase and that of GT1b to decrease from inside (ventricle) to outside (cortical anlage) throughout the cerebral wall.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 120-129 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intracellular inhibition ; Polar lobe-Polychaeta ; Embryogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The embryo ofSabellaria cementarium (Polychaeta) forms a polar lobe at each of the first two cleavage divisions which becomes absorbed into one of the blastomeres at the end of the division. Lobe removal experiments show that the polar lobe preceding first cleavage is necessary for the development of the apical tuft and the posttrochal region of the trochophore larva. The polar lobe preceding second cleavage is smaller than the first polar lobe and is necessary only for post-trochal region development. In blastomere isolation experiments, isolates containing the C but not the D blastomere form apical tufts. Isolates containing the D but not the C blastomere do not form apical tufts. When the polar lobe preceding second cleavage is removed and the C and D blastomeres are separated and raised in isolation, each can form an apical tuft. When the second cleavage is equalized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) such that both the C and the D blastomeres receive second polar lobe material, no apical tuft is formed. These results suggest that apical tuft determinants are distributed to both the C and D blastomeres at second cleavage but that the second polar lobe contains an inhibitor for apical tuft formation which is shunted to the D blastomere after the completion of second cleavage.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vegetalizing factor ; Inducer concentration ; Incubation time with inducer ; Pattern formation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (Xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration. The pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer. Short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. An increase in incubation time or inducer concentration, or both, will cause the formation of increasing amounts of such dorsal mesodermal structures as pronephros, somites and notochord. Neural structures can only be observed in explants with considerable amounts of somites and notochord. Ectoderm treated with high concentrations of vegetalizing factor for the whole period of competence will differentiate into endoderm. Furthermore, the results show thatX. laevis ectoderm does not show any autoneuralizing tendency under our experimental conditions. It therefore seems to be a suitable tool for the study of primary embryonic induction.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryogenesis ; Cytochalasin B ; Polyploid ; Chromosome replication ; Protein synthesis
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    Notes: Summary The cleavage of fertilized mouse eggs was prevented during cytochalasin B incubation and consequently these eggs became tetraploid the following day during in vitro culture. When the eggs were cultured further in normal medium, they cleaved and gave rise to tetraploid blastocysts. Protein synthesis was analysed in these embryos at different developmental stages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein synthesis pattern of one-cell tetraploid eggs was intermediate between those of normal one- and two-cell embryos. Tetraploid two-cell embryos expressed protein sets equivalent to those of untreated four-cell embryos, and tetraploid four-cell embryos synthesized proteins similar to those of four- to eight-cell controls. At subsequent pre-implantation stages the asynchrony was no longer detectable. When fertilized eggs were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B, they became tetraploid, octoploid and more and more polyploid without cleavage occurring. The protein synthesis patterns expressed by these one-cell polyploid eggs did not resemble that of normal fertilized eggs, but were similar to those of cleaving control embryos and blastocysts of equivalent age and nuclear division. These results strongly suggest that in early mouse embryos stage-specific translation is temporally correlated with chromosome replication (karyokinesis) and independent of cell division (cytokinesis) or cell interaction.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Calliphora ; Fat body ; RNA polymerase ; Ecdysteroids
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    Notes: Summary In vivo labelling of RNA polymerases I and II with S35-methionine shows that ecdysterone causes a de novo synthesis of both enzymes in nuclei of fat body cells inCalliphora 3rd instar larvae. Binding experiments with H3-α-amanitin demonstrate that the concentration of RNA polymerase II molecules increases two- to threefold within 3 h after ecdysterone treatment. The enhanced polymerase concentration coincides with an enhanced enzymatic activity and an increase in RNA synthesis in response to ecdysteroids.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryonic induction ; Epithelial cell differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunoperoxidase
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    Notes: Summary Undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymes, when grown in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue, differentiate into epithelial kidney tubules. The segregation of these tubules into the different segments of the nephron was studied. In explants grown in continuous transfilter contact with the inductor, immunohistological and histochemical markers specific for the glomerular epithelial, proximal tubule, and distal tubule cells appeared by 4 1/2 to 5 days, 4 days, and 5 days of culture, respectively. Electron microscopy confirmed segmentation of the tubules: Avascular glomeruli with glomerular basement membrane material, proximal tubules with brush border formation, and distal tubules were revealed in the explants after 5 days of culture. A short (18 h) transfilter induction pulse, followed by a prolonged subculture in the absence of the inductor, resulted sulted in the formation of only a small number of tubules in about half of the explants while the rest remained undifferentiated. These scarce tubules showed the markers specific for the proximal tubules only. The segregation of all three aspects of the nephron seems to be programmed during the transfilter culture, but apparently the time needed for the induction of the different segments varies.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Early insect embryogenesis ; Nucleotide pools
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The total amount of ATP and UTP was measured in embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster andBruchidius obtectus at different development stages. The pool-sizes were measured by their ability to enhance poly(AU) synthesis in an in vitro test, using RNA polymerase ofE. coli, poly-d(AT), ATP, and3H-UTP. In embryos ofD. melanogaster, the amount of UTP decreased from 4.5 pmoles/ embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to 2 pmoles at later stages. The ATP pool decreased from 14 pmoles/ embryo to 6 pmoles at the same developmental stages. In embryos ofB. obtectus, the UTP pool expanded from about 1 pmole/embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to about 3 pmoles during gastrulation and organogenesis. Much more ATP was found inB. obtectus embryos: during fertilization 23 pmoles/embryo were found. At late syncytial blastoderm stages the amount of ATP rose to about 50 pmoles/embryo. At cellular blastoderm stages and during gastrulation only 26 pmoles/embryo of ATP were found. During organogenesis the ATP pool decreased to about 14 pmoles/embryo.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Molecular asymmetries ; Mirror-image doublets ; Cortical pattern ; Ciliate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mirror-image doublets of the hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei were induced by modifying culture conditions. Successive steps of doublet formation involve inhibiting the separation of daughter cells during cell division and the shifting of these to attain a parallel configuration. The posterior part of the adoral band of membranelles in the right component then turns to the left and fuses with the distal terminal of the membranellar band in the left component. In effect, part of the adoral band and some of the paroral membranelles become apposed upside down, and the paroral membranelles of the right component are located on the left side of the adoral membranelles. A new site of oral primordium formation is initiated at the junction of the two oral apparatuses, the ciliature of which is arranged in a mirror-image pattern. During further cortical reorganization, the whole body ciliature of the right component becomes organized as a mirror-image of the normal left component. Both components of the doublet show the same ultrastructure of body ciliature and lack the right marginal cirri; the symmetry-reversal half, however, possesses multiple rows of left marginal cirri. The individual adoral membranelles and paroral membranelles in the symmetry-reversal component are rotated anteroposteriorly. Some aspects of the patterning of cortical structures are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 222-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Silkmoth chorion ; Transcription ; Northern analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones for two distinct families ofBombyx mori chorion protiens, Class A (m2774) and Class Hc (m5000), were used to study the developmental regulation of specific chorion mRNAs. Individual follicles from maturing ovarioles were assayed by Northern blotting techniques and amino acid pulse-labeling to determine concomitant RNA accumulation and protein synthesis patterns with a temporal resolution of 2.2–2.6 h of developmental age. RNAs hybridizing to the two cloned chorion sequences at high criterion showed distinctive, non-overlapping patterns of accumulation during the middle-late and very late stages of choriogenesis. Moreover, the periods of expression of these RNAs coincided exactly with the synthetic periods of two distinct subsets of chorion proteins, one containing Class A and B components, and the other containing Class Hc components alone. These results suggest that chorion gene transcription and translation are tightly coupled.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Gastrulation ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The animal and the vegetative side of 15 embryos ofXenopus laevis were studied from the 5th cleavage to gastrulation by means of time-lapse cinematography. The duration of cleavage cycles, defined for the embryo as a whole as the period between the earliest blastomere divisions of one cycle to those of the next, varies quite a lot between individual embryos, both with respect to synchronous and lengthened cycles. Cycle lengthening may start at either cycle 10, 11 or 12. Cycle 13 deviates from the individual rhythm, and moreover its duration is inversely correlated with the period elapsing from the beginning of this cycle to the onset of gastrulation which occurs in cycles 14 or 15. In each cleavage cycle, the regional sequence of first blastomere divisions is visible on films as a “cleavage wave” runming over the animal cap. The direction of the waves varies in different embryos during the synchronous period but begins to change from cycle 10 onwards, resulting in a similar direction in most embryos prior to gastrulation: from the ventral/left to the dorsal/right half. This change reflects an asymmetry in the lengthening of the cycles in the animal cap: more dorsally than ventrally, and more on the right than on the left. The possible significance of the results for the timing of gastrulation and for the pattern of the future embryo is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell fusion ; Oogenesis ; Somatic nurse cells ; Dipteran insect
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formation of the oocyte-nurse chamber complex in the cecidomyid insectMycophila speyeri was studied in situ and in vitro by electron microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. At the end of the oogonial divisions each oogonium passes through a mitotic division with incomplete cytokinesis. This division gives rise to two sister cells, a prospective nurse cell and the oocyte, which remain connected by an intercellular bridge. In two phases of nurse chamber formation, first four and then (usually) one or two ovarian cells of mesodermal origin fuse with the prospective nurse cell. This results in a syncytial nurse chamber containing one germ-cell-derived nucleus and a varying number of mesoderm-cell-derived nuclei. In two subsequent fusion steps, two mesodermal cells fuse with the oocyte, giving rise to an oocyte containing one large and two small nuclei. Thus, four fusion steps lead to the formation of the complete oocyte-nurse chamber complex. Characteristics of the cell fusions are: (1) in each case one or more somatic cell(s) fuse with a germ-line cell and (2) cell contact between the fusing cells is established by the somatic cell, which approaches the germ-line cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 248-255 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Polar Lobe ; Cell surface ; cytochalasin B
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    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofSabellaria alveolata specific morphogenetic determinants are segregated into the vegetal part of the egg which is constricted off to form a polar lobe during the first cleavages. Segregation is supposed to take place during meiosis. In this paper we describe the appearance of a patch of small blebs at the vegetal pole of the eggs after both the first and the second meiotic division and after the first cleavage, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy. We investigated the possible functional relationship between the segregation process and the modulation of the surface architecture at the vegetal pole by treating the eggs with cytochalasin B during meiosis. As a result, both the appearance of the blebs and the development of lobe-dependent structures in the larva are suppressed. From this result it is argued that cortical processes at the vegetal pole are likely to be involved in the segregation of morphogenetic determinants.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. A3 
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Determination ; Mesoderm ; Dorsal marginal zone ; Cynops
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stepwise process of the formation and determination of mesoderm inCynops pyrrhogaster was analyzed. The presumptive ectoderm (PE) of the early gastrula was transformed into mesoderm within 12 h when transplanted into the upper half of the dorsal marginal zone of the same stage. The self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity of this newly mesodermized PE (MPE) were examined by both isolation and sandwich cultures. The MPE showed self-differentiation for notochord and muscle in the isolation culture. In the sandwich culture, the MPE made contact with the PE of the successive gastrula stages. The MPE was capable of inducing neural tissues even in the PE of the mid-gastrula, which has high neural competence but loses it within a short period of 6 h. These results show that firstly the mesodermization of the PE is completed within 12 h and secondly both the self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity are established immediately after the mesodermization of the PE.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitamin A (Retinoic acid) ; Chick embryo ; Integument Morphogenesis ; Ptilopody
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intra-amniotic injection of 125 μg of retinoic acid to 10-day old chick embryos causes the formation of feathers on the scales of the anterior face of the tarsometatarsus. The early effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the chick foot integument have been studied between 12 h and 72 h following RA injections by two methods. Firstly, sequential fixation in glutaraldehyde and then osmium tetroxide to follow the early changes at the macroscopical and ultrastructural levels. Secondly, sequential grafts of contralateral samples on to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of nontreated chick embryos to test their morphogenetic performance and to determine the minimum time for RA to take effect. Results show that during the first 24 h RA causes morphological changes of both epidermal and dermal cells in almost half of the injected embryos. In particular, the dermal-epidermal junction is transformed from scale-type into feather-type. However, the development of grafted samples shows that feather morphogenesis is irreversibly undertaken only 24 to 48 h after the treatment. At this stage, roundish feather-like placodes are formed instead of the normal rectangular, scale placodes. The scales, the formation of which has been temporarily inhibited, resume their development between 48 h and 72 h after the the injection, proximally to the feather buds, so that feathers are finally carried by the distal tips of the scales.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 71-77 
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    Keywords: Sea urchin embryos ; Cell surface ; Con A ; Fibronectin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some plant lectins, Concanavalin agglutinin (Con A), succinyl Con A and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) increased the adhesion of dissociated embryonic cells of the sea urchin,Pseudocentrotus depressus, to the substratum (plastic and glass surface) in vitro. Other plant lectins,Ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA) andDolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) had no effect on the cell-to-substratum interaction. A specific monocarbohydrate inhibitor of lectins, α-methyl-d-mannoside, inhibited the Con A-induced cell-to-substratum adhesion of dissociated embryonic cells. This observation suggests that the Con A-induced cell-to-substratum adhesion may be attributed to the Con A-carbohydrate interaction. In Millipore-filtered sea water (MPFSW) containing Con A (0.1 mg/ml), dissociated embryonic cells adhered to the substratum for more than 6 h at 18°C, while in MPFSW as control, almost all the dissociated cells were released from the substratum after 1 h. A scanning electron microscopic study showed that dissociated embryonic cells adhered to the substratum were surrounded by an extracellular fibrous material, when the cells were cultured in MPFSW containing Con A. The induction of the extracellular fibrous material by Con A was inhibited by α-methyl-d-mannoside. The appearance of this material may be related to the cell-to-substratum adhesion of dissociated cells. Sequential extractions of Con A-treated dissociated cells with Triton X 100 and urea solubilized most of the cellular components, leaving the fibrous material on the surface. Biochemical conponents of the isolated fibrous material included sea urchin fibronectin, Con A and minor components (88 and 140 kilodalton proteins). Fibronectin preformed in the cells was excreted after the dissociation, while the 88 and 140 kilodalton proteins were synthesized and released to the extracellular space.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 108-110 
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    Keywords: Avian embryogenesis ; In vitro culture ; Blastoderm formation ; Bilateral symmetry
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    Notes: Summary A method of in vitro culture for uterine quail blastoderms has been developed, which allows them to develop from cleavage throughout gastrulation and further: stages 4–10 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951). The method consists of cultivating the blastoderms on egg albumen in a vertical position; this permits about 50% of the blastoderms explanted before area pellucida formation to develop bilateral symmetry and to form normal primitive streak, somites and head structures. Development of the blastoderms explanted after their area pellucida was already formed, occurred normally and was not influenced by their spatial position in the culture.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
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    Notes: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 119-119 
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Cartilage resorption ; Bone culture ; Ionophore A23187
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    Notes: Summary In fetal rat bones in culture the divalent cation ionophore A23187 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner both the release of proteoglycans and the subsequent degradation of cartilage induced by retinoic acid, indicating that calcium was involved in its action. A23187 had to be present continuously to manifest its inhibitory effect; retrieval of the ionophore abolished the suppression, demonstrating that the effect was reversible and not due to toxicity. A23187 at 1.0 μM, which completely blocked the retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption, markedly suppressed3H-leucine,3H-mannose and3H-thymidine incorporation in control and retinoic acid-treated cultures. Reduced3H-thymidine incorporation did not appear to be responsible for the inhibition by A23187 of retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption because inhibitors of DNA synthesis did not affect the retinoic acid response. In the presence of retinoic acid the ionophore at 0.3 μM had no effect on the incorporation of3H-leucine and3H-mannose, but suppressed the retinoic acid-induced proteoglycan release. This suggests that reduced protein and glycoprotein synthesis were not the main causes for the inhibitory effect of A23187. In conclusion, retinoic acid-induced cartilage degradation required calcium at some crucial points.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 133-138 
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    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Compartment boundary ; Operculum seam
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    Notes: Summary Histochemical staining of the hypoderm ofDrosophila larvae for aldehyde-oxidase activity allowed detection of a row of cells destined to form the operculum seam, along which the pupal case opens when the adult ecloses. Analysis ofmal clones in hypoderms of gynandromorph larvae showed that the prospective operculum seam coincides, in part, with a line of clonal restriction that divides the thorax into dorsal and ventral halves. We propose that this line represents the embryonic dorsal/ventral compartment boundary
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Cell-coupling ; Vitellogenesis ; Telotrophic-ovary ; Polarized transport
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    Notes: Summary Microinjected dyes were used to study transport routes between cells in the telotrophic ovarioles of the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dye movement revealed that transport through the nutritive cords is not dependent upon microtubules, and that the physiological continuity of the cords between the nurse cells and the oocyte is lost shortly after the onset of vitellogenesis. Dye-coupling of epithelial cells to the oocyte is shown to begin in a band of cells at the follicle equator. Coupling begins coincidentally with cord severance and the onset of vitellogenesis.
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Notes: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Rat early embryo ; Regionalization ; Polarization
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    Notes: Summary In rat pre-implantation embryos, we compared the polarization of cytoplasmic organelles with cell membrane regionalization as revealed by the cytochemical demonstration of 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. The polarization is shown at the eight-cell stage by columns of organelles extending from the nuclei to the embryo periphery. No consistent segregation of cytoplasmic components was recognized prior to the eight-cell stage. As to regionalization, both enzyme activities were demonstrated, from the late four-cell stage onwards on the cell surface between blastomeres of early and late morulae, while the external surface of the embryo lacked these activities. In early blastocysts, these enzyme activities were lost on the inner surface of the blastocyst cavity and in late blastocysts; 5′-nucleotidase activity appeared on the external surface of the embryonal trophoplast and extended to the abembryonal pole. From these observations we conclude that cell membrane regionalization precedes the polarization of the cytoplasm; however, this temporal relationship does not necessarily imply a causal relationship, since both phenomena may be independent expressions of an underlying morphonetic process.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 211-218 
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    Keywords: Allantoic endoderm ; Heterotypic differentiation ; Intestinal epithelium ; Cloacal epithelium ; Immunofluorescence
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    Notes: Summary Allantoic endoderm of 3.5-day chick embryos was cultured in recombination with digestive-tract mesenchymes of 6-day chick embryos, and the differentiation of the endoderm was studied, with special attention being given to the appearance of brush-border (BB) antigens and sucrase. Irrespective of the origin of the associated digestive-tract mesenchymes, the allantoic endoderm differentiated into a columnar epithelium, expressing BB antigens and sucrase, and also into a BB antigen-negative pseudostratified or stratified epithelium of cuboidal or columnar cells with PAS or alcian blue staining in the apical portion or a BB antigen-negative stratified squamous epithelium. These results suggest that 3.5-day allantoic endoderm has the potency to differentiate into intestinal and cloacal epithelium.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 242-245 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chaetae ; Sensillae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Notes: Summary Mutants in two loci,hairy (h +) andextramacrochaetae (emc +), produce phenotypes corresponding to an excess of function of theachaete-scute complex (AS-C), that is, they cause the appearance of extra chaetae. These mutants, although recessive in normal flies, become dominant in the presence of extra doses of AS-C. Here we study the interactions between these three genes, in an attempt to elucidate their relationships. The results show that the insufficiency produced byh oremc mutants can be titrated by altering the number of copies of AS-C. Moreover, excess of function of AS-C produced by derepression mutants within the complex (Hairy-wing) can also be titrated by altering the number of wild type copies of+ oremc +. These specific interactions indicate that bothh + andemc + code for “repressors” of AS-C that interact with theachaete andscute region of the complex respectively.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 246-251 
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    Keywords: Chaetae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Notes: Summary We have already shown that theachaetae-scute complex (AS-C) ofDrosophila is regulated by two genes,hairy andextramacrochaetae. Using mutants in these genes, we have analysed how different levels of expression of AS-C affect the pattern of chaetae. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of chaetae results from cell interactions, probably by a mechanism of lateral inhibition. The results are discussed in view of the different theories of pattern formation.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidian egg ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Cortical actin network ; Egg stratification
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    Notes: Summary Ooplasmic segregation in ascidians includes the movement of the myoplasm, a pigmented cytoplasmic region thought to be involved in the determination of the embryonic muscle and mesenchyme cell lineages, into the vegetal hemisphere of the egg. A myoplasmic cytoskeletal domain (MCD), composed of a cortical actin network (the PML) and an underlying filamentous lattice extending deep into the cytoplasm, is present in this region. The MCD gradually recedes into the vegetal hemisphere during ooplasmic segregation. It has been proposed that the segregation of the myoplasm is mediated by the contraction of the PML. To test this possibility we have examined ooplasmic segregation in eggs in which the internal parts of the MCD were separated from the PML by centrifugal force. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of eggs extracted with Triton X-100 showed that the PML remained intact when the internal portions of the MCD were displaced and stratified by centrifugation. When stratified eggs were fertilized there were no rearrangements of the visible cytoplasmic inclusions, but the cellular deformations and the recession of the PML characteristic of ooplasmic segregation occurred as usual. The results indicate that the recession of the PML occurs independently of the internal constituents of the MCD and suggest that PML contraction is the motive force for ooplasmic segregation.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
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    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Regeneration ; Prolactin ; Organ culture ; Adult newt
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    Notes: Summary In vitro experiments were carried out to determine the effects of prolactin, and prolactin in combination with other hormones on the regeneration of adult newt tail blastemata. A total of 271 blastemata were explanted 13 days postamputation and were organ cultured for 96 h at 20 (±1)°C. Treatment with prolactin alone resulted in an increase in the blastema cell density of the tail regenerates. Cell accumulation and cell alignment were observed ventral to the reconstituted spinal cord. Prolactin and thyroxine, in combination, improved development of tail regenerates as compared with treatment with prolactin or thyroxine singly, supporting the results of earlier in vivo studies. Optimal development was obtained only when prolactin, insulin, thyroxine and hydrocortisone were added to the culture medium. Regeneration of tail explants maintained in medium augmented with the four hormones closely resembles that of in vivo tail blastemata 17 days post-amputation.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 414-417 
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    Keywords: Alanine accumulation ; Anaerobic metabolism ; Embryonic diapause ; Bombyx silkworm ; pnd mutant
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The changing pattern in free amino acids following the embryonic development in the non-diapause and diapause eggs of thepnd mutant of theBombyx silkworm was studied. In the diapause eggs, heterozygous for thepnd gene, the levels of most of the amino acids increased concomitantly with the substantial decrease in oxygen consumption. Among the amino acids, alanine was the only amino acid that showed a large accumulation. The accumulation could be induced experimentally in the non-diapause eggs, homozygous for thepnd gene, by reducing the oxygen supply. In contrast, it was prevented in the diapause eggs by increasing the oxygen supply. From these results, it is suggested that the alanine accumulation is the consequence of anaerobic metabolism in the eggs during diapause. The possible significance of the alanine accumulation is discussed in relation to the anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism associated with the embryonic diapause in thepnd mutant.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Retinoic acid ; Retinoids ; Chick embryo ; Skin differentiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of retinoids (vitamin A and its analogues) on epithelial differentiation was examined in explants of foot skin from chick embryos. In the presence of retinoic acid (10 μM) keratinization and differentiation of scale-like structures, which occurred in tarsometatarsal skin explants, was inhibited and a mucous metaplasia developed. Retinoic acid caused club-shaped feathers in skin explants taken from the anterior surface of the tibia — skin which was determined to differentiate into feathers. In skin explants taken from a breed with feathered feet, the differentiation of tarsometatarsal skin was completely blocked; in tibial skin, club-shaped feathers resulted in response to retinoic acid. These findings indicated that skin of the two origins reacted differently to the retinoid, as was noted in the breed with scaly feet. The structure-activity relationship of 22 retinoids with marked differences in their biological activity was investigated in tarsometatarsal skin explants. Comparing the concentration of various retinoids needed to completely inhibit the differentiation of scale-like structures, retinoids containing tetramethylated indane or tetraline were 100 and 1,000 times more active than retinoic acid. Retinoids with a sulphur-containing end group were also active but less so than the corresponding compound with a carboxylic acid end group. The inactive ethyl, ester analogue, etretinate, was activated in the presence of esterase, indicating that the free carboxylic acid group was important for the activity of retinoids. The retinoid-induced inhibition of keratinization followed by mucous metaplasia in cultured chick embryo skin is a simple and useful model system to test new retinoids which may be helpful in the treatment of dermatological and oncological diseases.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Pattern formation ; Morphogens
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    Notes: Summary Temporal course of regeneration of the hypostome and basal disc along the body length of the hydra is studied both in the presence and absence of the other determined centre. The regeneration times vary nonlinearly with distance from the original position indicating that the underlying processes are of non-linear nature. The presence of hypostome influences the regeneration of basal disc in an inhibitory manner throughout the body length, whereas, basal disc influences the regeneration of hypostome only in the lower portion of the body in a positive manner. A scheme in terms of the activators and inhibitors specific to hypostome and basal disc, is given. The implication of these results is that the two inhibitors are functionally distinct.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Thymus ; Irradiation ; Regeneration ; Lymphoid cells
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    Notes: Summary The changes in cell numbers of different thymic cell populations and the conditions governing the regeneration of these populations and the thymus itself were examined after X-irradiation (700 rads) of different parts of the body. The general effects of the irradiation were studied in each experimental group in terms of mortality and growth rate. The particular effects on each thymic cell population were studied by the measurement of mitotic activity and of evaluation of the changes in numbers among these populations in the thymus itself, and were compared with the effects in the granulopoietic layer of the liver and in the spleen. The great reduction in the number of lymphocytes after irradiation demonstrates that they are more radiosensitive than other cell types; this reduction can be compensated for by the arrival of new lymphoid cells originating from other lymphoid organs (if they have been protected from irradiation) and by allowing thymic regeneration. Thus, irradiation has indirect effects on non-irradiated areas, and demonstrates that the lymphoid cell population has a high potential for multidirectional migration.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell differentiation ; Cytochalasin B ; Urochordata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of histospecific differentiation were found in early cleavage stage ascidian embryos treated with cytochalasin B and held thereby in cleavagearrest until hatching time. Markers characteristic of tissue differentiation during normal embryonic and larval stages ofCiona intestinalis were expressed in muscle and two brain cell lineages of cleavage-arrested whole embryos and in epidermal and notochordal cell lineages of cleavage-arrested partial embryos. These features were muscle myofilaments and myofibrils, melanosomes of the brain pigment cells, cilium-derived structures present in a “proprioceptive” brain cell, extracellular test material of epidermal cell origin, and the sheath filaments, membrane leaflets, and vacuolar colloid associated with notochord cells. All of these ultrastructural markers of differentiation were blocked in their development by treatment of gastrula stage embryos with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, and presumably result from the expression of new gene activity. At the time of cleavage-arrest the five cell lineages studies still contained two or more unsegregated lineage pathways. Subsequent developmental autonomy within the lineages is consistent with the hypothesis of segregation during early development of functionally independent gene regulatory factors.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cellular asymmetry reversal ; Cell surface patterns ; Mutations affecting patterns ; Ciliate development ; Tetrahymena thermophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the oral apparatus (OA) and of neighboring ciliary structures ofTetrahymena thermophila was analyzed in cells homozygous for ajanus (jan A) mutation plus a recessiveenhancer of janA (eja). Such cells frequently possess two OAs located on opposite sides of the cell, a primary (1°) OA previously reported to be normal, and a secondary (2°) OA previously reported to express a mirror-reversal of right-left asymmetry. This study confirms the reality of a reversal in the gross orientation of membranelles in most developing 2° OAs. It also shows that there is a reversal of asymmetry in the pattern of resorption of basal bodies of ciliary rows adjacent to the 2° OA, and in the arrangement of basal-body couplets making up the portion of the apical “crown” of the cell situated close to the 2° OA. However, the locations at which membranelles of the 2° OA become modified during late phases of oral development remain normal, so that membranelles of 2° OAs are superimposable on those of 1° OAs. In addition, the membranelles of 2° OAs frequently undergo a rotation during the final phases of oral development, so that even their spatial orientation becomes normal. This mixture of reversed and normal features can be accounted for by postulating a superimposition of a reversed largescale asymmetry on a normal local asymmetry of ciliary units. This postulate predicts that no single mutation can bring about a complete mirror-image reversal of ciliary patterns. 1° OAs appear normal by light microscopy. However, detailed analysis of SEM, preparations of isolated 1° OAs indicate subtle abnormalities of basal body arrangement in some of these OAs.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Vitellin ; Yolk granule ; Yolk protein ; Silkworm ; Embryogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vitellin was purified from eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, by a new method in which vitellin was extracted from isolated yolk granules. The purified vitellin had a molecular weight of 540,000. An antibody against purified vitellin was prepared in rabbits. It reacted with the hemolymph vitellogenin as well as with purified vitellin, but not with other proteins in the hemolymph or in the extract from yolk granules. The anti-vitellin IgG was used to immunocytochemically locate vitellin in theBombyx non-diapause egg during early developmental stages. In the egg, just after oviposition, vitellin was located in internal yolk granules and in small yolk granules of the periplasm. During the early developmental stages studied, vitellin was not metabolized uniformly throughout the egg. The vitellin of the internal yolk granules located at the posterior-dorsal part and of the small peripheral yolk granules was utilized in 16 h and 2 days, respectively, after oviposition. A thin, very vitellin-poor layer was located between the periplasm and the vitellin-rich interior in the newly laid egg. it was always in close contact with the periphery where blastoderm and germ-band cells developed.
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  • 85
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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  • 86
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
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  • 87
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Embryo Metabolism ; Protein biosynthesis ; Ovary ; Growth and development egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of endogenously synthesized non-yolk proteins, and of exogenously derived yolk, was quantitated during oogenesis and embryogenesis ofDrosophila. Rates of non-yolk protein accumulation were calculated, and were correlated with polysome content at each developmental stage. Three distinct phases of non-yolk protein accumulation were observed: 1) relatively slow accumulation, lasting to stage 9 of oogenesis; 2) very rapid accumulation between stages 10 and 12 of oogenesis, when half of the protein of the mature egg is accumulated in less than 4 h; and 3) no further protein accumulation from stage 12 of oogenesis through at least the gastrula stage of embryogenesis. During phases 1 and 2, rates of non-yolk protein accumulation correlate well with the polysome content of egg chambers. Surprisingly, during the entire phase 3 the content of polysomes remains at high levels, even though no detectable protein accumulation occurs. This finding is in agreement with the low levels of protein synthesis that have been measured during early embryogenesis, and strongly suggests that late in oogenesis the efficiency of translation suddenly drops by about 20-fold. Moreover, our results imply that polysome content cannot always be directly correlated with protein synthetic activity.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Balbiani ring ; Cell-free translation ; Chironomus messenger RNA ; Secretory proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-free translation of salivary gland RNA or of purified Balbiani ring RNA (75S) in a reticulocyte lysate system gives rise to high molecular weight translational products (HMTP). In addition to a common size (approx. 1×106 daltons) HMTP share imunogenic determinants with the giant secretory proteins of salivary glands. This suggests that HMTP correspond to in vivo secreted proteins and thus, corroborates the notion that 75S-RNA is the messenger for these proteins. The time course of HMTP synthesis and the lack of appearance of lower molecular weight components as translational products of 75S-RNA indicate that the synthesis of HMTP (and of secretory proteins) occurs in one piece by an uninterrupted process. HMTP are regarded the largest polypeptides so far synthesized in a cell-free system.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Laminin ; Skin ; Scale morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Collagen types I and III were purified from the skin of 3-or 7-week-old chickens, collagen type IV from bovine skin or EHS mouse tumour, fibronectin from human serum, and laminin from EHS mouse tumour. Antibodies were produced in rabbits or sheep, and used in indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of 9-to 16-day-old normal or mutant (scaleless) chick-embryo foot skin. In normal scale-forming skin and inscaleless skin, the distribution of anti-laminin and anti-type IV collagen label was uniform along the dermal-epidermal junction and showed no stage-related variations, except for fluorescent granules located in the dermis of early scale rudiments. By contrast, in normal scale-forming skin, the density of anti-types I and III label decreased in the dermis within scale rudiments, whereas it gradually increased in interscale skin. Conversely, anti-fibronectin label accumulated at a higher density within scale rudiments than in interscale skin. In the dermis of thescaleless mutant, anti-types I and III label and antifibronectin label were distributed evenly: the density of anti-collagen label increased with age, while that of antifibronectin decreased and almost completely vanished in 16-day-old skin, except around blood vessels. The microheterogeneous distribution of some extracellular matrix components, namely interstitial collagen types I and III and fibronectin, is interpreted as part of the morphogenetic message that the dermis is known to transmit to the epidermis during the formation of scales. The even distribution of these components in mutantscaleless skin is in agreement with this view. Basement membrane constituents laminin and type-IV collagen do not appear to be part of the dermal morphogenetic message.
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  • 90
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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  • 92
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Leafhopper egg ; Combination of germ anlage parts ; Test for regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immerging U-shaped germ bands of the leafhopperEuscelis plebejus were cut twice by constriction in order to combine the anterior and posterior ends of the embryo. Although these terminal parts fused in a number of cases, no intercalary regeneration was observed. In addition, the experiments revealed that constriction during anatrepsis (germ anlage extension) causes gaps of varying size in the abdominal part of the segment pattern. The data suggest that “differential adhesion” between yolk cells and the surface of the germ anlage might play a part in the immersion of the germ anlage into the yolk.
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  • 93
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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  • 94
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Neural induction ; Ectoderm ; Activation of masked factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated gastrula ectoderm has no neural-inducing activity and does not differentiate into neural tissues. It has, however, a high neural-inducing capacity, but the inducing factors are present in a masked, inactive form. The inducing factors are partially activated by homogenization and by freezing of the homogenate and are fully activated by treatment with ethanol. The relative distribution of inducing factors in different subcellular fractions changes after treatment with demecolcine and cytochalasin B or after autolytic incubation of the homogenate. The inducing activity of the high-speed supernatant is enhanced under these conditions. The experiments suggest that the activation of neuralizing factor(s) depends on the release from complex structures. Cytoskeletal elements seem to be involved. When early neural plate homogenate was fractionated, the high-speed supernatant showed neural-inducing activity. This is in contrast to the high-speed supernatant from the ectoderm homogenate, which shows no such activity.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Blood plasma ; Fetal development ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured by radioenzymatic assay in blood plasma samples drawn from the umbilical arteries of 30 anaesthetised Landrace pig fetuses. Just prior to term, the concentrations of dopamine (0.46±0.14 ng·ml−1) and norepinephrine (1.74±0.60 ng·mg−1) were lower than earlier in gestation, whereas epinephrine concentrations at term (0.80±0.31 ng·ml−1) were similar to those at mid-gestation, intervening stages of gestation having higher levels of plasma epinephrine. Fetal hypoxia was induced by clamping the umbilical cord for 2 min and the catecholamines determined in arterial blood samples immediately thereafter, then again 3 min after removal of the clamp. Inconsistent effects of cord clamping on catecholamine levels were seen at 55 days, but thereafter, in all but one instance, the hormone levels were increased. Fetuses near term tended to respond less than fetuses at 75 and 96 days gestation (term=114±1 day). Catecholamines were also present in the circulation of fetuses decapitated at 42 days gestation and studied at 109±1 days. The average concentrations of dopamine (1.12±0.27 ng·ml−1) and norepinephrine (8.23±3.04 ng·ml−1) were greater than in intact fetuses, the plasma epinephrine levels being comparable to, or slightly higher than, those in intact fetuses. The results demonstrate that catecholamines are present in the circulation of the intact and decapitated pig fetus and that the actual concentrations and the type of response to umbilical cord clamping are dependent on gestation age.
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  • 96
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 36-41 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: In vitro system ; Transdifferentiation ; DNA systhesis ; Anthomedusae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mononucleated striated muscle cells and one type of endoderm can be isolated from anthomedusae and cultivated in artificial sea-water. In the cultivated muscle the differentiated state is maintained. In the cultivated endoderm flagella are formed, but no new cell types differentiate and DNA synthesis or mitosis is not observed. When isolated muscle is grafted upon endoderm, regeneration or formation of new cell types is not observed. Following treatingment with bacterial collagenase DNA synthesis and flagellum formation are initiated in the isolated muscle; in the isolated endoderm, collagenase treatment has no effect. When striated muscle treated with collagenase is grafted upon endoderm, DNA synthesis is observed in the endoderm, and a regenerate is formed involving transdifferentiation. Although desmosomal contact between collagenase treated muslce and the endoderm is established, it is not sufficient to induce DNA synthesis; complete covering of the endoderm by the muscle is required.
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  • 97
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Liver ; Cell nucleus ; Nonhistone proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclear sap proteins from liver of 12-, 15-, 19-day-old embryos and 1-day-old chicks were resolved by one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although the protein patterns from various stages of development have remarkable similarities, some qualitative and quantitative differences were found among these patterns. The most pronounced changes were detected in protein with molecular weight of 100 K which was very abundant in nuclei of 12-day-old embryos and disappeared in nuclei of older embryos and in protein with molecular weight of 40 K which rapidly diminished after hatching.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mutations ; Maternal effect ; Egg pigment ; Cleavage ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary “Pale eggs” and “partial cleavage” are two mutations with a maternal effect that are found in the same family ofXenopus l. laevis. The pale eggs have animal hemispheres of a yellow to beige colour and give rise to normally pigmented tadpoles and frogs. The cells of pale embryos contain fewer melanosomes than those of controls. The partial cleavage eggs are characterized by an abnormality of cleavage visible from the eight-cell stage onwards, by abnormal yolk platelet distribution and abnormal cytological features. Cleaved, syncytial and uncleaved areas are observed in these eggs, which are lethal at the blastula stage.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 64-70 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Fertilization ; Coelomic egg ; Dejellied egg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization ofCynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese newt) coelomic eggs was studied in the absence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. An undiluted sperm fluid from the vas deferens fertilized coelomic eggs in the absence of the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. The fertilized eggs developed beyond gastrulae and formed tail bud embryos. These results indicate that the fertilization process does not depend upon the presence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer and that the sperms within the vas deferens are already capable of fertilizing the eggs inC. pyrrhogaster. The sperm suspension in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H-sperm) fertilized the coelomic eggs without the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. These eggs had been suspended in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H) or in 1/20 strength H (1/20 H) prior to insemination (H-eggs or 1/20 H-eggs). In contrast, the sperm suspension in 1/20 H (1/20 H-sperm) did not fertilize 1/20 H-eggs, but dit H-eggs. In the latter case, H surrounding the eggs may affect sperms, allowing them to be fertilized. The 1/20 H-sperms regained their ability to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on re-exposure to H. The 1/20 H-sperm also fertilized jelly eggs. The results of the dejellied egg experiment showed the same pattern. These results indicate that the sperms within the vas deferens lose their capacity to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on exposure to low ionic strength solution (1/20 H); this capacity is restored by exposure to high ionic strength solution (H) or to jelly envelope.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Fertilization ; Dejellied egg ; Hydrated jelly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cynops pyrrhogaster oviducal eggs with and without jelly envelopes (jelly egg and dejellied egg respectively) were immersed in water, and then inseminated artificially. After 1 h of immersion in water, more than half the dejellied eggs were fertilized and developed, but no jelly eggs developed. The rapid decrease in the ability of jelly eggs to be fertilized after immersion in water is not due to a deficiency in the egg. Our results make it clear that hydrated jelly envelopes prevent the eggs from fertilizing. The ability of the egg to be fertilized decreases for a long time in water and this decrease proceeds more slowly in De Boer's solution or Holtfreter's balanced salt solution than in water.
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