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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmi myrmicinePristomyrmex pungens. En général, les colonies de cette espèce se composent de plusieurs milliers de petites ouvirères, tandis qu'un petit nombre de mâles (2–3 %) apparaissent occasionnellement en juin et juillet dans les colonies mûres et que de grandes ouvrières à ocelles et spermathèque abortive (reines ergatoïdes) ont pu être observées très rarement. Nous avons démontré que les petites ouvrières vierges peuvent pondre des œufs qui donnent d'autres petites ouvrières. Les cellules des ganglions cérébroïdes et les ovogonies des ouvrières sont diploïdes (2 n=24), mais la formule haploïde (n=12) a pu être observée chez les ovocytes au stade pachytène ainsi que chez les spermatocytes des mâles. Ces mâles possèdent des organes copulatoires normaux et leur spermatogenèse est normale, mais ils ne fécondent probablement pas les petites ouvrières, lesquelles sont dépourvues de spermathèque et d'organes copulatoires fonctionnels. Ces observations indiquent que la reproduction chezP. pungens est assumée de façon prépondérante, et probablement complètement, par les petites ouvrières, de façon par conséquent thélytoque. Nous discutons l'évolution du cycle biologique deP. pungens, en soulignant la difficulté d'appliquer à cette espèce le concept de “reine” ou même de décider si elle est »eusociale» ou non. Au regard de l'isolement génétique présumé entre colonies, le mode de sélection maintenant dans ce cas une structure sociale est probablement davantage une sélection de groupe interdémique plutôt qu'une sélection de parentèle.
    Notes: Summary The life cycle of the myrmicine antPristomyrmex pungens was investigated. Colonies of this species are usually composed of several thousand small workers, although a few males (2–3 %) occasionally appear during June and July in mature colonies, and large workers with ocelli and abortive spermathecae (here termedergatoid queens) were observed extremely rarely. We found that the virgin small workers can lay eggs and that these develop into further small workers. Cerebral ganglion cells and oogonial cells had the diploid chromosome number (2 n=24), but the haploid number (n=12) was observed in oocytes at pachytene, and also in spermatocytes from the rare males. Males have functionally normal copulatory organs and their spermatogenesis is normal, but they probably do not mate, because small workers have no spermatheca and their copulatory organs are degenerative. These observations indicate that reproduction inP. pungens is carried out predominatly or, probably, wholly by the small workers and hence is thelytokous. We discuss the evolution of theP. pungens life cycle, pointing out the difficulty of applying the “queen” concept to this species or even in deciding whether or not it is “eusocial”. In view of the apparent genetic isolation between colonies, the mode of selection maintaining sociality in this case is probably interdemic group selection rather than kin selection.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Polymerase chain reaction ; Mitochondrial DNA sequences ; Tetraponera rufoniger ; Extreme nucleotide content ; Protein divergence ; Molecular evolution ; tRNAUCN Ser gene ; Cytochrome b gene ; Cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene ; Paleoptera ; Exopterygota ; Endopterygota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of single-stranded DNA yielded sequence information from the cytochrome b (cyt b) region in mitochondrial DNA from the ant Tetraponera rufoniger. Compared with the cyt b genes from Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, and D. yakuba, the overall A + T content (A + T%) of that of T. rufoniger is lower (69.9% vs 80.7%, 74.2%, and 73.9%, respectively) than those of the other three. The codon usage in the cyt b gene of T. rufoniger is biased although not as much as in A. mellifera, D. melanogaster, and D. yakuba; T. rufoniger has eight unused codons whereas D. melanogaster, D. yakuba, and A. mellifera have 21, 20, and 23, respectively. The inferred cyt b polypeptide chain (PPC) of T. rufoniger has diverged at least as much from a common ancestor with D. yakuba as has that of A. mellifera (∼3.5 vs ∼2.9). Despite the lower A + T%, the relative frequencies of amino acids in the cyt b PPC of T. rufoniger are significantly (P 〈 0.05) associated with the content of adenine and thymine (A + T%) and size of codon families. The mitochondrially located cytochrome oxidase subunit 11 genes (CO-II) of endopterygote insects have significantly higher average A + T% (∼75%) than those of exopterygous (∼69%o) and paleopterous (∼69%) insects. The increase in A + T% of endopterygote insects occurred in Upper Carboniferous and coincided with a significant acceleration of PPC divergence. However, acceleration of PPC divergence is not significantly correlated with the increase of the A + T% (P 〉 0.1). The high A + T%, the biased codon usage, and the increased PPC divergence of Hymenoptera can in that respect most easily be explained by directional mutation pressure which began in the Upper Carboniferous and still occurs in most members of the order. Given the roughly identical A + T% of the cyt b and CO-II genes from the other insects whose DNA sequences are known (A. mellifera, D. melanogaster, and D. yakuba), it seems most likely that the A + T% of T. rufoniger declined secondarily within the last 100 Myr as a result of a reduced directional mutation pressure.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Apis mellifera— Mitochondrial DNA — Transition/transversion ratio — Strand asymmetry — Base composition bias — ATPase6 — Cytochrome b— Cytochrome c oxidase — NADH dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The very high AT content of hymenopteran mtDNA has warranted speculation about nucleotide substitution processes in this group. Here we investigate the pattern of honeybee, Apis mellifera, mtDNA nucleotide polymorphisms inferred from phylogeny in terms of differences between the ATPase6, COI, COII, COIII, cytochrome b, and ND2 genes and strand asymmetry in mutation rates. The observed transition/transversion ratios and the distribution of nonsynonymous substitutions between regions differed significantly. The pattern of differences between genes leading to these heterogeneities (the ATPase6 and COIII genes group apart from the rest) differed markedly from that predicted on the basis of long-term evolutionary change and may indicate differences between current and long-term dynamics of sequence evolution. Also, there is strong strand asymmetry in substitutions, which probably results in a mutability of G and C sufficiently high to account for the AT-richness of honeybee mtDNA.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Directional mutation pressure ; A + T pressure ; G + C pressure ; Synonymous codon sites ; Nonsynonymous codon sites ; Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ; Metazoa ; Magnoliophyta ; Chlorophyta ; Eumycota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present a new approach for analyzing directional mutation pressure and nucleotide content in protein-coding genes. Directional mutation pressure, the heterogeneity in the likelihood of different nucleotide substitutions, is used to explain the increasing or decreasing guanine-cytosine content (GC%) in DNA and is represented by µD, in agreement with Sueoka (1962, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48:582–592). The new method uses simulation to facilitate identification of significant A + T or G + C pressure as well as the comparison of directional mutation pressure among genes, even when they are translated by different genetic codes. We use the method to analyze the evolution of directional mutation pressure and nucleotide content of mitochondrial cytochrome b genes. Results from a survey of 110 taxa indicate that the cytochrome b genes of most taxa are subjected to significant directional mutation pressure and that the gene is subject to A + T pressure in most cases. Only in the anseriform bird Cairina moschata is the cytochrome b gene subject to significant G + C pressure. The GC% at nonsynonymous codon sites decreases proportionately with increasing A + T pressure, and with a slope less than one, indicating a presence of selective constraints. The cytochrome b genes of insects, nematodes, and eumycotes are subject to extreme A + T pressures (µD = 0.123, 0.224, and 0.130) and, in parallel, the GC% of the nonsynonymous codon sites has decreased from about 0.44 in organisms that are not subjected to A + T or G + C pressure to about 0.332, 0.323, and 0.367, respectively. The distribution of taxa according to the GC% at nonsynonymous codon sites and directional mutation pressure supports the notion that variation in these parameters is a phylogenetic component.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Symmetrical directional mutation pressure — A+T pressure — G+C pressure — Synonymous codon sites — Nonsynonymous codon sites — Bias correction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The most generally applicable procedure for obtaining estimates of the symmetrical, or strand-nonspecific, directional mutation pressure (μD) on protein-coding DNA sequences is to determine the G+C content at synonymous codon sites (P syn), and to divide P syn by twice the arithmetic mean of the G+C content at synonymous codon sites of a large number of randomly generated, synonymously coding DNA sequences (P syn). Unfortunately, the original procedure yields biased estimates of P syn and μD and is computationally expensive. We here present a fast procedure for estimating unbiased μD values. The procedure employs direct calculation of P syn (≈P syn) and two normalization procedures, one for P syn≤P syn and another for P syn≥P syn. The normalization removes a bias sometimes caused by codons specifying arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, and leucine. Consequently, comparison of protein-coding genes that are translated using different genetic codes is facilitated.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 383 (1996), S. 574-575 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SPECIATION often includes a social dimension á€" after all, courtship is a social activity. But on page 613 of this issue1, Shoemaker and Ross report a case of speciation in progress, one driven by basic changes to the overall social system of a eusocial insect, the imported fire ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 380 (1996), S. 680-682 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] That which is not good for the swarm, neither is it good for the bee. Marcus Aurelius EDWARD O. Wilson, commenting on the work of Karl von Frisch, once wrote that the honeybee is like a magic well to which one can always return for something new and refreshing in the study of social behaviour. The ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 389 (1997), S. 906-907 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ageing — gracefully or not — is something that we humans all endure. With modern medical care and by better diet, exercise and other stratagems, we can extend our active and absolute lifespan to a degree that most would accept as recompense for desisting from gluttony and soft living. ...
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 30 (2002), S. 4-5 
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Residents in and visitors to the area in the southern US infested with the imported red fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, will be painfully aware of the ability of this insect to deliver a powerful sting. What victims may not know is that this invasive species is associated with an unfolding story of ...
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