ALBERT

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):405-6. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6208.405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Birds are the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates and have wide relevance across many research fields. We explored bird macroevolution using full genomes from 48 avian species representing all major extant clades. The avian genome is principally characterized by its constrained size, which predominantly arose because of lineage-specific erosion of repetitive elements, large segmental deletions, and gene loss. Avian genomes furthermore show a remarkably high degree of evolutionary stasis at the levels of nucleotide sequence, gene synteny, and chromosomal structure. Despite this pattern of conservation, we detected many non-neutral evolutionary changes in protein-coding genes and noncoding regions. These analyses reveal that pan-avian genomic diversity covaries with adaptations to different lifestyles and convergent evolution of traits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390078/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390078/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Guojie -- Li, Cai -- Li, Qiye -- Li, Bo -- Larkin, Denis M -- Lee, Chul -- Storz, Jay F -- Antunes, Agostinho -- Greenwold, Matthew J -- Meredith, Robert W -- Odeen, Anders -- Cui, Jie -- Zhou, Qi -- Xu, Luohao -- Pan, Hailin -- Wang, Zongji -- Jin, Lijun -- Zhang, Pei -- Hu, Haofu -- Yang, Wei -- Hu, Jiang -- Xiao, Jin -- Yang, Zhikai -- Liu, Yang -- Xie, Qiaolin -- Yu, Hao -- Lian, Jinmin -- Wen, Ping -- Zhang, Fang -- Li, Hui -- Zeng, Yongli -- Xiong, Zijun -- Liu, Shiping -- Zhou, Long -- Huang, Zhiyong -- An, Na -- Wang, Jie -- Zheng, Qiumei -- Xiong, Yingqi -- Wang, Guangbiao -- Wang, Bo -- Wang, Jingjing -- Fan, Yu -- da Fonseca, Rute R -- Alfaro-Nunez, Alonzo -- Schubert, Mikkel -- Orlando, Ludovic -- Mourier, Tobias -- Howard, Jason T -- Ganapathy, Ganeshkumar -- Pfenning, Andreas -- Whitney, Osceola -- Rivas, Miriam V -- Hara, Erina -- Smith, Julia -- Farre, Marta -- Narayan, Jitendra -- Slavov, Gancho -- Romanov, Michael N -- Borges, Rui -- Machado, Joao Paulo -- Khan, Imran -- Springer, Mark S -- Gatesy, John -- Hoffmann, Federico G -- Opazo, Juan C -- Hastad, Olle -- Sawyer, Roger H -- Kim, Heebal -- Kim, Kyu-Won -- Kim, Hyeon Jeong -- Cho, Seoae -- Li, Ning -- Huang, Yinhua -- Bruford, Michael W -- Zhan, Xiangjiang -- Dixon, Andrew -- Bertelsen, Mads F -- Derryberry, Elizabeth -- Warren, Wesley -- Wilson, Richard K -- Li, Shengbin -- Ray, David A -- Green, Richard E -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- Griffin, Darren -- Johnson, Warren E -- Haussler, David -- Ryder, Oliver A -- Willerslev, Eske -- Graves, Gary R -- Alstrom, Per -- Fjeldsa, Jon -- Mindell, David P -- Edwards, Scott V -- Braun, Edward L -- Rahbek, Carsten -- Burt, David W -- Houde, Peter -- Zhang, Yong -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Avian Genome Consortium -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Wang, Jun -- DP1 OD000448/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1OD000448/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087216/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1311-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1251385. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. ; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA. ; Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. ; Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA. ; Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. ; Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. BGI Education Center,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen, 518083, China. ; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK. ; School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK. ; Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. ; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7011, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. ; Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. ; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. ; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. ; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. ; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101 China. ; International Wildlife Consultants, Carmarthen SA33 5YL, Wales, UK. ; Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. ; The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. ; College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. ; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. ; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania, FL 33004, USA. ; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA. ; Genetics Division, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA. ; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC-116, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Post Office Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. ; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. ; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Imperial College London, Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment Initiative, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. ; Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute Building, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK. ; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Box 30001 MSC 3AF, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Lingham-Soliar questions our interpretation of integumentary structures in the Middle-Late Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Kulindadromeus as feather-like appendages and alternatively proposes that the compound structures observed around the humerus and femur of Kulindadromeus are support fibers associated with badly degraded scales. We consider this hypothesis highly unlikely because of the taphonomy and morphology of the preserved structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godefroit, Pascal -- Sinitsa, Sofia M -- Dhouailly, Danielle -- Bolotsky, Yuri L -- Sizov, Alexander V -- McNamara, Maria E -- Benton, Michael J -- Spagna, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):434. doi: 10.1126/science.1260146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Directorate, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. pascal.godefroit@naturalsciences.be. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology, 26 Butin Street, 672 014 Chita, Russia. ; UJF-CNRS FRE 3405, AGIM, Universite Joseph Fourier, Site Sante, 38 706 La Tronche, France. ; Institute of Geology and Nature Management, FEB RAS, 1 Relochny Street 675 000, Blagoveschensk, Russia. ; Institute of the Earth Crust, SB RAS, 128 Lermontov Street, 664 033 Irkutsk, Russia. ; School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; Directorate, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, William F -- Sousa, Filipa L -- Lane, Nick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1092-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1251653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. bill@hhu.de. ; Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. ; Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koschowitz, Marie-Claire -- Fischer, Christian -- Sander, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):416-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1258957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany. m.koschowitz@uni-bonn.de. ; Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany. ; Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennett, Douglas J -- Asmerom, Yemane -- Kemp, Brian M -- Polyak, Victor -- Bolnick, Deborah A -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Culleton, Brendan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-a. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. djk23@psu.edu. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, Gerald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1466. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Ornithological Section, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. gerald.mayr@senckenberg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Sex-specific chromosomes, like the W of most female birds and the Y of male mammals, usually have lost most genes owing to a lack of recombination. We analyze newly available genomes of 17 bird species representing the avian phylogenetic range, and find that more than half of them do not have as fully degenerated W chromosomes as that of chicken. We show that avian sex chromosomes harbor tremendous diversity among species in their composition of pseudoautosomal regions and degree of Z/W differentiation. Punctuated events of shared or lineage-specific recombination suppression have produced a gradient of "evolutionary strata" along the Z chromosome, which initiates from the putative avian sex-determining gene DMRT1 and ends at the pseudoautosomal region. W-linked genes are subject to ongoing functional decay after recombination was suppressed, and the tempo of degeneration slows down in older strata. Overall, we unveil a complex history of avian sex chromosome evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Qi -- Zhang, Jilin -- Bachtrog, Doris -- An, Na -- Huang, Quanfei -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Zhang, Guojie -- GM076007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM093182/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM093182/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1246338. doi: 10.1126/science.1246338. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. zhouqi@berkeley.edu zhanggj@genomics.org.cn. ; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083. China. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia. ; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083. China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. zhouqi@berkeley.edu zhanggj@genomics.org.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coley, Phyllis D -- Kursar, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):35-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1248110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gramling, Carolyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):537. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6209.537.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Godefroit et al. (Reports, 25 July 2014, p. 451) reported scales and feathers, including "basal plates," in an ornithischian dinosaur. Their arguments against the filaments being collagen fibers are not supported because of a fundamental misinterpretation of such structures and underestimation of their size. The parsimonious explanation is that the filaments are support fibers in association with badly degraded scales and that they do not represent early feather stages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):434. doi: 10.1126/science.1259983.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The prevention of fertilization through self-pollination (or pollination by a close relative) in the Brassicaceae plant family is determined by the genotype of the plant at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). The many alleles at this locus exhibit a dominance hierarchy that determines which of the two allelic specificities of a heterozygous genotype is expressed at the phenotypic level. Here, we uncover the evolution of how at least 17 small RNA (sRNA)-producing loci and their multiple target sites collectively control the dominance hierarchy among alleles within the gene controlling the pollen S-locus phenotype in a self-incompatible Arabidopsis species. Selection has created a dynamic repertoire of sRNA-target interactions by jointly acting on sRNA genes and their target sites, which has resulted in a complex system of regulation among alleles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durand, Eleonore -- Meheust, Raphael -- Soucaze, Marion -- Goubet, Pauline M -- Gallina, Sophie -- Poux, Celine -- Fobis-Loisy, Isabelle -- Guillon, Eline -- Gaude, Thierry -- Sarazin, Alexis -- Figeac, Martin -- Prat, Elisa -- Marande, William -- Berges, Helene -- Vekemans, Xavier -- Billiard, Sylvain -- Castric, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1200-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1259442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire Genetique et Evolution des Populations Vegetales, CNRS UMR 8198, Universite Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France. ; Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, Institut Federatif de Recherche 128, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France. ; Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; UDSL Universite Lille 2 Droit et Sante, and Plate-forme de genomique fonctionnelle et structurale IFR-114, F-59000 Lille, France. ; Centre National des Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, INRA UPR 1258, Castanet-Tolosan, France. ; Laboratoire Genetique et Evolution des Populations Vegetales, CNRS UMR 8198, Universite Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France. vincent.castric@univ-lille1.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A major evolutionary transition to eusociality with reproductive division of labor between queens and workers has arisen independently at least 10 times in the ants, bees, and wasps. Pheromones produced by queens are thought to play a key role in regulating this complex social system, but their evolutionary history remains unknown. Here, we identify the first sterility-inducing queen pheromones in a wasp, bumblebee, and desert ant and synthesize existing data on compounds that characterize female fecundity in 64 species of social insects. Our results show that queen pheromones are strikingly conserved across at least three independent origins of eusociality, with wasps, ants, and some bees all appearing to use nonvolatile, saturated hydrocarbons to advertise fecundity and/or suppress worker reproduction. These results suggest that queen pheromones evolved from conserved signals of solitary ancestors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Oystaeyen, Annette -- Oliveira, Ricardo Caliari -- Holman, Luke -- van Zweden, Jelle S -- Romero, Carmen -- Oi, Cintia A -- d'Ettorre, Patrizia -- Khalesi, Mohammadreza -- Billen, Johan -- Wackers, Felix -- Millar, Jocelyn G -- Wenseleers, Tom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):287-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1244899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, Zoological Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59-Box 2466, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libby, Eric -- Ratcliff, William C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):426-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1262053.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. elibby@santafe.edu. ; School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Michael S Y -- Cau, Andrea -- Naish, Darren -- Dyke, Gareth J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):562-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1252243.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide 5005, Australia. mike.lee@samuseum.sa.gov.au. ; Museo Geologico e Paleontologico "Giovanni Capellini," Via Zamboni 63, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. ; Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. ; Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. MTA-DE Lendulet Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Hungary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Parenting behaviors, such as the provisioning of food by parents to offspring, are known to be highly responsive to changes in environment. However, we currently know little about how such flexibility affects the ways in which parenting is adapted and evolves in response to environmental variation. This is because few studies quantify how individuals vary in their response to changing environments, especially social environments created by other individuals with which parents interact. Social environmental factors differ from nonsocial factors, such as food availability, because parents and offspring both contribute and respond to the social environment they experience. This interdependence leads to the coevolution of flexible behaviors involved in parenting, which could, paradoxically, constrain the ability of individuals to rapidly adapt to changes in their nonsocial environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royle, Nick J -- Russell, Andrew F -- Wilson, Alastair J -- BB/G022976/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):776-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1253294. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK. n.j.royle@exeter.ac.uk. ; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Primordial germ cell (PGC) specification occurs either by induction from pluripotent cells (epigenesis) or by a cell-autonomous mechanism mediated by germ plasm (preformation). Among vertebrates, epigenesis is basal, whereas germ plasm has evolved convergently across lineages and is associated with greater speciation. We compared protein-coding sequences of vertebrate species that employ preformation with their sister taxa that use epigenesis and demonstrate that genes evolve more rapidly in species containing germ plasm. Furthermore, differences in rates of evolution appear to cause phylogenetic incongruence in protein-coding sequence comparisons between vertebrate taxa. Our results support the hypothesis that germ plasm liberates constraints on somatic development and that enhanced evolvability drives the evolution of germ plasm.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, Teri -- Wade, Christopher M -- Chapman, Frank A -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Loose, Matthew -- G1100025/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):200-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1249325.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patek, S N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1448-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1256617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. snp2@duke.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Integration of evidence over the past decade has revised understandings about the major adaptations underlying the origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. Many features associated with Homo sapiens, including our large linear bodies, elongated hind limbs, large energy-expensive brains, reduced sexual dimorphism, increased carnivory, and unique life history traits, were once thought to have evolved near the origin of the genus in response to heightened aridity and open habitats in Africa. However, recent analyses of fossil, archaeological, and environmental data indicate that such traits did not arise as a single package. Instead, some arose substantially earlier and some later than previously thought. From ~2.5 to 1.5 million years ago, three lineages of early Homo evolved in a context of habitat instability and fragmentation on seasonal, intergenerational, and evolutionary time scales. These contexts gave a selective advantage to traits, such as dietary flexibility and larger body size, that facilitated survival in shifting environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anton, Susan C -- Potts, Richard -- Aiello, Leslie C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):1236828. doi: 10.1126/science.1236828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, Rufus D. Smith Hall, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. E-mail: susan.anton@nyu.edu. ; Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Post Office Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: pottsr@si.edu. ; Wenner-Gren Foundation, 470 Park Avenue South, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. E-mail: laiello@wennergren.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The oxygenation of Earth's surface fundamentally altered global biogeochemical cycles and ultimately paved the way for the rise of metazoans at the end of the Proterozoic. However, current estimates for atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels during the billion years leading up to this time vary widely. On the basis of chromium (Cr) isotope data from a suite of Proterozoic sediments from China, Australia, and North America, interpreted in the context of data from similar depositional environments from Phanerozoic time, we find evidence for inhibited oxidation of Cr at Earth's surface in the mid-Proterozoic (1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago). These data suggest that atmospheric O2 levels were at most 0.1% of present atmospheric levels. Direct evidence for such low O2 concentrations in the Proterozoic helps explain the late emergence and diversification of metazoans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Planavsky, Noah J -- Reinhard, Christopher T -- Wang, Xiangli -- Thomson, Danielle -- McGoldrick, Peter -- Rainbird, Robert H -- Johnson, Thomas -- Fischer, Woodward W -- Lyons, Timothy W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):635-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1258410.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, CT, USA. noah.planavsky@yale.edu chris.reinhard@eas.gatech.edu. ; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA. noah.planavsky@yale.edu chris.reinhard@eas.gatech.edu. ; Department Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, CT, USA. Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA. ; Department of Earth Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Science, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia. ; Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA. ; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):532-3. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6209.532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):611-3. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):609-10. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.609.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):508-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1257633. Epub 2014 Jul 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. mike.benton@bristol.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deposits from northeastern China have yielded varied theropod dinosaurs bearing feathers. Filamentous integumentary structures have also been described in ornithischian dinosaurs, but whether these filaments can be regarded as part of the evolutionary lineage toward feathers remains controversial. Here we describe a new basal neornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of Siberia with small scales around the distal hindlimb, larger imbricated scales around the tail, monofilaments around the head and the thorax, and more complex featherlike structures around the humerus, the femur, and the tibia. The discovery of these branched integumentary structures outside theropods suggests that featherlike structures coexisted with scales and were potentially widespread among the entire dinosaur clade; feathers may thus have been present in the earliest dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godefroit, Pascal -- Sinitsa, Sofia M -- Dhouailly, Danielle -- Bolotsky, Yuri L -- Sizov, Alexander V -- McNamara, Maria E -- Benton, Michael J -- Spagna, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):451-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1253351.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Directorate 'Earth and History of Life,' Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. pascal.godefroit@naturalsciences.be. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, 26 Butin Street, 672 014 Chita, Russia. ; UJF-CNRS FRE 3405, AGIM, Universite Joseph Fourier, Site Sante, 38 706 La Tronche, France. ; Institute of Geology and Nature Management, FEB RAS, 1 Relochny Street 675 000, Blagoveschensk, Russia. ; Institute of the Earth Crust, SB RAS, 128 Lermontov Street, Irkutsk, 664 033 Irkutsk, Russia. ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; Directorate 'Earth and History of Life,' Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koschowitz, Marie-Claire -- Lambertz, Markus -- Fischer, Christian -- Sander, P Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1466-7. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. m.koschowitz@uni-bonn.de. ; Institut fur Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. ; Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. ; Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woyke, Tanja -- Rubin, Edward M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):698-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1258871.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. emrubin@lbl.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Edentulism, the absence of teeth, has evolved convergently among vertebrates, including birds, turtles, and several lineages of mammals. Instead of teeth, modern birds (Neornithes) use a horny beak (rhamphotheca) and a muscular gizzard to acquire and process food. We performed comparative genomic analyses representing lineages of nearly all extant bird orders and recovered shared, inactivating mutations within genes expressed in both the enamel and dentin of teeth of other vertebrate species, indicating that the common ancestor of modern birds lacked mineralized teeth. We estimate that tooth loss, or at least the loss of enamel caps that provide the outer layer of mineralized teeth, occurred about 116 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meredith, Robert W -- Zhang, Guojie -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Springer, Mark S -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1254390. doi: 10.1126/science.1254390. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA. meredithr@mail.montclair.edu mark.springer@ucr.edu. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. meredithr@mail.montclair.edu mark.springer@ucr.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 11;345(6193):129. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6193.129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recent discoveries of spectacular dinosaur fossils overwhelmingly support the hypothesis that birds are descended from maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs, and furthermore, demonstrate that distinctive bird characteristics such as feathers, flight, endothermic physiology, unique strategies for reproduction and growth, and a novel pulmonary system originated among Mesozoic terrestrial dinosaurs. The transition from ground-living to flight-capable theropod dinosaurs now probably represents one of the best-documented major evolutionary transitions in life history. Recent studies in developmental biology and other disciplines provide additional insights into how bird characteristics originated and evolved. The iconic features of extant birds for the most part evolved in a gradual and stepwise fashion throughout archosaur evolution. However, new data also highlight occasional bursts of morphological novelty at certain stages particularly close to the origin of birds and an unavoidable complex, mosaic evolutionary distribution of major bird characteristics on the theropod tree. Research into bird origins provides a premier example of how paleontological and neontological data can interact to reveal the complexity of major innovations, to answer key evolutionary questions, and to lead to new research directions. A better understanding of bird origins requires multifaceted and integrative approaches, yet fossils necessarily provide the final test of any evolutionary model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Xing -- Zhou, Zhonghe -- Dudley, Robert -- Mackem, Susan -- Chuong, Cheng-Ming -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Varricchio, David J -- AR 47364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR 60306/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1253293. doi: 10.1126/science.1253293.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, PR China. xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn. ; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, PR China. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA. Cheng Kung University, Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regeneration, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. ; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA. ; Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6185.680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Schwartz et al. hold that variation among the Dmanisi skulls reflects taxic diversity. The morphological observations to support their hypothesis, however, are partly incorrect, and not calibrated against intraspecific variation in living taxa. After proper adjustment, Schwartz et al.'s data are fully compatible with the hypothesis of a single paleodeme of early Homo at Dmanisi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zollikofer, Christoph P E -- Ponce de Leon, Marcia S -- Margvelashvili, Ann -- Rightmire, G Philip -- Lordkipanidze, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):360. doi: 10.1126/science.1250081.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grayson, D K -- Meltzer, D J -- Buikstra, J E -- Flannery, K V -- Fowler, C S -- Marcus, J -- O'Connell, J F -- Piperno, D R -- Sabloff, J A -- Smith, B D -- Thomas, D H -- Willerslev, E -- Zeder, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-b. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA. grayson@uw.edu. ; Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA. ; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. ; Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Rapidly permineralized fossils can provide exceptional insights into the evolution of life over geological time. Here, we present an exquisitely preserved, calcified stem of a royal fern (Osmundaceae) from Early Jurassic lahar deposits of Sweden in which authigenic mineral precipitation from hydrothermal brines occurred so rapidly that it preserved cytoplasm, cytosol granules, nuclei, and even chromosomes in various stages of cell division. Morphometric parameters of interphase nuclei match those of extant Osmundaceae, indicating that the genome size of these reputed "living fossils" has remained unchanged over at least 180 million years-a paramount example of evolutionary stasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bomfleur, Benjamin -- McLoughlin, Stephen -- Vajda, Vivi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1376-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1249884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The evolution of the ratite birds has been widely attributed to vicariant speciation, driven by the Cretaceous breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The early isolation of Africa and Madagascar implies that the ostrich and extinct Madagascan elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) should be the oldest ratite lineages. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two elephant birds and performed phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that these birds are the closest relatives of the New Zealand kiwi and are distant from the basal ratite lineage of ostriches. This unexpected result strongly contradicts continental vicariance and instead supports flighted dispersal in all major ratite lineages. We suggest that convergence toward gigantism and flightlessness was facilitated by early Tertiary expansion into the diurnal herbivory niche after the extinction of the dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Kieren J -- Llamas, Bastien -- Soubrier, Julien -- Rawlence, Nicolas J -- Worthy, Trevor H -- Wood, Jamie -- Lee, Michael S Y -- Cooper, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):898-900. doi: 10.1126/science.1251981.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia. ; Landcare Research, Post Office Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. South Australian Museum, North Terrace, South Australia 5000, Australia. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. alan.cooper@adelaide.edu.au.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The origin of chordates has been debated for more than a century, with one key issue being the emergence of the notochord. In vertebrates, the notochord develops by convergence and extension of the chordamesoderm, a population of midline cells of unique molecular identity. We identify a population of mesodermal cells in a developing invertebrate, the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, that converges and extends toward the midline and expresses a notochord-specific combination of genes. These cells differentiate into a longitudinal muscle, the axochord, that is positioned between central nervous system and axial blood vessel and secretes a strong collagenous extracellular matrix. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that contractile mesodermal midline cells existed in bilaterian ancestors. We propose that these cells, via vacuolization and stiffening, gave rise to the chordate notochord.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lauri, Antonella -- Brunet, Thibaut -- Handberg-Thorsager, Mette -- Fischer, Antje H L -- Simakov, Oleg -- Steinmetz, Patrick R H -- Tomer, Raju -- Keller, Philipp J -- Arendt, Detlev -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1365-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1253396.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. ; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. ; Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. ; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. detlev.arendt@embl.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duffy, Meghan A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1229-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1255350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. duffymeg@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1443-5. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6203.1443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Two categories of evolutionary challenges result from escalating human impacts on the planet. The first arises from cancers, pathogens, and pests that evolve too quickly and the second, from the inability of many valued species to adapt quickly enough. Applied evolutionary biology provides a suite of strategies to address these global challenges that threaten human health, food security, and biodiversity. This Review highlights both progress and gaps in genetic, developmental, and environmental manipulations across the life sciences that either target the rate and direction of evolution or reduce the mismatch between organisms and human-altered environments. Increased development and application of these underused tools will be vital in meeting current and future targets for sustainable development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Scott P -- Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard -- Kinnison, Michael T -- Bergstrom, Carl T -- Denison, R Ford -- Gluckman, Peter -- Smith, Thomas B -- Strauss, Sharon Y -- Tabashnik, Bruce E -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1245993. doi: 10.1126/science.1245993. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, CA 95616, USA. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA. ; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, 90095-1496, CA. ; Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA. ; Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The human sense of fairness is an evolutionary puzzle. To study this, we can look to other species, in which this can be translated empirically into responses to reward distribution. Passive and active protest against receiving less than a partner for the same task is widespread in species that cooperate outside kinship and mating bonds. There is less evidence that nonhuman species seek to equalize outcomes to their own detriment, yet the latter has been documented in our closest relatives, the apes. This reaction probably reflects an attempt to forestall partner dissatisfaction with obtained outcomes and its negative impact on future cooperation. We hypothesize that it is the evolution of this response that allowed the development of a complete sense of fairness in humans, which aims not at equality for its own sake but for the sake of continued cooperation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brosnan, Sarah F -- de Waal, Frans B M -- P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR000165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1251776. doi: 10.1126/science.1251776. Epub 2014 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. sarah.brosnan@gmail.com. ; Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Lordkipanidze et al. (Research Article, 18 October 2013, p. 326) conclude, from gross morphological comparisons and geometric-morphometric analysis of general shape, that the five hominid crania from Dmanisi in Georgia represent a single regional variant of Homo erectus. However, dental, mandibular, and cranial morphologies all suggest taxic diversity and, in particular, validate the previously named H. georgicus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwartz, Jeffrey H -- Tattersall, Ian -- Chi, Zhang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):360. doi: 10.1126/science.1250056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapuisat, Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):254-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1249285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Because of differences in craniofacial morphology and dentition between the earliest American skeletons and modern Native Americans, separate origins have been postulated for them, despite genetic evidence to the contrary. We describe a near-complete human skeleton with an intact cranium and preserved DNA found with extinct fauna in a submerged cave on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. This skeleton dates to between 13,000 and 12,000 calendar years ago and has Paleoamerican craniofacial characteristics and a Beringian-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup (D1). Thus, the differences between Paleoamericans and Native Americans probably resulted from in situ evolution rather than separate ancestry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatters, James C -- Kennett, Douglas J -- Asmerom, Yemane -- Kemp, Brian M -- Polyak, Victor -- Blank, Alberto Nava -- Beddows, Patricia A -- Reinhardt, Eduard -- Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin -- Bolnick, Deborah A -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Culleton, Brendan J -- Erreguerena, Pilar Luna -- Rissolo, Dominique -- Morell-Hart, Shanti -- Stafford, Thomas W Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):750-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1252619.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Paleoscience and DirectAMS, 10322 NE 190th Street, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. paleosci@gmail.com. ; Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Bay Area Underwater Explorers, Berkeley, CA, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ; School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. ; Instituto Nacional Antropologia e Historia, Colonia Centro Historico, 06060, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ; Department of Anthropology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. ; Subdireccion de Arqueologia Subacuatica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 06070 Mexico City, Mexico. ; Waitt Institute, La Jolla, CA 92038-1948, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Centre for AMS C, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, and Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Geological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatters, James C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-c. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Paleoscience, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. paleosci@gmail.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fritzsch, Bernd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):631-2. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.631-b. Epub 2014 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. bernd-fritzsch@uiowa.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition (~400,000 to 200,000 years ago) is marked by technical, behavioral, and anatomical changes among hominin populations throughout Africa and Eurasia. The replacement of bifacial stone tools, such as handaxes, by tools made on flakes detached from Levallois cores documents the most important conceptual shift in stone tool production strategies since the advent of bifacial technology more than one million years earlier and has been argued to result from the expansion of archaic Homo sapiens out of Africa. Our data from Nor Geghi 1, Armenia, record the earliest synchronic use of bifacial and Levallois technology outside Africa and are consistent with the hypothesis that this transition occurred independently within geographically dispersed, technologically precocious hominin populations with a shared technological ancestry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adler, D S -- Wilkinson, K N -- Blockley, S -- Mark, D F -- Pinhasi, R -- Schmidt-Magee, B A -- Nahapetyan, S -- Mallol, C -- Berna, F -- Glauberman, P J -- Raczynski-Henk, Y -- Wales, N -- Frahm, E -- Joris, O -- MacLeod, A -- Smith, V C -- Cullen, V L -- Gasparian, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1609-13. doi: 10.1126/science.1256484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. daniel.adler@uconn.edu. ; Department of Archaeology, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK. ; Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. ; Natural Environmental Research Council Argon Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Scottish Enterprise and Technology Park, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK. ; School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. ; Department of Cartography and Geomorphology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manukyan 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia. ; Departamento de Geografia e Historia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. ; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Ex-Situ Silex, Leiden, Netherlands. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. ; Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UK. ; MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Schloss Monrepos, D-56567 Neuwied, Germany. ; Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. ; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Charents 15, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orlando, Ludovic -- Willerslev, Eske -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):511-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1256515.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark. lorlando@snm.ku.dk. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Male mammals often kill conspecific offspring. The benefits of such infanticide to males, and its costs to females, probably vary across mammalian social and mating systems. We used comparative analyses to show that infanticide primarily evolves in social mammals in which reproduction is monopolized by a minority of males. It has not promoted social counterstrategies such as female gregariousness, pair living, or changes in group size and sex ratio, but is successfully prevented by female sexual promiscuity, a paternity dilution strategy. These findings indicate that infanticide is a consequence, rather than a cause, of contrasts in mammalian social systems affecting the intensity of sexual conflict.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lukas, Dieter -- Huchard, Elise -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):841-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. dl384@cam.ac.uk. ; Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Universite de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Little is known about the genetic basis of convergent traits that originate repeatedly over broad taxonomic scales. The myogenic electric organ has evolved six times in fishes to produce electric fields used in communication, navigation, predation, or defense. We have examined the genomic basis of the convergent anatomical and physiological origins of these organs by assembling the genome of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and sequencing electric organ and skeletal muscle transcriptomes from three lineages that have independently evolved electric organs. Our results indicate that, despite millions of years of evolution and large differences in the morphology of electric organ cells, independent lineages have leveraged similar transcription factors and developmental and cellular pathways in the evolution of electric organs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallant, Jason R -- Traeger, Lindsay L -- Volkening, Jeremy D -- Moffett, Howell -- Chen, Po-Hao -- Novina, Carl D -- Phillips, George N Jr -- Anand, Rene -- Wells, Gregg B -- Pinch, Matthew -- Guth, Robert -- Unguez, Graciela A -- Albert, James S -- Zakon, Harold H -- Samanta, Manoj P -- Sussman, Michael R -- 1SC1GM092297-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084879/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM088670/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1522-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1254432.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. ; Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483, USA. ; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA. ; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu. ; Systemix Institute, Redmond, WA 98053, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu. ; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970089" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Adrian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):192-4. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6206.192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ecological theory predicts that disease incidence increases with increasing density of host networks, yet evolutionary theory suggests that host resistance increases accordingly. To test the combined effects of ecological and evolutionary forces on host-pathogen systems, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of a plant (Plantago lanceolata)-fungal pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis)relationship for 12 years in over 4000 host populations. Disease prevalence at the metapopulation level was low, with high annual pathogen extinction rates balanced by frequent (re-)colonizations. Highly connected host populations experienced less pathogen colonization and higher pathogen extinction rates than expected; a laboratory assay confirmed that this phenomenon was caused by higher levels of disease resistance in highly connected host populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jousimo, Jussi -- Tack, Ayco J M -- Ovaskainen, Otso -- Mononen, Tommi -- Susi, Hanna -- Tollenaere, Charlotte -- Laine, Anna-Liisa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1289-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1253621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland. ; Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. anna-liisa.laine@helsinki.fi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Hailer et al. (Reports, 20 April 2012, p. 344) suggested early divergence of polar bears from a common ancestor with brown bears and subsequent introgression. Our population genetic analysis that traces each of the genealogies in the independent nuclear loci does not support the evolutionary model proposed by the authors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagome, Shigeki -- Mano, Shuhei -- Hasegawa, Masami -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1227339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. nakagome@ism.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: An understanding of ctenophore biology is critical for reconstructing events that occurred early in animal evolution. Toward this goal, we have sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Our phylogenomic analyses of both amino acid positions and gene content suggest that ctenophores rather than sponges are the sister lineage to all other animals. Mnemiopsis lacks many of the genes found in bilaterian mesodermal cell types, suggesting that these cell types evolved independently. The set of neural genes in Mnemiopsis is similar to that of sponges, indicating that sponges may have lost a nervous system. These results present a newly supported view of early animal evolution that accounts for major losses and/or gains of sophisticated cell types, including nerve and muscle cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryan, Joseph F -- Pang, Kevin -- Schnitzler, Christine E -- Nguyen, Anh-Dao -- Moreland, R Travis -- Simmons, David K -- Koch, Bernard J -- Francis, Warren R -- Havlak, Paul -- NISC Comparative Sequencing Program -- Smith, Stephen A -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Haddock, Steven H D -- Dunn, Casey W -- Wolfsberg, Tyra G -- Mullikin, James C -- Martindale, Mark Q -- Baxevanis, Andreas D -- ZIA HG000140-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-14/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-15/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1242592. doi: 10.1126/science.1242592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The identification of precise mutations is required for a complete understanding of the underlying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving adaptive phenotypic change. Using plasticine models in the field, we show that the light coat color of deer mice that recently colonized the light-colored soil of the Nebraska Sand Hills provides a strong selective advantage against visually hunting predators. Color variation in an admixed population suggests that this light Sand Hills phenotype is composed of multiple traits. We identified distinct regions within the Agouti locus associated with each color trait and found that only haplotypes associated with light trait values have evidence of selection. Thus, local adaptation is the result of independent selection on many mutations within a single locus, each with a specific effect on an adaptive phenotype, thereby minimizing pleiotropic consequences.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836219/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836219/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linnen, Catherine R -- Poh, Yu-Ping -- Peterson, Brant K -- Barrett, Rowan D H -- Larson, Joanna G -- Jensen, Jeffrey D -- Hoekstra, Hopi E -- 308796/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1312-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. catherine.linnen@uky.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1156. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6163.1156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):297-8. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6156.297.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):427. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6131.427.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 10;340(6133):690-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1235463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. julia_clarke@jsg.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Gaucher et al. suggest that their field observations and petrographic analysis of one thin section do not support an Ediacaran age for the trace fossils-bearing strata of the Tacuari Formation. We have strengthened our conclusion of an Ediacaran age for the Tacuari Formation based on reassessment of new and previously presented field and petrographic evidence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecoits, Ernesto -- Konhauser, Kurt O -- Aubet, Natalie R -- Heaman, Larry M -- Veroslavsky, Gerardo -- Stern, Richard -- Gingras, Murray K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):906. doi: 10.1126/science.1230677.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1055. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6150.1055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The relationship between phenotype and fitness can be visualized as a rugged landscape. Multiple fitness peaks on this landscape are predicted to drive early bursts of niche diversification during adaptive radiation. We measured the adaptive landscape in a nascent adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and found multiple coexisting high-fitness regions driven by increased competition at high densities, supporting the early burst model. Hybrids resembling the generalist phenotype were isolated on a local fitness peak separated by a valley from a higher-fitness region corresponding to trophic specialization. This complex landscape could explain both the rarity of specialists across many similar environments due to stabilizing selection on generalists and the rapid morphological diversification rate of specialists due to their higher fitness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, Christopher H -- Wainwright, Peter C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):208-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1227710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA. chmartin@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):120. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6142.120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kappeler, Peter M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):469-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1242001.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), and Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. pkappel@gwdg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Tree-building with diverse data maximizes explanatory power. Application of molecular clock models to ancient speciation events risks a bias against detection of fast radiations subsequent to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) event. Contrary to Springer et al., post-K-Pg placental diversification does not require "virus-like" substitution rates. Even constraining clade ages to their model, the explosive model best explains placental evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Leary, Maureen A -- Bloch, Jonathan I -- Flynn, John J -- Gaudin, Timothy J -- Giallombardo, Andres -- Giannini, Norberto P -- Goldberg, Suzann L -- Kraatz, Brian P -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- Meng, Jin -- Ni, Xijun -- Novacek, Michael J -- Perini, Fernando A -- Randall, Zachary -- Rougier, Guillermo W -- Sargis, Eric J -- Silcox, Mary T -- Simmons, Nancy B -- Spaulding, Michelle -- Velazco, Paul M -- Weksler, Marcelo -- Wible, John R -- Cirranello, Andrea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):613. doi: 10.1126/science.1238162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomical Sciences, HSC T-8 (040), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA. maureen.oleary@stonybrook.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):391. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6118.391-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):390. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6118.390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spottiswoode, Claire N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1452-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1247758.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: O'Leary et al. (Research Article, 8 February 2013, p. 662) examined mammalian relationships and divergence times and concluded that a single placental ancestor crossed the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. This conclusion relies on phylogenetic analyses that fail to discriminate between homology and homoplasy and further implies virus-like rates of nucleotide substitution in early Paleocene placentals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Springer, Mark S -- Meredith, Robert W -- Teeling, Emma C -- Murphy, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):613. doi: 10.1126/science.1238025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mark.springer@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Belgrano, Andrea -- Fowler, Charles W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1176-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1245490.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Turistgatan 5, SE-453 30 Lysekil, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knapp, Sandra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1182-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240880. Epub 2013 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural History Museum, London, UK. s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoder, Anne D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):656-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1233999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. anne.yoder@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Shoval et al. (Reports, 1 June 2012, p. 1157) showed how configurations of phenotypes may identify tasks that trade off with each other, using randomizations assuming independence of data points. I argue that this assumption may not be correct for most and possibly all examples and led to pseudoreplication and inflated significance levels. Improved statistical testing is necessary to assess how the theory applies to empirical data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edelaar, Pim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):757. doi: 10.1126/science.1228281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain. edelaar@upo.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rezende, Enrico L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1293-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240631.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK. enrico.rezende@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most species disappear by the processes of background extinction, yet those processes are poorly understood. We analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of 19 Cenozoic terrestrial mammalian clades with rich fossil records that are now fully extinct or in diversity decline. We find their diversity loss was not just a consequence of "gamblers ruin" but resulted from the evolutionary loss to the Red Queen, a failure to keep pace with a deteriorating environment. Diversity loss is driven equally by both depressed origination rates and elevated extinction rates. Although we find diversity-dependent origination and extinction rates, the diversity of each clade only transiently equaled the implied equilibrium diversity. Thus, the processes that drove diversity loss in terrestrial mammal clades were fundamentally nonequilibrial and overwhelmed diversity-dependent processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quental, Tiago B -- Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):290-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239431. Epub 2013 Jun 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ecologia, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. tbquental@usp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) resulted in the reconfiguration of the muscles and skeleton of the head, including the creation of a separate shoulder girdle with distinct neck muscles. We describe here the only known examples of preserved musculature from placoderms (extinct armored fishes), the phylogenetically most basal jawed vertebrates. Placoderms possess a regionalized muscular anatomy that differs radically from the musculature of extant sharks, which is often viewed as primitive for gnathostomes. The placoderm data suggest that neck musculature evolved together with a dermal joint between skull and shoulder girdle, not as part of a broadly flexible neck as in sharks, and that transverse abdominal muscles are an innovation of gnathostomes rather than of tetrapods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trinajstic, Kate -- Sanchez, Sophie -- Dupret, Vincent -- Tafforeau, Paul -- Long, John -- Young, Gavin -- Senden, Tim -- Boisvert, Catherine -- Power, Nicola -- Ahlberg, Per Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):160-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1237275. Epub 2013 Jun 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23765280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The global distribution of cooperatively breeding birds is highly uneven, with hotspots in Australasia and sub-Saharan Africa. The ecological drivers of this distribution remain enigmatic yet could yield insights into the evolution and persistence of cooperative breeding. We report that the global distributions of avian obligate brood parasites and cooperatively breeding passerines are tightly correlated and that the uneven phylogenetic distribution of cooperative breeding is associated with the uneven targeting of hosts by brood parasites. With a long-term field study, we show that brood parasites can acquire superior care for their young by targeting cooperative breeders. Conversely, host defenses against brood parasites are strengthened by helpers at the nest. Reciprocally selected interactions between brood parasites and cooperative breeders may therefore explain the close association between these two breeding systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feeney, W E -- Medina, I -- Somveille, M -- Heinsohn, R -- Hall, M L -- Mulder, R A -- Stein, J A -- Kilner, R M -- Langmore, N E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1506-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1240039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):474-9. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):896-7. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6122.896.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded an impressive sample of hominid cranial and postcranial remains, documenting the presence of Homo outside Africa around 1.8 million years ago. Here we report on a new cranium from Dmanisi (D4500) that, together with its mandible (D2600), represents the world's first completely preserved adult hominid skull from the early Pleistocene. D4500/D2600 combines a small braincase (546 cubic centimeters) with a large prognathic face and exhibits close morphological affinities with the earliest known Homo fossils from Africa. The Dmanisi sample, which now comprises five crania, provides direct evidence for wide morphological variation within and among early Homo paleodemes. This implies the existence of a single evolving lineage of early Homo, with phylogeographic continuity across continents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lordkipanidze, David -- Ponce de Leon, Marcia S -- Margvelashvili, Ann -- Rak, Yoel -- Rightmire, G Philip -- Vekua, Abesalom -- Zollikofer, Christoph P E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):326-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1238484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georgian National Museum, 3 Purtseladze Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752651/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752651/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharp, Paul M -- Rayner, Julian C -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 AI091595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):284-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1236958.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1160-1. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6163.1160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The evolution of social monogamy has intrigued biologists for over a century. Here, we show that the ancestral condition for all mammalian groups is of solitary individuals and that social monogamy is derived almost exclusively from this social system. The evolution of social monogamy does not appear to have been associated with a high risk of male infanticide, and paternal care is a consequence rather than a cause of social monogamy. Social monogamy has evolved in nonhuman mammals where breeding females are intolerant of each other and female density is low, suggesting that it represents a mating strategy that has developed where males are unable to defend access to multiple females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lukas, D -- Clutton-Brock, T H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):526-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1238677. Epub 2013 Jul 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. dl384@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):234-5. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6143.234.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Edelaar raises concerns about the way we tested our theory. Our mathematical theorem predicts that despite the high dimensionality of trait space, trade-offs between tasks leads to phenotypes in low-dimensional regions in trait space, such as lines and triangles. We address Edelaar's questions with statistical tests that eliminate pseudoreplication concerns, finding that our predictions remain convincingly supported.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoval, Oren -- Sheftel, Hila -- Shinar, Guy -- Hart, Yuval -- Ramote, Omer -- Mayo, Avi -- Dekel, Erez -- Kavanagh, Kathryn -- Alon, Uri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):757. doi: 10.1126/science.1228921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):476-9. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.476.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):118. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6142.118.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1261. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6125.1261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):799. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6134.799.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Local extinctions have cascading effects on ecosystem functions, yet little is known about the potential for the rapid evolutionary change of species in human-modified scenarios. We show that the functional extinction of large-gape seed dispersers in the Brazilian Atlantic forest is associated with the consistent reduction of the seed size of a keystone palm species. Among 22 palm populations, areas deprived of large avian frugivores for several decades present smaller seeds than nondefaunated forests, with negative consequences for palm regeneration. Coalescence and phenotypic selection models indicate that seed size reduction most likely occurred within the past 100 years, associated with human-driven fragmentation. The fast-paced defaunation of large vertebrates is most likely causing unprecedented changes in the evolutionary trajectories and community composition of tropical forests.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galetti, Mauro -- Guevara, Roger -- Cortes, Marina C -- Fadini, Rodrigo -- Von Matter, Sandro -- Leite, Abraao B -- Labecca, Fabio -- Ribeiro, Thiago -- Carvalho, Carolina S -- Collevatti, Rosane G -- Pires, Mathias M -- Guimaraes, Paulo R Jr -- Brancalion, Pedro H -- Ribeiro, Milton C -- Jordano, Pedro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1086-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1233774.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mgaletti@rc.unesp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: To discover interordinal relationships of living and fossil placental mammals and the time of origin of placentals relative to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, we scored 4541 phenomic characters de novo for 86 fossil and living species. Combining these data with molecular sequences, we obtained a phylogenetic tree that, when calibrated with fossils, shows that crown clade Placentalia and placental orders originated after the K-Pg boundary. Many nodes discovered using molecular data are upheld, but phenomic signals overturn molecular signals to show Sundatheria (Dermoptera + Scandentia) as the sister taxon of Primates, a close link between Proboscidea (elephants) and Sirenia (sea cows), and the monophyly of echolocating Chiroptera (bats). Our tree suggests that Placentalia first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria; extinct New World species are the oldest members of Afrotheria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Leary, Maureen A -- Bloch, Jonathan I -- Flynn, John J -- Gaudin, Timothy J -- Giallombardo, Andres -- Giannini, Norberto P -- Goldberg, Suzann L -- Kraatz, Brian P -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- Meng, Jin -- Ni, Xijun -- Novacek, Michael J -- Perini, Fernando A -- Randall, Zachary S -- Rougier, Guillermo W -- Sargis, Eric J -- Silcox, Mary T -- Simmons, Nancy B -- Spaulding, Michelle -- Velazco, Paul M -- Weksler, Marcelo -- Wible, John R -- Cirranello, Andrea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):662-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1229237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, HSC T-8 (040), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA. maureen.oleary@stonybrook.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, M Paul -- Harper, David A T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1355-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1239450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. paul.smith@oum.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: G. G. Simpson, one of the chief architects of evolutionary biology's modern synthesis, proposed that diversification occurs on a macroevolutionary adaptive landscape, but landscape models are seldom used to study adaptive divergence in large radiations. We show that for Caribbean Anolis lizards, diversification on similar Simpsonian landscapes leads to striking convergence of entire faunas on four islands. Parallel radiations unfolding at large temporal scales shed light on the process of adaptive diversification, indicating that the adaptive landscape may give rise to predictable evolutionary patterns in nature, that adaptive peaks may be stable over macroevolutionary time, and that available geographic area influences the ability of lineages to discover new adaptive peaks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mahler, D Luke -- Ingram, Travis -- Revell, Liam J -- Losos, Jonathan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):292-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1232392.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lmahler@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pecoits et al. (Reports, 29 June 2012, p. 1693) describe bilaterian trace fossils and assign them an Ediacaran age based on the age of a granite interpreted as intrusive. We argue that the granite is not intrusive but in fact represents the basement of the sedimentary succession. Moreover, we show that identical trace fossils occur in nearby Carboniferous-Permian glacigenic rocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaucher, Claudio -- Poire, Daniel G -- Bossi, Jorge -- Bettucci, Leda Sanchez -- Beri, Angeles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):906. doi: 10.1126/science.1230339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Geologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. gaucher@chasque.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Nakagome et al. reanalyzed some of our data and assert that we cannot refute the mitochondrial DNA-based scenario for polar bear evolution. Their single-locus test statistic is strongly affected by introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, whereas our multilocus approaches are better suited to recover the true species relationships. Indeed, our sister-lineage model receives high support in a Bayesian model comparison.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hailer, Frank -- Kutschera, Verena E -- Hallstrom, Bjorn M -- Fain, Steven R -- Leonard, Jennifer A -- Arnason, Ulfur -- Janke, Axel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1228066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuratani, Shigeru -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):139-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1241451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan. saizo@cdb.riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉