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  • Angiosperms  (353)
  • Springer  (353)
  • 1990-1994  (221)
  • 1980-1984  (132)
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  • Springer  (353)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angiosperm origin and early stages of seed plant evolution deduced from rRNA sequence comparisons (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chloroplast 4.5S rRNA ; Cytosolic and chloroplast 5S rRNAs ; 5.8S rRNA ; 18S rRNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Phylogenetic trees ; Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete or partial nucleotide sequences of five different rRNA species, coded by nuclear (18S, 5.8S, and 5S) or chloroplast genomes (5S, 4.5S) from a number of seed plants were determined. Based on the sequence data, the phylogenetic dendrograms were built by two methods, maximum parsimony and compatibility. The topologies of the trees for different rRNA species are not fully congruent, but they share some common features. It may be concluded that both gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic groups. The data obtained suggest that the divergence of all the main groups of extant gymnosperms occurred after the branching off of the angiosperm lineage. As the time of divergence of at least some of these gymnosperm taxa is traceable back to the early Carboniferous, it may be concluded that the genealogical splitting of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages occurred before this event, at least 360 million years ago, i.e., much earlier than the first angiosperm fossils were dated. Ancestral forms of angiosperms ought to be searched for among Progymnospermopsida. Genealogical relationships among gymnosperm taxa cannot be deduced unambiguously on the basis of rRNA data. The only inference may be that the taxon Gnetopsida is an artificial one, andGnetum andEphedra belong to quite different lineages of gymnosperms. As to the phylogenetic position of the two Angiospermae classes, extant monocotyledons seem to be a paraphyletic group located near the root of the angiosperm branch; it emerged at the earliest stages of angiosperm evolution. We may conclude that either monocotyledonous characters arose independently more than once in different groups of ancient Magnoliales or that monocotyledonous forms rather than dicotyledonous Magnoliales were the earliest angiosperms. Judging by the rRNA trees, Magnoliales are the most ancient group among dicotyledons. The most ancient lineage among monocotyledons leads to modern Liliaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342748
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide distribution in gymnosperm nuclear sequences suggests a model for GC-content change in land-plant nuclear genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 34-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: CpG suppression ; GC content ; Angiosperms ; Isochores ; GC bias ; Mutational pressure ; Error-prone repair ; Transcriptionally coupled repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms are currently scarce. We have determined 4 kb of nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms and have collected and analyzed 〉60 kb of nuclear sequences from gymnosperms and nonspermatophytes in order to better understand processes influencing genome evolution in plants. We show that conifers possess both biased and nonbiased genes with respect to GC content, as found in monocots, suggesting that the common ancestor of conifers and monocots may have possessed both biased and nonbiased genes. The lack of biased genes in dicots is suggested to be a derived character for this lineage. We present a simple but speculative model of land-plant genome evolution which considers changes in GC bias and CpG frequency, respectively, as independent processes and which can account for several puzzling aspects of observed nucleotide frequencies in plant genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178247
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA probes for the Y-chromosome ofSilene latifolia, a dioecious angiosperm (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 86-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Sex chromosome markers ; Y-chromosome ; Angiosperms ; Silene latifolia ; Melandrium album
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain markers for the Y chromosome ofSilene latifolia, we pooled equal weights of leaf tissue from 18 female siblings into one sample and repeated the process with 18 male siblings. Pooling was intended to provide a common genetic background for each sample, leaving the absence or presence of the Y chromosome as the primary difference between the two samples. DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with arbitrary 10 bp primers. Four of 60 primers used gave an amplification with the male DNA not found among those from the female DNA. Each of these was subsequently shown to provide a reliable marker for the Y chromosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714562
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fingerprinting plant genomes with oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repetitive DNA sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 691-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Repetitive DNA ; Genotype identification ; Angiosperms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oligonucleotides hybridizing to simple repetitive DNA patterns are highly informative as probes for DNA fingerprinting in all investigated animal species, including man. Here we demonstrate the applicability of this technique in higher plants. The oligonucleotide probes (GTG)5 and (GATA)4 were used to investigate the differences in DNA fingerprint patterns of the following angiosperm species: Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Beta vulgaris, Petunia hybrida, Brassica oleracea, and Nicotiana tabacum. Two species, Hordeum vulgare as a monocot and Beta vulgaris as a dicot, were analyzed in more detail. Their genomes differ considerably in both amount and organization of the simple repetitive sequences (GATA)n, (GACA)n, (GTG)n, and (CT)n due to the evolutionary distance of these two species. Furthermore, several lines and cultivars of Beta vulgaris and Hordeum vulgare can clearly be distinguished on the basis of their highly polymorphic patterns of these repetitive sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226686
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription and processing of rRNA in higher plant cells (Daucus carota, Petroselinum crispum, Acer pseudoplatanus) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 134 (1980), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Daucus ; Petroselinum ; Acer ; rRNA ; transcription ; precursors of less than 2.5 × 106 daltons ; processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Actively dividing cells from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and carrot (Daucus carota) (bothApiaceae) andAcer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae) were used to detect the primary gene product of the rDNA in plant cells. Parsley and carrot cells were labelled with [32P] orthophosphate. In both cases only one high molecular weight rRNA precursor was present on polyacrylamide gels under non-denaturing conditions. Its molecular weight did not exceed 2.5 × 106 daltons. The component emerged from the heterogenous material after a labelling period of 5–10 min. In parsley cells 45 min after onset of incubation labelled mature rRNA (25S and 18S) arrived in the cytoplasm. InAcer pseudoplatanus (incubation period 60 min) two rapidly labelled components did emerge from polyacrylamide gels; their molecular weights were 2.3 and 3.2− 3.4 × 106 daltons. After electrophoresis under denaturing conditions the larger component was no longer present, thus indicating that it was an aggregate of different RNA molecules. The molecular weights of the rRNA precursors ofD. carota andP. crispum determined after electrophoresis in formamide gels were about 2.1 × 106 daltons. From these results we have no evidence for the existence of rRNA precursors exceeding the molecular weight of 2.5 × 106 daltons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985028
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Reproductive biology in the primitive relic AngiospermDrimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 135 (1980), S. 11-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Development of inflorescences ; flowers and fruits ; reproductive biology ; pollination ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early Angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From field observations onDrimys brasiliensis, principally in the Botucatu region of São Paulo State, Brazil, new data on the reproductive biology, the rhythm of growth, and the development of lateral cymose inflorescences, flowers and fruits are presented. Pollination accelerates the rate of flower-development for about 4–6 days. Pollination experiments show thatD. brasiliensis is not self-sterile; because of mechanical devices the sticky pollen grains do not normally come into contact with the stigmata unless an animal pollen vector is involved. The pollinators are diurnalColeoptera, Diptera andThysanoptera which eat from the pollen, lick from the stigmatic exudates and (in case of the flies) probably also from the staminal glands. Fruit- and seedeaters are birds which seem to be the main dispersal agents. Establishment of new individuals normally is through seedlings, but also by vegetative propagation through plagiotropous branches which may root and separate from the mother plant. The morphological, developmental and reproductive aspects inD. brasiliensis are discussed in a wider context, compared with data from otherMagnoliidae, and related to aspects of early Angiosperm evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983005
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosystematic studies onCapsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae): Enzyme polymorphism in natural populations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 73-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Isoenzyme polymorphism ; population analyses ; geographic variation ; heterozygosity ; breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of natural populations ofCapsella bursapastoris in North- and Middle-Europe has been estimated by means of enzyme assays. Zymograms of 81 populations have been developed. 17 loci could be identified, and 8 of them can be heterozygous. Genetic variability is greater between populations than within. No correlation between actual population sizes and genetic heterogeneity could be detected. Some electromorphs shift their frequencies proportionally to increasing adversity of climatic conditions, some appear to be constant over the whole area, and others are characterized by an apparently irregular variation pattern. Marginal populations comprise a significantly higher proportion of heterozygous plants than central ones. Apart from this clinal variation pattern, a mosaic pattern, strongly related to habitat conditions, was observed: genetic heterogeneity is greater in more intensively disturbed sites. The pattern of genetic variation in natural populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris is rather highly influenced by the breeding system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Species relationships and genetic variation in the diploid wheats (Triticum, Aegilops) as revealed by starch gel electrophoresis (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (=Gramineae) ; Triticum ; Aegilops ; diploid species ; Starch Gel electrophoresis ; allozymic variation ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty enzyme loci were examined in the diploid species ofTriticum andAegilops for allelic variation by starch gel electrophoresis. SectionSitopsis, including the five species,Ae. speltoides, Ae. lingissima, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. bicornis andAe. searsii form a close subgroup withAe. speltoides slightly removed from the others.T. monococcum s. lat., was found to be closest to the species of theSitopsis group.Ae. comosa, Ae. umbellulata andAe. uniaristata form a second subgroup withAe. caudata most closely related to these species.Ae. squarrosa appears almost equally related to all of the species, showing no special affinity for any one species group. Nineteen out of twenty loci examined were polymorphic with a mean of 6.7 alleles per locus. Species could be, for most loci, characterized by the presence of predominant alleles. A conspicious genetic characteristic ofTriticum-Aegilops is the sharing of these predominant alleles between species. Within species variation is characterized by a diffuse distribution of secondary alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01004629
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The breeding system ofEmblingia (Emblingiaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Emblingia ; Emblingiaceae ; Sapindaceae ; Dodonaea ; Stylobasidaceae ; Stylobasium ; Gyrostemonaceae ; Anemophily ; entomophily ; autogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emblingia is a short lived fire weed with a highly autogamous breeding system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Vergleichende cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen anRanunculus seguieri und der Artengruppe desR. alpestris (Ranunculaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus seguieri ; R. alpestris ; R. traunfellneri ; R. bilobus ; R. crenatus ; Relationship betweenR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. lat.: morphology ; crossing experiments ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and cytological investigations as well as crossing experiments were carried out withRanunculus seguieri Vill. and 4 species of theRanunculus alpestris L. group (R. alpestris L.,R. traunfellneri Hoppe,R. bilobus Bertol.,R. crenatus Waldst. & Kit.). ForR. seguieri andR. alpestris, localities and distribution are given in addition to extensive diagnoses. A key to the species includes morphological characteristics and distribution data forR. traunfellneri, R. bilobus, andR. crenatus. New diagnostic characters are described. Crossing experiments betweenR. seguieri and the species of theR. alpestris group were unsuccessful. All 5 species have a chromosome number of 2n = 16, the record forR. bilobus is new. There is no statistically significant difference between the karyotypes ofR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. str. Nevertheless, according to morphological evidence and crossing experiments,R. seguieri is not closely related to theR. alpestris group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984608
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  • 11
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    A chemotaxonomical study of someBoraginaceae: pyrrolizidine alkaloids and phenolic compounds (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; phenolic compounds ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of thin layer chromatography pyrrolizidine alkaloids and phenolic compounds in some members of the familyBoraginaceae, subfamiliesHeliotropioideae andBoraginoideae, were studied. FromOmphalodes verna a main alkaloid was isolated with an isoretronecanol (or stereoisomeric) nucleus. The chemotaxonomical model ofTétényi forBoraginaceae based on fatty acids is generally supported, but relationships betweenHeliotropioideae andCynoglosseae appear to be closer, suggesting parallel developments from common ancesters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983210
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  • 12
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    Embryology ofEriocaulon setaceum (Eriocaulaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eriocaulaceae ; Eriocaulon setaceum ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eriocaulon setaceum can be characterized by: young microsporangium wall with epidermis, endothecium (with fibrous thickenings), and glandular tapetum (uninucleate cells); pollen grains 3-celled, spiraperturate; embryo sac development according to the Polygonum type and with antipodal cyst; endosperm nuclear; embryo small, with incipient differentiation into cotyledonary and epicotylary loci; seed coat mainly from the inner layers of the integuments; pericarp 2-layered and membranous. Embryologically, theEriocaulaceae are nearer to theXyridaceae than to otherFarinosae. Their elevation to the rank of an order,Eriocaulales, therefore appears justified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985181
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  • 13
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    Microgeographic edaphic differentiation in allozyme polymorphisms of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum, Poaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Allozymes ; microgeographic differentiation ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 22 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 278 individual plants of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, in four 100 meter transects, in Israel, each equally subdivided into basalt and terra rossa soil types. Significant differentiation according to soil was found in 9 alleles. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild barley are at least partly adaptive, and differentiate by edaphic natural selection rather than by stochastic processes, and/or neutrality of allozymic variants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985193
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  • 14
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    Genetic variation inSolanum pennellii: Comparisons with two other sympatric tomato species (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 11-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Lycopersicon ; Solanum pennellii ; Allozymes ; electrophoresis ; isozymes ; mating systems ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation—primarily in 19 genetic loci of seven enzyme systems—was analyzed in accessions from various parts of the geographic range ofSolanum pennellii, which according to all tested biosystematic criteria behaves like a species ofLycopersicon. In comparison with the largely sympatricL. hirsutum andL. pimpinellifolium, this species exhibits the same trends of reduced allogamy and decreased genetic variation toward the north and south margins of its distribution, though to a much lesser degree; it does not exhibit their trends toward smaller flower size in the same peripheral regions. All three species agree to a considerable extent in the ranking of their tested loci in respect to degree of variablility; however, overall polymorphy is highest inS. pennellii. Except for the appearance of self-compatibility at its southernmost margin,S. pennellii is exclusively and rigidly self-incompatible. Alleles are distributed much more uniformly over the range than in the previously mentioned species, marginal and internal endemic mutants being much less abundant. A marked geographic disagreement is evident in regions of high and low variation. These differences in patterns of genetic variability are reconciled in terms of observed differences in mating systems, probable age of distributions, and adaptive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983920
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  • 15
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    Eine neueTillandsia-Art aus Südmexico:T. kolbii (Bromeliaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subgen.Allardtia ; T. kolbii ; spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTillandsia is described and discussed in regard to related species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985189
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  • 16
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    Ultrastructure of the stylar canal cells ofCitrus limon (Rutaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Citrus limon ; Style ; canal cells ; canal filling substance ; ultrastructure ; anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the canal cells and the canal filling substance ofCitrus limon have been studied. At maturity the canal cells are very rich in cytoplasm. Their inner tangential walls lining the canal are much thickened and formed by two layers: the outer corresponds to the original wall, the inner is formed by subsequent deposition of abundant materials of different origin. This thickening occurs at the same time as the filling of the stylar canal. Both events are paralleled by considerable dictyosomic activity, the formation of a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the incorporation of small cytoplasmic masses into the cell wall, due to plasmalemma evaginations. — The material in the stylar canal has a heterogeneous ultrastructure aspect and consists of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids; it presumably provides nutrients for the growing pollen tubes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985190
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  • 17
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    A comparative study of genomes in angiosperms (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 209-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dicotyledons ; Monocotyledons ; DNA reassociation kinetics ; fast repeats ; repetitive DNA ; single copy DNA ; short period interspersion pattern ; slow repeats ; genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Angiosperms investigated by DNA/DNA reassociation studies were classified and tested for a taxonomic class- and subclass-specifity in a biometrical fashion. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons differ significantly from each other with respect to a genomic parameter (U/R-ratio;U single copy DNA fraction;R = 1-U fraction of repetitive DNA). This difference is discussed from an evolutionary and molecular point of view.—Intercorrelations between the fraction of fast repeats, slow repeats, and single copy DNA can be detected. The amount of DNA organized in a short period pattern of interspersion is found to depend on the fraction of repetitive and single copy DNA. The number of DNA segments tandemly arranged in a short period pattern is linearly correlated withR/U-values. This correlation allows for a formula suitable for the estimation of the number of active genes in angiosperms. The analytical complexities of repetitive and single copy DNA are linearly correlated with the genome size of higher plants. The ratioU/R depends on the genome size of angiosperms in a hyperbolic fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989326
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  • 18
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    Heterochromatin and chromosome variation in cultivated species ofTulipa subg.Leiostemones (Liliaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 163-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Tulipa subg.Leiostemones ; Giemsa banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomes of several cultivatedTulipa species of subg.Leiostemones were examined in conventionally stained and C-banded preparations. The heterochromatin content varied from almost none to 45%. Several chromosome types were recognized with respect to chromosome morphology and heterochromatin distribution, and groups of species with common chromosome characteristics could be identified. These karyological relationships are discussed with respect to the groups formed on the basis of floral and bulb charateristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989323
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  • 19
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    Asphodelus tenuifolius andA. fistulosus (Liliaceae) are morphologically, genetically, and biologically different species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelus tenuifolius ; A. fistulosus ; Cytogenetics ; electrophoretics ; morphology ; duplication genes ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biological analysis of six populations ofAsphodelus tenuifolius and 12 populations ofA. fistulosus has confirmed that they are separate species. Both their floral structures (length of the tepals, stamens, anthers and style) and also their pollen size are clearly different.A. tenuifolius has only the 2n = 28 chromosome race, whileA. fistulosus has 2n = 28 and 2n = 56.A. tenuifolius is genetically less variable thanA. fistulosus and they have different electrophoretic mobilities. Gene duplication phenomena exist in the 2n = 28 level of both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935979
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  • 20
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    Allozyme and life history variation in five northwardly colonizing North American weed species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Abutilon theophrasti ; Datura stramonium ; Panicum miliaceum ; Sorghum halepense ; Setaria faberi ; Weeds ; allozymes ; life history ; variation ; Flora of N. America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships of allozyme and life history variation in a particularly narrow ecological setting are studied. Levels of genetic variation are compared in five introduced, predominantly selfing weedy species that are undergoing rapid range expansion northward in eastern N. America, mostly in monocultures of soybean and maize. In all of these species, a low level of allozyme variation contrasts sharply with the substantial inter- and intrapopulational variation in morphological and phenological life history features. Evolutionary and historical factors, determining variability of the species examined are reviewed, including founder effects, breeding system, environmental homogeneity, polyploidy, domestication, and crop-weed interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935983
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    Chemo- and karyotaxonomic studies on some rhizomatous species of the genusSymphytum (Boraginaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum tuberosum complex ; S. grandiflorum agg ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; triterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InS. tuberosum subspp.tuberosum andnodosum, S. grandiflorum andS. ibericum the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, echimidine and symphytine could be demonstrated. The taxonS. tuberosum contains an unknown compound that seems to be specific for this taxon. This compound is not the pyrrolizidine alkaloid anadoline which has previously been reported for this species. It is possibly represented by a peak on GC/MS with a molecular ion peak at m/z 623 (as TMS derivative) and can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for the speciesS. tuberosum. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid pattern of the two subspecies ofS. tuberosum reinforces the close relationship. Fresh material ofS. tuberosum contained the triterpene isobauerenol, but in herbarium material isobauerenol was lacking. InS. grandiflorum, neither fresh nor dried material contains isobauerenol. In herbarium material ofS. ibericum also no isobauerenol could be found. More extensive chemotaxonomical research is necessary to support the view thatS. abchasicum is more closely related toS. ibericum than toS. grandiflorum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935982
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    Investigations into the evolutionary history of theAntennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; A. rosea ; Agamic complex ; agamospermy ; asexual reproduction ; clonal organism ; dioecy ; morphology ; numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; polyploidy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria rosea polyploid agamic complex is one of the most morphologically diverse and widespread complexes of N. AmericanAntennaria. The group is taxonomically confusing because of numerous agamospermous microspecies, having been recognized as distinct species. Morphometric analyses have demonstrated that the primary source of morphological variability in the complex derives from six sexually reproducing progenitors,A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemona, andA. umbrinella. Additionally, two other sexually reproducing species,A. marginata andA. rosulata, may have contributed to the genetic complexity of theA. rosea complex. Cluster analysis indicates that four discrete morphological groups exist within theA. rosea complex. Each group could be the result of predominance of genes from different groups of sexual progenitors. AsA. rosea is of multiple hybrid origin, from among several sexual progenitors, it is advisable to recognizeA. rosea as a distinct species from its sexual progenitors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935988
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    Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 123-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Geographic variation ; clinal variation ; principal component analysis ; correlation coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.
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    Chromosome number of theOxalis tuberosa alliance (Oxalidaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 25-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis tuberosa alliance ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve taxa of theOxalis tuberosa alliance were analysed and found to share the same basic chromosome number x = 8. The karyotypes are composed by small metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Different ploidy levels were found among the taxa: there were 9 diploids, 1 tetraploid, 1 hexaploid and 1 octoploid. The last ploidy level corresponds toO. tuberosa, the only tuber bearing taxon found so far in the alliance. Cytotaxonomic evidence and evolutionary considerations suggest to classify theO. tuberosa alliance in sect.Herrerea.
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    Buzz-pollination in three nectariferousBoraginaceae and possible evolution of buzz-pollinated flowers (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 65-68 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Onosma gigantea ; Trichodesma africana ; Trichodesma boissieri ; Buzz-pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Buzz-pollination was observed in three nectariferousBoraginaceae spp.:Onosma gigantea Lam.,Trichodesma africana (L.)R. Br. andT. boissieri Post. An evolutionary pathway from usual nectariferous flowers to typical buzz-pollinated flowers is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935985
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    Phylogenetic relationships and gene flow between sympatric diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata (Gramineae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 81-96 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Festuceae ; Dactylis glomerata ; Enzymatic markers ; phenology ; interploid exchanges ; autopolyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships between sympatric, morphologically indistinguishable diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae) in Galicia (Spain) were assessed using allozyme markers for 6 distinct systems. The study exploited recent introduction in Galicia and subsequent hybridization of an alien 4xDactylis subspecies possessing distinct allozymes from those of all the native plants. Opportunities for gene exchanges between the ploidies were estimated from in situ observations of flowering, examination of progenies in 2x/4x natural and experimental crosses, and enzyme analyses. Results show a high genetic similarity between the Galician diploids and tetraploids, which possess peculiar alleles in common. Although the ploidy levels usually have distinct flowering periods, interploidal crosses do occasionally occur. Gene flow is likely much more important from the diploid to the tetraploid level. A good genetic intermixing occurs between the Galician and the alien tetraploid entities which have simultaneous flowering. Autopolyploidization of the diploids followed by various rates of hybridization is proposed as one very probable origin of natural tetraploids inDactylis.
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    The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, A. rosea, andA. umbrinella (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 151-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria alborosea ; A. corymbosa ; A. marginata ; A. microphylla ; A. parvifolia ; A. rosea ; A. umbrinella ; Taxonomy ; multivariate morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.
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    Transfer cells and lipid droplets of someValerianaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 37-51 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Valerianaceae ; Transfer cells ; lignification ; lipid droplets ; oil cells ; tannins ; Development ; structure ; axial distribution ; transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development, structure and the axial distribution of transfer cells and their lignification were investigated inValerianella locusta, Valeriana officinalis, andV. tuberosa (Valerianaceae). Fundamental new results are: (1) Transfer cells often contain numerous lipid droplets. Within the stem the distribution of cells containing lipid droplets correlates to that of transfer cells. (2) InValeriana officinalis persisting protuberances are frequently found on pit membranes of xylem transfer cells. Lignified transfer cells can undergo a second modification: a layer covering the secondary wall forms wall ingrowths similar to those of transfer cells. (3) Peripheral pith cells, abuting transfer cells, are able to modify into transfer cells. Cambial derivatives are only temporarily developed as transfer cells. (4) Phloem transfer cells are found in vascular bundles of the whole axis. (5) In roots, xylem transfer cells are poorly developed or absent. (6) Oil cells with oil bodies are present in the rape ofValeriana tuberosa. They are absent however in the stem of the species investigated. (7) Tannins occur in elements of the primary cortex, phloem and secondary xylem ofValeriana officinalis.
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    Invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen inAmbrosia trifida (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Heliantheae ; Ambrosia ; Anther ; crystals ; pollen ; sperm cells ; tapetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Staminate flowers of giant ragweed,Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae, subtribeAmbrosiinae) were processed into resin and sectioned 1–2 µm thick. The invasive (amoeboid) anther tapetum remains parietal until microspores are released from tetrads, then it swells and invades the locule, merging gradually into a single protoplast that flows among the microspores. After the tapetal membrane ruptures at late microspore stage, tapetal debris fills the locule, then disappears as pollen matures. Pollen becomes tricelled before anthesis. The two sperm cell nuclei are slender and wormlike. The present report supports the two generalizations that invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen are attributes of theAsteraceae.
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    Breeding systems in thePolemoniaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polemoniaceae ; Pollen ; ovule ratio ; stigmatic pollen germination ; breeding systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen — ovule ratios and percentages of stigmatic pollen germination (SPG) were measured for over 160 taxa of thePolemoniaceae. When related to taxa with known breeding systems, it is found that low SPGs and high P:O ratios characterize xenogamous plants, high SPGs and low P:Os characterize autogamous plants. There is a significant negative correlation between P:O ratio and SPG in the whole family as well as in certain genera. Both measures can serve as reliable indicators of the breeding systems in taxa of thePolemoniaceae and can be measured in dried or living specimens. Accordingly, most polemons feature “mixed” breeding system, i.e. facultative xenogamy or facultative autogamy. Xenogamy is common among the tropical genera and in theLeptodactylon, Phlox andPolemonium. Autogamy is more frequent in the tribeGilieae (particularly inGilia) than in the other tribes. Annual taxa tend to be autogamous, showing on the average higher SPG and lower P:O ratio. The lepidopteran-pollinated group of species have a higher mean P:O ratio and lower mean SPG thus indicating that such plants are associated with crosspollination more than the others.
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    Numerical analyses of karyotypic diversity in the genusEupatorium (Compositae, Eupatorieae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 215-228 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorium ; Chromosomal distance ; chromosomal identity ; karyotype analysis ; statistics phenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic metaphase karyotypes were analyzed for 22 diploid species ofEupatorium. The karyotypic comparisons were made using two indices: minimal chromosomal distance (MCD), measuring overall dissimilarities, and chromosomal identity (CI), measuring number of morphologically identical chromosomes between species. The resulting phenograms from these indices are largely compatible. The 22 species cluster into four groups in the phenogram using MCD, and the grouping corresponds well with morphology or geographic distribution into the three N. American groupsEutrochium, Uncasia, Traganthes, and the E. Asian group. These results suggest that karyotypes in perennialEupatorium have been considerably conservative and changed not through large chromosomal mutations but through small chromosomal mutations gradually fixed.
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    A study of genetic diversity among host-specific populations of the witchweedStriga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga hermonthica ; Hemiparasitism ; hostspecificity ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic diversity ; Flora of Burkina Faso ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Striga hermonthica is a root hemiparasite that attacks onlyGramineae, includingSorghum and millet for which it is a principal cause of lowered yield. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to investigate genetic diversity inStriga hermonthica and to determine the level of differentiation between host-specialized populations. Nine genetic loci coding eight enzymes were interpreted and data obtained from three populations: oneSorghum-adapted population from Sudan and two populations from Burkina Faso, oneSorghum-adapted and the other millet-adapted. Levels of polymorphism were similarly high in all three populations (P=0.625, A=2.6−2.8, H=0.293−0.401). Genotypic frequencies at most loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in each population, consistent with outcrossing as predicted from previous studies of floral biology. Occasional heterozygote deficiencies were probably the result of Wahlund effect. The mean value of FST over the three populations was 0.068, indicating a slight to moderate level of genetic differentiation among the populations. The two Burkina Faso populations were more closely related (S=0.940, D=0.006) than either was to the Sudan population, suggesting that geographic separation is more important than host specialization in contributing to population differentiation. TheSorghum-adapted population was slightly closer to the Burkina FasoSorghum-adapted population (S=0.873, D=0.047) than to Burkina Faso millet-adapted population (S=0.851, D=0.074). The absence of substantial genetic divergence between host-specific populations ofStriga could result either from recent evolution of host-specialized strains or from strong selection for physiological specialization in the face of substantial gene flow between the populations.
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    The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
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    Quantitative nuclear DNA changes inEleusine (Gramineae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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    Polyploidy and aneuploidy inOphrys, Orchis, andAnacamptis (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
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    Karyological notes onCentaurea sect.Acrocentron (Asteraceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Centaurea ; Acrocentron ; Karyology ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyology ofCentaurea sect.Acrocentron is surveyed. 19 chromosome counts on 8 species are reported; those onC. acaulis, C. crocata, C. galianoi, C. pubescens, andC. malinvaldiana are new. The basic chromosome numbers of the section are x = 11 and x = 10. Karyological arguments have been used to show that evolution was from x = 11 to x = 10. This is supported by biogeographical data. Two main centres of diversification of sect.Acrocentron were studied from that point of view: the East and the Southwest Mediterranean region.
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    The characterisation and identification of a naturally occurring hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 177-197 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Leucaena esculenta ; L. leucocephala ; Hybridization ; sterile triploid ; morphometric analysis ; DNA characters ; restriction site analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytogeographical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the widespread but sporadic occurrence of sterile hybrids betweenLeucaena leucocephala subsp.glabrata andL. esculenta subsp.esculenta in South-Central Mexico is presented. Most morphological and DNA characters studied in the putative hybrids showed states intermediate between the proposed parental taxa. The occurrence of non-additive nuclear ribosomal DNA phenotypes is discussed and the need to use a suite of nuclear taxon-specific markers to determine hybridity is emphasized. The origin of the hybrid is discussed in relation to the disruption of the distributions of both parental taxa through use by man as minor food plants, providing another example of the important influence of human interference on the evolution ofLeucaena. The successful use of dried leaf material as a source of DNA is highlighted as an efficient way to identify sterile hybrids at the molecular level.
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    Chemistry and micromorphology of compound epicuticular wax crystalloids (Strelitzia type) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    Resistenzphysiologische Grundlagen der evolutiven Kälteakklimatisation von Sproßpflanzen (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 145-180 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Coniferophytina ; Angiosperms ; Arecaceae ; Poaceae ; Quercus ; Citrus ; sclerophyllous trees ; mountain plants ; Acclimatation ; chilling resistance ; frost resistance ; stress ecotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gradations in cold resistance of plants with different latitudinal and altitudinal distribution, and the various categories of chilling and freezing resistance are hypothesized to be evolutionary steps of adaptive responses to increasing low temperature stress and annual seasonality. The gradual lowering of the critical phase transition temperature of biomembrane lipids, the capacity of persistent supercooling of tissues, and the development of a dormancy linked freezing-tolerance are considered to be essential mechanisms resulting in improved acclimatation to low temperature climates.
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    Differentiation of Fraction 1 protein in relation to age and distribution of Angiosperm groups (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 89-113 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Nicotiana ; Gossypium ; Lemnaceae ; Fraction 1 protein ; differentiation and age of taxa ; migration to Australia ; land connections ; long distance dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fraction 1 protein (F-1-protein) (ribulose bisphosphate carboxy-lase-oxygenase) contained inLemnaceae has been evolving for at least 50 million years because fossils of these plants have been identified in strata belonging to the Upper Cretaceous. Electrofocusing F-1-protein resolves the large subunit polypeptides coded by extranuclear DNA and the small subunit polypeptides coded by nuclear DNA. Four differences affecting isoelectric points of the large subunit polypeptides and eight affecting the small subunit polypeptides are now present among eleven species representing the four genera comprising theLemnaceae. In comparison, four differences in the large and 13 in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 63 species ofNicotiana; four differences in the large and eight differences in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 19 species ofGossypium. The number of differences in F-1-protein composition being of the same order of magnitude for the generaNicotiana, Gossypium, and the familyLemnaceae, we infer that these Angiosperms are of similar antiquity. Nicotiana species indigenous to Australia and Africa contain F-1-proteins whose large subunit polypeptides are different but some of whose small subunit polypeptides are like those found in species from the Western Hemisphere. The same situation is found for the F-1-protein inGossypium. These results are in harmony with the view that species ofNicotiana andGossypium have arrived in Australia via former land connections between S. America, Antarctica, and Australia.
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    The tubular exine ofLauraceae andHernandiaceae, a novel type of exine structure in seed plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Lauraceae ; Hernandiaceae ; Pollen morphology ; pollen ultrastructure ; Angiosperm phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen grains ofLauraceae andHernandiaceae are characteristic in having a tubular exine of ± microfibrillar structure. This is coated with a layer of medium electron-dense globules and very peculiar spines, made up of a substance differing from that of the exine. Such a pollen wall structure is otherwise unknown in seed plants and thus adds to the list of odd features erratically present in various taxa of the Ranalean complex.
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    Effect of allopolyploidy on the activity of selected enzymes inHibiscus (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Malvaceae ; Hibiscus acetosella ; H. asper ; H. surattensis ; H. radiatus ; andH. cannabinus ; Allopolyploidy ; evolution of dosage compensation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; malate dehydrogenase ; leucine aminopeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Mature seeds of diploid and tetraploidHibiscus species were analyzed for enzyme activity (alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase), total protein content, DNA amount and dry weight. The recently formed tetraploid,H. radiatus, generally had enzyme and protein levels very similar to the sum of its progenitors, while the more ancient speciesH. acetosella had several lower levels. This difference may reflect the greater amount of timeH. acetosella has had to evolve dosage compensations.
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    Genetic determination of pappus part number in the annual hybridMicroseris B 87 (Asteraceae—Lactuceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 235-246 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ChileanMicroseris pygmaea has a ten-part paleaceous pappus while the CalifornianM. bigelovii has five pappus parts on each achene. Hybrids between the two species have between five and ten pappus parts with averages below 7.5. Hybrid B 87 has an F 1 average value of 6.7 pappus parts. 140 F 2 plants were raised from this hybrid, and 12 F 3 families were obtained by selfing from F 2 plants. One larger F 4 family has been raised. Pappus part number in all of these is still canalized between 5 and 10. Variation within these limits is genetically determined by a quantitatively acting polygenic system. Modeling of this system suggests that a minimum of four, but probably not many more, genes are involved. This opens the possibility of a complete genetic analysis of the system.
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    Seed and fruit anatomy ofCocculus hirsutus (Menispermaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Menispermaceae ; Cocculus hirsutus ; Seed ; fruit ; anatomy ; affinities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ovules ofCocculus hirsutus are anatropous, bitegmic and, crassinucellate. The fruit is drupaceous, black purple, and laterally compressed and has a pericarp demarcated into exocarp and endocarp. The seeds are curved around the basal bodies. Testa and tegmen cells are thin-walled and unspecialized. In the ripe seed the inner epidermis of the tegmen persists, whereas the entire testa and the outer layer of the tegmen degenerate. Relationships of theMenispermaceae toRanunculaceae, Berberidaceae, andLardizabalaceae are supported.
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    Der Knotenbau einigerRubiaceae (1981)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Nodal anatomy ; leaf base ; stipules
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf base vascularization in most of theRubiaceae corresponds to the unilacunar pattern with one complex trace. Only some species are known to have a trilacunar nodal pattern with three traces. In the unilacunar type one pair of smaller bundles separates from the complex lacunary leaf trace laterally, each soon forking into two arms: One arm becomes a marginal vein of the petiole, the other, besides supplying the stipules, forms a ± distinct vascular “bridge” within the cortex of the nodal flanks. In theRubieae this flank bridge develops as a very distinct vascular “ring” commissure out of which the whorled leaf-like appendages are vascularized; only the opposite true leaves receive their complex trace out of the lacunes directly. Axillary branches originate only from these true leaves.
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    Serologische Untersuchungen zur Gliederung derBrassicaceae (1982)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 39-55 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) ; Alysseae ; Arabideae ; Brassiceae ; Heliophileae ; Hesperideae ; Lepidieae ; Pringleeae ; Sisymbrieae.—Serological systematics
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    Notes: Abstract The serological investigations support the opinion ofJanchen (1942) to combine the generaBunias, Isatis, andSisymbrium in the tribeSisymbrieae; Cheiranthus, Erysimum, andMatthiola in the tribeHesperideae; andBrassica, Crambe, Sinapis, andSuccowia in the tribeBrassiceae. They further underline the central position of theSisymbrieae and the isolated position of theHeliophileae. In accordance withEigner (1973) theBrassiceae are placed closer to theSisymbrieae than inJanchen; the same holds for thePringleeae. No serological justification could be found to uniteArabis andBarbarea in the tribeArabideae, andAlyssum andLunaria in theAlysseae. From the antigen-systems used among the representatives ofJanchen's Lepidieae the generaLepidium andNeslia show remarkable correspondence both toCamelina andThlaspi, but not toCochlearia which appears distant fromCamelina andThlaspi also.
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    The possible polyphyletic origin of copper tolerance inAgrostis tenuis (Gramineae) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae (Poaceae) ; Agrostis tenuis.—Evolution ; Copper tolerance ; genotype-environment interaction
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of increased copper concentration in solution on the rooting of seven copper tolerant populations ofAgrostis tenuis has been examined using the regression technique ofFinlay &Wilkinson (1963). Three types of response to increased copper concentration have been detected, and it is suggested that these reflect a different genetic control of copper tolerance in different populations.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of theSymphytum officinale polyploid complex andS. asperum (Boraginaceae): The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 279-292 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum.—Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of thin layer chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry the pyrrolizidine alkaloid patterns derived fromSymphytum asperum, several cytotypes ofS. officinale agg. and the artificial hybrids of the former taxa, were compared. The obtained patterns were not essentially affected by variation in cytotype, harvesting times and -location of plants. Lycopsamine, acetyl-lycopsamine and symphytine or their isomers were generally found in theS. officinale cytotypes, echimidine and symphytine inS. asperum. The interspecific hybrids contained all alkaloids mentioned. The definite lack of echimidine in the 2 n=40 cytotype proves that it is conspecific withS. officinale and does not belong to a hybrid-swarmS. asperum × S. officinale with 2 n=48.
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    Morpho-ecological studies on geophilic plants: Vegetative reproduction inIris vartani (Iridaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Iris vartani ; Bulb structure ; vegetative reproduction ; bulblet germination
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    Notes: Abstract Structure and behaviour of the underground organs ofIris vartani were investigated in connection with the vegetative reproduction of this species. Under favourable conditions, well developed mature plants give rise to two replacement bulbs and to several propagation bulblets each year. In spite of this considerable vegetative propagation, no crowding occurs at the natural habitat. Controlled experiments show that as soon as a small group is formed, each bulb produces only one replacement bulb and not two as before. Moreover, the bulblets do not sprout while they are attached to the respective mother bulbs, but rather die and disintegrate, remaining as empty peels. In contrast, detached bulblets, sown individually in separate pots, germinate readily. Consequently, the aggregates ofI. vartani do not increase to any great extent and thus ensure their survival “in situ” for many years.
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    Chromosome studies in species and hybrids ofPetrorhagia sect.Kohlrauschia (Caryophyllaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 243-255 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Petrorhagia prolifera ; P. velutina ; P. glumacea ; P. nanteuilii ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype ; meiotic behaviour ; polyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetic investigations have been made in the fourPetrorhagia species and hybrids of the sectionKohlrauschia. The three diploid species show close similarities in chromosome number, size and morphology, with the exception ofP. velutina, where one pair of metacentric chromosomes is represented by a pair of telocentrics. Meiotic studies in hybrids indicate close genomic homology between the diploid species and also between the two floral forms ofP. prolifera. The tetraploidP. nanteuilii behaves as an allotetraploid forming only bivalents at meiosis and results suggest thatP. velutina andP. prolifera are the diploid progenitors of this species. Since meiosis in diploid and triploid hybrids results in extensive intergenomic pairing it is concluded that the natural tetraploid has a bivalent promoting mechanism that prevents pairing between the genomes of its diploid progenitors.
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    Developmental anatomy ofAphyllanthes monspeliensis, a herbaceous Monocotyledon with secondary growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 231-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliaceae ; Aphyllanthaceae ; Xanthorrhoeaceae ; Aphyllanthes monspeliensis ; Morphogenesis ; anatomy ; vestigial cambium ; secondary thickening ; ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Aphyllanthes monspeliensis is an isolated member of theLiliiflorae endemic to the Mediterranean region. It is herbaceous, but in its rhizome possesses a secondary thickening meristem (STM). The secondary tissues produced are similar to those known in various arborescent Monocotyledons. Ultrastructural features of the STM cells are described. A relictual intrafascicular cambium also occurs in the bundles of the primary system of the rhizome.
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    Morphological dispersal structures in relation to growth habit in theCompositae (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Dispersal ; pappus ; growth form: annuals ; biennials ; perennial herbs ; shrubs and trees ; weeds and non-weeds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between gross morphological dispersal structures, growth habit, and weediness is reported for a worldwide sample of 5893 Compositae species from 18 regional floras. A significantly smaller percentage of annual species than perennial species has dispersal structures. Among species with dispersal structures, plumed types are more frequent in perennials while adhesive types are more frequent in annuals. Differences in the occurrence and nature of dispersal structures between perennial herbs, shrubs and trees were minor. Weeds are less likely to have well developed morphological dispersal structures than non-weeds. The data support the idea that dispersal in space may be more important for perennial or non-weedy plants than for annual and weedy plants.
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    Ballistic seed dispersal inIllicium (Illiciaceae) (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Illiciaceae ; Illicium floridanum ; Ballistic dispersal ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary mode of fruit dispersal in the woodyMagnoliidae is animal dispersal.Illicium floridanum and other members of the genus have a well development system of ballistic fruit dehiscence. The ballistic dispersal is effective only over short distances, but may be important in propelling the seeds away from the parent tree. The presence of explosive dehiscence mechanisms in relatively primitive angiosperm genera suggests that a diversity of dispersal mechanisms may have been present in early angiosperms.
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    Reproductive characters associated with breeding behaviour inBeta sect.Beta (Chenopodiaceae) (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 277-283 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta ; Reproductive biology ; allogamy versus autogamy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of different taxa withinBeta sect.Beta were compared using a number of floral and reproductive characters. Plants which were known to be self-incompatible (through S-allele incompatibility) were found to be morphologically distinct from those which were self-compatible, with the floral characteristics of the latter promoting their autogamy.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of theSymphytum officinale polyploid complex andS. asperum (Boraginaceae): Phytosterols and triterpenoids (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; Phytosterols ; triterpenoids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract From a comparison of phytosterol and triterpenoid patterns of severalSymphytum officinale cytotypes,S. asperum and their interspecific hybrids,S. ×uplandicum, which were obtained from thin layer chromatography and gaschromatography (also in combination with mass spectrometry), the hybrid character of the latter taxon is clearly shown. The specific value of the triterpenoid isobauerenol as a chemotaxonomical marker within this group is discussed in some detail.
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    Reproductive relationships between annual species ofCalendula (Compositae) (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 311-329 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Calendula ; Selfing ; interspecific hybrids ; speciation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Breeding experiments were carried out inCalendula species. In the annuals, which are selfers, rarely some outcrossing was observed only in the most peripheral flowers. In experimental crosses fruit was produced in all combinations. Fertile F1 and F2 hybrids could be grown from crosses between parents with similar chromosome numbers:C. palaestina ×C. pachysperma and crosses of different morphological forms ofC. arvensis. In crosses of species with different chromosome numbers at least partly fertile F1 hybrids were obtained fromC. tripterocarpa ×C. stellata andC. tripterocarpa ×C. arvensis and crosses of the latter withC. palaestina. Fertile F2 plants were grown from the combination ofC. arvensis ×C. tripterocarpa. Considering this information and previously obtained data, a scheme is proposed for explaining speciation in the genusCalendula.
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    OnHapaline appendiculata andPhymatarum borneense, two rareAraceae from Borneo (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Hapaline ; Hapale ; Phymatarum ; Bucephalandra ; Flora of Borneo ; East Malaysia ; Sarawak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of newly collected and cultivated material full descriptions and illustrations are presented forHapaline appendiculata Ridl. andPhymatarum borneense M. Hotta.
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    Veronica fridericae, a new species from eastern Turkey (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 67-71 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Veronica fridericae spec. nova ; V. acrotheca ; V. farinosa ; V. armena ; V. multifida ; V. jacquinii ; V. caucasica ; V. filifolia ; V. oltensis ; Flora of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Veronica fridericae spec. nova, described from the type locality in the S.E. Turkish province Van, is related toV. acrotheca andV. farinosa, both endemic to W. Iran. All 8 perennial species with pinnatifid leaves in S.W. Asia are presented in a key.
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    Eine neueCampanula-Art aus dem ostafghanisch-westpakistanischen Grenzgebiet (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 149-150 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula schimaniana spec. nova ; Flora of Afghanistan and of Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campanula schimaniana is a new species of sect.Campanula subsect.Rupestres, distributed in the westernmost mountains affected by monsoon.
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    Chromosome counts inCalea (Asteraceae-Heliantheae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 151-153 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteraceae-Heliantheae ; Calea ; Chromosome numbers ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for six taxa ofCalea, among them tetraploidC. septuplinervia, the only known polyploid inCalea s. str. The base chromosome number ofCalea is interpreted as x = 19.
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    Immunosystematical comparison ofPhaseolus coccineus seed proteins with those of other legumes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 155-163 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Mimosoideae ; Faboideae ; Phaseolus coccineus ; Serological systematics ; seed proteins ; phytohaemagglutinin ; vicilin ; phaseolin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An immunosystematical research was conducted on the seed proteins of 32 species ofFabaceae. By comparing all immunelectrophoretic patterns with the self reaction of a reference system (Phaseolus coccineus) all proteins detected have been identified and their distribution within the family has been analyzed. Half of the proteins identified inP. coccineus gave positive cross reactions with proteins present in all other species. Among this group are “protein I” and “phaseolin”. This result supports the homologization between phaseolin and vicilin. Among the other proteins, three are irregularly distributed throughout the family, and only three are restricted to a few taxa. This last group includes phytohaemagglutinin, which does not present any cross reaction outside the tribePhaseoleae.
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    Inferred chromosome morphology of the ancestral genome ofTriticum (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
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    Systematic revision ofErodium (Geraniaceae) in Egypt (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Erodium ; Monsonia ; Geranium ; Taxonomic revision ; Flora of Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A key is provided for the 14Erodium species of the Egyptian flora. The important differential chracters of leaf, inflorescence, flower, and fruit are discussed and illustrated.
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    Insect Induced Self-Pollination (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 315-320 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Lupinus palaestinus ; L. pilosus ; Breeding system ; insect induced self pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant increase of pod production occurs inLupinus palaestinus Boiss. andL. pilosus Murr. following insect visits. The cause of this increase is investigated through (1) examination of the biology of pollination, (2) examination of pod production under various pollination conditions, (3) examination of cross pollination by genetical markers. All data strongly suggest that “Insect Induced Self Pollination” is the main factor in the increase of pod production of these species in nature.
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    Foliar anatomy ofPolygonum (Polygonaceae): Survey of epidermal and selected internal structures (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 182 (1992), S. 71-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; dicotyledons ; Polygonaceae ; Polygonum ; Crystals ; extrafloral nectaries ; leaf anatomy ; secretory structures ; stomata ; subepidermal fibers ; trichomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several anatomical characters in leaves were described, and their distribution determined, for 153 species ofPolygonum, mostly from herbarium specimens. Structures surveyed were epidermal (glandular and nonglandular trichomes, nodules, specialized parenchyma, stomatal apparatus) and internal (cavities, crystals, laticifer-like cells, nodules, subepidermal fibers). Cleared leaves were supplemented by resin-embedded sections and SEM preparations of selected species. No feature defines any taxonomic section, but some features occur only within one section. Laticifer-like cells, epidermal and internal nodules, resin cups, and unique epidermal and subepidermal cavities seem to be unknown elsewhere; other features (invaginated epidermal cells; enlarged crystal cells confined to paraveinal layer) are rare among angiosperms.
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    Evolution ofPeperomia (Piperaceae) in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 182 (1992), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Piperaceae ; Peperomia ; Flavonoids ; cytology ; phenetics ; cladistics ; Flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four species ofPeperomia (Piperaceae) occur in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile:P. berteroana, P. margaritifera, P. skottsbergii, andP. fernandeziana. The last species is found also in continental Chile, whereas the other three are endemic to the archipelago.Peperomia margaritifera is found only on the older island of Masatierra, whereasP. skottsbergii is confined to the younger island of Masafuera, andP. berteroana occurs on both islands. Phenetic analyses of mainland taxa suggest thatP. fernandeziana belongs to subg.Sphaerocarpidium whereas the endemic taxa form their own subg.Tildenidium connecting to subg.Tildenia. Cladistic analyses indicate thatP. margaritifera is the most primitive species in the archipelago and thatP. berteroana is the most derived, especially patristically. Chromosomally, the four species are all n = 22, which may be tetraploid on a base of x = 11. Sulfated flavones occur only inP. berteroana andP. skottsbergii, which are otherwise unknown for the family. Dispersal of propagules to the islands from the continent and between islands is believed to have been accomplished by birds.
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    Cytogenetic relationship ofAegilops longissima chromosomes with common wheat chromosomes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops longissima ; Cytogenetics ; homoeologous relationships ; chromosome substitutions ; translocations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships of three wheat-Aegilops longissima chromosome addition lines A, C, and D with homoeologous wheat chromosomes were studied in PMC meiosis. Substitutions of alien chromosome A for wheat chromosome 6 B, chromosome C for 1 B and chromosome D for 4 B were obtained. The production of 4 BS/C and 7 BS/D chromosome translocations indicated cytogenetic relationships of C partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 1 and 4, and D partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 4 and 7.
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    Genetic variation ofHordeum spontaneum in Israel: Eco-geographical races, detected by trait measurements (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 15-28 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Wild gene pool ; factor analysis ; numerical taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples from 11 populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, from Israel, were examined for morphological variation in a “common garden” plot design. Earliness traits had the highest between population variation of all traits studied. No relationship was found between dimensions of leaves and size of seeds.—Using numerical taxonomy methods, four races were found, which correspond to the geographical and environmental range of the species in Israel. It is concluded thatH. spontaneum shows a well developed tendency toward formation of highly adaptive races rather than exhibiting clinical variation.
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    How stable are genomes of tropical woody plants? Heterozygosity in C-banded karyotypes ofPorcelia as compared withAnnona (Annonaceae) andDrimys (Winteraceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 29-39 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Porcelia goyazensis ; Annona reticulata ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Giemsa C-banding ; structural heterozygosity ; karyotype evolution in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InPorcelia goyazensis (2n = 18) Giemsa C-banding patterns differ from those ofAnnona reticulata (2n = 14) and reveal structural heterozygosity. The amplitude of karyological variation in theAnnonaceae is greater than expected for a “primitive” woody family. In a comparison with other tropical angiosperm groups, the highly differentiated karyotype ofDrimys brasiliensis (2n = 86) is interpreted as being the end-point of numerous karyological changes.
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    Amino acids and sugars in nectar, and their putative evolutionary significance (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 55-77 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Bignoniaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Caesalpiniaceae ; Caryocaraceae ; Chrysobalanaceae ; Fabaceae ; Lobeliaceae ; Lythraceae ; Malvaceae ; Marcgraviaceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Onagraceae ; Orchidaceae ; Passifloraceae ; Proteaceae ; Rubiaceae ; Solanaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Zingiberaceae ; Flower nectar ; amino acids ; sugars ; evolutionary significance ; pollination biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.
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    The origin ofSenecio vulgaris (Asteraceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 135-153 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Senecio vulgaris ; S. vernalis ; Autotetraploidy ; self-compatibility ; annual weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Senecio vulgaris L. (2n = 40) is suggested to be of autotetraploid origin fromS. vernalis Waldst. & Kit. (2n = 20). This conclusion is based on results obtained from experimental hybridisations and cytological observations, and the consideration of morphological affinities, patterns of geographical distribution and hybrid formation under natural conditions. The morphological differences between the two species are related to a difference in the breeding system. WhilstS. vernalis is self-incompatible,S. vulgaris is self-compatible and strongly self-pollinating. Equally, other self-pollinating taxa traditionally associated withS. vulgaris are shown to have evolved independently from outbreeding relatives. Within a narrow frame of relationship, annual weeds have evolved in different cytotaxonomic circumstances.
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    Effect of ploidy variation on amino acid composition ofDatura innoxia (Solanaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Datura innoxia ; Haploidy ; diploidy ; triploidy ; tetraploidy ; hexaploidy ; amino acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of the scopalamine-yieldingDatura innoxia, the amino acid profiles were studied. The results suggest that the amino acid composition is influenced quantitatively by increasing ploidy levels, but in an irregular way.
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    The neotropical angiosperm familiesBrunelliaceae andCaryocaraceae: First karyosystematical data and affinities (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 183-191 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragales ; Cunoniales ; Brunelliaceae ; Brunellia comocladiifolia ; B. mexicana ; Theales ; Caryocaraceae ; Caryocar brasiliense ; C. microcarpum ; C. villosum ; Karyosystematics ; paleopolyploidy ; tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are polyploid, 2n = 28 inBrunellia comocladiifolia andB. mexicana, and 2n = 46 inCaryocar brasiliense, C. microcarpum andC. villosum. The chromosome are small in both genera, with a length of ca. 1,6-0,4µm. Interphase nuclei correspond to the prochromosomal and the chromocentric type, respectively. This is in conformance with the systematic placement ofBrunelliaceae intoCunoniales, and ofCaryocaraceae intoTheales. Brunellia exhibits affinities to various other orders ofRosidae (andHamamelididae), and is suggested to be primarily apetalous. On a comparative basis, the chromosome numbers found in both families are interpreted as paleopolyploid (4 x and 6 x). This apparently is in correspondence with their rather primitive features, systematic isolation, relatively depauperate status, and evidently great age.
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    Seed morphology in some European aconites (Aconitum, Ranunculaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Seed morphology ; seed coat SEM microcharacteristics ; taxonomic importance ; adaptative ecological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seed coat morphology, investigated in taxa representative of the main European groups ofAconitum, are in good agreement with the current taxonomy of the genus. The seed coat microcharacteristics (warty epidermal cells) are very constant. There is a trend for the reduction of longitudinal wings on the edges concomitant with the development of ridges and transverse wings on the faces. Another morphological progression leads from smooth to rugulose and eventually to transverse wing-bearing seed faces. A working hypothesis suggests an ecological adaptative significance to these changes.
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    Electrophoretic identification of polyploidCamellia japonica (Theaceae) cultivars and evidence for their sexual origin (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 223-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theaceae ; Camellia japonica ; Allozymes ; polyploidy ; origin of cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic examination of allozymes from 189Camellia japonica cultivars revealed some banding patterns not explainable by codominant diploid genetics. At several loci encoding dimeric enzymes, 5 and 6 banded patterns were observed in 7 cultivars. These patterns are interpreted as resulting from triploidy or aneuploidy, where three variant alleles code for products which are electrophoretically distinguishable and associate to form three homodimers and three heterodimers. The presence of allozyme multiplicity in these clones suggests a sexual rather than a somatic mode of triploid origin.
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    A second marker enzyme in the genetics of pappus part numbers inMicroseris hybrid B87 (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 243-258 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; additive polygenes ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts ; leaf shape ; isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CrossingMicroseris pygmaea (10 pappus parts) withM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts) results in hybrids with variable pappus part numbers between 5 and 10. Previous work has shown that a system of four additively acting genes determines the average pappus part numbers of these hybrids. In hybrid B87 two genes have a 10-determining and a 5-determining allele each, two others a 5-determining and a null (inactive or missing) allele. Genetic linkage of one of the latter with the enzyme geneEsterase-1 and the leaf shape genespatulate leaves has been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate linkage between one of the two 10-determining genes and the enzyme locusEsterase- Y/B. The genotypes in the pappus part system of many specimens can now be fully determined. This is a major advance for the analysis of the evolution of this additive polygenic system.
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    Corresponding patterns of geographic variation among populations ofSilene latifolia (=S. alba =S. pratensis) (Caryophyllaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 227-242 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene latifolia ; S. alba ; S. pratensis ; Geographic variation ; racial differentiation ; clines ; morphological variation ; flavone glycosylation genes ; principal components analysis ; cluster analysis ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and biochemical data were analysed from 30 greenhouse-grown populations of EuropeanSilene latifolia. Six separate character sets (flavones, seed, pollen, capsules, male and female flower morphology) were used in the analyses. There was broad-scale congruence between trends of geographic variation in most character sets, with the populations being assigned to western (or southern and western) and eastern clusters. The eastern and western clusters abut along a transition zone that runs roughly from Belgium to the northern Balkans; this zone represents a region of relatively rapid change and contains populations intermediate between the eastern and western clusters. Variation in flower morphology was weak and discordant with variation in the other character sets. The origin and maintenance of the variation pattern is discussed in terms of migrational history and “hybrid zones”.
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    Cytotaxonomy and breeding system of the genusBiscutella (Cruciferae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 291-309 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Brassicaceae ; Biscutella variegata complex ; B. laevigata complex ; Chromosome numbers ; variation ; aneuploidy and polyploidy ; chromosomal imbalance ; protogyny ; inbreeders and outbreeders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome counts were determined for 46 populations ofBiscutella representing 28 taxa. The genus was found to contain diploid taxa with 2n = 12, 16 and 18, tetraploid taxa with 2n = 36 and hexaploid taxa having 2n = 54.B. laevigata L. s. l. consists of diploid and tetraploid populations which are poorly differentiated morphologically. TetraploidB. laevigata s. l. and hexaploidB. variegata Boiss. & Reuter (s. l.) are characterized by chromosomal instability. The variation in chromosome numbers and the occurrence of polyploidy is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the genus. An investigation of the breeding system showed that most of the annual species were self-compatible and partly inbreeding and most of the perennial species self-incompatible and, therefore, outbreeding, while one annual species,B. cichoriifolia Loisel., showed both systems.
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    Ribosomal RNA genes in biotypes ofScilla peruviana (Liliaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla peruviana ; Gene mapping ; restriction enzymes ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scilla peruviana biotypes have different chromosome numbers due to changes in the nucleolar chromosomes and polyploidy. We have examined two diploid (2n = 15 and 2n = 16) and two tetraploid biotypes (2n = 28 and 2n = 32). From the results of rRNA/DNA filter hybridizations it appears that rDNA percentages of the diploid biotypes are, approximately, 2.2-fold higher than those of the tetraploid biotypes. To examine the rRNA gene structure we have utilizedSouthern blot hybridization after DNA digestions with three restriction enzymes: Eco RI, Hind III and Bam HI. From the band analysis of both single and double digestions it has been possible to reveal the presence, in the diploid biotypes, of three gene types, heterogeneous both for length and for nucleotide sequences in the external spacer. The three rRNA genes are 12 600, 12 700, and 12 800 base pairs long and they have a different position of the Hind III sites in the external spacer. On the other hand, a single gene type of 12 600 base pairs, identical to the first type of the diploid biotypes, surprisingly exists in the tetraploid biotypes. Considerations on the rRNA gene regulation and evolution are made.
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    New chromosome number inRutaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 13-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Chromosome number ; karyotaxonomy ; base number ; karyotype variation ; literature critique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed chromosome counts have been made in 61 species, belonging to 33 genera ofRutaceae. 30 of these species are reported here for the first time. For 18 species at least one previous publication gives a chromosome number differing from that reported here. Such discrepancies are, in most cases, due to errors in counting or identification of the material. By critically reviewing the literature on each particular case, it appears possible to eliminate most of the false data. On the basis of the present results, the base number x = 10 is proposed for the genusRuta.
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    Notes on the karyosystematics ofAnnonaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 47-55 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Chromosomes ; polyploidy ; karyosystematics ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Information and illustrations on somatic chromosomes, structure of interphase nuclei and hair development are presented for 9 genera and 14 species ofAnnonaceae. A few suggestions tend to improve the unsatisfactory current classification. The spectrum of polyploids found in the family ranges from neo- to meso- and paleopolyploids.
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    Cytological studies in South AmericanIridaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 87-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Sisyrinchieae ; Tigridieae ; Trimezieae ; Basic numbers ; chromosome size ; karyotypes ; polyploidy ; karyotypic asymmetry ; bimodality ; DNA increase ; chromosome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although the South AmericanIridaceae are cytologically diverse, three tribes are distinguishable on the basis of karyotype morphology. TheSisyrinchieae andTrimezieae have variable basic numbers, ploidy levels and chromosome sizes, while theTigridieae are characterized by a relatively uniform basic number and bimodal karyotype. Changes in chromosome size within genera may suggest fluctuations in their DNA amount with latitude and altitude, particularly inSisyrinchium. The results are considered in terms of opportunities for more detailed research.
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    The grass megagametophyte and its possible phylogenetic implications (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Embryology ; megagametophyte ; antipodals proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the grasses megagametophyte is considered to be characteristic enough as to deserve a particular place in the megagametophyte typology. Furthermore, it is compared with those of other Monocotyledonous families to point out embryological affinities.
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    The embryology and relationships ofOliniaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Oliniaceae ; Olinia ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two of the five species ofOliniaceae (Olinia emarginata andO. ventosa), a monotypic and problematic family of theMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Oliniaceae clearly agree with otherMyrtales in their basic embryological characteristics, and are characterized further by having an ephemeral endothecium, a campylotropous ovule, and a thick, three-five-layered, outer integument. A combination of these three characteristic features is unknown elsewhere inMyrtales, so that embryological features do not support a close relationship with any other member of the order. Shared distinctive anther characteristics (i.e. ephemeral endothecium) suggest thatOliniaceae are derived from the common ancestor ofCrypteroniaceae s. str.,Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andPenaeaceae.
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    A New Species ofSalvia (Lamiaceae) from the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, Mexico (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 141-143 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Salvia tuxtlensis spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salvia tuxtlensis, sp. n., is immediately recognized by its semipersistent bracts and yellow flowers. Its affinities are not clear. It is endemic to the Soteapan area in the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, in Veracruz, Mexico.
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    Wachstum und Ausbildungsformen des Gynoeceums vonRochelia (Boraginaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 123-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Rochelia ; Rochelia disperma ; Gynoecial development ; fruit development ; pseudomonomery ; systematics ; evolutionary trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the gynoecium ofRochelia disperma has been investigated by LM and SEM. From the floral apex only one carpel primordium arises abaxially and eventually shifts into a subterminal position. Neither an initial stadium of a second carpel nor an adaxial vascular strand in gynobase and style could be observed. InR. stylaris two vascular strands run through the style and two undifferentiated lobes in adaxial position may be regarded as rudimentary mericarps. Only from comparison with related taxa the conclusion can be drawn thatRochelia is really pseudomonomerous, more so inR. disperma than inR. stylaris. The primary gynoecial bulge splits up into three parts inR. disperma: style/stigma, nutlets with gynobase, and disc. While the mericarps originate in mostBoraginoideae from the symplicate region and the ascidiate one is restricted to the very basal parts, inR. disperma the ascidiate part extends and forms the nutlets. The hood-shaped mouth of the carpel (the plicate zone) is closed to a triangular slit in lateral position, the stigma. The nutlets are triangular with broad base and do not surround the adaxial part of the gynobase inR. disperma, R. persica, R. bungei, R. stylaris, andR. macrocalyx. In contrast,R. peduncularis, R. cardiosepala, andR. cancellata have nutlets clasping the gynobase; they may be more closely related than was assumed up to now. The glochids ofRochelia are fascicled unicellular hairs (with different shapes) and not emergences as in theCynoglosseae. There is an evolutionary trend towards fruit formation with only one mericarp, especially inR. disperma.
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    Der cytologische Nachweis von doppelter Restitution beiFragaria (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Fragaria ; Restitution ; microsporogenesis ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Double restitution has been observed cytologically for the first time in microsporogenesis of a F1 hybridFragaria virginiana ×F. chiloensis ♂. Restitution is probably due to irregularities affecting the spindle mechanism. Single or double restitution may depend upon the duration of the effect or upon the stage of meiosis affected. The occurrence of triades is indicative of a possible intracellular diversity. Although the reason which may cause restitution remains to be ascertained, maternal inheritance indicates an extrachromosomal cause.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989544
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    The embryology and relationships ofPenaeaceae (Myrtales) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 181-195 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Penaeaceae ; Penaea ; Saltera ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species ofPenaeaceae (Penaea mucronata andSaltera sarcocolla), a unique South African family ofMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Penaeaceae clearly agrees with otherMyrtales in its basic embryological characteristics, and further is characterized by its highly specialized features: ephemeral endothecium, 16-nucleatePenaea-type embryo sac, and unique ovular form. A wider range of affinities of families includingPenaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andCrypteroniaceae sensu stricto, as well as a possible common divergence from an ancestral line leading toLythraceae and/orMelastomataceae, are discussed on embryological and other grounds.
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    Stomatal types ofCactaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 197-214 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Epidermis ; parallelocytic stomata ; stomatal types ; classification ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stomatal types (i.e. the arrangement of epidermal cells in the vicinity of a stomatal pore in superficial view) have been examined in more than 150 taxa ofCactaceae, mostly using documented material. Preparations have been made by mazerating pieces of tissue with modified Jeffrey's Solution and staining with chlore-zinc-jodine.—The examined members of the subfamilyCactoideae showed parallelocytic stomata with only minor deviations in a number of cases. Members of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae show parallelocytic stomata on the leaves, but the stomatas of the stem represent a different type, which apparently is not yet described. It is termed opuntioid here. In most cases the stomata are superficial but a few taxa show markedly sunken or “hidden” stomata.—In taxa of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae the stomata are generally oriented parallel to the stem axis with only minor deviations. The stomata of taxa of the subfamilyCactoideae do in general not show a particular orientation with the notable exception of a number of epiphytic genera from the tribeHylocereeae.—The results of these investigations in general coincide well with the generic classification of theCactaceae byHunt (1967). A few cases where stomatal characters suggest a differing classification merit further investigations.—Additionally, the possibilities to distinguish between paracytic and parallelocytic stomata are discussed and an amended definition for the latter is given.
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    Endothecial thickenings in the another wall ofPhthirusa adunca (Loranthaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Phthirusa adunca ; Anther wall ; endothecial thickenings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thickenings in the anther wall ofPhthirusa adunca are confined to the endothecium. This observation resembles the previous report onP. pyrifolia.
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    Ornithophilie auf den Canarischen Inseln (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 225-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Campanulaceae ; Canarina ; Isoplexis ; Bird pollination ; ornithophily ; Flora of Macaronesia ; Canary Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (1) On the Canary Islands and Madeira typical bird-flowers occur in at least twelve species of six genera, although true flower-birds are absent. This inconsistency is in part elucidated by field observations on exotic and wild plants of Tenerife. —(2) In the Botanical Garden of Orotava it could be observed that various ornithophilous plants, which were introduced there, were visited by indigenous birds for nectar and in one case (Orthostemon) for food tissue. Of the three bird species involved, an endemic race of Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and resident Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) exploit, and pollinate, flowers legitimously, while the Wild Canary (Serinus canaria) is predominantly a destructive nectar robber. —(3) The insular Chiffchaff also proved to be a regular pollinator in the wild, at least ofCanarina canariensis andIsoplexis canariensis, two ornithophilous paleoendemics. Ornithophily, thus, is naturally practised on the island, though by birds basically insectivorous. —(4) A list of Macaronesian plants bearing the more or less complete ornithophilous syndrome is presented, including newly recognizedTeucrium heterophyllum andScrophularia calliantha. —(5) On biogeographical and faunistic grounds it is presumed that the modern visitors of Canarian bird flowers are secondary rather than the original partners of the continental tertiary flora in which these plants originated. Palearctic immigrants, when becoming resident on the islands during and since the Pleistocene, adopted facultative nectar feeding, entering an “orphaned” food niche. Casual flower visits in Europe suggest a certain predisposition of the Chiffchaff and the Blackcap for the exploitation of flowers. — (6) The ability of unspecialized birds to acquire nectardrinking spontaneously and to pass this habit on to their offspring, is demonstrated by a population of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) which have visited ornithophilousKniphofia (Liliaceae) in Berlin for several years.
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    Fruit dispersal and trypanocarpy in brazilian cerrado grasses (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 1-27 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Dispersal ; hygroscopic movements ; trypanocarpy ; diaspore ecology ; cerrado vegetation ; Flora of Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). — Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal.
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    Seed structure and systematic position ofHampea nutricia (Malvaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 55-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Hampea nutricia ; Seed morphology and anatomy ; aril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature seeds ofHampea nutricia are glabrous, ovoid, arillate and dark tan in colour. Longitudinal streaks on the seed surface correspond to the underlying integumentary vascular strands. Testa and tegmen are derived from the outer and inner integuments, respectively. The outer epidermis of the tegmen forms a palisade-like macrosclereid layer, the inner epidermis a fringe layer. The endosperm is single-layered and also fills the space between the two cotyledons. The embryo is nearly straight, gland-dotted; it has asymmetrical and folded cotyledons, and gossypol ducts. Systematic position ofHampea is discussed and its placement inMalvaceae is supported.
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    The relation between pollen exine sculpturing and self-incompatibility mechanisms (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Exine morphology ; origin of sporophytic self-incompatibility ; palynology ; pollen wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In angiosperm pollen the reticulate-perforate exine sculpturing is associated with sporophytic self-incompatibility (S.S.I.) and imperforate and microperforate exine sculpturing is associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility. The earliest unequivocal angiosperm pollen conforms to exine morphology of pollen from plants with S.S.I. The orgin of S.S.I. is hypothesized to have coincided with the appearance of what is now the earliest recognizable angiosperm pollen. Other angiosperm characteristics correlated with S.I., functional stigmatic areas, large showy flowers (or aggregated inflorescences), and passive seed dispersal, provide some insight into the biological aspects of the earliest angiosperms.
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    Callose pattern and polarization phenomena in the ovules in the F2-hybrids betweenOenothera hookeri andOe. suaveolens (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 79-90 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera hookeri ; Oe. suaveolens ; Megasporogenesis ; inheritance of callose pattern and polarity of embryo sac development ; embryology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of callose formation in meiotic cell walls and the order of megaspore degeneration and polarity during embryo sac development are investigated in F2-plants ofOe. hookeri ×suaveolens and the reciprocal cross. All investigated characters are variable between the ovules in the same ovary. Plants differ in the frequency of the types of callose pattern and polarity of the embryo sacs. In segregating progenies different combinations of both characters are found. The genetic basis of the polarity phenomena during the embryo sac development is discussed. In our material no correlation can be seen between the callose pattern in the surrounding wall of the meiotic cell and the development of polarity in the later stages.
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    A taxometric analysis ofLimonium (Plumbaginaceae) in Western Europe (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 103-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Limonium ; Plumbaginaceae ; Numerical taxonomy ; variation ; agamospermy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A taxometric analysis ofLimonium species in Western Europe has provided evidence for the subgeneric groupings proposed by other authors. A cluster analysis suggests that the origin of sexual and agamospermous species has taken place separately. Sexual and agamospermous species are usually clustered separately. The lack of a sexual process in many agamospermous species, as indicated by the distribution of incompatibility morphs and by very low pollen fertility, suggests that the evolution of sexual and agamospermous taxa has been by different processes. It is suggested that following the origin of agamospermous species or species groups by hybridisation, subsequent evolution in the agamospermous taxa has occurred by asexual means. Evidence from the distribution of pollen/stigma incompatibility morphs, especially the existence of self-compatible agamospermous species supports this hypothesis.
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    Electrophoretic analysis of the phylogeny of the self-pollinating populations ofClarkia xantiana (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Clarkia xantiana ; Electrophoresis ; isozymes ; phylogenetic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic variation in isozymes coded by 40 loci was examined in two self-pollinating populations, one with white and the other with pink flowering plants, and four outcrossing populations ofClarkia xantiana (Onagraceae) native to California. The study was carried out to test theMoore & Lewis (1965) hypothesis that the pink selfer originated from the sympatric outcrossing population and then gave rise to the white selfer. The hypothesis could be rejected if one or the other selfer was more similar genetically to an allopatric population than to the sympatric one. Both selfers were monomorphic at all loci whereas the outcrossing populations were polymorphic at nearly half of them. The two selfers had the same genes at 32 loci but had different ones at eight loci. The pink selfer was not more similar to the allopatric populations than to the sympatric one, consistent with theMoore & Lewis model. The evidence also supported their proposal that the white selfer originated from the pink one and not independently. The electrophoretic evidence was valuable because it permitted qualitative comparisons (presence versus absence of particular alleles) between the selfer and the several outcrossing populations; such analysis was not previously possible because the latter populations are morphologically and cytologically similar.
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    Über Knotenbau und Blattgrundvaskularisation einigerMelastomataceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 119-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melastomataceae ; Nodal and petiolar vascularization ; common gap and split laterals ; flank bridge ; cortical bundles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nodal anatomy inMelastomataceae is variable. The (two times) unilacunar one trace type is wide-spread. In addition, species ofHeterocentron and ofTribouchina exhibit one pair of common gaps with split laterals. Others possess a distinct “flank bridge” of vascular tissue. Species with internodes quadrangular and four-winged in transsect exhibit up to five concentric cortical bundles per wing; they are involved in both petiolar vascularization and formation of flank bridges.
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    The occurrence of vascular tracheids inBetula and some otherBetulaceae genera (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 125-131 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Betula ; Alnus ; Carpinus ; Corylus ; Wood anatomy ; vascular tracheids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of vascular tracheids inBetula, Alnus, Carpinus andCorylus is reported. It is established that the cells are a consistent feature in early and late wood where they are associated with vessel elements in radial multiples. The possible function and taxonomic importance of these cells are briefly considered.
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    Zur Entwicklung des Gynoeceums beiBergenia cordifolia (Saxifragaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Bergenia cordifolia ; Gynoecium ontogenesis ; meristem incorporation ; meristem fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scanning electron microscopical investigations of flower buds of the perennial herbBergenia cordifolia (Haw.)A. Br. (Saxifragaceae) reveal a primitive gynoecium. During ontogenesis the margins of the carpel lamina transgress on the apical cone of the axis by meristem incorporation and finally fuse with the margins of the opposite carpel. These processes of meristem incorporation and fusion first lead to gamophylly and furthermore to carpel peltation, as is demonstrated by SEM-photographs (ring-shaped dike and common septum of the two carpels). As a result of carpel peltation, the lowest point of the septum deliminates the synascidiate zone. Above this point, the symplicate and, eventually, the plicate zone follows (vid. ventral suture). The margins of the carpel lamina merely touch each other without being coalesced. The preparation of a window in the carpel's dorsal side permits a look at a massive lateral placenta (Leinfellner 1951) developing the ovules. In the lower third—in lateral position at the placenta's margin—the first ovules are seen, the next ones follow in acropetal and basipetal direction, as well as to the periphery of the placenta.
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