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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Dispersal ; hygroscopic movements ; trypanocarpy ; diaspore ecology ; cerrado vegetation ; Flora of Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). — Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Arecaceae ; Euterpe ; Amazonia ; palm ; flowering ; nectar standing crop ; nectaries ; pollination ; entomophily
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowering and pollination biology of the monoecious palmEuterpe precatoria was studied in the forest of the “Reserva Ducke” near Manaus, Brazil, during two annual flowering periods (middle of October to end of March) between 1991 and 1993. Individuals produced one to four bisexual inflorescences per flowering period. Inflorescences have staminate and pistillate flowers in triads. The anthesis of the whole inflorescence averaged 26 days, with the male phase extending over the first 17 days, followed by six days without any open flowers, and the female phase covering the last three days. The distinct dichogamy of the inflorescence results in obligate outcrossing. The pollen-ovule ratio is high (42000). Both male and female flowers emit an almond oil-like scent and produce nectar in septal nectaries. The concentration and total amount of sugar of the nectar of female flowers (37% and 0.021 mg) were significantly higher than that of male flowers (9% and 0.007 mg). The nectar is hexose-rich and with a moderately high amino acid concentration (68 µg/ml).Euterpe precatoria seems to be a generally entomophilous palm with a predominance of beetles and bees as potential pollinators. The most constant visitors were beetles of the familiesCurculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, and bees of the familyHalictidae. The actual composition of the insect spectrum depends on climatic and biotic factors. Additionally, wind pollination may occur. Fruit development lasted four months and ripe fruits are swallowed by toucans who thus disperse the seeds.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Drimys s. str. ; D. brasiliensis (with subsp. and comb. nov.) ; D. roraimensis ; comb. nov. ; D. angustifolia ; Population variation ; eco-geographical differentiation ; epidermis ultrastructure ; Systematics and history of the S. American flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Statistical analyses and scatter diagrams illustrate for the polymorphic E. and SE. BrazilianDrimys brasiliensis a clear correlation between morphological variation and eco-geographical differentiation. This is backed by data on the (ultra)structure of the lower leaf surface. A new infraspecific taxonomy is proposed, andD. roraimensis andD. angustifolia are recognized as distinct species of the Guyana Highlands and S. Brazil, respectively. The affinities between these and other taxa of the paleopolyploid genus, its evolution and its position within the family are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 120 (1972), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The long-tubed whitish flowers of the Brazilian Rubiaceae speciesTocoyena brasiliensis andT. formosa are visited and pollinated by hawkmoths during night; they possess all features of typical sphingophilous flowers. The insects are guided to the flowers by smell, color and form. Flowers expose in the evening and remain open for several days. Already in bud stage the anthers split and deposit their pollen on the outside of the stigma. After opening of the strongly protandrous flowers the stigma carries the adherent pollen and presents it to visitors. About three days later the stigma lobes spread apart, and the flowers remain in this female receptive stage for some further days. Both species are cross-pollinated andT. formosa is, as experiments showed, self-incompatible. Foreign pollen can start to germinate not only in the female but probably already in the male stage of the flowers with stigmas still unspread: it germinates on the outside of the stigma, the pollen tubes reach the receptive parts of the stigmas meanwhile spread, and fecundation can be brought about.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die langen Stieltellerblüten der beiden brasilianischen RubiaceenTocoyena, brasiliensis undT. formosa zeigen Merkmale, die sie gut in den sphingophilen Blütentyp eingliedern lassen. 2. Die Knospen springen in der Abenddämmerung ruckartig auf und die Kronblattzipfel breiten sich anschließend langsam bis zur Sternform aus. 3. Die Blüten sind stark protandrisch. Bereits in der Knospe geben die Antheren ihren Pollen auf die Außenseiten der Narbe ab. Neu geöffnete Blüten befinden sich einige Tage lang im männlichen Zustand, wobei die Pollenmasse auf der ungeöffneten Narbe klebt. Im weiblichen Zustand mit gespreizter Narbe verbleibt die Blüte wiederum einige Tage. 4. Schwärmer, angelockt durch Duft, Farbe und Form der Blüten, kommen nachts, um den Nektar auszubeuten und übertragen dabei mit ihrem Rüssel den Pollen von Narbe zu Narbe. Die Narbe ist also das eigentliche Pollen-tragende Organ. 5. Die Bestäubung könnte auch dann zu einer Befruchtung führen, wenn sie nur im männlichen Zustand der Blüte erfolgt, da der vom Insekt auf die Außenseite der Narbe abgegebene fremde Pollen auskeimt und die Pollenschläuche auf die empfängnisfähigen Stellen gelangen. 6. Versuche zeigen, daßT. formosa allogam ist.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 123 (1975), S. 157-184 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chrysobalanaceae: Couepia ; Mimosaceae: Inga ; Caesalpiniaceae: Bauhinia ; Vochysiaceae: Qualea ; Capparaceae: Capparis ; Lythraceae: Lafoensia ; Apocynaceae: Macrosiphonia ; Rubiaceae: Tocoyena ; Hillia ; Liliaceae: Dracaena ; Amaryllidaceae: Crinum ; Flower biology ; sphingophily in Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the functional differentiation in flowers of 15 sphingophilous Brazilian Angiosperms, anthesis, flower morphology, flower odours and the behaviour of visiting animals were investigated. All 15 species were found to have nocturnal anthesis, but only 13 proved to be predominantly visited by hawk-moths. Of the 3Lafoensia populations studied, one was pollinated only by hawk-moths, one was chiropterophilous and one had a mixed bat-moth pollination; there are corresponding differences in flower dimensions.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 121 (1973), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 135 (1980), S. 11-39 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Development of inflorescences ; flowers and fruits ; reproductive biology ; pollination ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early Angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From field observations onDrimys brasiliensis, principally in the Botucatu region of São Paulo State, Brazil, new data on the reproductive biology, the rhythm of growth, and the development of lateral cymose inflorescences, flowers and fruits are presented. Pollination accelerates the rate of flower-development for about 4–6 days. Pollination experiments show thatD. brasiliensis is not self-sterile; because of mechanical devices the sticky pollen grains do not normally come into contact with the stigmata unless an animal pollen vector is involved. The pollinators are diurnalColeoptera, Diptera andThysanoptera which eat from the pollen, lick from the stigmatic exudates and (in case of the flies) probably also from the staminal glands. Fruit- and seedeaters are birds which seem to be the main dispersal agents. Establishment of new individuals normally is through seedlings, but also by vegetative propagation through plagiotropous branches which may root and separate from the mother plant. The morphological, developmental and reproductive aspects inD. brasiliensis are discussed in a wider context, compared with data from otherMagnoliidae, and related to aspects of early Angiosperm evolution.
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