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  • Drosophila  (46)
  • Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption
  • Springer  (75)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; Drosophila ; Temperature ; Mitochondrial enzymes ; Kinetic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The evolutionary behavior of two mitochondrial enzymes (L-glycerol 3-phosphate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase E.C.1.1.1.95,αGPO, and L-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.37, m-MDH) obtained from several temperate and tropicalDrosophila species was examined by comparing their catalytic properties, which related to temperature (Km-Ea-Q10-Thermostability). MitochondrialαGPO or m-MDH obtained either from temperate or from tropical species was found to exhibit similar catalytic properties while for both cytosolic enzymes, theαGPDH and s-MDH, Km patterns were similar among species from the same thermal habitat and different between thermal habitats. In combination with other observations reported in the literature these facts support the view that the function, and probably the structure, of mitochondrial enzymes are better conserved in evolution than those of the corresponding enzymes found in the cytosol. It is proposed that the relative invariance of the mitochondrial enzymes structure is probably linked to a necessary relative invariance of molecular interactions inside the mitochondrion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Compound eye ; shibire ts ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have analysed the effect of temperature on both developing and adult eye cell clones homozygous forshi ST139, a temperature-sensitive mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster. The mutant gene, autonomous in its cellular expression, causes structural modifications of ommatidial cells when adult clones of cells are exposed to the restrictive temperature (29°C) for several days. However, the mutant phenotype reverses to normal within 4 days at the permissive temperature (20°C). The results of pulse, shift-up and shift-down experiments show that the temperaturesensitive period for developing compound eye cells is from the late second instar up to the early pupa. Cytodifferentiation of compound eye cells is blocked by restrictive temperature treatment during this period, whereas cell proliferation does not seem to be directly affected. These results are discussed with regard to the other known aspects of the phenotype observed in mutant individuals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Aggregation ; Lectins ; Cell surface ; Embryo-derived cell line
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In this paper we describe the aggregation of cells from embryo-derived cell lines ofDrosophila, measured by examining the ability of single cells to adhere to one another when suspended in culture medium and swirled on a rotary shaker. Using this method we demonstrated the presence of receptors for Concanavalin A, soybean agglutinin, and possibly wheat germ agglutinin on the surface of Schneider's line-2 cells. Our work provides basic descriptive and background information for further studies onDrosophila cells, including those isolated from imaginal discs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Myosins ; Drosophila ; muscle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Electrophoresis of myosin extracts from larvae and adult tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster under non-dissociating conditions indicate that two of the bands seen are myosins. They stain for Ca2+ ATPase activity and when cut and re-run under dissociating conditions are found to contain a myosin heavy chain that co-migrates with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. One of the forms of myosin seen is found primarily in extracts from the leg. The other is common to the adult fibrillar flight muscles and the larval body wall muscles. The electrophoretic evidence for two myosin types is strengthened by the histochemical demonstration of two myofibrillar ATPases on the basis of their lability to acid or alkali preincubation. The myofibrillar ATPase in the leg and the Tergal Depressor of the Trochanter (TDT) are shown to be relatively acid labile and alkali stable. The larval body wall muscles and the adult fibrillar flight muscles have an ATPase which is acid stable and alkali labile. This distribution of the two myofibrillar ATPase coincides with that predicted by electrophoresis of extracts from whole tissue and also locates the two myosins to specific muscle types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Wound healing ; Regeneration ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary When complementary fragments of an imaginal disc ofDrosophila are cultured for several days prior to metamorphosis, usually one fragment will regenerate while the other will duplicate. It has been proposed that wound healing plays an important part in disc regulation (French et al. 1976; Reinhardt et al. 1977) by initiating cell proliferation and determining the mode of regulation. We tried to delay the wound healing process by leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges. In “06” fragments (Bryant 1975a) wound healing has occurred after 1–2 days of culture and the regeneration of missing structures after 2–4 days of culture. We observed that leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges delays both wound healing and the regeneration of missing structures by 2 days. When disc fragments are cultured in female abdomens and then exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells, then the label is found to be localised around the wound. We observed that delaying wound healing does not delay this localisation of labelled nuclei indicating that wound healing may not be required to initiate DNA replication.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 156-160 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Transdetermination ; Homeosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The transdetermination capacities of leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by mechanically disrupting and kneading whole discs from late third instar larvae and by culturing the resulting tissue mass for 10–14 days in adult female abdomens where the cells continued to divide. The grown implants were then dissected from the abdomens and injected into third instar larvae to undergo metamorphosis. After this treatment, prothoracic leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster transdetermined with a high frequency (59% of all implants) to wing. Mesothoracic leg discs also transdetermined to wing, but at a very low frequency (4%). Metathoracic leg discs exhibited the same low frequency of transdetermination (4%), but in this case the direction of transdetermination was to haltere (Table 1,D. melanogaster). Very similar results were obtained with leg discs ofDrosophila nigromelanica (Table 1,D. nigromelanica), showing that the peculiar behavior of the three leg discs is not unique forDrosophila melanogaster. The homeotic mutation Polycomb (Pc 3) which partially transforms meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs did not significantly increase the frequencies of transdetermination in these leg dises and had clearly no effect on the direction of transdetermination (Table 1).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Ecdysone deficient mutants ; Ecdysteroid titer ; Ring gland ; Fine structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary This paper describes two ecdysone-deficient, recessive-lethal mutants,lethal(1)giant ring gland (grg) andlethal(1)suppressor of forked mad-ts (mad-ts: Jürgens and Gateff 1979) and compares their ecdysteroid titers with that of the wild-type. Mutant larvae show a much reduced ecdysteroid content, amounting to 1/10 to 1/30 of the wild-type values, but never a true titer peak. They fail to pupate and die after 1–3 weeks. Ecdysteroid feeding elicits different responses in the larvae of the two mutants.mad-ts larvae pupate within 24 h, thus showing that their low ecdysteroid titer is directly connected to their inability to pupate.mad-ts resembles the mutantlethal (3)ecdysone-1 ts (Garen et al. 1977). Thegrg mutant larvae, on the other hand, fail to pupate after 20-hydroxyecdysone feeding as well as injection. The primary defect of thegrg mutant is not entirely clear. Thegrg larval salivary gland cells appear to possess normal ecdysteroid receptors. Furthermore, the low ecdysteroid titer ingrg is not the result of an increased ecdysteroid catabolism. The primary defect in the mutant may lie in the malfunctioning neurosecretory cells which do not show neurosecretion in histological preparations. Further support for this notion comes from electronmicrographs of the enlargedgrg ring glands which, in contrast to the wild-type, do not possess nerve endings. In the wild-type three ecdysteroid peaks were found: one shortly before puparium formation, the second at approximately 12 h and the third at about 30 h after pupation. The ecdysteroid titer peak in late third instar, wild-type larvae is mainly due to the presence of 20-dydroxyecdysone as shown by radioimmunoassays after thin layer chromatography and derivatization followed by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In addition, a number of unidentified polar and apolar metabolites were also present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Compartments ; Distal outgrowth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Peripheral tissue of the imaginal wing disc gives rise to the proximal mesothoracic structures of the adult. Pieces of peripheral tissue, which have no regenerative capacity when cultured as intact fragments, are capable of distal outgrowth (regeneration) after dissociation and reaggregation. This ability depends on the region of the disc periphery from which the fragment is taken. Extensive distal outgrowth occurs in reaggreages of a fragment containing equal proportions of tissue from anterior and posterior developmental compartments. The extent of outgrowth decreases as the proportion of posterior tissue is reduced, so that a fragment containing only anterior tissue shows no regeneration after dissociation. Limited distal outgrowth occurs in reaggregates of a wholly posterior fragment, but the regenerative capacity is increased greatly when a small amount of anterior tissue is included. It is concluded that distal outgrowth in the wing disc requires an interaction between cells of the anterior and posterior compartments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Epimorphic regulation ; Drosophila ; Imaginal discs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary It has been known for many years that when a wing disc ofDrosophila is bisected, and the fragments cultured in adult females, regulation occurs and either a complete disc is regenerated or the fragment is duplicated. We have investigated how this regeneration process occurs. To establish which cells contribute to the regenerate, and thus determine if regeneration is the result of epimorphic regulation, fragments of discs, after culture in an adult for one to five days, were exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells. Imaginal discs, both whole and as regenerating fragments, undergo some DNA replication which is distributed throughout the disc, but cut discs frequently show clusters of labelled cells around the wound, indicating that regeneration is probably epimorphic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Ecdysteroid ; Lethal mutant ; Morphogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Imaginal disc development in the non-pupariating lethall(1)npr-1, a mutant that maps to an ecdysone early puff site, is studied in situ, in vitro and in transplanted discs. Disc development is slightly abnormal from the middle of the third instar with severe abnormalities appearing after the rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone that triggers metamorphosis. The mutant discs only partly evaginate and do not undergo any of the detailed morphological changes characteristic of metamorphosis. Treatment of the mutant dises in vitro with colcemid and trypsin facilitates evagination but the appendages remain morphologically abnormal. A number of differentiative processes occur in mutant discs in situ and in discs transplanted into wild type hosts in spite of the absence of normal morphogenesis. Implications of the observations for normal disc development are discussed. Possible modes of action of thel(1)npr-1 gene are also discussed in light of the observation that the mutant gene maps to a locus which is thought to have a regulatory function in development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 132-138 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Maternal effect mutant ; Homeotic-mutants ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The temperature sensitive mutationfs(l)h is characterized at the restrictive temperature of 29°C by both a maternal effect responsible for the early embryonic lethality and pupal zygotic lethality. The two phenotypes are inseparable and map at a short deletion in the X chromosome (7Dl, 7D5-6). At semipermissive temperatures, hemizygous mutant females produce adults with morphological defects, such as organ deficiencies and homeotic transformations of haltere to wing and third leg to second leg. These defects depend on the maternal genotype and are governed by an early temperature sensitive period, which covers the end of oogenesis and the first hours of embryogenesis. Furthermore, this maternal effect mutation interacts with some dominant mutations of the bithorax system. These properties suggest thatfs(l)h is somehow involved in segmental determination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Grandchildless ; Pole cells ; ts-mutant ; Cytoplasmic determinant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two temperature-sensitive sex-linkedgrandchildless (gs)-like mutations (gs(1)N26 andgs(1)N441) were induced by ethylmethane sulphonate inDrosophila melanogaster. They complemented each other and mapped at two different loci (1−33.8±0.7 forgs(1)N26 and 1−39.6±1.7 forgs(1)N441), which were not identical to those of any of thegs-like mutants reported in earlier work. Homozygous females of the newly isolated mutants produced eggs that were unable to form pole cells and developed into agametic adults. Competence of the embryos to form pole cells was not restored by wild-type sperm in either mutant; that is, the sterility caused by these mutations is controlled by a maternal effect. Fecundity and fertility ofgs(1)N26 females were low, and their male offspring showed a higher mortality than that of female offspring, causing an abnormal sex ratio. The frequency of agametic progeny was 93.1% and 55.8%, when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In eggs produced by thegs(1)N26 females reared at 25° C, the migration of nuclei to the posterior pole was abnormal, and almost no pole cell formation occurred in these egg. Furthermore, half of these eggs failed to cellularize at the posterior pole. When the females were reared at 18° C, almost all of the eggs underwent complete blastoderm formation, and in half of these blastoderm embryos normal pole cells were formed. In the other mutant,gs(1)N441, the fecundity and fertility of the females were normal. The agametic frequency in the progeny was 70.8% and 18.6% when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In the eggs laid by females reared either at 25° C or at 18° C, the migration of nuclei to the periphery and cellularization proceeded normally; nevertheless, in the majority of the embryos no pole cell formation occured at the stage when nuclei penetrated into the periplasm. When the females were reared at 18° C, some of the embryos from these females formed some round blastoderm cells with cytologically recognizable polar granules and nuclear bodies, which are attributes of pole cells. The temperature sensitive period ofgs(1)N441 was estimated to extend from stage 9 to 13 of King's stages of oogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 308-312 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; ts-Suppressor mutant ; Glue proteins ; Intermolt puffs ; Electrophoresis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The l(1)su(f)ts67g mutation has been shown to suppress the developmentally regulated expression of glue protein genes at 30°C. Transferring mutant larvae to the restrictive temperature before the end of the second larval instar results in the absence or extreme reduction of glue protein synthesis while general protein synthesis is unaffected. At the same time, the three glue protein correlated chromosomal regions 3C, 25B, and 68C continue to show prominent puffs. The results suggest that the mutation may be affecting the processing or translatability of specific mRNAs rather than the translational machinery itself.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Determination ; Germ-line ; Somatic cells ; Inhibitor gradient hypothesis ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A hypothesis is presented which explains the segregation of germ cells from somatic cells, and the subsequent determination of both cell types with a single mechanism. This hypothesis is in part based on that of Meinhardt (1977) and can be summarized as follows: In the newly fertilized egg, the action of a sink in the pole plasm leads to the formation of an anterior-posterior gradient of an inhibitor. The concentration of this inhibitor in the posterior 20% of the egg is below that needed to repress synthesis of an activator. When, during the nuclear division stage, nuclei enter this posterior region, synthesis of the activator begins. As the activator is autocatalytic, this leads to the formation of a peak of activator in this region; and since the activator also catalyses the synthesis of the inhibitor, a peak of inhibitor is formed in the same place. The inhibitor then diffuses anteriorly through the periplasm, forming a posterior-anterior gradient. The presence of this inhibitor in the periplasm causes the nuclei that enter the periplasm to form blastoderm cells and to take up particular segmental states appropriate to their position, while those that remain in the yolk-containing plasm develop into vitellophages. The action of the sink in the pole plasm is postulated to result in the formation of the pole cells, and subsequently to direct some of these into forming cells of the germ-line.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Cell line ; Drosophila ; Ecdysone ; Ecdysterone ; Hormones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cells of the line Kc, derived fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos, extend long processes when exposed to ecdysteroid hormones. We have devised a quantitative assay for this morphological response, using the subline Kc-H. The assay was used to characterize the conditions required for the response. A halfmaximal response is elicited by approximately 10−8M 20-hydroxyecdysone; the response is saturated by 10−7M 20-hydroxyecdysone, which causes detectable elongation within a few hours, and a maximal response after 2–3 days. The response occurs substantially normally in the absence of serum, during growth in suspension, and in over-crowded cultures. It is not elicited by cyclic nucleotides, vertebrate growth factors, or a variety of other non-ecdysteroid reagents. Of 60 ecdysteroid compounds tested, only those which were active in other insect test systems elicited the response, and the concentrations required were approximately proportional to the concentrations active in other in vitro systems. We conclude that the response of Kc cells to 20-hydroxyecdysone retains basic features of the ecdysteroid response of intact tissues and therefore that Kc cells are a useful model system for studying ecdysteroid action.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Eggshell ; Chorion ; Peroxidase ; Crosslinking ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary TheDrosophila chorion contains an endogenous peroxidase activity which remains inactive until late stage 14 when it catalyzes the crosslinking of the chorionic proteins. Using explanted follicles developing in vitro, premature, but otherwise normal crosslinking can be induced with hydrogen peroxide and normal crosslinking can be prevented with peroxidase inhibitors. Inhibition or premature activation of the shell peroxidase allows characterization of chorionic filament specific proteins and establishes new criteria for the identification of eggshell components.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion genes ; Electrophoretic variants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Further IF screening ofDrosophila melanogaster geographic strains has revealed a variant of the s19 major chorion protein. Developmental analysis of F1 hybrids indicates that the source of the variation is found in the structural gene for this protein. The linkage group of the variant gene was determined to be the third, and the gene was localized by several methods of recombination analysis. The s19 gene was found to be tightly linked to thesepia locus, as had been previously found for the s18 gene (Yannoni and Petri 1980). Lack of recombination between the s19 and s18 genes in double heterozygotes suggested that these two genes are within 0.3 map units of each other. Although more precise localization of the s19 gene failed, the s18 gene could be more specifically located to the right ofsepia, betweensepia andhairy. Contrary to our prediction (ibid.), the s19 and s18 genes have been found to be tightly linked in spite of the fact that they display somewhat different developmental stage specificity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutants ; Ventral cord
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We describe a set of cells in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo which are restricted to the thoracic ganglia in the wildtype. Taking these cells as indication of thoracic identity, we find that the ventral cord of embryos homozygous mutant for different bithorax functions and for Polycomb undergoes homoeotic transformations equivalent to those observed in the larval cuticle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; mat (3) 1 mutation ; Two-dimensional gels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The synthesis of a protein which has been detected in blastoderm cells but not in pole cells (Gutzeit and Gehring 1979) has been studied further by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This protein could not be detected at the nuclear multiplication stage. The protein is translated from mRNA which is transcribed at the blastoderm stage since it is not synthesized in detectable amounts when embryos are injected with α-amanitin prior to the blastoderm stage. Also the protein could not be detected when RNA from freshly laid eggs was translated in vitro. Embryos from females which are homozygous for the mutationmat (3) 1 form pole cells but no blastoderm cells (Rice and Garen 1975). Thesemat (3) 1 embryos, as we will call them in this report, express the protein if aged for a period of time sufficient for completion of blastoderm cell formation in control wild-type embryos.mat (3) 1 embryos and embryos injected with α-amanitin show the same syndrome of visible developmental anomalies; however, the studied protein could only be detected inmat (3) 1 embryos but not in α-amanitin injected embryos.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion proteins ; Electrophoretic variants ; Chorion gene linkage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Drosophila melanogaster chorion proteins are characterized on one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IF) gels. The six major chorion components previously identified on SDS gels are shown to resolve into at least 11 components in our IF system. IF screening of 102 geographic strains ofDrosophila melanogaster revealed seven cases of variation in major chorion components. Two strains, Crimea and Falsterbo, which were monomorphic for a variant B1 protein and two strains, Skafto and Lausanne, which were monomorphic for a variant C1 protein, were chosen for further study. After IF developmental analysis of F1 hybrids had indicated that the sources of the variation resided in the structural genes for these proteins, each variant was crossed to a multiply marked and inverted strain (BLT) to determine the linkage group of the variant gene. To localize genes to more specific sites multiply marked 3rd (SKERO) or X-chromosomal (CB1) (X-PLE) mapping strains were used. In both Crimea and Falsterbo the gene for the B1 protein is located near map location 26 on the 3rd chromosome. In both Lausanne and Skafto the C1 gene is located on the X chromosome. Hence, for the first time, we have demonstrated genetically the non-linkage of two chorion genes, B1 and C1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Homeotic mutant ; Drosophila ; Clonal analysis ; Timing of gene action ; Determination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Nasobemia (Ns) is a dominant homeotic mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster which converts parts or all of the antenna to mesothoracic leg.Ns has a temperature sensitive period between 48 and 60 h. The hypothesis thatNs acts during this period and is not required thereafter to maintain the homeotic transformation to leg was tested by removingNs fromNs/+ cells at different stages of development through X-ray induced somatic recombination. The expression of theNs homeotic transformation in recombinant wild type (+/+) cells increased sharply between 48 and 65 h. In clones induced after 65 h the expression of the leg transformation was equal in large and small +/+ clones. We interpret these results as supporting the hypothesis that transient action ofNs between 48 and 65 h switches antennal cells to a clonally stable leg determined state whose maintenance does not require futherNs action.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 567-583 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene regulation ; isozymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract At least four enzymes contribute to histochemically, electrophoretically, or spectrophotometrically detectable aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The one we designate AO-1 contributes the majority of activity measured in extracts of whole flies. Pyridoxal oxidase (PO) is also a broad range AO. It is prominent only in midgut and Malpighian tubules, where it apparently accounts for a substantial fraction of total AO activity. The tissue distributions of these enzymes are clearly disparate despite close linkage of their structural loci and parallel dependence on the mal, lxd, and cin loci. A similarly related enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is detected as an AO only in electrophoretic gels. A fourth broad range AO, not dependent on mal, lxd, and cin, is confined to the ejaculatory bulb. A similar array of AO isozymes is present in phylogenetically distant Drosophila species.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; ontogeny ; amylase ; α-glucosidases ; functional significance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Changes in amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), maltase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), sucrase, and PNPGase activities in relation to changes in wet weight and protein content were studied during the development of larvae and adult flies from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, homozygous for different amylase alleles. All α-glucosidase activities increase exponentially during a large part of larval development, parallel to the increase in weight, and drop at the end of the third instar. Amylase activity of the Amy 1 strain follows the same pattern. In contrast, amylase activity of the Amy 4,6 strain continues its exponential increase longer. In the third larval instar amylase activity in the Amy 4,6 strain becomes much higher than in the Amy 1 strain. During the first hours of adult life amylase activity of the two strains does not differ. Then Amy 4,6 activity starts to rise and becomes much higher (4–5 times) than Amy 1 amylase activity, which remains approximately constant. All adult enzyme activities are much higher than in larvae. Comparison of enzyme activity of amylase and α-glucosidases in larvae and adults confirms that differences in amylase activities can become important only when starch is a limiting factor in the food.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 439-454 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; acetylcholinesterase ; insecticide resistance ; electrophoretic variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined the Canton-S strain of Drosophila melanogaster for electrophoretic variation of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The pattern of bands obtained (stained with acetylthiocholine) depended on age, sex, and tissue (i.e., head vs. body part and hemolymph). However, through mixing experiments, it was concluded that most of these apparent differences were due to modification of the enzyme by unknown substances located in the fly's body. The electrophoretic pattern of head acetylcholinesterase was altered so that it became characteristic of the body which was present during extraction. For example, when heads of D. melanogaster were homogenized in an extract from D. lebanonensis bodies, the characteristic AChse bands of melanogaster were absent and instead the bands of lebanonensis were found. it was found that extraction of adult heads in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer alone or with a 2-min exposure to 1 mg/ml trypsin at 20 C gave the most reproducible results, independent of age and sex. Using these conditions, 25 strains of D. melanogaster and 30 strains of D. pseudoobscura were examined without finding any reproducible electrophoretic variant of acetylcholinesterase. In addition, 53 strains from 39 other Drosophila species produced a total of only six electrophoretic forms of the head enzyme. Additional electromorphs were found when whole flies were used, but these were not studied in detail because of the possibility that they could be due to postextraction modification.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 717-726 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; 5-fluorouracil ; drug response ; thymidylate synthetase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Mutant strains sensitive and resistant to the drug 5-fluorouracil (FU) have been isolated from the wild-type Pac strain of Drosophila melanogaster. The resistant strain, termed flur, is resistant to at least 0.0035%FU (2.7 × 10−4 m) in the food media and exhibits cross-resistance to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) but not to 5-fluorouridine (FUR). The sensitive strain termed flu S , exhibits over 90% mortality on 0.0008% FU (6 × 10−5 m). Genetic analysis indicates that the flu gene is located on the third chromosome, which agrees with results of previous workers. An analysis of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase from the selected sensitive and resistant strains indicates that the resistant strain enzyme possesses an elevated specific activity. Levels 4 times that of the sensitive strain were observed when the enzymes were assayed at 20 C. This increase is apparently not due to induction by FU in the food media. It is suggested that the enzyme thymidylate synthetase may be involved in the resistance process.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 781-791 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; phenylalanine hydroxylase ; developmental regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Herein we demonstrate that Drosophila larvae possess a synthetic activity capable of converting phenylalanine to tyrosine. This system is readily extractable and displays many characteristics of phenylalanine hydroxylase systems described in other organisms, the most notable being that a tetrahydropteridine is required for full expression of activity. The level of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity present in the organism varies with the stage of development: from an undetected level of activity at the first larval instar, there is a rapid increase in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity which reaches a peak at the time of puparium formation, after which there is a rapid decrease again to an undetected level.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 929-937 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glucose oxidase ; glucose metabolism ; Drosophila ; sex specific
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A glucose oxidase (GO) has been identified in the ejaculatory duct of male Drosophila melanogaster. Evidence is given that this enzyme was previously misidentified as HEX-1. Genetic analysis indicates that the Go structural gene is located on the third chromosome at 48 ± 0.5 cm. Go is polymorphic in males in populations of D. melanogaster and D. simulans located in Athens, Georgia. Two other hexose enzymes have also been tentatively identified for the first time in Drosophila. These are NAD(P)-glucose dehydrogenase (GODH) and NAD-gluconate dehydrogenase (GNDH). GODH and GNDH are found in both males and females and may circumvent the initial steps in the pentose shunt.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): dipeptidases ; variation ; allozymes ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic variation at three dipeptidase loci (Dip-A, Dip-B, and Dip-C) in Drosophila simulans was analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Dip-A was found to be polymorphic in four populations, while Dip-B and Dip-C were found to be polymorphic in one. The numbers of different alleles found at each respective locus were: Dip-A, two; Dip-B, two; and Dip-C, three. Dip-A was genetically mapped at 57.9 on the second chromosome, and Dip-B and Dip-C at 80.9 and 87.9 on the third chromosome, respectively. Neither Dip-B nor Dip-C has been mapped in D. melanogaster because both loci are apparently monomorphic. Their map positions in D. simulans with respect to flanking markers whose homologous genes have been cytogenetically localized in D. melanogaster suggested that they might be mapped cytogenetically by using available deficiencies in D. melanogaster. Accordingly, by the construction of interspecific hybrids which carried deficiencies of melanogaster and an allele of simulans with a mobility different from that of the fixed melanogaster allele, Dip-B and Dip-C were localized between 87F12-14 and 88C1-3 and between 87B5-6 and 87B8-10, respectively, in the salivary gland chromosomes of D. melanogaster. The similarity between these two species is discussed on the basis of these findings.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; pyrimidine biosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A locus is described that controls levels of mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1) in Drosophila melanogaster. The effects of alleles of the locus, Dhod, are manifest in preparations from whole organisms as well as in partially purified mitochondrial preparations; however, other mitochondrial functions do not appear to be appreciably affected by Dhod genotypes. The locus maps near p in the proximal portion of the right arm of chromosome 3. Flies trisomic for a chromosome segment including that region display elevated enzyme levels, implying that an enzyme structural gene is in that vicinity. Furthermore, Dhod alleles are semidominant in heterozygotes, suggesting that the dosage-sensitive element detected in the trisomics is actually the Dhod locus. These findings are discussed relative to the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and relative to other pathway mutants that have been described in Drosophila.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; thermal stability of enzyme ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Thermal stability of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-1 (α-Gpdh-1) in nine Drosophila species was studied at pH's ranging from 6.4 to 8.5. This was done by measuring the changes in the activity of enzymes during the heat denaturation process. In addition to temperature, the rate of denaturation is highly dependent on the pH of the incubation buffer. The results of this study show that the thermal stability of enzyme molecules is different in different species. This holds true also in the species in which the enzymes have been found to be identical by other means. The differences between species of the Drosophila virilis group are discussed.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; embryonic cells ; actin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In a permanent cell line derived from Drosophila embryos, cytoplasmic actin is produced as an unstable precursor, which is subsequently converted to a stable form. This conversion results in a reduction in isoelectric point, with no apparent change in molecular weight. The conversion involves an enzymatic acetylation, and results in an insensitivity to aminopeptidase digestion, suggesting N-terminal blockage. Both the acetylated and unacetylated actins can participate in the assembly of F-actin, but with different efficiencies.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): half life ; Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A rapid and accurate method of measuring the relative in vivo stability of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase is presented. The potential of this technique for examining posttranslational control of in vivo enzyme concentrations is discussed.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of environmental 2-propanol on the in vivo properties of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.1.) are presented. Exposed flies were found to exhibit a significant decrease in ADH specific activity with a concomitant increase in the enzyme's relative in vivo stability and concentration. The possible adaptive significance of the observed responses is discussed.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 783-796 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; amylase ; gene regulation ; trans effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purified amylases from high- and low-activity variants of Drosophila melanogaster showed identical specific activities. Immunoelectrophoresis of crude larval homogenates showed severalfold differences between strains in the amounts of cross-reacting material. Control of amylase activity is “trans”-acting in heterozygotes between high- and low-activity variants. These results suggest the existence of polymorphic regulatory genes affecting the production levels of amylase protein in D. melanogaster.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 947-954 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; cryptic variants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Thirty-five cryptic variant lines were used to examine the mechanisms involved in genetic modulation of alcohol metabolism in Drosophila. Late third-instar larval, preemergence pupal, and adult stages cultured at 18 and 28 C were examined. Spectrophotometric analyses for native alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and residual ADH activity after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and heat were performed. Differential response of cryptic variants to treatment with the denaturants during development suggested that this variation may have an adaptive significance.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; tungstate feeding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sulfite oxidase (sulfite: ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.2.1) has been detected in Drosophila melanogaster and some of its properties have been studied. In most respects this enzyme resembles the mammalian sulfite oxidases except for its molecular weight (148,000), which is somewhat higher than that of rat sulfite oxidase (116,000). Cytochrome c, potassium-ferricyanide, and oxygen can serve as electron acceptors in the oxidation of sulfite by the enzyme. Although definite evidence can be obtained only through the analysis of the pure enzyme, experiments involving tungstate feeding suggest that Drosophila sulfite oxidase is most probably a molybdoenzyme. Extracts of mal flies show normal levels of sulfite oxidase, whereas lxd flies have only 5–10% of the activity of wild type, and in cin flies the enzyme is apparently absent. While it is possible that the lxd and cin mutations are at some level responsible for the defective synthesis of a molybdenum-containing cofactor (supposed to be present in most molybdoenzymes), the evidence accumulated so far by several authors and the results of the present investigation argue against the involvement of a Mo cofactor in the multiple enzyme deficiencies observed in mal flies.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): sexual isolation ; Drosophila ; geographic distance ; isolation index ; resource utilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Six strains of the cosmopolitan speciesD. immigrans from the Australian life zone plus one from the USA, show weak sexual isolation and more rarely sexual selection. Levels of sexual isolation cannot be related to geographic distances. Assortative mating may have evolved as a byproduct of ecological divergence.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 557-563 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; photobehavior ; pupation site selection ; sibling species
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster prefers to pupate in the dark, while its sibling species,D. simulans, prefers the light when the species are tested in isolation and when cultured and tested together. Reciprocal interspecific hybridizations were carried out and the F 1 individuals were tested. Progeny from the cross ofD. melanogaster females withD. simulans males chose pupations sites exactly intermediate between those of the two parental species, while the reciprocal-cross offspring preferred light pupation sites. The pupation site preferences (PSPs) of the hybrids are compatible with a sex-linked locus or loci influencing light-dependent PSP in this pair of species. Examination of light preferences of larvae prior to the late third instar demonstrates that these preference are highly specific, being restricted to the time just before pupation. During the first two larval instarsD. melanogaster is quite photopositive whileD. simulans is comparatively photoneutral. These differences in light-dependent behavior could aid in reducing competition between the two species.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Ethanol ; Climatic races ; Desiccation ; Development times
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Adult tolerance of ethanol vapour in a closed system containing 12% ethanol in solution, decreases in a cline from southern to northern Australia. However a Darwin population is more tolerant than predicted from its latitude. Ethanol tolerance races in Australia have almost certainly evolved within the last 100–150 years, because of resource unavailability prior to that time. Within populations, variation among isofemale strains is lowest in the climatically extreme southern Melbourne (37°S) and northern Darwin and Melville I. (11–12°S) populations. This suggests low resource diversity within extreme populations compared with the climatically less extreme Brisbane (28°S) and especially Townsville (19°S) populations. For desiccation resistance, the population rankings are: Darwin Melbourne 〉 Townsville 〉 Brisbane Melville I. and for development time, rankings are similar: Darwin Melbourne 〈 Townsville 〈 Brisbane Melville I. Therefore resource utilization heterogeneity is greatest in populations not greatly stressed by desiccation and where development times are extended. In total therefore, the utilization of a diversity of resources is a feature of populations tending somewhat towards a K-strategy; this is emphasized by the relative heterogeneity among isofemale strains of these populations for desiccation resistance and to a lesser extent development times. The D. melanogaster gene pool can be viewed as made up of climate-associated races. Since the ethanol tolerances of adjacent (and climatically similar) Darwin and Melville I. are very different, resource utilization races may occur within climatic races. Such a mosaic of resource utilization races are more likely in climatically extreme than in optimal habitats.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 23-24 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetic sexing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary By incorporating ethanol (4% v/v) into the larval rearing medium of a specially constructed Drosophila melanogaster strain it was possible to produce only male adults; the female larvae died. In this strain, the male determining chromosome was linked with a positive Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele by a translocation. The females were homozygous for the null allele and hence sensitive to ethanol. This genetic sexing method is discussed in relation to its use in the genetic control of insects.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 180 (1980), S. 411-418 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Vitellogenin ; Female-sterile mutant ; Protein processing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The mutant fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster, which was isolated by Gans et al. (1975) is a recessive homozygous female sterile at 18°C and a dominant female — sterile at 29°C. We reported previously that there are reduced quantities of the largest of the three yolk polypeptides in Drosophila melanogaster in the haemolymph and eggs of this mutant at 29°C (Bownes and Hames 1978 a). In this paper we show that the yolk protein defect maps within approximately 2.5 recombination units of the female sterility at 21±2.5 map units on the X-chromosome. The temperature-sensitive period of the yolk protein defect is after emergence. In vitro labelling of fs(1) 1163 ovaries and fat bodies showed that they were able to synthesise yolk polypeptide 1. Interestingly, studies on the proteins present in the various tissues indicate that the fat body tends to accumulate all three yolk polypeptides in the mutant. This phenotype is partially co-dominant in that an effect is seen in heterozygotes as well as homozygotes and is enhanced by increased temperature. This mutant could therefore have a defect (a) in the structural gene for yolk polypeptide 1, (b) in the processing and secretion enzyme systems; (c) in the fat body or all tissues leading to altered secretion properties. Mutants like fs(1) 1163 which alter specific steps in vitellogenesis should be of value for analysing the genetic and biochemical control of the synthesis, transport and sequestering of the yolk polypeptides during oogenesis.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; behavior ; ADH activity ; adaptation ; evolution ; alcohol avoidance ; Adh genotypes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes, homozygous for either the electrophoretically fast, slow, or null allele at theAdh locus inD. melanogaster, were tested for relative larval alcohol preference behavior (APB) over a range of ethanol concentrations. Differences in behavior between genotypes were not significant at concentrations below 10%. At concentrations greater than 10%, avoidance behavior was negatively correlated with the relative ADH activity levels of the genotypes tested. A model based on the differential buildup of toxic acetaldehyde is proposed to explain the avoidance response.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): sexual isolation ; Drosophila ; isofemale strains ; isolation index ; mating propensity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Eight isofemale strains of the cosmopolitan speciesDrosophila immigrans derived from a single location in Melbourne, Australia, were crossed in all combinations to test for sexual isolation. Statistically significant sexual isolation occurred in 12 of 28 crosses, with one strain showing significant isolation from the other seven. There were significantly unequal male mating propensities (relative rates of mating) in 7 of the 28 crosses.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 51-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral glucose utilization ; Deoxyglucose method ; Dry autoradiography ; Insect brain ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Nervous activity may be localized in anatomical sections of brain tissue by the autoradiographic deoxyglucose technique. The method provides sufficient structural preservation and spatial resolution for detailed functional investigation of complex but small-sized nervous systems when the original technique is modified as follows: (i) use of 3H instead of 14C as radioactive label, (ii) application of labeled deoxyglucose in concentrations close to physiological glucose levels rather than in trace amounts, (iii) stimulation for 4–9 h after deoxyglucose application instead of 20–45 min, (iv) subsequent preparation avoiding aqueous phases at all stages from fixation to autoradiography, and (v) plastic embedding of the tissue such that serial semithin sections of good structural preservation may be routinely cut. Brief aqueous fixation and dehydration at room temperature as has been described for vertebrates apparently cannot preserve stimulus-induced distribution of radioactive label in the brain of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. Aspects of the results that illustrate the potential and some limitations of the present technique are discussed.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Meiosis ; Spermiogenesis ; Organ culture ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In vitro spermatogenesis of isolated single spermatocyte cysts of Drosophila hydei was studied by microscopic observations and time-lapse cinematography. Cysts of spermatocytes isolated during diplotene develop as far as the coiling stage of spermatid differentiation. The existence of an interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II is, for the first time, documented. Meiosis, Nebenkern formation, and elongation of spermatids occur just as in D. melanogaster; however, an individualization cone, as described for D. melanogaster, can not be detected.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Eisen, Zink, Kupfer in Milch ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anwendung von Detergentien
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bismut in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flotation, Bi-Hydrid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A method is described for the flotation and determination of sub-microgram levels of bismuth in water. Bismuth(III) in a 1000ml sample of water is coprecipitated with iron(III) hydroxide at pH 4.0±0.2. The precipitate is floated with the aid of a mixed surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium oleate) and small air bubbles, then separated and dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. Prior to determination, potassium iodide is added. Finally, the bismuth content is determined by generation of bismuth hydride using sodium borohydride as a reductant and subsequent atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a 60 cm absorption tube. Bismuth at the levels of 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg added to 1000ml of natural water could be determined with a recovery of above 97 % and with a relative standard deviation within 3%.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Bismut(III) wird in einer 1 l-Wasserprobe mit Eisen(III)-hydroxid bei pH 4,0±0,2 mitgefällt. Der Niederschlag wird mit einem Tensidgemisch (Natriumdodecylsulfat + Natriumoleat) mit Hilfe kleiner Luftblasen flotiert, abgetrennt und in verd. Salzsäure gelöst. Vor der Bestimmung wird Kaliumiodid zugesetzt. Bi wird durch AAS in Form von BH3 bestimmt, das mit Hilfe von NaBH4 erzeugt wird. Bi-Mengen von 0,3–0,6 μg in 1000ml einer natürlichen Wasserprobe konnten mit einer Wiederfindung von 〉97% erfaßt werden. Die rel. Standardabweichung war 〈3%.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 409-409 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Antimon in Kupfer, Blei, Zink ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; elektrotherm. Atomisierung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The electrothermal atomization of selenium has been investigated for the accurate determination of selenium in water samples. Hydrogen seriously affects the atomization temperature of selenium in a molybdenum micro-tube atomizer. The atomization of selenium also suffers from serious interferences caused by salts and other elements. The extraction of selenium diethyldithiocarbamate complex serves to eliminate the interferences from the matrix. The addition of copper allows the suppression of interferences from elements extracted with selenium. The method permits the determination of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) separately.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die elektrothermische Atomisierung des Selens wurde im Hinblick auf seine genaue Bestimmung in Wasserproben untersucht. Wasserstoff hat einen ungünstigen Einfluß auf die Atomisierungstemperatur des Selens in Molybdänmikroröhren. Die Atomisierung wird ebenfalls durch Salze und andere Elemente gestört. Einflüsse der Matrix lassen sich durch Extraktion des Diethyldithiocarbamatkomplexes eliminieren. Durch Kupferzusatz können Störungen durch mitextrahierte Elemente verhindert werden. Vier- und sechswertiges Selen können getrennt bestimmt werden.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 197-199 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Calcium in Futtermitteln ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Ausschaltung der Phosphatstörung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The absorbance of calcium becomes independent of the phosphate concentration, if a sufficient amount of metavanadate (resp. metavanadate and molybdate) ions is present in the solution sprayed into the air-acetylene flame. This permits the use of the coloured solution containing phospho-vanadomolybdate, prepared for the determination of phosphates, also for determining the calcium content.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Absorption des Calciums wird unabhängig von der Phosphatkonzentration, wenn eine entsprechende Menge von Metavanadationen (bzw. Metavanadat- und Molybdationen) in der in die Luft-Acetylenflamme zerstäubten Lösung vorhanden ist. Dadurch kann die sonst nur zur Phosphatbestimmung hergestellte phosphorvanadium-molybdathaltige gefärbte Lösung auch zur Calciumbestimmung verwendet werden.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen in Biolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A sensitive method for hydride generation and graphite tube furnace atomic absorption spectrometric measurements with a reducing tube has been developed for the determination of arsenic in tea and orchard leaves. Arsines were generated in a horizontal glass tube, in which a pellet of NaBH4 was placed. 1.5–2.0 l/min of argon flow rate and 2,400° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. The strong supression of the arsenic signal by Ni and Co was effectively eliminated with 1,10-phenanthroline. A detection limit of 0.3 ng was obtained with a precision of 3–4%.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Arsin wird in einem horizontalen Glasrohr erzeugt, das eine NaBH4-Tablette enthält. Die AAS-Bestimmung erfolgt am günstigsten bei einem Argonstrom von 1,5–2,0 l/min und mit einer Atomisierungstemperatur von 2400° C. Die starke Unterdrückung des Arsensignals durch Ni und Co kann mit 1,10-Phenanthrolin wirksam eliminiert werden. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,3 ng bei einer Reproduzierbarkeit von 3–4%. Das Verfahren wurde auf die Arsenbestimmung in Tee und Obstbaumblättern angewendet.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bleitetraalkyl in Luft ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The determination of the total concentration of tetraalkyllead compounds in the air is based on the cryogenic condensation in a cooled trap at −130° C, thermal desorption at 60° C into impingers containing nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and a determination with graphite furnace atomic-absorption. The method is highly specific and suffers no interferences from lead in the particulate phase. The detection limit is 42 ng Pb/m3 for air samples of ca. 3601.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Gesamtkonzentration an Tetraalkylbleiverbindungen in der Luft beruht auf der Kondensation in einer Kühlfalle bei −130° C, Desorption bei 60° C in ein Salpetersäure-Wasserstoffperoxid-Gemisch und anschließender Bestimmung mit Graphitofen-AAS. Die Methode ist hochspezifisch und wird durch bleihaltige Festteilchen nicht gestört. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 42 ng Pb/m3 für 3601-Proben.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 13-14 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bor in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flammenlos, Graphitrohr
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A simple and rapid procedure is described for the determination of boron in water using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A Ca/Mg solution is added before measurement. The method is suitable for boron concentrations up to 250 μg/l. The mean standard deviation is 6±4 μg/l.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle und einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Bor im Wasser mittels flammenloser AAS wird beschrieben. Die Messung erfolgt nach Zugabe einer Ca/Mg-Lösung. Die Methode ist geeignet für Borkonzentrationen bis 250 μg/l. Die mittlere Standardabweichung beträgt 6±4 μg/l.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Gold in Selen, Erzen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einem einfachen Verbundverfahren werden ppm- und ppb-Gehalte von Gold entweder nach Extraktion mit Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) direkt im ppm-Bereich mittels Flammen-AAS oder im ppb-Bereich nach Absorption an selenorganische Verbindungen in der Graphitküvette bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze in der Flammen-AAS ist 0,2 μg Au/ml MME; in der Graphitküvette können noch 0.25 ng nachgewiesen werden. Die relative Standardabweichungen für die Goldbestimmungen sind bei Gehalten von 0,064 ppm in Selen 23%, bei 14 ppm 3,5%; in Bleikonzentraten bei 0,41 ppm 10,2%. Das angegebene Verfahren ist auf Erze und andere Metallkonzentrate übertragbar.
    Notizen: Summary With a simple method ppm and ppb amounts of gold were determined either after extraction with methyl methacrylate (MME) directly by flame AAS in ppm amounts or after absorption on organoselenium compounds in ppb amounts with flameless AAS. The determination limit by flame AAS is 0.2 μg Au/ml MME, by flameless AAS 0.25 ng. The relative standard deviations for the determination of gold are 23% for the determination in selenium in the range of 0.064 ppm, in the range of 14 ppm 3.5%. For lead concentrates with 0.41 ppm the relative standard deviation is 10.2%. This method may be used, too, for the analysis of other metal concentrates and ores.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Magnesium, Calcium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Matrixeffekt, empirische math. Modelle, Optimierung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A method of experimental optimization of an analytical procedure aimed at elimination of the matrix effect is proposed which is based on the theory of design of experiments. The criterion functions Q are formulated, which are expressed by regression coefficients in the empirical mathematical model approximating the relationship between a quantity R and the concentrations of sample components. R denotes, for example, the measured signal (e.g. absorbance, emission intensity), the concentration of a component being determined read from the calibration graph, or the error of determination. The quantities Q depend, in general, on the conditions of analysis which can be expressed by the factors z 1..., z M (e.g., in AAS — observation height, gas flux, concentrations of the auxiliary substances in a sample, etc.). It is assumed that the extreme of a function Q corresponds to the optimum conditions of analysis. In this paper the relationship between a quantity Q and the factors z is approximated by the polynomial model. The regression coefficients in this model are estimated on the basis of the results of an experiment carried out according to the composite rotatable design. The extreme of the model is found mathematically. Various criterion functions Q are discussed. An example concerning determination of Mg and Ca in AlCl3 reagent by AAS is presented.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Ein auf der Theorie der Versuchsplanung beruhendes Verfahren zur experimentellen Optimierung einer analytischen Methode mit dem Ziel der Eliminierung des Matrixeffekts wird beschrieben. Die Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden formuliert, die durch Regressionskoeffizienten in einem mathematischen Modell ausgedrückt werden, das der Beziehung zwischen einem Wert R und den Konzentrationen der Bestandteile angenähert ist. Hierbei bedeutet R z. B. das gemessene Signal (Extinktion, Emissionsintensität), den von der Eichkurve abgelesenen Konzentrationswert oder den Fehler der Bestimmung. Der Wert Q hängt im allgemeinen von den Analysenbedingungen ab, die durch die Faktoren z 1... z M (bei der AAS zum Beispiel die Beobachtungshöhe, der Gasstrom, die Konzentration von Hilfssubstanzen usw.) ausgedrückt werden können. Es wird angenommen, daß der Extremwert einer Funktion Q den optimalen Analysenbedingungen entspricht. Die Beziehung zwischen Q und den Faktoren z wird durch ein Polynommodell angenähert. Die Regressionskoeffizienten in diesem Modell werden aufgrund von Versuchsergebnissen bestimmt. Der Extremwert des Modells wird mathematisch berechnet. Verschiedene Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden diskutiert. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung von Mg und Ca in AlCl3 mit Hilfe der AAS beschrieben.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 448-451 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Schwefelsäure ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Ultramicro amounts of selenium in sulphuric acid are determined by a new atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Selenium(IV) is directly determined ater extraction into toluene with an aromatic o-diamine and addition of nickel(II) prior to atomization; the determination of total selenium (0, IV and VI) needs a treatment of the sample with selected oxidizing and reducing agents. In the studied samples, total selenium (0.003–0.022 μg of Se in 1 ml sulphuric acid) is present only in the tetravalent state. The detection limit of the method is 0.003 μg of selenium.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Selen(IV) kann direkt bestimmt werden nach Toluolextraktion der mit einem aromatischen o-Diamin behandelten Lösung und Zusatz von Nickel(II). Die Bestimmung von Gesamtselen (0, IV, VI) erfordert eine Vorbehandlung mit Perchlor- bzw. Salpetersäure und Wasserstoffperoxid. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt 0,003 μg Se. In den untersuchten Proben war das Gesamtselen (0,003–0,022 μg/ml) nur als Se(IV) vorhanden.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Thallium in Gesteinen, Kohle Gras ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Vorkonzentrierung, Extraktion, Spuren
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die beschriebene Methode für die Bestimmung von Tl in Zement und dessen Ausgangsmaterialien eignet sich auch für die Spurenbestimmung in Gesteinen, Lösungen, usw. Spuren von Tl können aus großen Gehalten von Ca oder Fe durch Maskieren der Fremdelemente in mineralsaurer Lösung mit großen Mengen Citronensäure, Ascorbinsäure, wenn nötig auch mit KCN, und Extrahieren bzw. Konzentrieren des Tl als Diethyldithiocarbaminat-Komplex mit kleinen Mengen Methylisobutylketon bei pH 10,5 abgetrennt werden. Tl+ und auch Tl3+ werden erfaßt. Der Methylisobutylketon-Extrakt kann direkt in die Flamme eingesprüht werden. Die Empfindlichkeit ist in Methylisobutylketon-Lösung etwa um 30% besser als in rein wäßriger Lösung. Ein Zusatz von Cd, welches unter den gegebenen Bedingungen ebenfalls mitextrahiert wird, verbessert die Empfindlichkeit durch Interferenzeffekt nochmals um weitere 30 %. Wird eine Proben-Einwaage von 1 g zur Extraktion verwendet, so kann noch 0,1 ppm Tl im Ausgangsmaterial nachgewiesen werden. 60 untersuchte Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen stören in weiten Grenzen nicht. Mit der flammenlosen Atomisierung im Graphitrohrofen können noch 20–100mal kleinere Mengen Tl bestimmt werden, wenn das Tl im Methylisobutyl-Extrakt mit HNO3 in die Nitratform gebracht und mit Alkohol verdünnt wird. Die Methoden wurden mit Standardgesteinen und Zementproben mit zugesetztem Tl überprüft.
    Notizen: Summary A sensitive method for the trace analysis of Tl in cement raw materials, rocks and other samples by AAS is described. To the aqueous sample solutions, containing mainly Ca or Fe, large amounts of citric and ascorbic acid were added for masking interfering cations. Tl is extracted and concentrated as the diethyldithiocarbamate complex in methyl-isobutylketone at pH 10.5. This extract can directly be injected into the flame. The sensitivity was found to be 30% higher than for aqueous solutions and can be enhanced by another 30% by addition of some Cd. For a 1 g-sample the sensitivity is about 0.1 ppm Tl. Some 60 cations and 20 anions may be present in rather large amounts without disturbing the Tl-determination. A procedure for the flameless AAS is also described leading to a 20–100 times higher sensitivity. The methods were tested with standard rocks and with cement samples to which defined amounts of Tl had been added.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 398-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Nickeloxid in Nickel ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösung in KCuCl3
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen, Selen in Geolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Hydridbildung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A rapid semi-automated hydride evolution-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of arsenic and selenium in geological materials. A representative sample of a rock, soil or sediment is digested with a mixture of HNO3-HClO4. The nearly dry digestate is taken up in HCl. The arsenic (or selenium) in the hydrochloric acid solution is converted to its hydride with sodium borohydride. The hydride is decomposed and atomized in an electrically heated quartz furnace, and the atomic absorption signal is measured at the appropriate resonance wavelengths of arsenic and selenium. Both the elements can be reliably determined in geochemical samples in the range of 0.05–2.00 μg/g. The method has wide tolerance for variation in reagent concentrations and possible interferences, and when tested on some certified rocks having a wide range of arsenic and selenium values is found to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. The procedure is now routinely used in our laboratories. At least 10 samples can be analyzed per hour.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die Probe mit einem Salpetersäure-Perchlorsäure-Gemisch aufgeschlossen, der Rückstand in Salzsäure aufgenommen und Se bzw. As mit Hilfe von Natriumborhydrid in Hydrid übergeführt. Die Atomisierung zur Messung erfolgt in einem elektrisch beheizten Quarzofen. Beide Elemente können im Bereich von 0,05–2,00 μg/g zuverlässig in geologischem Material bestimmt werden. Die Methode hat einen weiten Toleranzbereich für Änderungen der Reagenskonzentration sowie für mögliche Begleitelemente und zeigte bei Referenz-Gesteinsproben zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Sie wird in den Laboratorien des Autors routinemäßig eingesetzt. Wenigstens 10 Proben können innerhalb von 1 h analysiert werden.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Chrom, Kupfer, Mangan, Nickel, Eisen in Stahl ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Genauigkeit in Gefügebestandteilen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Charakterisierung von Isolaten differenziert behandelter Stähle erfordert die schnelle und genaue Bestimmung von Haupt- und Nebenbestandteilen aus Einwaagen im Milligrammbereich. Mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie wurden die Elemente Fe (40–95 m-%) sowie Cr, Cu, Mn und Ni (0,05–10 m-%) aus einer Lösung (50–100 ml) durch Eichung mit geeigneten Standardstählen bestimmt. Die statistische Bewertung der Eisenbestimmung erfolgte am Beispiel der Analyse von Standardstählen und konkreten FexC-Isolaten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der klassisch-chemischen Isolatanalyse verglichen. Es wurden Reproduzierbarkeiten von s r≦0,01 bei garantierter Richtigkeit im Konfidenzintervall erreicht. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Messung auf Fe-Linien geringerer Empfindlichkeit (373,7 nm bzw. 358,1 nm), wodurch weitere Verdünnungsschritte vermieden und das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert werden. Bei der Cr-Bestimmung muß die spektrale Reinheit der Hohlkathodenlampe garantiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß deutliche Mehrbefunde bei Lampen mit eisenhaltigem Trägermaterial bei Spaltbreiten 〉 0,2 nm und Messung auf λ Cr=357,9 nm in Abhängigkeit vom Cr-Fe-Verhältnis auftreten. Als Ursache dafür wurde eine absorbierende Fe-Linie (358,1 nm) innerhalb der spektralen Bandbreite nachgewiesen.
    Notizen: Summary The characterization of residues of differently treated steels requires the rapid and precise determination of principal and secondary components from mg sample weights. The elements Fe (40–95%-wt) and Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni (0.05–10% wt) were determined from one solution (50–100 ml) with calibration of suitable standard reference materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Precision and accuracy of the Fe-determination were studied at SRM and concrete FexC-residues and by comparison with classical chemical analysis. The precision was ≦1% with a guaranteed accuracy in the confidence interval. This was attained by using Fe-lines with lower sensitivity (373.7 nm or 358.1 nm) to eliminate the dilution and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. For the determination of chromium, it is necessary to guarantee the spectral purity of the used hollow cathode lamp. It was shown that the Cr-response was too high in dependence on the Cr-Fe-ratio when using a hollow cathode lamp with ferruginous cathode material, a spectral bandpass of 〉 0.2 nm and the Cr-line λ Cr=357.9 nm. This was caused by an absorbing Feline (358.1 nm) in the used spectral bandpass.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Techn. Produkten ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester, Extraktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) wird als Extraktions- und Lösungsmittel für die Flammen-AAS vorgeschlagen. Als Extraktionsmittel ist es für bestimmte Spurenanreicherungen selektiver als Methyl-iso-butylketon bei gleichen Eigenschaften in der Flammen-AAS. Als analytisches Beispiel wird die Selen-Extraktion und Bestimmung im ppm-Bereich bei Kupfer- und Bleikonzentraten, Kupferstein und Rohkupfer durchgeführt. Als Extraktionsmittel wird eine 5%-Lösung von Aceton im MME verwendet. Die relativen Standardabweichungen sind für Selengehalte von 5,6–70,5 ppm 6 bis 2%, bei 580–1100 ppm 1,8 bis 1,4%. Das beschriebene Verfahren ist im ppm-Bereich störungsfrei gegenüber Begleitelementen.
    Notizen: Summary Methyl methacrylate (MME) is proposed as an extractant and solvent for flame-AAS. For the enrichment of certain traces it is more selective than methyl-iso-butylketone (MIBK), with equal properties in flame-AAS. The extraction and determination of selenium in the ppm-range in copper- and lead concentrates, blister copper and copper matte is described as an analytical example. A solution of 5% acetone in MME is used as extractant. The relative standard deviations for selenium are 6 to 2% for 5.6 to 70.5 ppm and 1.8 to 1.4% for 580 to 1,100 ppm. Accompanying elements do not interfere in the ppm-range.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Fällung mit Ca, Pb, Bi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Blei, Cadmium, Quecksilber in Klärschlamm ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zeeman-Effekt
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Drei Klärschlammstandards wurden mit der Zeeman-AAS auf ihren Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Es fand keine chemische Probenvorbereitung statt. Die gut homogenisierten Proben wurden direkt auf einer Mikrogrammwaage in ein Graphitschiffchen eingewogen. Die Messungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Referenzwerten. Auch für andere Elemente und Matrixformen ist diese Feststoffanalyse möglich.
    Notizen: Summary Three sewage sludge standards were analysed for their Pb, Cd and Hg contents by means of Zeeman-AAS. The samples did not undergo chemical pretreatment. They were well homogenized and directly weighed into a graphite boat by means of a microbalance. Results were in good agreement with reference values. This solid state analysis is also suitable for other elements and other types of matrices.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 4-9 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Untergrundabsorption durch org. Lösungsmittel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Organische Lösungsmittel wie Xylol, n-Heptan, Diisopropylketon und Methylisobutylketon sowie die organischen Komplexbildner Ammoniumpyrrolidin-dithiocarbamat und Hexamethylendithiocarbaminsäure-Hexamethylammoniumsalz beeinflussen die AAS-Bestimmung von Cd, Pb, Co und Ni in der Graphitrohrküvette. Von Bedeutung sind dabei die Zersetzungstemperatur und -dauer, das Einspritzvolumen und die Reaktionen des Graphits mit den organischen Verbindungen. Den im aufgeheizten Graphitrohr entstandenen Absorptionsspektren dieser organischen Verbindungen wurde besonderes Interesse gewidmet.
    Notizen: Summary Organic solvents like xylenes, n-heptane, diisopropylketone, methylisobutylketone as well as complexing compounds like ammoniumpyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and hexamethylene dithiocarbamicacid hexamethylene-ammonium salt exert an influence on the AAS analysis of Cd, Pb, Co and Ni by use of the graphitetube. Important for the process are temperature and duration of disintegration, the injectionvolume and the reactions of the graphite with organic compounds. The absorption spectra of organic compounds formed in the heated graphitetube have been of special interest.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 304 (1980), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen in Biolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Hydridtechnik
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 304 (1980), S. 395-397 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Beryllium in Meteoriten ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; flüchtige Be-Verbindungen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Zuge der Bestimmung von Be in Meteoriten wurde in fünf Fällen gefunden, daß unter den Bedingungen und bei den Temperaturen eines Silicataufschlusses mit HF-HClO4 ein Teil des Be nicht erfaßt werden kann, da offenbar eine oder mehrere an sich nicht bekannte Verbindungen des Be existieren, welche unter den genannten Bedingungen flüchtig sind und sich der Bestimmung entziehen. Die flüchtige oder flüchtigen Be-Verbindungen wurden durch Erhitzen der Proben in einem Quarzrohr auf 400° C im Stickstoffstrom ausgetrieben und in einem mit flüssigem Stickstoff gekühlten U-Rohr kondensiert. Aus diesem Kondensat konnte das Be-Acetylacetonat extrahiert und mit Hilfe der flammenlosen AAS das Be bestimmt werden. In dem Chondriten Bjurböle war der Gehalt an flüchtigem Be größer als der Gehalt an nichtflüchtigem Be. Die flüchtige bzw. die flüchtigen Be-Verbindungen, die wir beobachtet haben, zeigen das gleiche chemische Verhalten wie die von Black und Sievers in terrestrischen Proben gefundenen, bislang noch nicht identifizierten flüchtigen Verbindungen des Beryllium.
    Notizen: Summary In five cases of determining beryllium in meteorites it was found that, under the conditions and temperatures used to decompose silicates with a mixture of HF-HClO4, a part of the beryllium could not be traced because there obviously exist one or more beryllium compounds which are volatile under these conditions and thus escape the determination. The volatile beryllium compounds were expelled by heating the samples in a quartz tube at 400° C in a current of nitrogen and were condensed in a U-tube cooled by liquid nitrogen. From this condensate the beryllium acetylacetonate could be extracted and the beryllium could be determined by flameless AAS. In the chondrite Bjurböle, the content of volatile beryllium was larger than the non-volatile one. The volatile beryllium compounds we observed show the same chemical behaviour as the unidentified volatile beryllium compounds found by Black and Sievers in terrestrial samples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Anorgan. Material, Organ. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verdampfung im dynam. System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine spezielle Apparatur zur Abtrennung von Selengehalten aus anorganischen (≥ 0,5 ng/g) und organischen (≥ 2 ng/g) Matrices beschrieben, die eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der isolierten Selenspuren durch Hydrid-AAS (HG-AAS) bzw. AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung (ETA-AAS) ermöglicht. Beim Aufschluß der Probe im O2- bzw. Ar/O2-Trägergasstrom wird das Selen in einem Quarzsystem als SeO2 verflüchtigt und in einer Vorlage zusammen mit dem Sauerstoff und anderen flüchtigen Substanzen durch Kühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff kondensiert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verbundverfahrens wird durch zahlreiche Se-Bestimmungen in Metallen, Gesteinen, Sedimenten, Böden, pflanzlichen und tierischen Matrices belegt.
    Notizen: Summary A special apparatus for the separation of low levels of selenium from inorganic (≥ 0.5 ng/g) and organic (≥2 ng/g) matrices is described. It enables a reliable determination of the isolated traces of selenium by hydride-AAS (HG-AAS) or AAS with electrothermal atomisation (ETA-AAS). During decomposition of the sample in a stream of O2 or Ar/O2 in a quartz system, selenium is volatilized as SeO2 that is subsequently trapped simultaneously with oxygen and other volatile substances by cooling with liquid nitrogen. The capability of this multi-stage procedure is proved by numerous determinations of Se in metals, rocks, sediments, soils, plant and animal matrices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; heißes Quarzrohr, Zugabe von Komplexbildnern
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nickel, Cobalt und Kupfer stören die Arsenbestimmung durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Atomisierung von Arsenwasserstoff im heißen Quarzrohr. Der Störeinfluß läßt sich durch Komplexbildner vermindern. Von einer Anzahl untersuchter Chelatbildner zeigte Pyridin-2-aldoxim die größte Wirkung: 300 mg Pyridin-2-aldoxim in der Meßlösung schalten die Störung durch 40 mg Metalloxid aus.
    Notizen: Summary Nickel, cobalt and copper interfere in the quantitation of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomisation of arsine in a hot quartz tube. A number of chelating agents was investigated with a view to eliminate the suppressing effect of these metals. Pyridine-2-aldoxime was most efficient: 300 mg of pyridine-2-aldoxime exclude an interference by up to 40 mg of metal oxide in the final solution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bleioxid in Blei ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of a minute amount of lead oxide in and on high-purity lead metal. The lead metal is shaken with 0.5% (w/v) ammonium acetate solution and sodium tetrahydroborate in nitrogen atmosphere. The metallic lead is unaffected while the lead oxide is dissolved in the aqueous solution and can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is repeated in the presence of mercury. In this case lead is converted to amalgam and total lead oxide is dissolved and determined. The lead oxide contained in the interior of the sample is obtained by the difference. Lead oxide in commercial lead metals of various forms has been determined by this method. It is simple and fast, a minute amount of lead oxide can be determined precisely with high reproducibility (recovery is 98–100%).
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Bleiprobe wird mit 0,5 %iger Ammoniumacetatlösung und NaBH4 unter Stickstoff geschüttelt, wobei sich das an der Oberfläche befindliche Bleioxid löst und in der Lösung durch AHS bestimmt werden kann. Metallisches Blei wird durch diese Behandlung nicht angegriffen. Eine weitere Metallprobe wird dann in Gegenwart von Quecksilber ebenso behandelt, wobei Bleiamalgam gebildet wird und das gesamte Oxid in Lösung geht. Der Oxidgehalt in der Probe ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Werte. Verschiedenartige Bleiproben wurden mit diesem Verfahren untersucht (Reproduzierbarkeit 98–100%).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Gallium, Aluminium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren in Reinstmetallen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der für die Extraktion im stark sauren Medium geeignete Chelatbildner Dithiophosphorsäure-O,O-diethylester kann auch für die Spurensorption an Aktivkohle eingesetzt werden. Durch das unterschiedliche Sorptionsverhalten der Elemente ist es möglich, eine Gruppe von Elementspuren (Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) selektiv aus verschiedenen Matrices abzutrennen. Am Beispiel der Analyse von Reinstgallium konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Kombination von Spurenabtrennung und mikrophysikalischem Bestimmungsschritt zu Nachweisgrenzen im ng/g-Bereich führt. Als Bestimmungsverfahren für die angereicherten Spuren wurden die Injektionsmethode der Flammen-AAS und die Schlaufen-AAS eingesetzt, da mit beiden Methoden bei sequentieller Messung noch Multielementbestimmungen aus Spurenkonzentraten von weniger als 1 ml möglich sind.
    Notizen: Summary The chelate complexing agent dithiophosphoric acid-O,O-diethylester, suitable for extraction from high acidity media, can also be put to use in trace sorption on activated carbon. Due to different sorption behaviour of elements, it is possible to separate selectively from different matrices, groups of elements (such as Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl). By way of example concerning the analysis of high-purity gallium, it could be demonstrated that by combination of a trace separation with a micro-physical determination step, detection limits in the ng/g-region could be reached. As a determination procedure regarding pre-concentrated traces, the injection method of flame-AAS and loop-AAS were applied, because both these methods allow sequential multielement determinations from trace concentrates of less than 1 ml.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Cobalt, Nickel in Boden ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Zr-beschichtetes Graphitrohr
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, Cobalt und Nickel in Bodenaufschlüssen nach Anreicherung durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorption unter Verwendung Zirkonium-beschichteter Graphitrohre zu bestimmen. Das bisher für Cadmium und Blei verwendete Anreicherungsverfahren wurde so modifiziert, daß außer diesen beiden Elementen auch Cobalt und Nickel quantitativ extrahiert wurden. Cobalt und Nickel werden dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Die stark salpetersauren Reextrakte können direkt in die Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohre injiziert werden. Mit einem Rohr können 150 bis 200 Analysen durchgeführt werden. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde im Mittel eine Konzentration von 15 μg Co und 20 μg Ni/l Reextrakt gefunden. Das entspricht einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 3 μg Co und 4 μg Ni/l Aufschlußlösung (statistische Sicherheit 95%).
    Notizen: Summary Subsequent to an enrichment of cobalt and nickel from digested soil solutions by extraction with APDC/MIBK followed by reextraction with nitric acid these elements can be determined by means of flameless atomic absorption without interferences. Zirconium coated tubes are used as electrothermal atomizers. After a modification of the enrichment procedure which was used for cadmium and lead, also cobalt and nickel could be extracted quantitatively. Both elements are enriched by a factor of five. In spite of the high concentration of nitric acid in the reextracts, which are injected directly into the tubes, their life time was remarkable good. 150 to 200 analyses could be performed with one tube. Detection limits were found to be 15 μg of Co and 20 μg of Ni/l reextract and about 3 μg of Co and 4 μg of Ni/l digested soil solution (confidence level 95%).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 351-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anwendung der Additionsmethode, Diskussionsbeiträge
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Mangan in Legierungen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Statist. Versuchsplanung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Mangan in verschiedenen Legierungen wurde die Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) angewendet. Die Abhängigkeit des Mangansignals von der Zusammensetzung der zu analysierenden Probe wurde unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Elemente Eisen, Molybdän und Kobalt das Mangansignal nicht beeinflussen, Nickel und Aluminium vermindernd und Kupfer leicht erhöhend wirken. Zusätzlich dazu beeinflussen die Elemente Nickel, Chrom, Aluminium und Kupfer das Mangansignal in Form von Wechselwirkungen, d. h. der Einfluß eines dieser Elemente hängt ab von der Konzentration der anderen. Diese Information kann nur unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung erhalten werden. Die Auswertung der Versuchspläne gestattet es, die Manganbestimmung in hochlegierten Stählen und Legierungen auf Kobalt- oder Nickelbasis mittels AAS unter Einsatz einer einheitlich zusammengesetzten Eichlösung durchzuführen und somit das Additionsverfahren zu ersetzen.
    Notizen: Summary The dependence of the absorbance of manganese on the composition of sample was studied by means of the design of experiments. It was found that the elements iron, molybdenum and cobalt do not influence the absorbance of manganese, while nickel and aluminium reduce it and copper slightly increases it. In addition, the absorbance of manganese is influenced by several interaction effects of nickel, chromium, aluminium and copper. This means that the magnitude of the influence of one of these elements depends on the concentration of the other elements. This information can only be obtained by means of the design of experiments. The evaluation of the designs allows the determination of manganese in high-alloy steels and alloys based on cobalt or nickel by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy using only one uniformly composed series of calibrating solutions and makes it possible to substitute the method of addition in this way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Berechnung der Standardabweichung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Standardabweichung des Meß-resultates stellt eine der wichtigsten Analysenkenngrößen dar. Für den Fall der Atomabsorptionsanalyse werden theoretische Beziehungen für den Zusammenhang zwischen der zu messenden Elementkonzentration und der zu erwartenden Standardabweichung abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Beziehungen werden anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Meßwerten am Beispiel der Cadmiumbestimmung sowohl für den Fall der Flammenatomisation als auch für Messungen mit der Graphitrohrküvette überprüft. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment.
    Notizen: Summary The standard deviation of measurements is one of the most important characteristics of any analytical method. For the case of atomic absorption spectrometry, theoretical relations are given revealing the relation between concentration of the element in question and the standard deviation expected. These relations are tested against data from literature and own measurements by determination of cadmium by flame atomization and using the cuvette as an example. The agreement between theory and experimental data is quite satisfactory.
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