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  • Springer  (46,754)
  • Wiley  (10,069)
  • 2020-2024  (288)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974  (46,315)
  • 1950-1954  (10,220)
  • 2023  (288)
  • 1974  (46,315)
  • 1954  (10,220)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 2020-2024  (288)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974  (46,315)
  • 1950-1954  (10,220)
Year
  • 1
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    Moment magnitude (Mw) from hydrophone records of low energy volcanic quakes (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Earthquake magnitude calibration using hydrophone records has been carried out at Campi Flegrei caldera, an active area close to the highly populated area of Naples city, partly undersea. Definite integrals of the hydrophone records amplitude spectra, between the limits of 1 and 20 Hz, were calculated on a set of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from 1 to 3.3. The coefficients of a linear relationship between the logarithm of these integrals and the magnitude were obtained by linear optimization, thus defining a useful equation to calculate the moment magnitude from the hydrophone record spectra. This method could be easily exported to other volcanic areas, where submerged volcanoes are monitored by networks of hydrophones and seismic sensors on land. The proposed approach allows indeed magnitude measurements of small magnitude earthquakes occurring at sea, thus adding useful information to the seismicity of these volcanoes.〈/jats:p〉
    Description: Published
    Description: 875–882
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    A Tool to Aid the Navigation in La Spezia Harbour (Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The knowledge of sea level in harbours is very important to manage port activities (safety of navigation, prevention of ship stranding, optimization of vessel loading, water quality control). In this article we describe the use of a software tool developed to help local authorities and working organizations to optimize navigation and avoid or manage hazardous situations due to sea level changes in port basins. This prototype application, starting from reading data coming from a monitoring station in La Spezia harbour (in North Western Italy), updates dynamically the port bathymetry based on sea level oscillations (measured in the past or real-time, or expected in the near future). Then, it detects potentially dangerous areas for a given ship moving in the basin at a certain time, by means of the idea of “virtual traffic lights”: sea level variations are provided as parameters to the application that performs the updating of the bathymetric map and the subdivision of the harbour in allowed (green)/warning (yellow)/prohibited (red) areas for each ship, based on its draft. The tool can provide a useful support interface to competent authorities to avoid or manage critical situations by detecting hazardous areas for a given vessel at a given time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 89–101
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    Combining earth sciences with archaeology to investigate natural risks related to the cultural heritage of the Marsica region (central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Methods of Earth Sciences have been employed in archaeological sites of the Marsica region, central Italy, in two different perspectives: to enhance knowledge on past natural events which damaged/destroyed ancient settlements/monuments and to gather data useful/necessary for preservation of the local cultural heritage. Within this wide perspective, the paper deals with (i) recent archaeoseismological investigations at Alba Fucens and other sites of the Fucino Plain which add evidence of sudden building collapse to the already available (archaeoseismological and paleoseismological) data concerning seismicity of fifth-sixth century AD; (ii) archaeological investigations on remains of the Medieval church of San Bartolomeo showing that coseismic damage in 1349 caused the abandonment of part of the building and its (re)use for burials; (iii) evidence of slope instability which caused rapid mass deposition in the lowest sector of ancient Alba Fucens since around the half of the sixth century AD, inhibiting the occupation of the Roman town; (iv) capable faulting potentially affecting the westernmost sector of the huge hydraulic works made by Romans during the first-second century AD to drain former Lake Fucino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-318
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology · Active fault · Landslide · Historic earthquake · Cultural heritage · Preservation · Marsica region
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    How sharp is the knife? Herbivore and carnivore sensitivity to resource stoichiometric quality (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: While understanding feeding preferences of herbivores and carnivores is of major importance in ecology, we still know very little on the sensitivity of different functional groups to suboptimal stoichiometric resource quality. Here, we apply concepts of ecological stoichiometry to shed light on differences in the nutritional requirements of herbivores and carnivores, and to make predictions on the influence of suboptimal resource stoichiometric quality on the fitness of these different consumers to. Herbivores generally experience more variation in the quality of their resource than carnivores do, and these differences have likely shaped the extent to which coping mechanisms have evolved. Consequently, we expect 1) herbivores to maintain their stoichiometric homeostasis over a broader range of resource stoichiometry than carnivores, 2) the threshold elemental ratio (TER), i.e. the dietary carbon to nutrient ratio which maximizes fitness, of herbivores to be higher than that of carnivores, 3) a narrower and sharper knife-edge response in carnivores than herbivores and 4) asymmetric knife-edge responses indicating a higher sensitivity to the diet quality that consumers are not used to dealing with, namely nutrient limitation in carnivores and nutrient excess in herbivores. Our study poses that documenting the ranges of resource quality where consumer fitness declines in diverse organisms is a very promising avenue to increase our understanding of community composition and food web functioning.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Sensitivity analysis of polar orbiter motion to lunar viscoelastic tidal deformation (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: We investigate the impact of viscoelastic tidal deformation of the Moon on the motion of a polar orbiter. The dissipative effects in the Moon’s interior, i.e., tidal phase lags, are modeled as Fourier series sampled at given frequencies associated with linear combinations of Delaunay arguments, the fundamental parameters describing the lunar motion around the Earth and the Sun. We implement the tidal model to evaluate the temporal lunar gravity field and the induced perturbation on the orbiter. We validate the numerical scheme via a frequency analysis of the perturbed orbital motion. We show that, in the case of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter at a low altitude of less than 200 km, the main lunar tides and hence the potential Love numbers around the monthly and some multiple frequencies are dynamically separable. The omission of those effects in practice introduces a position error at the level of a few decimeters within 10 days.
    Description: Published
    Description: 16
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    The peperino rocks: historical and volcanological overview (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-31
    Description: The name peperino derives from the Italian word pepe (pepper) and has been used in the common language for lithified volcanic deposits characterized by grey to dark grey color and granular texture, resembling that of ground pepper. Among these, the best-known examples are represented by some phreatomagmatic deposits of the Colli Albani Volcanic District, near Rome, and ignimbrite deposits of the Cimini Mountains near Viterbo (Northern Latium), which have been widely employed in artifacts of historical and archaeological interest. In particular, these resistant volcanic rocks have been widely employed by the Etruscans and Romans since the 7 th century BCE to produce sarcophagi and dimension stones, as well as architectural and ornamental elements in central Italy up to the present.
    Description: Published
    Description: 69
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A kaleidoscope of colours and an unexpected journey (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-04
    Description: The paper is part of a book conceived as a "collection of stories, reflections and advice written by proficient scientists" aimed in particular at younger people and early-career researchers, with the author illustrating her most significant professional experiences. The contribution is structured in four sections: 1) how interest in science has been developed 2) the work done and the personal scientific approach 3) perspectives on science today and tomorrow, 4) advice to much younger colleagues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 277-286
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: life in research ; natural hazard ; information dissemination ; european charter for researchers ; gender equality ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 8
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    A phase field model for fractures in ice shelves (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 22(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ice shelves are large floating ice masses, that are formed when glaciers are becoming afloat at the margin of ice sheets. One dominating mass loss mechanism of ice shelves is calving, describing the detachment of icebergs at the front. Ice shelves stabilize inland ice glaciers due to buttressing. If the stabilizing effect of an ice shelf vanishes because of disintegration or thinning, the corresponding glacier accelerates resulting in sea level rise.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉To describe calving and disintegration of ice shelves, it is important to investigate fracture propagation in ice. A powerful method in fracture mechanics is the phase field method which is based on Griffith's theory. It approximates cracks in a diffuse manner by using a continuous scalar field. We propose a phase field fracture model for ice considering its characteristic material properties. The material behavior of ice depends on the considered time scales. On short time scales it behaves like a solid and while it acts like a fluid on long time scales, which classifies it as a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. This has been verified by observations. The phase field method allows us to simulate typical fracture situations of ice shelves in Antarctica and Greenland.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 9
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    Higher temperature, increased CO2, and changing nutrient ratios alter the carbon metabolism and induce oxidative stress in a cosmopolitan diatom (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Phytoplankton are responsible for about 90% of the oceanic primary production, largely supporting marine food webs, and actively contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Yet, increasing temperature and pCO2, along with higher dissolved nitrogen: phosphorus ratios in coastal waters are likely to impact phytoplankton physiology, especially in terms of photosynthetic rate, respiration, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production. Here, we conducted a full-factorial experiment to identify the individual and combined effects of temperature, pCO2, and N : P ratio on the antioxidant capacity and carbon metabolism of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Our results demonstrate that, among these three drivers, temperature is the most influential factor on the physiology of this species, with warming causing oxidative stress and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate was higher under warmer conditions and higher pCO2, and, together with a lower dark respiration rate and higher DOC exudation, generated cells with lower carbon content. An enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake and an overall stimulated microbial loop benefiting from higher DOC exudation are potential longer-term consequences of rising temperatures, elevated pCO2 as well as shifted dissolved N : P ratios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Capturing drifting species and molecules—Lessons learned from integrated approaches to assess marine metazoan diversity in highly dynamic waters (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental DNA, Wiley, ISSN: 2637-4943
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Marine community diversity surveys require a reliable assessment to estimate ecosystem functions and their dynamics. For these, non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly applied in zoological studies to complement or even replace traditional morphological identification methods. However, uncertainties remain about the accuracy of the diversity detected with eDNA to capture the actual diversity in the field. Here, we validate the reliability of eDNA metabarcoding in identifying metazoan biodiversity in highly dynamic marine waters of the North Sea. We analyzed biodiversity from water (eDNA) and zooplankton samples with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S rRNA (18S) metabarcoding at Helgoland Roads and validated the optimal molecular resolution by morphological and molecular zooplankton identification (metabarcoding) with the result of merely a few false-negative detections. eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding resolved 354 species from all major and in total 16 metazoan phyla. This molecular genetic species inventory overlapped by 95.9% (COI) and 81.9% (18S) with published inventories of local, morphologically identified species, among them neozoa and rediscovered species. Even though half of all species were detected by both eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding, the methods differed significantly in their detected diversity. eDNA metabarcoding performed very well in cnidarians and annelids, whereas zooplankton metabarcoding identified higher numbers of fish and malacostraca. Species assemblages significantly differed between the individual sampling events and the cumulative number of identified species increased steadily over the sampling period and did not reach saturation. About a third of the species were detected only once while a core community of 22 species was identified continuously. Our study confirms eDNA metabarcoding to be a powerful tool to identify and analyze North Sea fauna in highly dynamic waters and we recommend investing in high sampling efforts by repetitive sampling and replication using at least 0.45 μm filters to increase filtration volume.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 11
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    Polar meiofauna – Antipoles or Parallels? (2023)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, pp. 285-328, ISBN: 978-3-031-21622-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: At opposite ends of our world lie the poles. In the North, the Arctic, an ocean surrounded by coasts; in the South, the Antarctic continent surrounded by an ocean that separates it from the nearest landmasses. At first glance, the poles could not be more dissimilar owing to their contrasting location, geography, and tectonic and evolutionary history. The amplitude and types of ice cover, though differing between the poles, are influenced by the same climatic, atmospheric, and hydrodynamic processes that affect the entire Earth. Freshwater influx into their coastal areas too—beyond the effects of glaciological changes and dynamics such as glacier melt and increasing meltwater discharges—is different: in contrast to the Arctic, the Antarctic continent and sub-Antarctic islands lack major rivers. However, their latitudinal range and low temperatures, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, impacts from tidewater and land-based glaciers, significant seasonal variation in light intensity and, hence, primary productivity, offer parallel environments for organisms that have adapted to such conditions. Although we know much about the similarities and differences from an environmental perspective, there are still many unknowns about how benthic communities, especially the meiobenthos, from both regions compare. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the contrasts and parallels between Arctic and Antarctic meiobenthos and place it into context of their extreme habitats. Following a brief account of Arctic and Antarctic evolution and the historical study of their faunas, we (i) compare how extreme polar conditions affect meiofauna across four main habitats: polar coastal areas and fjords, continental shelves and ice shelves, the deep sea, and sea ice, and we (ii) discuss the implications of climate change on meiofauna in these habitats. Reflecting on (i) and (ii) allowed us to identify frontiers for future research of polar meiofauna, which we put forward in the concluding sections of this chapter.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 12
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    Origin of Seismicity in Italy as a Clue for Seismic Hazard (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-22
    Description: ItalianseismicityisgeneratedbytheongoingsubductionoftheEuro- pean lithosphere beneath the Alps, and the Adriatic lithosphere beneath the Apen- nines. The two belts are extremely different due to their opposite polarity relative to the inferred underlying ‘eastward’ mantle flow. Contractional tectonics is con- centrated in low topography areas, whereas extensional tectonics and the larger magnitude seismicity due to normal faulting is preferentially located along the Apennines ridge, where the brittle crustal layer is thicker and the lithostatic load is maximum. Seismicity is the result of dissipation of energy along passive faults but stored mostly in crustal volumes located in the hangingwall of the faults. The 2–5 mm/yr deformation in all Italian tectonic settings prevents the occurrence of great earthquakes (Mw 8) that rather occur in other areas of the world where deformation rates are at least one order of magnitude faster. The maximum event so far recorded in Italy is Mw 7.3, 1693 southeast Sicily. InSAR data nowadays provide a precise definition of the epicentral area of an earthquake, which can be several hundred km2. The epicentral area is defined as the ‘active’ domain where the hangingwall is moving along the fault and it is contemporaneously crossed by the seismic waves radiated by the fault plane due to the friction in it. Within the active domain occur the strongest coseismic shaking, both vertical and horizontal. The vertical coseismic motion allows the horizontal shaking to be much more effective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 168-180
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Keywords: Italian geodynamics ; Elastoquakes ; Graviquakes ; Vertical motion ; Epicentral areas ; Active domain ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Seismotectonics of Southern Calabria Terrane (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Seismic data of earthquakes recorded during the last 40 years in southern Calabria have been compared with geological data in order to obtain a seismotectonic picture of the area. We sought for any possible correlation between the main regional tectonic st ructures, the distribution of earthquake hypocentres and the focal mechanism of earthquakes with magnitude (Ml)≥3. Studies of historical and recent seismicity and analysis of geological stru ctures allowed to define the main shear strips on a regional scale. More than 2600 earthquakes with 1.5 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.5 have been considered. The focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Ml≥3 have been compared with the kinematics of known faults and used to give insight on the current active stress field. From the analysis carried out it was possible to expand the cognitive framework regarding the activity of the main tectonic structures present in the area. This study also served to identify areas of high seismicity which do not correspond to any evidence of tectonic structures on the surface, and areas where recognized tectonic structures have not shown any seismicity during the la st decades. These cases could be the subject of future investigation in order to correctly assess the se ismic hazard in Calabria. This task is important in the context of seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3148-3162
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calabria, smicity, tectonics, earthquakes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Big volcano science: needs and perspectives (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Volcano science has been deeply developing during last decades, from a branch of descriptive natural sciences to a highly multi-disciplinary, technologically advanced, quantitative sector of the geosciences. While the progress has been continuous and substantial, the volcanological community still lacks big scientific endeavors comparable in size and objectives to many that characterize other scientific fields. Examples include large infrastructures such as the LHC in Geneva for sub-atomic particle physics or the Hubble telescope for astrophysics, as well as deeply coordinated, highly funded, decadal projects such as the Human Genome Project for life sciences. Here we argue that a similar big science approach will increasingly concern volcano science, and briefly describe three examples of developments in volcanology requiring such an approach, and that we believe will characterize the current decade (2020–2030): the Krafla Magma Testbed initiative; the development of a Global Volcano Simulator; and the emerging relevance of big data in volcano science.
    Description: Published
    Description: 20
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 15
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    Bridges to Global Ethics: Geoethics at the Confluence of Humanities and Sciences (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities. It provides new content and insights into developing convergent human actions in response to global anthropogenic changes, based on perspectives that make it possible to combine geoscience knowledge with humanities and social sciences approaches. Selected authors present their reflections, findings and insights regarding the vision of geoethics (ethics of responsibility towards the Earth) as global ethics from philosophical, humanities and social sciences perspectives. In addition, they discuss ethical frameworks from diverse cultural traditions, searching for points of intersection with geoethics. The goal: for global environmental problems to be managed via multi-perspective approaches that can more effectively accommodate complexity. Combining the strengths of the geosciences, humanities and social sciences can pave the way for a paradigm shift in how human societies develop adaptive, sustainable responses to environmental changes and societal inequalities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Anthropogenic Global Changes ; Earth system ; Human-Environment Relations ; Ethical framework ; Society ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Introduction to the Book “Bridges to Global Ethics” (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book wants to enrich the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities, providing new contents and insights elaborated by scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-3
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Global ethics ; Geosciences ; Humanities ; Earth system ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Geoethics for Redefining Human-Earth System Nexus (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: The globalized society is held together by an intricate system of human relationships. This system constitutes a planetary architecture characterized by (a) a complex technological structure, (b) the homogenization of cultural forms and economic systems, (c) growing social, political and economic inequalities. Faced with planetary systemic perturbations (such as pandemics and wars), the globalized society shows criticalities, but also strengths, despite it is still too vulnerable to anthropogenic environmental changes. These changes modify the physical–chemical-biological characteristics of the Earth system and therefore represent a great threat to human communities, more serious than the pandemic threat from SARS-CoV-2, perhaps equal to the threat of a nuclear war, since it is the habitability of the planet by humanity and many other living species to be in danger. In order to promptly address the dangers of the anthropogenic changes underway, a closer and more structured international cooperation between states is needed. There are no alternatives. But this goal today appears increasingly difficult and distant due to the international geopolitical instability triggered by the war in Ukraine. In fact, only, human communities that share ethical principles and values on which to base new forms of relationship between human beings and the Earth system are able to face the planetary ecological crisis and build a possible future on Earth. In this perspective, geoethics is proposed as global ethics of a complex world, founded on the principles of dignity, freedom and responsibility and aimed at the renewal of the human-Earth System nexus and the realization of an ecological humanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5-23
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Earth system ; Anthropogenic global changes ; Ecological humanism ; Global ethics ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Li, Y., Umanzor, S., Ng, C., Huang, M., Marty-Rivera, M., Bailey, D., Aydlett, M., Jannink, J.-L., Lindell, S., & Yarish, C. Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Journal of Applied Phycology, 34, (2022): 2551–2563, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02811-1.
    Description: Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is one of the most widely cultivated brown marine macroalgae species in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific Oceans. To meet the expanding demands of the sugar kelp mariculture industry, selecting and breeding sugar kelp that is best suited to offshore farm environments is becoming necessary. To that end, a multi-year, multi-institutional breeding program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program. Hybrid sporophytes were generated using 203 unique gametophyte cultures derived from wild-collected Saccharina spp. for two seasons of farm trials (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). The wild sporophytes were collected from 10 different locations within the Gulf of Maine (USA) region, including both sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and the skinny kelp species (Saccharina angustissima). We harvested 232 common farm plots during these two seasons with available data. We found that farmed kelp plots with skinny kelp as parents had an average increased yield over the mean (wet weight 2.48 ± 0.90 kg m−1 and dry weight 0.32 ± 0.10 kg m−1) in both growing seasons. We also found that blade length positively correlated with biomass in skinny kelp x sugar kelp crosses or pure sugar kelp crosses. The skinny x sugar progenies had significantly longer and narrower blades than the pure sugar kelp progenies in both seasons. Overall, these findings suggest that sugar x skinny kelp crosses provide improved yield compared to pure sugar kelp crosses.
    Description: Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, ARPAe MARINER project contract number DE-AR0000915 and DE-AR0000911.
    Keywords: Saccharina latissima ; Saccharina angustissima ; Morphological trait ; Biomass ; Seaweed aquaculture
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 19
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    Comparison Between Two Methodologies for Assessing Historical Earthquake Parameters and Their Impact on Seismicity Rates in the Western Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: We investigate the differences in seismicity rate estimates from two historical earthquake catalogues obtained with two methodologies (Boxer and QUake-MD) calibrated on a common dataset of macroseismic intensities and calibration events. The two methodologies were then applied to a test data set of historical earthquakes covering the France, Italy and Switzerland Alpine region. Differences between the resulting magnitude estimates and instrumental magnitudes show a standard deviation of 0.4 for both methodologies, with a mean residual of 0.01 for Boxer and − 0.04 for Quake-MD. A systematic difference in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies that correlates with the depth estimated by Quake-MD has been observed. This is attributed to the difference in the treatment of the depth parameter between Boxer and QUake-MD. Nevertheless, differences in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies show a mean residual of 0.006 and a standard deviation of 0.35 resulting in seismicity rates that are not significantly different considering the associated uncertainties. Such results made us believe that the European community could gain in the reduction of epistemic uncertainties associated with the estimate of historical earthquake parameters by agreeing on a common macroseismic and calibration dataset across borders. These efforts should be strongly encouraged. On the other hand, we show that even in the ideal conditions of this benchmark (same calibration events and same macroseismic intensity dataset), methodological differences can lead to systematic differences in magnitude estimates. It is therefore paramount to explore different methodologies for a more realistic quantification of the epistemic uncertainties in estimates of maximum magnitudes and seismic activity rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 569–586
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jenouvrier, S., Aubry, L., van Daalen, S., Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., & Caswell, H. When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history. Ecology Letters, 25, (2022): 2120– 2131, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14076.
    Description: Individuals differ in many ways. Most produce few offspring; a handful produce many. Some die early; others live to old age. It is tempting to attribute these differences in outcomes to differences in individual traits, and thus in the demographic rates experienced. However, there is more to individual variation than meets the eye of the biologist. Even among individuals sharing identical traits, life history outcomes (life expectancy and lifetime reproduction) will vary due to individual stochasticity, that is to chance. Quantifying the contributions of heterogeneity and chance is essential to understand natural variability. Interindividual differences vary across environmental conditions, hence heterogeneity and stochasticity depend on environmental conditions. We show that favourable conditions increase the contributions of individual stochasticity, and reduce the contributions of heterogeneity, to variance in demographic outcomes in a seabird population. The opposite is true under poor conditions. This result has important consequence for understanding the ecology and evolution of life history strategies.
    Description: We acknowledge Institute Paul Emile Victor (Programme IPEV 109), and Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises for logistical and financial support in Terre Adélie. The study is a contribution to the Program EARLYLIFE funded by a European Research Council Advanced Grant under the European Community's Seven Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 (Grant Agreement ERC-2012-ADG_20120314 to Henri Weimerskirch), to the program SENSEI funded by the BNP Paribas Foundation, and to the Program INDSTOCH funded by ERC Advanced Grant 322989 to Hal Caswell. SJ acknowledges support from Ocean Life Institute and WHOI Unrestricted funds, and NSF projects DEB-1257545, OPP-1246407 and OPP-1840058.
    Keywords: Fixed heterogeneity ; Frailty ; Individual quality ; Individual stochasticity ; Unobserved individual heterogeneity ; SICs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 21
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    Local spatial log-Gaussian Cox processes for seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose the use of advanced and flexible statistical models to describe the spatial displacement of earthquake data. The paper aims to account for the external geological information in the description of complex seismic point processes, through the estimation of models with space varying parameters. A local version of the Log-Gaussian Cox processes (LGCP) is introduced and applied for the first time, exploiting the inferential tools in Baddeley (Spat Stat 22:261–295, 2017), estimating the model by the local Palm likelihood. We provide methods and approaches accounting for the interaction among points, typically described by LGCP models through the estimation of the covariance parameters of the Gaussian Random Field, that in this local version are allowed to vary in space, providing a more realistic description of the clustering feature of seismic events. Furthermore, we contribute to the framework of diagnostics, outlining suitable methods for the local context and proposing a new step-wise approach addressing the particular case of multiple covariates. Overall, we show that local models provide good inferential results and could serve as the basis for future spatio-temporal local model developments, peculiar for the description of the complex seismic phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 633–671
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A new picking algorithm based on the variance piecewise constant models (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel picking algorithm for the automatic P- and S-waves onset time determination. Our algorithm is based on the variance piecewise constant models of the earthquake waveforms. The effectiveness and robustness of our picking algorithm are tested both on synthetic seismograms and real data. We simulate seismic events with different magnitudes (between 2 and 5) recorded at different epicentral distances (between 10 and 250 km). For the application to real data, we analyse waveforms from the seismic sequence of L’Aquila (Italy), in 2009. The obtained results are compared with those obtained by the application of the classic STA/LTA picking algorithm. Although the two algorithms lead to similar results in the simulated scenarios, the proposed algorithm results in greater flexibility and automation capacity, as shown in the real data analysis. Indeed, our proposed algorithm does not require testing and optimization phases, resulting potentially very useful in earthquakes routine analysis for novel seismic networks or in regions whose earthquakes characteristics are unknown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2101-2113
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 23
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    A new approach to construct 3-D crustal shear-wave velocity models: method description and application to the Central Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We develop a new inversion approach to construct a 3-D structural and shear-wave velocity model of the crust based on teleseismic P-to-S converted waves. The proposed approach does not require local earthquakes such as body wave tomography, nor a large aperture seismic network such as ambient noise tomography, but a three-component station network with spacing similar to the expected crustal thickness. The main features of the new method are: (1) a novel model parametrization with 3-D mesh nodes that are fixed in the horizontal directions but can flexibly vary vertically; (2) the implementation of both sharp velocity changes across discontinuities and smooth gradients; (3) an accurate ray propagator that respects Snell’s law in 3-D at any interface geometry. Model parameters are inverted using a stochastic method composed of simulated annealing followed by a pattern search algorithm. The first application is carried out over the Central Alps, where long-standing permanent and the temporary AlpArray Seismic Network stations provide an ideal coverage. For this study we invert 4 independent parameters, which are the Moho discontinuity depth, the Conrad discontinuity depth, the P-velocity change at the Conrad and the average Vp/Vs of the crust. The 3-D inversion results clearly image the roots of the Alpine orogen, including the Ivrea Geophysical Body. The lower crust's thickness appears fairly constant. Average crustal Vp/Vs ratios are relatively higher beneath the orogen, and a low-Vp/Vs area in the northern foreland seems to correlate with lower crustal earthquakes, which can be related to mechanical differences in rock properties, probably inherited. Our results are in agreement with those found by 3-D ambient noise tomography, though our method inherently performs better at localizing discontinuities. Future developments of this technique can incorporate joint inversions, as well as more efficient parameter space exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 529 - 562
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Receiver functions  ; Inverse theory ; Crustal imaging ; Central Alps ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
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    The lifecycle of volcanic ash: advances and ongoing challenges (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast amounts of volcanic ash made up mainly of fragments of magmatic glass, country rock and minerals 〈 2 mm in size. Ash particles forming from magma fragmentation are generated by several processes when brittle response accommodates (local) deformation stress that exceeds the capability of the bulk material to respond by viscous flow. These processes span a wide range of temperatures, can occur inside or outside the volcanic edifice and can involve all melt compositions. Ash is then dispersed by volcanic and atmospheric processes over large distances and can have global distributions. Explosive eruptions have repeatedly drawn focus to studying volcanic ash. The continued occurrence of such eruptions worldwide and their widespread impacts motivates the study of the chemical and physical processes involved in the lifecycle of volcanic ash (e.g. magma fragmentation, particle aggregation), as well as the immediate to long-term effects (e.g. water and air pollution, soil fertilization) and consequences (e.g. environmental, economic, social) associated with ashfall. In this perspectives article, we reflect on the progress made over the last two decades in understanding (1) volcanic ash generation; (2) dispersion, sedimentation and erosion; and (3) impacts on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and modern infrastructure. Finally, we discuss open questions and future challenges.
    Description: Published
    Description: 51
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 25
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    Alpine subduction zone metamorphism in the Palaeozoic successions of the Monti Romani (Northern Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: The hinterland of the Cenozoic Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt exposes the metamorphic roots of the chain, vestiges of the subduction-related tectono-metamorphic evolution that led to the buildup of the Alpine orogeny in the Mediterranean region. Like in other peri-Mediterranean belts, the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Palaeozoic continental basement in the Apennines is still poorly constrained, hampering the full understanding of their Alpine orogenic evolution. We report the first comprehensive tectono-metamorphic study of the low-grade metasedimentary (metapsammite/metapelite) succession of the Monti Romani Complex (MRC) that formed after Palaeozoic protoliths and constitutes the southernmost exposure of the metamorphic domain of the Northern Apennines. By integrating fieldwork with microstructural studies, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and thermodynamic modelling, we show that the MRC preserves a D1/M1 Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution developed under HP–LT conditions (~1.0–1.1 GPa at T ~ 400°C) during a non-coaxial, top-to-the-NE, crustal shortening regime. Evidence for HP–LT metamorphism is generally cryptic within the MRC, dominated by graphite-bearing assemblages with the infrequent blastesis of muscovite ± chlorite ± chloritoid ± paragonite parageneses, equilibrated under cold palaeo-geothermal conditions (~10°C/km). Results of this study allow extending to the MRC the signature of subduction zone metamorphism already documented in the hinterland of the Apennine orogen, providing further evidence of the syn-orogenic ductile exhumation of the HP units in the Apennine belt. Finally, we discuss the possible role of fluid-mediated changes in the reactive bulk rock composition on mineral blastesis during progress of regional deformation and metamorphism at low-grade conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 919-953
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Adria Paleozoic basement ; alpine orogeny ; chloritoid ; subduction metamorphism ; Northern Appennines ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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    Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Underwater Noise Pollution in Venice (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We illustrate the implementation and results of a field experiment, consisting of recording continuous signal from a hydrophone 3 m deep in the Venetian lagoon. We simultaneously recorded audio signal through a microphone placed on a nearby pier. We investigate the potential of this simple instrumental setup to explore the small touristic boat traffic contribution to the underwater noise. The ultimate goal of our work is to contribute to quantifying underwater noise pollution due to motorboat passages and its impact on the ecosystem. Efforts such as ours should help to identify measures that could diminish noise pollution, focusing specifically on the aspects that are most disruptive to underwater life. After this preliminary test, more work can be planned, involving the deployment of a larger network of similar instruments around the lagoon. At this point, we can conclude that (i) our instruments are sensitive enough to detect motorboats and identify some of their characteristics; (ii) the area of interest is characterized by a large (approx. 20 dB) day/night difference in ambient noise; and (iii) the historic center of Venice and its immediate surroundings are particularly noisy, in comparison to other similarly studied locations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 221
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cultural noise ; Motorboat noise ; Underwater noise ; Venice historic center ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.06. Methods
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    Hydrogeochemical characterization of the alluvial aquifer of Catania Plain, Sicily (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: A hydrogeochemical study was carried out on the shallow Catania Plain alluvial aquifer, in eastern Sicily to reconstruct its hydrogeological structure, the meteoric recharge and to assess the infuence of human activities on groundwater. To characterize the geochemistry of the shallow aquifer, two sampling campaigns were carried out, August–October 2004 and April–May 2005 in 47 sites distributed throughout the plain. The samples were collected and analyzed for physical–chemical parameters and major ions, as well as stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2 H). Alluvial deposits with heterogeneous grain sizes constitute the aquifer. Varying conditions of vertical and horizontal permeability lead to the presence of a multilayered aquifer with diferent conditions of confnement and partial interconnection among layers. The sampled waters were separated into four groups of diferent compositions due to the water–rock interaction with the diferent lithologies present in and around the study area. Maps of electrical conductivity and sulfate show a systematic control of land use, in correspondence with the biggest farms. High sulfate concentration is due to both the natural interaction between local meteoric waters and Etna’s plume and the mixing with groundwater coming from the area where evaporitic rocks of the Gessoso Solffera formation are present. In addition, anthropogenic contamination cannot be ruled out. A rain gauge network, consisting of 3 sites located at diferent altitudes, was installed to collect rain waters to determine isotopic data (δ2 H and δ18O) and to measure the monthly rainfall amount. Based on the isotopic composition of sampled waters, it has been established that beyond the direct meteoric recharge, the recharging areas are in the North (Mt. Etna) and the South (Hyblean Plateau).
    Description: Published
    Description: 144
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Hydrogeology ; Catania plain
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  • 28
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    Geophysical and geochemical multi-method investigations for reconstructing subsurfaces, alluvial sedimentology, and structural geology (Tiber valley, Rome) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-23
    Description: Geophysical and geochemical methods were applied to detect the subsurface setting of an Upper Pleistocene-Holocene fluvial incised-valley where a travertine body intercalates between alluvial deposits of the Tiber river (central Italy), at Prima Porta (close to Rome). This study allowed us to provide more information regarding the local stratigraphic architecture and structural features, as a reference analogue to similar settings: i.e., hard (stiff) lithic travertines buried below fine and loose alluvial plain covers. Two Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles, interpreted and calibrated using previously collected litho-stratigraphic data from a borehole, identified a massive body, with a relatively high resistivity that correlates with the 21 travertine deposit of Prima Porta. In addition to ERT, ambient noise measurements, processed with the HVSR technique and 2D array, and seismic refraction tomography were carried out; HVSR data were highly consistent with ERT results and allowed to discriminate between the travertine body and the silty-sand channels and overbank deposits, which were attributed to the Tiber river’s evolution during Upper Pleistocene-Holocene. Finally, the presence of cracks/fractures could be inferred, as suggested by slight polarisation effects recorded in the HVSR results and soil-gas anomalies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 197–216
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Are CO2 ‐rich seafloor pockmarks a suitable environment for ostracod assemblages? The example of the Zannone Giant Pockmark (central‐eastern Tyrrhenian) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: Despite their high abundance and diversity, ostracods adapted to a particular chemosynthetic environment and its surroundings have rarely been studied. Therefore, the thresholds and environmental characteristics shaping their assemblages are poorly known. Here, we report a detailed study of the ostracod assemblages occurring around the Zannone Giant Pockmark, a CO2 hydrothermal vent system recently discovered in the central-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea. Although among crustaceans, ostracods seem to have the longest stratigraphic record in fossil seeps and hydrothermal vents starting in the Palaeozoic, our results indicate that their occurrence is driven by CO2 that represents an insurmountable threshold for ostracods’ life.
    Description: Published
    Description: e12698
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CaCO3 undersaturated waters ; circalittoral ; hydrothermal vents ; Mediterranean Sea
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    Microbial methane cycling in sediments of Arctic thermokarst lagoons (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, pp. 2714-2731, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-14
    Description: Thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release in Arctic permafrost landscapes. We studied the fate of methane (CH4) in sediments of a thermokarst lagoon in comparison to two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia through the analysis of sediment CH4 concentrations and isotopic signature, methane-cycling microbial taxa, sediment geochemistry, lipid biomarkers, and network analysis. We assessed how differences in geochemistry between thermokarst lakes and thermokarst lagoons, caused by the infiltration of sulfate-rich marine water, altered the microbial methane-cycling community. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing ANME-2a/2b methanotrophs dominated the sulfate-rich sediments of the lagoon despite its known seasonal alternation between brackish and freshwater inflow and low sulfate concentrations compared to the usual marine ANME habitat. Non-competitive methylotrophic methanogens dominated the methanogenic community of the lakes and the lagoon, independent of differences in porewater chemistry and depth. This potentially contributed to the high CH4 concentrations observed in all sulfate-poor sediments. CH4 concentrations in the freshwater-influenced sediments averaged 1.34 ± 0.98 μmol g−1, with highly depleted δ13C-CH4 values ranging from −89‰ to −70‰. In contrast, the sulfate-affected upper 300 cm of the lagoon exhibited low average CH4 concentrations of 0.011 ± 0.005 μmol g−1 with comparatively enriched δ13C-CH4 values of −54‰ to −37‰ pointing to substantial methane oxidation. Our study shows that lagoon formation specifically supports methane oxidizers and methane oxidation through changes in pore water chemistry, especially sulfate, while methanogens are similar to lake conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Inferences on the magmatic plumbing system at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from trace element geochemistry of matrix glasses and minerals in different types of explosive eruptions (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: Stromboli (Italy) is a basaltic volcano characterized by persistent, mild strombolian activity, occasionally interrupted by lava effusion and more violent explosive events, named major explosions and paroxysms depending on their intensity and magnitude. The normal activity is fed by a shallow and degassed highly porphyritic (HP) shoshonitic basalt carrying about 50 vol.% crystals settled in a shoshonitic glassy matrix ( K2O 〉 3.8 wt.%). The more energetic explosions erupt a deep, volatile-rich, low-porphyritic (LP) magma with 〈 10 vol.% crystals in a shoshonitic basaltic glassy matrix ( K2O 〈 2.4 wt.%). Products with intermediate glass composition are also found in the more violent explosive events. In this study, we present a new data set of major and trace element contents in matrix glasses and minerals performed in products from different types of explosive activity that occurred at Stromboli between 1998 and 2020. This large data set is used to put constraints on the evolution and architecture of the intermediate plumbing system, where the transformation from LP to HP occurs. Results indicate that, compared to paroxysms, the glassy matrices of the LP pumices from major explosions are richer in incompatible trace elements (and K2O wt.%) due to 〈 15 wt.% fractionation of clinopyroxene and olivine. This points to a chemical zoning of the deep reservoir and suggests that major explosions are fed by magmas residing in its upper part. Among the major explosions, the homogeneous intermediate glasses in the products from the 19 July 2020 event originate from the interplay of mixing and crystal fractionation processes. The crystallization of euhedral microphenocrysts of An-rich plagioclase suggests that batches of magma can pond and crystallize for few days (〈 11) at the base of the intermediate zone of the plumbing system, at pressure coinciding with the entering of plagioclase into the system (〈 100 MPa). As a relevant point for understanding the pre- and syn-eruptive magma dynamics, data indicate a positive correlation between the magnitude of the explosions and the depth of the supply magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 96
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Climate Evolution through the onset and intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Reviews of Geophysics, Wiley, 74 p., pp. 1-74, ISSN: 8755-1209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3-2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264-3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analogue for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric pCO2. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.
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    The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions: Proceedings of the Zoologica Scripta Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 25 August 2022 (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Zoologica Scripta, Wiley, ISSN: 0300-3256
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier–fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Niña event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022
    Description: Published
    Description: 963–974
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate change, ocean warming, ocean heat content, stratification
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    Multivariate statistical analysis of site effect indicators for the Montereale and Capitignano area (AQ) following the seismic sequence in central Italy (2016–2017) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: This study investigates site effects for developing predictive models of site response, for both research purposes and future geognostic applications, by using a statistical analysis method to define possible correlations between different kinds of seismological and geological data. The test area is the intermontane Montereale basin (Abruzzo region, Italy), which was investigated for site effects studies and microzonation purposes because it has been affected by the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. The available geological and geophysical information include geological profiles, thickness and geometry of the sedimentary infilling, shear-wave velocity profiles, downhole and borehole data. Seismological analysis (such as earthquake and noise spectral ratios, duration lengthening of seismic signals) has been performed to retrieve parameters useful for seismic response. A GIS database has been created to better manage all this information, by georeferencing all the measurement points and results. Finally, Factor Analysis multivariate technique was used to evaluate the most important site effect indicators, in terms of correlation between the involved parameters, and to deduce how the geological context influences their behavior. The performed analysis highlighted the statistical variability of the strong motion, that depends on the position inside the basin, over the Holocene deposits, and on the edges, at the limit between different lithologies. Moreover, some of the correlations between geological and geophysical indicators are strongly coherent with the basin geological features.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1875–1901
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Spectral ratio ; Seismic noise ; Montereale
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Novel insights into the sea level evolution along the coast of Bozburun Peninsula (Turkey): A study on submerged Bronze Age harbor in Çamçalık (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: A recent discovery of a Bronze Age harbor site in Çamçalık provides new data for the relative sea level history along the coast of the Bozburun Peninsula over the last 3600 years. In this study, we compared the new and previously published data from nearby sites to determine the long-term relative sea level changes. Further comparison of the observed sea level data and newly produced glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models clarified the tectonic contribution to the relative sea level changes. Our results suggest a nonlinear tectonic subsidence trend in the coastal zone since 3600 B.P. The increase in the relative sea level accelerated over the last 1400 years, mostly due to the seismic events controlled by the tectonic regime of the southeastern Aegean Sea. We can conclude that, as in the past, this active tectonic process will have a major impact on the future sea level evolution of the coastal sector of the Bozburun Peninsula. Notably, our study can be used to understand the historical trend of sea level rise while providing a foundation for future trend prediction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 246-260
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
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    Geoethics to Face Natural Risks by Improving Societal Resilience (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: Risks determined by natural phenomena cannot be cancelled entirely but can be reduced by minimizing their destructive effects. At present, scientists can predict, though with a certain degree of uncertainty, the onset and the evolution over time of most natural events. Scientific progress provides societies with advanced tools and methods to defend people, such as predictive models, monitoring instruments, early warning systems, and safe building standards. Nevertheless, the defence against natural risks should consider the ethical and social aspects involved in a risk scenario: this is fundamental to help the human community recover after a disaster and support science to identify possible solutions for an acceptable living with natural phenomena. Geoethics promotes the reflection on values that should guide human interaction with the territory and the associated and interlinked individual and collective responsibilities. Geoethics discusses issues and practices in natural risk management and fosters geoeducation and risk communication as a means to improve societal resilience.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-8
    Description: Terceira Island, Azores (Portugal)
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Keywords: geoethics ; natural risks ; prevention ; resilience ; geoeducation ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 38
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    From Multi-Hazard to Multi-Risk at Mount Etna: Approaches and Strategies of the PANACEA Project (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: The management of multiple hazards simultaneously impacting on a territory is a challenge for effective risk mitigation. This is particularly true on active volcanoes like Mt. Etna, characterized by effusive and explosive eruptions, often coupled with an intense seismic activity. This work aims at presenting the approach of the PANACEA project on the treatment of multi-hazards in terms of risk, which requires a common definition of the exposed elements and their vulnerability. Another aspect emerging from the recent and historical volcanic crises at Etna, is the occurrence of cascading effects and the problem of assessing their short-term interactions. Here we present a risk model taking into account a set of sequences of hazardous events which may result from a volcano unrest to possible impacts to some infrastructural elements. The outcomes of the project are intended to be a significant step towards a more comprehensive resilience to volcanic disasters, leading to a more safe society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-40
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: volcanic eruptions ; earthquakes ; cascading hazards ; vulnerability ; damage ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Historical explosive activity of Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field (Antarctica) revealed by englacial tephra deposits (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: Five tephra layers named BRH1 to 5 were sampled in an ice cliff located on the north-eastern flank of Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). The texture, componentry, mineralogy, and major and trace element compositions of glass shards have been used to characterize these layers. These properties suggest that they are primary fall deposits produced from discrete eruptions that experienced varying degrees of magma/water interaction. The major and trace element glass shard analyses on single glass shards indicate that Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field is the source of these tephra layers and the geochemical diversity highlights that the eruptions were fed by compositionally diverse melts that are interpreted to be from a complex magma system with a mafic melt remobilizing more evolved trachy-andesitic to trachytic magma pockets. Geochemical compositions, along with textural and mineralogical data, have allowed correlations between two of the englacial tephra and distal cryptotephra from Mount Melbourne, recovered within a marine sediment core in the Edisto Inlet (~ 280 km northeast of Mount Melbourne), and constrain the age of these englacial tephra layers to between the third and the fourth century CE. This work provides new evidence of the intense historical explosive activity of the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field and better constrains the rates of volcanism in northern Victoria Land. These data grant new clues on the eruptive dynamics and tephra dispersal, and considerably expand the geochemical (major and trace elements) dataset available for the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field. In the future, this will facilitate the precise identification of tephra layers from this volcanic source and will help define the temporal and spatial correlation between Antarctic records using tephra layers. Finally, this work also yields new valuable time-stratigraphic marker horizons for future dating, synchronization, and correlations of different palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic records across large regions of Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 39
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 40
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    Ice wedge polygon stability on steep slopes in West Greenland related to temperature and moisture dynamics of the active layer (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Wiley, 34(2), pp. 194-207, ISSN: 1045-6740
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Ice wedge polygons on steep slopes have generally been described as being covered by periglacial sediments and, typically, the active layer on slopes becomes mobile during thaw periods, which can lead to solifluction. In West Greenland close to the ice margin, however, the active layer and ice wedge polygons are stable despite their occurrence on steep slopes with inclinations of ≥30°. We conducted a soil survey (including sampling for soil analyses and radiocarbon dating) in the Umimmalissuaq valley and installed a field station ~4 km east of the current ice margin to monitor soil temperature and water tension at depths of 10, 20 and 35 cm of the active layer on a steep, north-facing slope in the middle of an ice wedge polygon from 2009 to 2015. Thawing and freezing periods lasted between 2 and 3 months and the active layer was usually completely frozen from November to April. We observed simultaneous and complete water saturation at all three depths of the active layer in one summer for 1 day. The amount of water in the active layer apparently was not enough to trigger solifluction during the summer thaw, even at slope inclinations above 30°. In addition, the dense shrub tundra absorbs most of the water during periods between thawing and freezing, which further stabilizes the slope. This process, together with the dry and continental climate caused by katabatic winds combined with no or limited frost heave, plays a crucial role in determining the stability of these slopes and can explain the presence of large-scale stable ice wedge polygon networks in organic matter-rich permafrost, which is about 5,000 years old. This study underlines the importance of soil hydrodynamics and local climate regime for landscape stability and differing intensities of solifluction processes in areas with strong geomorphological gradients and rising air temperatures.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 41
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    Abrupt and acclimation responses to changing temperature elicit divergent physiological effects in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3New Phytologist, Wiley, 239(3), pp. 1005-1013, ISSN: 0028-646X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Growth rates and other biomass traits of phytoplankton are strongly affected by temperature. We hypothesized that resulting phenotypes originate from deviating temperature sensitivities of underlying physiological processes. We used membrane-inlet mass spectrometry to assess photosynthetic and respiratory O2 and CO2 fluxes in response to abrupt temperature changes as well as after acclimation periods in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Abrupt temperature changes caused immediate over- or undershoots in most physiological processes, that is, photosynthetic oxygen release ((Figure presented.)), photosynthetic carbon uptake ((Figure presented.)), and respiratory oxygen release ((Figure presented.)). Over acclimation timescales, cells were, however, able to re-adjust their physiology and revert to phenotypic ‘sweet spots’. Respiratory CO2 release ((Figure presented.)) was generally inhibited under high temperature and stimulated under low-temperature settings, on abrupt as well as acclimation timescales. Such behavior may help mitochondria to stabilize plastidial ATP : NADPH ratios and thus maximize photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 42
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    Complex Systems Methods Characterizing Nonlinear Processes in the Near-Earth Electromagnetic Environment: Recent Advances and Open Challenges (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-06
    Description: Learning from successful applications of methods originating in statistical mechanics, com- plex systems science, or information theory in one scientific field (e.g., atmospheric physics or climatology) can provide important insights or conceptual ideas for other areas (e.g., space sciences) or even stimulate new research questions and approaches. For instance, quantification and attribution of dynamical complexity in output time series of nonlinear dynamical systems is a key challenge across scientific disciplines. Especially in the field of space physics, an early and accurate detection of characteristic dissimilarity between nor- mal and abnormal states (e.g., pre-storm activity vs. magnetic storms) has the potential to vastly improve space weather diagnosis and, consequently, the mitigation of space weather hazards. This review provides a systematic overview on existing nonlinear dynamical systems- based methodologies along with key results of their previous applications in a space physics context, which particularly illustrates how complementary modern complex systems ap- proaches have recently shaped our understanding of nonlinear magnetospheric variability. The rising number of corresponding studies demonstrates that the multiplicity of nonlin- ear time series analysis methods developed during the last decades offers great potentials for uncovering relevant yet complex processes interlinking different geospace subsystems, variables and spatiotemporal scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 38
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Exploring the Signature of the Apollo Medicane in the Central Mediterranean Sea Through Multi-source Data Analysis: Satellites, Radar HF, Marine Buoys, and Seismic Data in October 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In the last decades, the frequency of extreme weather and marine events has drastically increased. During the last week of October 2021 an intense Mediterranean hurricane (Medicane), named Apollo, affected many countries on the Mediterranean coasts. Eight people died as a consequence of the floodings from the cyclone in the countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Malta, and Italy. A preliminary search for possible signatures of the Apollo Medicane by meteorological satellite, radar HF, marine buoy, and seismic data is performed. This was done in a framework of an international collaboration between Italian and Maltese partners for the monitoring of the sea state in scenarios of climate change. The experimental results confirm, at this preliminary stage, the possibility and the usefulness of jointly looking at such phenomena with multiple aims of retrieving a more robust characterization, having a backup alternative in case a primary monitoring network gets failure, and pathing the way to heuristic and data-driven analytical and predictive approaches to Medicanes issues.
    Description: Published
    Description: Athens, Greece
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Keywords: Apollo Medicane ; Seismic Noise ; Marine Buoy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 44
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    Hydrothermal signature on episodic deflation/inflation ground tilt at Aso Volcano (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: Ground deformation in volcanic areas induced by geothermal fluid circulation can reveal useful information about the dynamical processes occurring in the subsurface hydrothermal system. In the present work, we investigate tiltmeter time-series recorded at Aso Volcano during 2011–2016, a time interval during which different phases of volcanic activity occurred. We performed polarization analysis of the data and identified peculiar long-lasting (hours) transients, defined as Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses. The transients were further characterized in terms of waveform cross-correlation, particle tilt pattern, energy, and time distributions. The analyses indicate that such signals, which appear like deflation–inflation (DI) events, are associated with a Poissonian process whose underlying dynamics evolves over time always driven by a Poissonian mechanism. The obtained results have been interpreted in light of the available geophysical, geochemical and volcanological information. In this framework, the Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses may be ascribed to the depressurization/pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system according to a fault-valve mechanism, which was active with different efficiency throughout eruptive and inter-eruptive phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 132
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aso Volcano ; Tiltmeter data ; Polarization analysis ; Clusters ; Inflation ; Deflation ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 45
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    Graph neural networks for multivariate time series regression with application to seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Machine learning, with its advances in deep learning has shown great potential in analyzing time series. In many scenarios, however, additional information that can potentially improve the predictions is available. This is crucial for data that arise from e. g., sensor networks that contain information about sensor locations. Then, such spatial information can be exploited by modeling it via graph structures, along with the sequential (time series) information. Recent advances in adapting deep learning to graphs have shown potential in various tasks. However, these methods have not been adapted for time series tasks to a great extent. Most attempts have essentially consolidated around time series forecasting with small sequence lengths. Generally, these architectures are not well suited for regression or classification tasks where the value to be predicted is not strictly depending on the most recent values, but rather on the whole length of the time series. We propose TISER-GCN, a novel graph neural network architecture for processing, in particular, these long time series in a multivariate regression task. Our proposed model is tested on two seismic datasets containing earthquake waveforms, where the goal is to predict maximum intensity measurements of ground shaking at each seismic station. Our findings demonstrate promising results of our approach—with an average MSE reduction of 16.3%—compared to the best performing baselines. In addition, our approach matches the baseline scores by needing only half the input size. The results are discussed in depth with an additional ablation study.
    Description: Interreg North-West Europe program (Interreg NWE), project Di-Plast - Digital Circular Economy for the Plastics Industry (NWE729). INGV Pianeta Dinamico 2021 Tema 8 SOME (CUP D53J1900017001) funded by Italian Ministry of University and Research “Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese, legge 145/2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 317–332
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Graph neural networks ; Time series ; Sensors ; Convolutional neural networks ; Regression ; Earthquake ground motion ; Seismic network ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 46
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    The Museum of the Osservatorio Vesuviano: inviting the public to explore the geoheritage of the world’s first volcano observatory (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: The Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) is the oldest volcano observatory in the world having been founded in 1841 by the King of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand II of Bourbon. The historical building, located on the western slope of Vesuvius, hosts a museum with important collections of remarkable scientifc, historical and artistic value, including pioneering instruments, rocks and minerals, photos and flms of Vesuvius’ eruptions and many other memorabilia. Visitors discover this heritage through perma nent exhibitions, and a multimedia path, across the history of Vesuvius and the origin of volcano monitoring. The museum lies within the protected area of Vesuvius National Park, established in 1995. The park’s network of trails allows visitors to enjoy the geodiversity of Somma-Vesuvius, whose activity has been intertwined with that of humans from Bronze Age to modern times, as testifed by many important archaeological sites around the volcano, the most famous among them being Pompeii and Herculaneum. The “Grand Tour” was the cultural journey undertaken in the eighteenth century by European intellectuals, in which Italy was an essential destination; we consider the Museum of the OV an essential stop in a modern “Vesuvius Grand Tour”, a journey through the geological and archaeological heritage of Vesuvius territory. Since 2001, the OV is the Naples section of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofsica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which is primarily tasked with monitoring the three active volcanoes of the Neapolitan area—Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia—through an advanced surveillance network
    Description: Published
    Description: 45
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Osservatorio Vesuviano ; Geoheritage ; Volcano observatory ; Volcano monitoring
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  • 47
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    A fractional approach to study the pure-temporal Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) process for earthquakes modeling (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In statistical seismology, the Epidemic Type Aftershocks Sequence (ETAS) model is a branching process used world-wide to forecast earthquake intensity rates and reproduce many statistical features observed in seismicity catalogs. In this paper, we describe a fractional differential equation that governs the earthquake intensity rate of the pure temporal ETAS model by using the Caputo fractional derivative and we solve it analytically. We highlight that the tools and special functions of fractional calculus simplify the classical methods employed to obtain the intensity rate and let us describe the change of solution decay for large times.We also apply and discuss the theoretical results to the Japanese catalog in the period 1965-2003.
    Description: Published
    Description: 461-479
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
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    The influence of volcano topographic changes on infrasound amplitude: lava fountains at Mt. Etna in 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Infrasound signals are used to investigate and monitor active volcanoes during eruptive and degassing activity. Infrasound amplitude information has been used to estimate eruptive parameters such as plume height, magma discharge rate, and lava fountain height. Active volcanoes are characterized by pronounced topography and, during eruptive activity, the topography can change rapidly, affecting the observed infrasound amplitudes. While the interaction of infrasonic signals with topography has been widely investigated over the past decade, there has been limited work on the impact of changing topography on the infrasonic amplitudes. In this work, the infrasonic signals accompanying 57 lava fountain paroxysms at Mt. Etna (Italy) during 2021 were analyzed. In particular, the temporal and spatial variations of the infrasound amplitudes were investigated. During 2021, significant changes in the topography around the most active crater (the South East Crater) took place and were reconstructed in detail using high resolution imagery from unoccupied aerial system surveys. Through analysis of the observed infrasound signals and numerical simulations of the acoustic wavefield, we demonstrate that the observed spatial and temporal variation in the infrasound signal amplitudes can largely be explained by the combined effects of changes in the location of the acoustic source and changes in the near-vent topography, together with source acoustic amplitude variations. This work demonstrates the importance of accurate source locations and high-resolution topographic information, particularly in the near-vent region where the topography is most likely to change rapidly and illustrates that changing topography should be considered when interpreting local infrasound observations over long time scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 54
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 49
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    Characterization of trace elements in thermal and mineral waters of Greece (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Natural thermal and mineral waters are widely distributed along the Hellenic region and are related to the geodynamic regime of the country. The diverse lithological and tectonic settings they are found in reflect the great variability in their chemical and isotopic composition. The current study presents 276 (published and unpublished) trace element water data and discusses the sources and processes affecting the water by taking into consideration the framework of their geographic distribution. The dataset is divided in groups using temperature- and pH-related criteria. Results yield a wide range of concentrations, often related to the solubility properties of the individual elements and the factors impacting them (i.e. temperature, acidity, redox conditions and salinity). Many elements (e.g. alkalis, Ti, Sr, As and Tl) present a good correlation with temperature, which is in cases impacted by water rock interactions, while others (e.g. Be, Al, Cu, Se, Cd) exhibit either no relation or an inverse correlation with T possibly because they become oversaturated at higher temperatures in solid phases. A moderately constant inverse correlation is noticed for the vast majority of trace elements and pH, whereas no relationship between trace element concentrations and Eh was found. Seawater contamination and water-rock interaction seem to be the main natural processes that influence both salinity and elemental content. All in all, Greek thermomineral waters exceed occasionally the accepted limits representing in such cases serious harm to the environment and probably indirectly (through the water cycle) to human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: 78376–78393
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Greece ; Hydrogeochemistry ; Mineral waters ; Natural contaminants ; Trace elements ; Water-rock interaction ; Thermal waters ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    Fault displacement hazard estimation at lifeline–fault crossings: A simplified approach for engineering applications (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Lifelines, such as pipelines, roads, and tunnels, are critical infrastructure and when crossing active tectonic faults, a reliable estimation of the fault displacement in case of an earthquake is required. The first and simplest approach is to use empirical fault scaling relations to compute the design fault displacement, but this may result in an unknown level of safety. Thus, the probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) is the appropriate tool to assess the fault displacement hazard within a performance-based framework. Based upon an established PFDHA model, we present a simplified approach for engineering applications focusing on the lifeline–fault crossing along with appropriate simplifications and assumptions to extend its applicability to numerous faults. The aim is to provide a structure-independent approach of PFDHA that can be used when a site-specific study is not required, not possible (e.g., absence of recent sediments for dating past events), or too cumbersome, e.g., for lifeline route selection. Additionally, an in-depth investigation is presented on the key parameters, such as maximum earthquake magnitude, fault length, recurrence rate of all earthquakes above a minimum magnitude, and lifeline-fault crossing site, and how they affect the hazard level. This approach will be the basis for deriving hazard-consistent expressions to approximate fault displacement for use within the Eurocodes. The latter is intended to serve as a compromise between hazard-agnostic fault scaling relations and a comprehensive PFDHA, which requires detailed calculations and site-specific seismological data.
    Description: Open access funding provided by HEAL-Link Greece. The current work has been undertaken as part of the Horizon 2020 Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance in Europe (SERA, Grant Agreement No. 730900). The first and the third author have received partial funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme “METIS-Seismic Risk Assessment for Nuclear Safety” under Grant Agreement No. 945121. Also, the financial support provided by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty Members & Researchers”, Project "TwinCity—Climate-Aware Risk and Resilience Assessment of Urban Areas under Multiple Environmental Stressors via Multi-Tiered Digital City Twinning ", (Number: 2515) is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4821–4849
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: PFDHA ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 51
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    Lateral Variations of P-Wave Velocity from Deep Borehole Data in the Southern Apennines, Italy (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: We have selected 28 deep wells in the Southern Apennine area, most of which are located along and around the Val d’Agri Basin. The Southern Apennines, one of the most seismically active regions of the Italian peninsula, is a NE-verging fold-andthrust belt characterised by the Meso–Cenozoic Apulia carbonate duplex system overlain by a thick column of Apennine carbonate platform and Lagonegro basin units. These units are unconformably covered by Neogene siliciclastic successions. Among the many Quaternary tectonic basins in the area, the Val d’Agri Basin is the most important intramontane depression, and is bordered by a * NW–SE-trending active fault system that represents one of the main seismogenic structures of the region. Moreover, the Val d’Agri Basin is the largest onshore oil field basin in Europe. In this context, we have analysed sonic log records from 28 deep wells and compared them with the corresponding stratigraphy and the other geophysical logs. We have obtained detailed measurements of the P-wave velocity (Vp) for each well from 0 to * 6 km depth, and found important lateral variations of Vp over very small distances. From these values, we have retrieved the densities of the main units crossed by the wells and the range of the overburden gradient in this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1925–1944
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: deep boreholes ; sonic log ; Vp value ; crustal structure ; Southern Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Making the UN Ocean Decade work? The potential for, and challenges of, transdisciplinary research and real‐world laboratories for building towards ocean solutions (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3People and Nature, Wiley, 5(1), pp. 21-33, ISSN: 2575-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-12
    Description: Due to the strong interconnectedness between the ocean and our societies worldwide, improved ocean governance is essential for sustainable development in the context of the UN Ocean Decade. However, a multitude of different perspectives—ecological, societal, political, economic—and relations between these have to be understood and taken into consideration to foster transformative pathways towards marine sustainability. A core challenge that we are facing is that the ‘right’ response to complex societal issues cannot be known beforehand as abilities to predict complex systems are limited. Consequently, societal transformation is necessarily a journey towards the unknown and therefore requires experimental approaches that must enable the involvement of everyone with stakes in the future of our marine environment and its resources. A promising transdisciplinary research method that fulfils both criteria—being participatory and experimental—are real-world laboratories. Here, we discuss how real-world labs can serve as an operational framework in the context of the Ocean Decade by facilitating and guiding successful knowledge exchange at the interface of science and society. The core element of real-world labs is transdisciplinary experimentation to jointly develop potential strategies leading to targeted real-world interventions, essential for achieving the proposed ‘Decade Outcomes’. The authors specifically illustrate how deploying the concept of real-world labs can be advantageous when having to deal with multiple, overlapping challenges in the context of ocean governance and the blue economy. Altogether, we offer a first major contribution to synthesizing knowledge on the potentials of marine real-world labs, considering how they act as a way of exploring options for sustainable ocean futures. Indeed, in the marine context, real-world labs are still under-explored but are a tangible way for addressing the societal challenges of working towards sustainability transformations over the coming UN Ocean Decade and beyond. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 53
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    Assessing flank instability of Stromboli volcano (Italy) by reappraising the 30 December 2002 tsunamigenic landslides (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Bearing in mind the destructive potential of tsunamis induced by volcanic landslides, the tsunamigenic event occurring at Stromboli volcano in Italy on 30 December 2002 has been reexamined here, by means of visible images and slope stability analysis. This was one of the few examples in the world of a flank collapse occurring at a volcano that was directly observed. We present the results of stability analyses, together with a sequence of photos collected from a helicopter a few minutes before the collapse. The result of this study is that the sequence of landslides triggering the 2002 Stromboli tsunami can be defined as the final stage of a lateral magma intrusion that exerted a high thrust at high altitude, destabilizing the entire slope. This study allows a more complete understanding of the event that took place on Stromboli on 30 December 2002. Furthermore, the approach used here, if appropriately modified, can be used in other contexts, contributing to the understanding of the condition that leads to tsunamigenic landslides
    Description: Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This research was funded by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”, through the UniFi-DPC 2019–2021 agreement (Scientific Responsibility: N.C.). The contents of this paper represent the authors’ ideas and do not necessarily correspond to the official opinion and policies of the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”. This research was also funded by the Project FIRST-ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.). The SSAP software research and development was funded by CONACYT (Mexico): Proyectos Ciencia Basica: CB-2016/286764.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1363–1380
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tsunamigenic landslides ; Stromboli volcano ; Aeolian Archipelago ; Limit equilibrium methods ; Slope stability analysis ; Volcano slope instability ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    CRISP: an archive for the site characterization of permanent Italian seismic stations (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-11
    Description: Set of data and metadata that characterize a site hosting a seismic station
    Description: In this paper we describe an advanced database for the site characterization of seismic stations, named “CRISP—Caratterizzazione della RIsposta sismica dei Siti Permanenti della rete sismica” (http:// crisp. ingv. it, quoted with https:// doi. org/ 10. 13127/ crisp), designed for the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale, RSN, operated by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia). For each site, CRISP collects easily accessible station information, such as position, type(s) of instrumentation, instrument housing, thematic map(s) and descriptive attributes (e.g., geological characteristics, etc.), seismic analysis of recordings, and available geophysical investigations (shear-wave velocity [VS] profile, non-linear decay curve). The archive also provides key proxy indicators derived from the available data, such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m from the surface ( VS30) and site and topographic classes according to the different seismic codes. Standardized procedures have been applied as motivated by the need for a homogenous set of information for all the stations. According to European Plate Observing System infrastructural objectives for the standardization of seismological data, CRISP is integrated into pre-existing INGV instrument infrastructures, shares content with the Italian Accelerometric Archive, and complies map information about the stations, as well as local geology, through web services managed by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. The design of the CRISP archive allows the database to be continually updated and expanded whenever new data are available from the scientific community, such as the ones related to new seismic stations, map information, geophysical surveys, and seismological analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2415 - 2439
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Site characterization ; Permanent seismic station ; Italian National Seismic Network ; Database ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Dissimilarity analysis based on diffusion maps (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Compositional measurements from species assemblages define a high dimensional dataspace in which the data can form complex structures, termed manifolds. Comparing assemblages in this dataspace is difficult because the data is often sparse relative to its dimensionality and the complex structure of the manifold introduces bias and error in measurements of distance. Here, we apply diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to find and characterize manifolds in high‐dimensional compositional data. We show that diffusion maps embed the data in reduced dimensions in which the Euclidean distance between data points approximates the distance between them along the manifold. This is especially useful when species turnover is high, as it provides a way to measure meaningful distances between assemblages even when they harbor disjoint sets of species. We anticipate diffusion maps will therefore be particularly useful for characterizing community change over large spatial and temporal scales.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 56
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    Capacity of deep‐sea corals to obtain nutrition from cold seeps aligned with microbiome reorganization (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 29(1), pp. 189-205, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: Cold seeps in the deep sea harbor various animals that have adapted to utilize seepage chemicals with the aid of chemosynthetic microbes that serve as primary producers. Corals are among the animals that live near seep habitats and yet, there is a lack of evidence that corals gain benefits and/or incur costs from cold seeps. Here, we focused on Callogorgia delta and Paramuricea sp. type B3 that live near and far from visual signs of currently active seepage at five sites in the deep Gulf of Mexico. We tested whether these corals rely on chemosynthetically-derived food in seep habitats and how the proximity to cold seeps may influence; (i) coral colony traits (i.e., health status, growth rate, regrowth after sampling, and branch loss) and associated epifauna, (ii) associated microbiome, and (iii) host transcriptomes. Stable isotope data showed that many coral colonies utilized chemosynthetically derived food, but the feeding strategy differed by coral species. The microbiome composition of C. delta, unlike Paramuricea sp., varied significantly between seep and non-seep colonies and both coral species were associated with various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SUP05). Interestingly, the relative abundances of SUP05 varied among seep and non-seep colonies and were strongly correlated with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values. In contrast, the proximity to cold seeps did not have a measurable effect on gene expression, colony traits, or associated epifauna in coral species. Our work provides the first evidence that some corals may gain benefits from living near cold seeps with apparently limited costs to the colonies. Cold seeps provide not only hard substrate but also food to cold-water corals. Furthermore, restructuring of the microbiome communities (particularly SUP05) is likely the key adaptive process to aid corals in utilizing seepage-derived carbon. This highlights that those deep-sea corals may upregulate particular microbial symbiont communities to cope with environmental gradients.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Potential of MALDI‐TOF MS‐based proteomic fingerprinting for species identification of Cnidaria across classes, species, regions and developmental stages (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(7), pp. 1620-1631, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Morphological identification of cnidarian species can be difficult throughout all life stages due to the lack of distinct morphological characters. Moreover, in some cnidarian taxa genetic markers are not fully informative, and in these cases combinations of different markers or additional morphological verifications may be required. Proteomic fingerprinting based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra was previously shown to provide reliable species identification in different metazoans including some cnidarian taxa. For the first time, we tested the method across four cnidarian classes (Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, Hydrozoa) and included different scyphozoan life-history stages (polyp, ephyra, medusa) in our dataset. Our results revealed reliable species identification based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra across all taxa with species-specific clusters for all 23 analysed species. In addition, proteomic fingerprinting was successful for distinguishing developmental stages, still by retaining a species specific signal. Furthermore, we identified the impact of different salinities in different regions (North Sea and Baltic Sea) on proteomic fingerprints to be negligible. In conclusion, the effects of environmental factors and developmental stages on proteomic fingerprints seem to be low in cnidarians. This would allow using reference libraries built up entirely of adult or cultured cnidarian specimens for the identification of their juvenile stages or specimens from different geographic regions in future biodiversity assessment studies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 59
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 60
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    Proteomic fingerprinting enables quantitative biodiversity assessments of species and ontogenetic stages in Calanus congeners (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Arctic Ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(2), pp. 382-395, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Species identification is pivotal in biodiversity assessments and proteomic fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has already been shown to reliably identify calanoid copepods to species level. However, MALDI-TOF data may contain more information beyond mere species identification. In this study, we investigated different ontogenetic stages (copepodids C1–C6 females) of three co-occurring Calanus species from the Arctic Fram Strait, which cannot be identified to species level based on morphological characters alone. Differentiation of the three species based on mass spectrometry data was without any error. In addition, a clear stage-specific signal was detected in all species, supported by clustering approaches as well as machine learning using Random Forest. More complex mass spectra in later ontogenetic stages as well as relative intensities of certain mass peaks were found as the main drivers of stage distinction in these species. Through a dilution series, we were able to show that this did not result from the higher amount of biomass that was used in tissue processing of the larger stages. Finally, the data were tested in a simulation for application in a real biodiversity assessment by using Random Forest for stage classification of specimens absent from the training data. This resulted in a successful stage-identification rate of almost 90%, making proteomic fingerprinting a promising tool to investigate polewards shifts of Atlantic Calanus species and, in general, to assess stage compositions in biodiversity assessments of Calanoida, which can be notoriously difficult using conventional identification methods.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 61
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    Wage bargaining and employment revisited: separability and efficiency in collective bargaining* (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley, 125(2), pp. 403-440, ISSN: 0347-0520
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: We analyse the two-dimensional Nash bargaining solution (NBS) by deploying the standard labour market negotiations model of McDonald and Solow. We show that the two-dimensional bargaining problem can be decomposed into two one-dimensional problems, such that the two solutions together replicate the solution of the two-dimensional problem if the NBS is applied. The axiom of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” is shown to be crucial for this type of decomposability. This result has significant implications for actual negotiations because it allows for the decomposition of a multi-dimensional bargaining problem into one-dimensional problems – and thus helps to facilitate real-world negotiations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Cascading, interactive, and indirect effects of climate change on aquatic communities, habitats, and ecosystems (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(S1), pp. s1-s7, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 63
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    Three major mesoplanktonic communities resolved by in situ imaging in the upper 500 m of the global ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, ISSN: 1466-822X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Aim: The distribution of mesoplankton communities has been poorly studied at global scale, especially from in situ instruments. This study aims to (1) describe the global distribution of mesoplankton communities in relation to their environment and (2) as-sess the ability of various environmental- based ocean regionalizations to explain the distribution of these communities. Location: Global ocean, 0–500 m depth. Time Period: 2008–2019. Major Taxa Studied: Twenty-eight groups of large mesoplanktonic and macroplank-tonic organisms, covering Metazoa, Rhizaria and Cyanobacteria. Methods: From a global data set of 2500 vertical profiles making use of the Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5), an in situ imaging instrument, we studied the global distribu-tion of large (〉600 μm) mesoplanktonic organisms. Among the 6.8 million imaged ob-jects, 330,000 were large zooplanktonic organisms and phytoplankton colonies, the rest consisting of marine snow particles. Multivariate ordination (PCA) and clustering were used to describe patterns in community composition, while comparison with existing regionalizations was performed with regression methods (RDA). Results: Within the observed size range, epipelagic plankton communities were Trichodesmium- enriched in the intertropical Atlantic, Copepoda- enriched at high latitudes and in upwelling areas, and Rhizaria-enriched in oligotrophic areas. In the mesopelagic layer, Copepoda-enriched communities were also found at high lati-tudes and in the Atlantic Ocean, while Rhizaria-enriched communities prevailed in the Peruvian upwelling system and a few mixed communities were found elsewhere. The comparison between the distribution of these communities and a set of existing regionalizations of the ocean suggested that the structure of plankton communities described above is mostly driven by basin- level environmental conditions. Main Conclusions: In both layers, three types of plankton communities emerged and seemed to be mostly driven by regional environmental conditions. This work sheds light on the role not only of metazoans, but also of unexpected large protists and cy-anobacteria in structuring large mesoplankton communities.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Resilience of tropical invertebrate community assembly processes to a gradient of land use intensity (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Oikos vol. 2023 no. e10328
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Understanding how community assembly processes drive biodiversity patterns is a \ncentral goal of community ecology. While it is generally accepted that ecological communities are assembled by both stochastic and deterministic processes, quantifying \ntheir relative importance remains challenging. Few studies have investigated how the \nrelative importance of stochastic and deterministic community assembly processes vary \namong taxa and along gradients of habitat degradation. Using data on 1645 arthropod species across seven taxonomic groups in Malaysian Borneo, we quantified the \nimportance of ecological stochasticity and of a suite of community assembly processes \nacross a gradient of logging intensity. The relationship between logging and community assembly varied depending on the specific combination of taxa and stochasticity \nmetric used, but, in general, the processes that govern invertebrate community assembly were remarkably robust to changes in land use intensity.
    Keywords: community assembly ; determinism ; habitat degradation ; logging ; stochasticity
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    Metabarcoding read abundances of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are correlated to copy numbers estimated using ddPCR (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  New Phytologist vol. 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Quantifying the abundances of fungi is key to understanding natural variation in mycorrhi-zal communities in relation to plant ecophysiology and environmental heterogeneity. High-throughput metabarcoding approaches have transformed our ability to characterize and com-pare complex mycorrhizal communities. However, it remains unclear how well metabarcodingread counts correlate with actual read abundances in the sample, potentially limiting their useas a proxy for species abundances. Here, we use droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to evaluate the reliability of ITS2 metabarcodingdata for quantitative assessments of mycorrhizal communities in the orchid speciesNeottiaovatasampled at multiple sites. We performed specific ddPCR assays for eight families oforchid mycorrhizal fungi and compared the results with read counts obtained from metabar-coding. Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between DNA copy numbers measured byddPCR assays and metabarcoding read counts of major mycorrhizal partners ofN. ovata,highlighting the usefulness of metabarcoding for quantifying the abundance of orchid mycor-rhizal fungi. Yet, the levels of correlation between the two methods and the numbers of falsezero values varied across fungal families, which warrants cautious evaluation of the reliabilityof low-abundance families. This study underscores the potential of metabarcoding data for more quantitative analysesof mycorrhizal communities and presents practical workflows for metabarcoding and ddPCRto achieve a more comprehensive understanding of orchid mycorrhizal communities
    Keywords: droplet digital PCR ; fungalquantification ; metabarcoding ; mycorrhizalfungi ; orchid mycorrhiza
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    East Asian summer precipitation in AWI‐CM3: Comparison with observations and CMIP6 models (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3International Journal of Climatology, Wiley, pp. 1-16, ISSN: 0899-8418
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-08
    Description: Owing to the complicated spatial–temporal characteristics of East Asian precipitation (EAP), climate models have limited skills in simulating the modern Asian climate. This consequently leads to large uncertainties in simulations of the past EAP variation and future projections. Here, we explore the performance of the newly developed Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model,version 3 (AWI-CM3) in simulating the climatological summer EAP. To test whether the model's skill depends on its atmosphere resolution, we design two AWI-CM3 simulations with different horizontal resolutions. The result shows that both simulations have acceptable performance in simulating the summer mean EAP, generally better than the majority of individual models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). However, for the monthly EAP from June to August, AWI-CM3 exhibits a decayed skill, which is due to the subseasonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical high bias. The higher-resolution AWI-CM3 simulation shows an overall improvement relative to the one performed at a relatively lower resolution in all aspects taken into account regarding the EAP. We conclude that AWI-CM3 is a suitable tool for exploring the EAP for the observational period. Having verified the model's skill for modern climate, we suggest employing the AWI-CM3, especially with high atmosphere resolution, both for applications in paleoclimate studies and future projections.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The effects of astronomically forced climate change on hemipelagic carbonate sedimentation in a tectonically active setting: the Albian Mioño Formation in Castro Urdiales (Cantabria, N Spain) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-06
    Description: The early Eocene paleoclimate record provides one of the best analogues for today’s 9 global warming. In order to reconstruct the evolution of the early Eocene paleoclimate and understand how environmental feedback mechanisms acted on it, an accurate time framework is necessary. In this regard, the astronomically calibrated time scale (ATS) provides the highest possible resolution, but models beyond 40-50 Ma are not fully resolved and actual geological data are incomplete. With the aim of filling this gap, the expanded lower Ypresian Arnakatxa section studied herein offered a potentially valuable orbitally paced geological record. This outcrop displays a well-defined arrangement of strata in couplets and bundles. The spectral analyses of colour data series showed the dominance of two main periodicities, which were related to orbital forcing on sedimentation by precession (20 kyr) and short (100 kyr) eccentricity cycles. Despite not being represented in the spectrograms, the influence of long (405 kyr) eccentricity on sedimentation was also deduced. Moreover, the disruption of the orbital signal in the upper half of the Arnakatxa section correlates with a very long (2.4 Myr) eccentricity node centred at ~54.6 Ma, which could also have caused the amplification of the orbital signal related to obliquity (41 kyr). Taking everything into account, the cyclostratigraphic analyses carried out in Arnakatxa resulted in a precessional scale orbital chronology for the time interval between 55.805 and 54.435 Ma (duration of 1.37 Myr). Thus, the Arnakatxa succession could be reliably correlated with Atlantic ODP records, which are the main reference for Ypresian astrochronology, at precessional scale. Furthermore, the results from Arnakatxa also help to identify the astronomical solutions that better match actual geological data, contributing to the construction of a definitive Ypresian ATS. In this regard, the Arnakatxa results are not a good fit for solutions La10a, La10d, La11 and ZB18, but match well with the previously thought to be less reliable solutions La10b and La10c.
    Description: Published
    Description: 405–423
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    EPOS: Using Metadata in Geoscience (2023)
    Springer | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: One of the key aspects of the approaching data-intensive science era is integration of data through interoperability of systems providing data products or visualisation and processing services. Far from being simple, interoperability requires robust and scalable e-infrastructures capable of supporting it. In this work we present the case of EPOS, a project for data integration in the field of Earth Sciences. We describe the design of its e-infrastructure and show its main characteristics. One of the main elements enabling the system to integrate data, data products and services is the metadata catalog b
    Description: Published
    Description: 170–184
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Low-volume magmatism linked to flank deformation on Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos Archipelago, using cosmogenic He-3 exposure and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of fault scarps and lavas (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Schwartz, D. M., Harpp, K., Kurz, M. D., Wilson, E., & Van Kirk, R. Low-volume magmatism linked to flank deformation on Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos Archipelago, using cosmogenic He-3 exposure and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of fault scarps and lavas. Bulletin of Volcanology, 84(9),(2022): 82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01575-3.
    Description: Isla Santa Cruz is a volcanic island located in the central Galápagos Archipelago. The island’s northern and southern flanks are deformed by E–W-trending normal faults not observed on the younger Galápagos shields, and Santa Cruz lacks the large summit calderas that characterize those structures. To construct a chronology of volcanism and deformation on Santa Cruz, we employ 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of lavas and 3He exposure dating of fault scarps from across the island. The combination of Ar–Ar dating with in situ-produced cosmogenic exposure age data provides a powerful tool to evaluate fault chronologies. The 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that the island has been volcanically active since at least 1.62 ± 0.030 Ma (2SD). Volcanism deposited lavas over the entire island until ~ 200 ka, when it became focused along an E–W-trending summit vent system; all dated lavas 〈 200 ka were emplaced on the southern flank. Structural observations suggest that the island has experienced two major faulting episodes. Crosscutting relationships of lavas indicate that north flank faults formed after 1.16 ± 0.070 Ma, but likely before 416 ± 36 ka, whereas the faults on the southern flank of the island initiated between 201 ± 37 and 32.6 ± 4.6 ka, based on 3He exposure dating of fault surfaces. The data are consistent with a model wherein the northeastern faults are associated with regional extension owing to the young volcano’s location closer to the Galápagos Spreading Center at the time. The second phase of volcanism is contemporaneous with the formation of the southern faults. The expression of this younger, low-volume volcanic phase was likely related to the elongate island morphology established during earlier deformation. The complex feedback between tectonic and volcanic processes responsible for southward spreading along the southern flank likely generated persistent E-W-oriented magmatic intrusions. The formation of the Galápagos Transform Fault and sea-level fluctuations may be the primary causes of eruptive and deformational episodes on Santa Cruz.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF grants EAR-1347731 and OCE-0926491 to K. Harpp. The Noble Gas Geochemistry Lab at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is funded by NSF grants from OCE, and OPP-2048351.
    Keywords: Basalt ; Hotspot ; Ocean island ; Structure ; Volcano
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Chemistry in earthquake: the active chemical role of liquid and supercritical waters in microfracturing at depth (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: The role of water in the nucleation process of an earthquake and its contribution to the mainshock is ascertained by many models in its physical part, as a factor capable of altering the balance of pressures and thus influencing the effective pressure. Assuming that water is present at depth, starting from the observation of its molecular structure at various crustal pressure and temperature conditions, the present paper analyses water’s chemical role in relation with the rock matrix, and its response during microfracturing. The creation of a network of new void spaces produces a decrease of the water pressure. Water may respond at molecular scale differently, depending on its aggregation state. Effectively depressurisation has a limited influence on the liquid water, only if it does not cause the transition to the vapour phase. Conversely, depressurisation causes an instantaneous variation in the intermolecular structure of supercritical water (SCW). Specifically, the nearly total disappearance of its ionic characteristics: that means the severe drop of solubility constants. At the same time, the already low viscosity decreases too: SCW intrudes easily into new fissures. When the microcracks tend to close, SCW reacquires adequate ionic characteristics for the rise in density (isothermal pressurisation); hence, an intense water rock interaction starts with freshly opened surfaces. This process influences actively the subcritical crack growth too, again with differences between liquid and SCW: last one participates only when reacquires density. Summarising, it is likely that water plays a fundamental and active role in determining the rock weakening, once earthquake preparation process begin with the development of microcracks are forming, perhaps playing an active role in determining the main rupture. With different modalities according to its aggregation state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1205–1221
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake chemistry ; Water molecular structure ; Preseismic scenario ; Rock weakening ; L’Aquila earthquake example
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Generation and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere in the North Atlantic (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: Half a century ago, our view of the Earth shifted from that of a Planet with fixed continents and ancient stable ocean basins to one with wandering continents and young, active ocean basins, reviving Wegener’s Continental Drift that had rested dormant for years. The lithosphere is the external, mostly solid and relatively rigid layer of the Earth, with thickness and composition different below the oceans and within the continents. We will review the processes leading to the generation and evolution of the Earth’s lithosphere that lies beneath the oceans. We will discuss how the oceanic lithosphere is generated along mid-ocean ridges due to upwelling of convecting hot mantle. We will consider in particular lithosphere generation occurring along the northern Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) from Iceland to the equator, including the formation of transform offsets. We will then focus on the Vema fracture zone at 10°–11° N, where a ~ 300 km long uplifted and exposed sliver of lithosphere allows to reconstruct the evolution of lithosphere generation at a segment of the MAR from 25 million years ago to the Present. This axial ridge segment formed 50 million years ago, and reaches today 80 km in length. The degree of melting of the subridge mantle increased from 16 million years ago to today, although with some oscillations. The mantle presently upwelling beneath the MAR becomes colder and/or less fertile going from Iceland to the Equator, with “waves” of hot/fertile mantle migrating southwards from the Azores plume. Scientific revolutions seem to occur periodically in the history of Science; we wonder when the next revolution will take place in the Earth Science, and to what extent our present views will have to be modified
    Description: Published
    Description: 587–659
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Environmental DNA (eDNA) reveals potential for interoceanic fish invasions across the Panama Canal (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, 13(1), pp. e9675-e9675, ISSN: 2045-7758
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Interoceanic canals can facilitate biological invasions as they connect the world's oceans and remove dispersal barriers between bioregions. As a consequence, multiple opportunities for biotic exchange arise and the resulting establishment of migrant species often causes adverse ecological and economic impacts. The Panama Canal is a key region for biotic exchange as it connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in Central America. In this study, we used two complementary methods (environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and gillnetting) to survey fish communities in this unique waterway. Using COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) metabarcoding, we detected a total of 142 fish species, including evidence for the presence of sixteen Atlantic and eight Pacific marine fish in different freshwater sections of the Canal. Of these, nine are potentially new records. Molecular data did not capture all species caught with gillnets, but generally provided a more complete image of the known fish fauna as more small-bodied fish species were detected. Diversity indices based on eDNA surveys revealed significant differences across different sections of the Canal reflecting in part the prevailing environmental conditions. The observed increase in the presence of marine fish species in the Canal indicates a growing potential for interoceanic fish invasions. The potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of this increase in marine fishes are not only restricted to the fish fauna in the Canal as they could also impact adjacent ecosystems in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    Variability of Ionospheric Plasma: Results from the ESA Swarm Mission (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Swarm is the first European Space Agency (ESA) constellation mission for Earth Observation. Three identical Swarm satellites were launched into near-polar orbits on 22 November 2013. Each satellite hosts a range of instruments, including a Langmuir probe, GPS receivers, and magnetometers, from which the ionospheric plasma can be sampled and current systems inferred. In March 2018, the CASSIOPE/e-POP mission was formally integrated into the Swarm mission through ESA’s Earthnet Third Party Mission Programme. Collectively the instruments on the Swarm satellites enable detailed studies of ionospheric plasma, together with the variability of this plasma in space and in time. This allows the driving processes to be determined and understood. The purpose of this paper is to review ionospheric results from the first seven years of the Swarm mission and to discuss scientific challenges for future work in this field.
    Description: Published
    Description: 52
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment at an active but under-monitored volcano: Ceboruco, Mexico (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: A probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment (PVHA) for Ceboruco volcano (Mexico) is reported using PyBetVH, an e-tool based on the Bayesian Event Tree (BET) methodology. Like many volcanoes, Ceboruco is under-monitored. Despite several eruptions in the late Holocene and efforts by several university and government groups to create and sustain a monitoring network, this active volcano is monitored intermittently rather than continuously by dedicated groups. With no consistent monitoring data available, we look at the geology and the eruptive history to inform prior models used in the PVHA. We estimate the probability of a magmatic eruption within the next time window (1 year) of ~ 0.002. We show how the BET creates higher probabilities in the absence of monitoring data, which if available would better inform the prior distribution. That is, there is a cost in terms of higher probabilities and higher uncertainties for having not yet developed a sustained volcano monitoring network. Next, three scenarios are developed for magmatic eruptions: i) small magnitude (effusive/explosive), ii) medium magnitude (Vulcanian/sub-Plinian) and iii) large magnitude (Plinian). These scenarios are inferred from the Holocene history of the volcano, with their related hazardous phenomena: ballistics, tephra fallout, pyroclastic density currents, lahars and lava flows. We present absolute probability maps (unconditional in terms of eruption size and vent location) for a magmatic eruption at Ceboruco volcano. With PyBetVH we estimate and visualize the uncertainties associated with each probability map. Our intent is that probability maps and uncertainties will be useful to local authorities who need to understand the hazard when considering the development of long-term urban and land-use planning and short-term crisis management strategies, and to the scientific community in their efforts to sustain monitoring of this active volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Real-time tephra-fallout accumulation rates and grain-size distributions using ASHER (ASH collector and sizER) disdrometers (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: ASHER, a new sensor for the characterization of tephra fallout in real time, was designed and developed for easy field deployment during volcanic eruptions. It can provide information on the accumulation rate of tephra fallout in real time as well as grain-size and settling velocity of falling particles. Particle detection is achieved with a laser barrier, with size and settling velocity being calculated from the amplitude and duration of obscuration peaks. The sampling rate (31,500 Hz), laser thickness (0.5 mm) and operation (ON/OFF state and dual acquisition mode) are adapted to minimize the noise level and allow detection of particles as small as ~100 μm. Additional measurements of weight and level of accumulated material within a removable collector allow broadening of the ASHER operation to accumulation rate from 10−2 to 103 g m-2s-1. Detailed calibration tests were performed in laboratory conditions on single grains of known shape and density along with a high-speed camera to test the capability to measure grain size and terminal velocity, and during two field campaigns at Stromboli and Etna volcanoes to test the operation in the field. Long-term field deployment has shown that combining the optical barrier with an automatic collector allows for a better characterization of tephra fallout, providing an estimate of density, and, therefore, it optimizes sensor operation and minimizes false alerts. Moreover, the low power requirements and onboard processing allows to operate the sensor remotely and solely on solar power in a remote location. Although technical improvements in sensor sensitivity and processing are still possible, the results presented suggest that ground sensors for real-time detection and analysis of tephra could potentially contribute to understanding the dynamics of explosive eruptions and could be successfully integrated into monitoring systems of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107611
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A long-term charge/discharge cycle at Mt. Etna volcano revealed through absolute gravity and GPS measurements (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: We present results of repeated absolute gravity and GPS measurements, carried out at Mt. Etna volcano between 2009 and 2018. Absolute gravity measurements are rarely performed along arrays of stations on active volcanoes and, through our unprecedented dataset, we highlight the possibilities of this method to track underground mass changes over long time-scales. Analysis of the residual absolute gravity data and ground deformation reveals a cycle of gravity increase and uplift during 2009 to 2011, followed by gravity decrease and subsidence during 2011 to 2014. Data inversion points to a common mass and pressure source, lying beneath the summit area of the volcano, at depth of ~ 5 kmb.s.l. The bulk volume change inferred by the inversion of the deformation data can account for only a small portion of the mass change needed to explain the correspondent gravity variations.We propose that the observed relationship between gravity and vertical deformation was mostly due to the compressibility of the magma in the inferred reservoir, which, in turn, was enhanced by the presence of exsolved gas. Overall, the gravity and deformation data we present reveal a cycle of magma recharge (2009–2011) and discharge (2011–2014) to/from the inferred storage zone. During the recharge phase only degassing occurred from the summit craters of Mt. Etna. During the following phase of discharge, the magma lost from the reservoir at ~ 5 km b.s.l. fed the exceptional phase of volcanic activity during 2011–2014, when tens of lava fountaining episodes took place.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    CleverRiver: an open source and free Google Colab toolkit for deep-learning river-flow models (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: In a period in which climate change is signifcantly varying rainfall regimes and their intensity all over the world, river-fow prediction is a major concern of geosciences. In recent years there has been an increase in the use of deep-learning models for river-fow prediction. However, in this feld we can observe two main issues: i) many case studies use similar (or the same) strategies without sharing the codes, and ii) the application of these techniques requires good computer knowledge. This work proposes to employ a Google Colab notebook called CleverRiver, which allows the application of deep-learning for river-fow predictions. CleverRiver is a dynamic software that can be upgraded and modifed not only by the authors but also by the users. The main advantages of CleverRiver are the following: the software is not limited by the client hardware, operating systems, etc.; the code is open-source; the toolkit is integrated with user-friendly interfaces; updated releases with new architectures, data management, and model parameters will be progressively uploaded. The software consists of three sections: the frst one enables to train the models by means of some architectures, parameters, and data; the second section allows to create predictions by using the trained models; the third section allows to send feedback and to share experiences with the authors, providing a fux of precious information able to improve scientifc research.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1119–1130
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Multi‐temporal InSAR analysis to monitor landslides using the small baseline subset (SBAS) approach in the Mila Basin, Algeria (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Hazardous ground deformation and landslides occur frequently in the Mila Basin, Algeria and this problem remains unsolved. However, the historical seismicity in the area indicates no severe damage from past earthquakes. For this reason, studies are needed to monitor the slow ground movements and their triggering factors. Since about two decades ago, satellite observations by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique and the multi-temporal (MT-InSAR) technique have provided a tool for monitoring slow and extremely slow ground displacements. In this study, 2D decomposition of InSAR outputs revealed a sliding surface at two regions located 12 km apart, indicating slow motion rather than fast movement along the damaged area. We concluded that the factors leading to surface displacement in the investigated area include the triggering earthquakes, precipitation, terrain topography and soil moisture. This study contributes to landslide hazard identification and risk assessment in the Mila Basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–423
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Landslides ; InSAR ; Algeria ; Hazard ; Landslide monitoring using MT-InSAR technique in Algeria
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Insight into summer drought in southern Italy: palaeohydrological evolution of Lake Pergusa (Sicily) in the last 6700 years (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: The Sicily region (central Mediterranean) is at high risk of drying and desertification caused by current warming and land management. The aim of this study is to place current climatic changes within the past trajectories and natural climatic variability of the Holocene. For this we re‐examine a sediment core retrieved at Lake Pergusa covering the last ca. 6700 years. A multiproxy investigation, and in particular the oxygen isotope composition of lacustrine carbonate (δ18Oc), allowed us to reconstruct decadal‐ to centennial‐scale hydrological changes. The wettest period occurred between ca. 6700 and 6000 cal a BP. The δ18Oc record indicates a new period of wetter conditions between ca. 3700 and 2400 cal a BP. In particular, a δ18Oc minimum between 2850 and 2450 cal a BP overlaps with the period of the ‘Great Solar Minimum’ and corresponds to a dramatic reduction of arboreal pollen (AP%) and to an increase in synanthropic pollen, marking the onset of Greek colonization in the region. The longest driest interval corresponds to the Medieval Climate Anomaly, whereas the highest δ18Oc values are recorded in the last 150 years. The trend of the last 3000 years suggests that, considering future climate projections, the area will experience unprecedented drying exacerbated by human impact.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1280-1293
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Paight, C., Johnson, M., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., & Moeller, H. Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 70(1), (2022): e12940, https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12940.
    Description: Kleptoplastidic, or chloroplast stealing, lineages transiently retain functional photosynthetic machinery from algal prey. This machinery, and its photosynthetic outputs, must be integrated into the host's metabolism, but the details of this integration are poorly understood. Here, we study this metabolic integration in the ciliate Mesodinium chamaeleon, a coastal marine species capable of retaining chloroplasts from at least six distinct genera of cryptophyte algae. To assess the effects of feeding history on ciliate physiology and gene expression, we acclimated M. chamaeleon to four different types of prey and contrasted well-fed and starved treatments. Consistent with previous physiological work on the ciliate, we found that starved ciliates had lower chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, and growth rates than their well-fed counterparts. However, ciliate gene expression mirrored prey phylogenetic relationships rather than physiological status, suggesting that, even as M. chamaeleon cells were starved of prey, their overarching regulatory systems remained tuned to the prey type to which they had been acclimated. Collectively, our results indicate a surprising degree of prey-specific host transcriptional adjustments, implying varied integration of prey metabolic potential into many aspects of ciliate physiology.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (Award # 689265 to HVM). Research was sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Office and accomplished under contract W911NF-19-D-0001 for the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies.
    Keywords: Acquired metabolism ; Cryptophyte ; Mesodinium chamaeleon ; Photophysiology ; Transcriptomics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Mud flow dynamics at gas seeps - Nirano Salse, Italy - (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-06
    Description: The Nirano Salse, known since the Roman Times, are one of the most beautiful and scenic mud volcanoes areas of Italy with thousands of visitors every year. In this work, we apply novel (for the context) hydrogeological techniques to characterize mud levels in the Salse by means of GPS-RTK positioning and continuous level logging within mud conduits. This is important to quantify the gas–liquid ratio in the conduits and evaluate the potential for dangerous abrupt mud eruptions. The results presented suggest that different mud levels in mud volcanoes clusters are due to the different gas–liquid ratio in the conduits and not necessarily exclude interconnection at depth, a hypothesis, on the other hand, that seems strengthened by mud level time series correlations. The presence of shallow aquifers at a depth of 5 to 30 m is also supported by our field data and allows us to delineate the boundaries of the shallow mud reservoir—pipes system and its overall shape. The shallow aquifers may provide a temporary storage for the ascending gas and when fluid pressure in these aquifers exceeds the tensional strength of the sedimentary rock, leakage of fluids to the surface would occur. In this case, if the gas–liquid ratio is high, mud volcanoes develop into tall gryphons and tend to have a discontinuous activity with sudden eruptions of mud after long periods of quiescence. This, together with the knowledge of shallow conduits localization has an important implication for site safety in proximity to the mud volcanoes. Our inferences based on mud level relationships to mud extrusion dynamics can be applied to lower risk in other mud volcanoes areas of the world with high geo-tourist visits, such as those of Trinidad, Azerbaijan, and Colombia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 480
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mud volcanism ; Aquifer ; Mud level ; Mud flow dynamics ; Nirano Salse
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Ocean Acidification as a Governance Challenge in the Mediterranean Sea: Impacts from Aquaculture and Fisheries (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-06
    Description: Despite the progress in the international and regional governance efforts at the level of climate change, ocean acidification (OA) remains a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social, and economical consequences. This requires extensive mitigation and adaptation effective strategies that are hindered by current shortcomings of governance. This multidisciplinary chapter investigates the risks of ocean acidification (OA) for aquaculture and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea and its sub-basins and the role of regional adaptive governance to tackle the problem. The identified risks are based on the biological sensitivities of the most important aquaculture species and biogenic habitats and their exposure to the current and future predicted (2100) RCP 8.5 conditions. To link OA exposure and biological sensitivity, we produced spatially resolved and depth-related pH and aragonite saturation state exposure maps and overlaid these with the existing aquaculture industry in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean basin to demonstrate potential risk for the aquaculture in the future. We also identified fisheries’ vulnerability through the indirect effects of OA on highly sensitive biogenic habitats that serve as nursery and spawning areas, showing that some of the biogenic habitats are already affected locally under existing OA conditions and will be more severely impacted across the entire Mediterranean basin under 2100 scenarios. This provided a regional vulnerability assessment of OA hotspots, risks and gaps that created the baseline for discussing the importance of adaptive governance and recommendations for future OA mitigation/adaptation strategies. By understanding the risks under future OA scenarios and reinforcing the adaptability of the governance system at the science-policy interface, best informed, “situated” management response capability can be optimised to sustain ecosystem services.
    Description: Published
    Description: 403–432
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Keywords: ocean governance, ocean acidification, climate change
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    MafiCH: a general model for H2O–CO2 solubility in mafic magmas (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-06
    Description: The solubility of CO2 in mafic magmas is strongly dependent on magma composition, which ultimately affects magma storage conditions and eruptive behavior. Recent experimental work showed that previously published volatile solubility models for mafic magmas are not well calibrated at mid-crustal pressures (400–600 MPa). Using a simple thermodynamic model, here we construct a general CO2 solubility model for mafic magmas by establishing the compositional dependence of two key thermodynamic parameters. The model is calibrated using experimental data from 10 magma compositions that span a range of pressures as well as silica (44–53 wt.%) and total alkali (2–9 wt.%) contents. We also survey the experimental literature for relevant H2O solubility data to determine how to model H2O solubility for these magmas. We combine these separate CO2 and H2O solubility models into a single general model for mixed-fluid (H2O–CO2) solubility in mafic magmas called MafiCH. We test the MafiCH model using experiments from three compositions that fall both within and beyond the calibrated range, and find that the model accurately constrains the CO2 solubility of depolymerized magmas. Sensitivity tests identify that Na, Ca, and Al have the largest effect on CO2 solubility while Si and Mg do not play a strong role in CO2 solubility in mafic, depolymerized melts. Overall, saturation pressures calculated using the new model presented here are typically lower than those predicted by previous models. The model provides a new framework to interpret volcanic data from mafic magma compositions for which no experimental data is available.
    Description: NSF grants EAR-1322078 and EAR-1642569
    Description: Published
    Description: 40
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Solubility ; Mafic magma ; Gas solubility in magma
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Tsunami potential source in the eastern Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey), along the North Anatolian Fault system (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: Based on morphobathymetric and seismic reflection data, we studied a large landslide body from the eastern Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey), along the main strand of the North Anatolian Fault, one of the most seismically active geological structures on Earth. Due to its location and dimensions, the sliding body may cause tsunamis in case of failure possibly induced by an earthquake. This could affect heavily the coasts of the Sea of Marmara and the densely populated Istanbul Metropolitan area, with its exposed cultural heritage assets. After a geological and geometrical description of the landslide, thanks to high-resolution marine geophysical data, we simulated numerically possible effects of its massive mobilization along a basal displacement surface. Results, within significant uncertainties linked to dimensions and kinematics of the sliding mass, suggest generation of tsunamis exceeding 15–20 m along a broad coastal sector of the eastern Sea of Marmara. Although creeping processes or partial collapse of the landslide body could lower the associated tsunami risk, its detection stresses the need for collecting more marine geological/geophysical data in the region to better constrain hazards and feasibility of specific emergency plans.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2295-2310
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Landslide ; Tsunamis ; Sea of Marmara ; North Anatolian Fault ; Risk Assessment ; Earthquakes ; Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
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    Probable signature whistle production in Atlantic white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and short-beaked common (Delphinus delphis) dolphins near Cape Cod, Massachusetts (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cones, S., Dent, M., Walkes, S., Bocconcelli, A., DeWind, C., Arjasbi, K., Rose, K., Silva, T., & Sayigh, L. Probable signature whistle production in Atlantic white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and short-beaked common (Delphinus delphis) dolphins near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Marine Mammal Science, 39(1), (2022): 338-344, https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12976.
    Description: Some delphinids produce a learned, individually specific tonal whistle that conveys identity information to conspecifics (Janik & Sayigh, 2013). These whistles, termed signature whistles, were first described by Caldwell and Caldwell (1965) and have been studied intensively over the past several decades (Janik & Sayigh, 2013). In common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and potentially other species, signature whistles facilitate many ecologically-important behaviors, including individual recognition and maintenance of group cohesion (Janik & Slater, 1998). Additionally, signature whistle contours, or patterns of frequency change over time, can remain stable for several decades, aiding in long-term social bonds (Sayigh et al., 1990). Signature whistles account for approximately 38%–70% of all whistle production in free-swimming animals (Buckstaff, 2004; Cook et al., 2004; Watwood et al., 2005); this percentage can be up to 100% for isolated individuals in captivity (Caldwell et al., 1990). Most of our knowledge on the function and use of signature whistles stems from Tursiops spp., and their use and presence in other delphinid taxa is less understood. Nonetheless, seven additional delphinid species have been reported to produce signature whistles: Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus; Gridley et al., 2014), common dolphins (D. delphis; Caldwell & Caldwell 1968; Fearey et al., 2019), Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella plagiodon; Caldwell et al., 1970), Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; Caldwell & Caldwell, 1973), Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis; Van Parijs & Corkeron, 2001), and Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis; Duarte de Figueiredo & Simão, 2009).
    Description: Woods Hole Sea Grant, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Grant/Award Number: NA14OAR4170074
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 86
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    Hydrothermal genesis and growth of the banded agates from the Allumiere-Tolfa volcanic district (Latium, Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: In this work, we studied the hydrothermal agates from the Neogene–Quaternary volcanic district of Allumiere-Tolfa, northwest of Rome (Latium, Italy) using a combination of micro-textural, spectroscopic, and geochemical data. The examined sample consists of (1) an outer cristobalite layer deposited during the early stages of growth, (2) a sequence of chalcedonic bands (including i.e., length-fast, zebraic, and minor length-slow chalcedony) with variable moganite content (up to ca. 48 wt%), (3) an inner layer of terminated hyaline quartz crystals. The textures of the various SiO2 phases and their trace element content (Al, Li, B, Ti, Ga, Ge, As), as well as the presence of mineral inclusions (i.e., Fe-oxides and sulfates), is the result of physicochemical fuctuations of SiO2-bearing fuids. Positive correlation between Al and Li, low Al/Li ratio, and low Ti in hyaline quartz points to low-temperature hydrothermal environment. Local enrichment of B and As in chalcedony-rich layers are attributed to pH fuctuations. Analysis of the FT-IR spectra in the principal OH-stretching region (2750–3750 cm−1) shows that the silanol and molecular water signals are directly proportional. Strikingly, combined Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy on the chalcedonic bands reveals an anticorrelation between the moganite content and total water (SiOH+ molH2O) signal. The moganite content is compatible with magmatic-hydrothermal sulfate/alkaline fuids at a temperature of 100–200 °C, whereas the boron-rich chalcedony can be favored by neutral/acidic conditions. The fnal Bambauer quartz growth lamellae testifes diluted SiO 2-bearing solutions at lower temperature. These fndings suggest a genetic scenario dominated by pH fuctuations in the circulating hydrothermal fuid
    Description: Published
    Description: 39
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
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    Timescales and mechanisms of paroxysm initiation at Stromboli volcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: New textural and petrological data are presented on products from five paroxysms at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy) including the two from 2019 and three historical (1930, undated, sixteenth century) eruptions. The data are used to con- strain timescales associated with the initiation of paroxysms and to examine current models for their triggering. Samples were collected from the deposits and a subset selected for mineral separation and petrological and textural characterization. Minerals and glass were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition and zonation were analysed by electron microprobe. Trace elements in olivine were also determined. Vesicle number densities, vesicularities and vesicle diameters were measured by X-ray microCT techniques. The data were systematically compared with results of experiments simulating, on the one hand, ascent, vesiculation, degassing and crystallization of LP (low-porphyricity) magma and, on the other hand, interaction between LP and HP (high-porphyricity) magma. Paroxysm samples are mixed and include portions representative of both LP and HP magma. They host in variable proportions minerals and glass textur- ally and compositionally typical of these two magma types. Small but systematic variations in matrix glass compositions are found between each of the five eruptions considered. All samples host a population of vesicles ranging from 〈 15 to 〉 1000 μm in diameter and whose size distributions follow mixed exponential to power law distributions. Vesicularities are high (75% on average) and vesicle number densities range from 102-103 to 103-104 mm-3. Using experimental calibrations, the vesicle textural data suggest average LP magma ascent rates of 1–2 m/s (i.e. ~1.5 hours from depths between 7 and 1.5 km). The correlation between ascent rate and textures demonstrates systematic variations between eruptions, the most ener- getic (i.e. that of 1930) being associated with the highest ascent rate (~2 m/s). Widths of plagioclase reaction zones indicate that LP and HP magmas interacted for a maximum a few hours before eruption. Olivine reaction also implies durations of a few hours for LP-HP interaction and is followed by crystallization for 20 hours in the HP magma. Our results stress the fast ascent of LP magma from their storage region and their short residence times at shallow levels before being erupted. They clarify the respective roles of the deep and shallow feeding systems. An integrated phenomenological model for paroxysm initiation at Stromboli is outlined. Keywords
    Description: This study was supported by the Labex Vol- taire (ANR-10-LABX-100-01), by INGV Progetti Ricerca Libera (timescale of magma transfer within the Stromboli plumbing sys- tem) and by the “DisEqm” (quantifying disequilibrium processes in basaltic volcanism) and “Shedding new light on volcanoes: real-time synchrotron X-ray tomography of magmatic phenomena” projects funded by NERC (NE/N018575/1 and NE/M013561/1).
    Description: Published
    Description: 36
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Paroxysms ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
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    Nonlinear convective motion of the asthenosphere and the lithosphere melting: a model for the birth of a volcano (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: The processes of heat transfer occurring between the Earth’s asthenosphere and lithosphere are responsible for partial melting of rocks, leading to the magma generation and its migration and segregation in the crust and, possibly, to volcanoes generation at the surface. Convection is the dominant mechanism regulating the heat transfer from the asthenosphere to the lithosphere, although many aspects of the whole process are not yet clear. Therefore, the knowledge of the physical processes leading to the melting of the lithospheric rocks has important consequences in understanding the interior Earth dynamics, the surface volcanic dynamics, and its related hazards. Rock melting occurs when the temperature gradient meets the rock solidus. Here, we propose a nonlinear convective 1D analytical model (representing an approximation of more 3D complex models). The steady-state solution of our equation is in good agreement with the estimated geotherms of the asthenosphere. A perturbative approach leads to a heat swelling at the boundary between asthenosphere and lithosphere able to determine its melting and the birth of a volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 521
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 89
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    Interplay between abiotic and microbial biofilm-mediated processes for travertine formation: Insights from a thermal spring (Piscine Carletti, Viterbo, Italy) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Description: Active hydrothermal travertine systems are ideal environments to investigate how abiotic and biotic processes affect mineralization mechanisms and mineral fabric formation. In this study, a biogeochemical characterization of waters, dissolved gases, and microbial mats was performed together with a mineralogical investigation on travertine encrustations occurring at the outflow channel of a thermal spring. The comprehensive model, compiled by means of TOUGHREACT computational tool from measured parameters, revealed that mineral phases were differently influenced by either abiotic conditions or microbially driven processes. Microbial mats are shaped by light availability and temperature gradient of waters flowing along the channel. Mineralogical features were homogeneous throughout the system, with euhedral calcite crystals, related to inorganic precipitation induced by CO2 degassing, and calcite shrubs associated with organomineralization processes, thus indicating an indirect microbial participation to the mineral deposition (microbially influenced calcite). The microbial activity played a role in driving calcite redissolution processes, resulting in circular pits on calcite crystal surfaces possibly related to the metabolic activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria found at a high relative abundance within the biofilm community. Sulfur oxidation might also explain the occurrence of gypsum crystals embedded in microbial mats, since gypsum precipitation could be induced by a local increase in sulfate concentration mediated by S-oxidizing bacteria, regardless of the overall undersaturated environmental conditions. Moreover, the absence of gypsum dissolution suggested the capability of microbial biofilm in modulating the mobility of chemical species by providing a protective envelope on gypsum crystals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 837-856
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: biofilms; gypsum; hot spring; microbial mat; travertine
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 90
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    A novel target\xe2\x80\x90enriched multilocus assay for sponges (Porifera): Red Sea Haplosclerida (Demospongiae) as a test case (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Molecular Ecology Resources vol. 24 no. 2, pp. e1389-e1389
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-15
    Description: With declining biodiversity worldwide, a better understanding of species diversity and their relationships is imperative for conservation and management efforts. Marine sponges are species-rich ecological key players on coral reefs, but their species diversity is still poorly understood. This is particularly true for the demosponge order Haplosclerida, whose systematic relationships are contentious due to the incongruencies between morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. The single gene markers applied in previous studies did not resolve these discrepancies. Hence, there is a high need for a genome-wide approach to derive a phylogenetically robust classification and understand this group\'s evolutionary relationships. To this end, we developed a target enrichment-based multilocus probe assay for the order Haplosclerida using transcriptomic data. This probe assay consists of 20,000 enrichment probes targeting 2956 ultraconserved elements in coding (i.e. exon) regions across the genome and was tested on 26 haplosclerid specimens from the Red Sea. Our target-enrichment approach correctly placed our samples in a well-supported phylogeny, in agreement with previous haplosclerid molecular phylogenies. Our results demonstrate the applicability of high-resolution genomic methods in a systematically complex marine invertebrate group and provide a promising approach for robust phylogenies of Haplosclerida. Subsequently, this will lead to biologically unambiguous taxonomic revisions, better interpretations of biological and ecological observations and new avenues for applied research, conservation and managing declining marine diversity.
    Keywords: bait design ; exon ; phylogenetic markers ; target capture ; ultraconserved element
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 91
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    Physiological response of an Antarctic cryptophyte to increasing temperature, CO2, and irradiance (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(8), pp. 1880-1894, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The Southern Ocean, a globally important CO2 sink, is one of the most susceptible regions in the world to climate change. Phytoplankton of the coastal shelf waters around the Western Antarctic Peninsula have been experiencing rapid warming over the past decades and current ongoing climatic changes will expose them to ocean acidification and high light intensities due to increasing stratification. We conducted a multiple-stressor experiment to evaluate the response of the still poorly studied key Antarctic cryptophyte species Geminigera cryophila to warming in combination with ocean acidification and high irradiance. Based on the thermal growth response of G. cryophila, we grew the cryptophyte at suboptimal (2°C) and optimal (4°C) temperatures in combination with two light intensities (medium light: 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and high light [HL]: 500 μmol photons m−2 s−1) under ambient (400 μatm pCO2) and high pCO2 (1000 μatm pCO2) conditions. Our results reveal that G. cryophila was not susceptible to high pCO2, but was strongly affected by HL at 2°C, as both growth and carbon fixation were significantly reduced. In comparison, warming up to 4°C stimulated the growth of the cryptophyte and even alleviated the previously observed negative effects of HL at 2°C. When grown, however, at temperatures above 4°C, the cryptophyte already reached its maximal thermal limit at 8°C, pointing out its vulnerability toward even higher temperatures. Hence, our results clearly indicate that warming and high light and not pCO2 control the growth of G. cryophila.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 92
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    The physiological response of an Antarctic key phytoplankton species to low iron and manganese concentrations (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(9), pp. 2153-2166, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability and the divergent requirements of phytoplankton species were recently shown to be potential important drivers of Southern Ocean community composition. Knowledge about Antarctic phytoplankton species requirements for Fe and Mn remains, however, scarce. By performing laboratory experiments and additional calculations of the photosynthetic electron transport, we investigated the response of the ecologically important species Phaeocystis antarctica under a combination of different Fe and Mn concentrations. Fe deprivation alone provoked typical physiological characteristics of Fe limitation in P. antarctica (e.g., lowered growth and photosynthetic efficiency). In comparison, under Mn deprivation alone, the growth and carbon production of P. antarctica were not impacted. Its tolerance to cope with low Mn concentrations resulted from an efficient photoacclimation strategy, including a higher number of active photosystems II through which fewer electrons were transported. This strategy allowed us to maintain similar high growth and carbon production rates as FeMn-enriched cells. Due to its low Mn requirement, P. antarctica performed physiologically as Fe-deprived cells under the combined depletion of Fe and Mn. Hence, our study reveals that different from other Southern Ocean phytoplankton species, P. antarctica possesses a high capacity to cope with natural low Mn concentrations, which can facilitate its dominance over others, potentially explaining its ecological success across the Southern Ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 93
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    Phylogenomic species delimitation of the twisted\xe2\x80\x90winged parasite genus Stylops (Strepsiptera) (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Systematic Entomology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: The twisted-winged parasite genus Stylops has a history of different species concepts with varying host specificity resulting in diverse species diversity estimates in different regions of the Holarctic. The adoption of a supergeneralist species concept in Europe, proposing synonymization of all Western Palaearctic Stylops species, did not facilitate taxonomic clarity and obscured the available life-history data in the region for decades. Lack of molecular data has allowed divergent opinions on species hypotheses and little opportunity for evaluating them in this morphologically challenging genus. To solve these discrepancies and gain novel information about host associations, we applied whole-genome sequencing to 163 specimens, representing a significant portion of putative European species. We evaluate the existing and conflicting species hypotheses with molecular species delimitation using Species bOundry Delimitation using Astral (SODA)and use a maximum likelihood phylogeny to investigate host associations of the species. Furthermore, we evaluate the effect of a number of loci used in SODA for the number of inferred species. We find justification for synonymization of multiple species and indications of undescribed species, as well as new host\xe2\x80\x93parasite relationships. We show that the number of inferred species in SODA is exceedingly and positively correlated with the number of loci used, urging for cautious application. The results of our study bring clarity to the Western Palaearctic species diversity of Stylops. Furthermore, the comprehensive molecular dataset generated in this study will be a valuable resource for future studies on Stylops and the evolution of parasites in general.
    Keywords: [Released under the CC-BY NC 4.0 (\xe2\x80\x9cAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International\xe2\x80\x9d) ; License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 94
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    Environmental vibrio phage–bacteria interaction networks reflect the genetic structure of host populations (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Microbiology, Wiley, 25(8), pp. 1424-1438, ISSN: 1462-2912
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Phages depend on their bacterial hosts to replicate. The habitat, density and genetic diversity of host populations are therefore key factors in phage ecology, but our ability to explore their biology depends on the isolation of a diverse and representative collection of phages from different sources. Here, we compared two populations of marine bacterial hosts and their phages collected during a time series sampling program in an oyster farm. The population of 〈jats:italic〉Vibrio crassostreae〈/jats:italic〉, a species associated specifically to oysters, was genetically structured into clades of near clonal strains, leading to the isolation of closely related phages forming large modules in phage–bacterial infection networks. For 〈jats:italic〉Vibrio chagasii〈/jats:italic〉, which blooms in the water column, a lower number of closely related hosts and a higher diversity of isolated phages resulted in small modules in the phage–bacterial infection network. Over time, phage load was correlated with 〈jats:italic〉V. chagasii〈/jats:italic〉 abundance, indicating a role of host blooms in driving phage abundance. Genetic experiments further demonstrated that these phage blooms can generate epigenetic and genetic variability that can counteract host defence systems. These results highlight the importance of considering both the environmental dynamics and the genetic structure of the host when interpreting phage–bacteria networks.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 95
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    Are all copepods the same? Variation in copepod stoichiometry with taxonomy, ontogeny, latitude, and habitat (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecosphere, Wiley, 14(12), ISSN: 2150-8925
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-08
    Description: Copepods are the most abundant metazoans on Earth, driving cycles of key elements in aquatic systems, most prominently carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). One key factor determining nutrient cycling is copepod somatic stoichiometry, which can reflect ecological strategy. We conducted a systematic review that updates the seminal work of Båmstedt (1986) by summarizing the effects of latitude, habitat, life history stage, and taxonomy on C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of field-collected copepods. We found that differences among copepod families accounted for the greatest variation, with the Rhincalanidae and Diaptomidae being particularly C-rich, while the Calanidae were more N- and P-rich. Copepod C:N was higher in inland waters compared with animals from marine environments in both copepodites and adult females, matching the higher C content of seston in many inland freshwaters. For both copepodites and adult females, mid-latitude animals had higher C:N and C:P than high-latitude animals, which matched predictions based on the availability of nutrients or adaptation to cold environments. More data must be gathered to fill gaps in our knowledge of copepod stoichiometry, focusing particularly on younger life stages, non-calanoids, low and high latitudes, the southern hemisphere, and estuarine and some inland water habitats, including large lakes. Such information will help better parameterize models of aquatic ecosystems and improve our understanding of how copepods influence consumer-driven nutrient cycling and food web dynamics.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 96
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    Microborings reveal alternating agitation, resting and sleeping stages of modern marine ooids (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Sedimentology, Wiley, ISSN: 0037-0746
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-15
    Description: 〈jats:title〉ABSTRACT〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ooids are abundant carbonate grains throughout much of Earth's history, but their formation is not well understood. Here, an in‐depth study of microbial bioerosion features of Holocene ooids from the Schooner Cays ooid shoals (Great Bahama Bank, Eleuthera, Bahamas) and the Shalil al Ud ooid shoals in the Gulf (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) is presented. No obvious differences were found in ooid size distribution, cortex layer thickness, the composition of nuclei or euendolithic community when comparing ooids from both locations. Microendolithic borings are present in most studied ooid surfaces, but the intensity of (micro‐)bioerosion varies significantly. Applying an epoxy vacuum cast‐embedding technique allowed the identification of ichnotaxa and their inferred producers (various genera of diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores and unspecified bacteria). Euendolithic taxa have specific low‐light tolerances and light optima. This implies that information about the relative bathymetry (seafloor versus burial within an ooid shoal) and ecology for ooid cortex formation can be obtained via the presence or absence of their respective ichnotaxa. The history of a statistically significant number of ooid cortices can be translated into dune dynamics and the temporal variations thereof by allocating the inferred index producer to a defined burial or light penetration zone. In this context, ooid formation can be divided into four stages: (i) an agitation stage in the water column, characterized by the colonization of grains by photoautotrophs; (ii) a resting stage, characterized by temporary burial of the ooid, leading to immobilization and a shift towards heterotrophs; (iii) a sleeping stage, characterized by prolonged burial and colonialization by organotrophs; and (iv) a reactivation stage, characterized by a resurfacing of the ooid and a subsequent shift towards photoautotrophs. The sleeping stage is presumably a stage of ooid degradation where bioerosion, mainly by heterotrophic fungi and bacteria is particularly active.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 97
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    Dependency of Arctic zooplankton on pelagic food sources: New insights from fatty acid and stable isotope analyses (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68, pp. 2346-2358, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Global warming causes dramatic environmental change to Arctic ecosystems. While pelagic primary production is initiated earlier and its intensity can be increased due to earlier ice melt and extended open-water periods, sea-ice primary production is progressively confined on a spatio-temporal scale, leading to unknown consequences for the ice-associated (sympagic) food web. Understanding ecological responses to changes in the availability and composition of pelagic and sympagic food sources is crucial to determine potential changes of food-web structure and functioning in Arctic marine communities under increasingly ice-free conditions. Focus was placed on the importance of suspended particulate organic matter vs. sympagic organic matter for 12 zooplankton species with different feeding modes covering five taxonomic groups (copepods, krill, amphipods, chaetognaths, and appendicularians) at two ice-covered, but environmentally different, stations in the north-western Barents Sea in August 2019. Contributions of diatom- and flagellate-associated fatty acids (FAs) to total lipid content and carbon stable isotopic compositions of these FAs were used to discriminate food sources and trace flows of organic matter in marine food webs. Combination of proportional contributions of FA markers with FA isotopic composition indicated that consumers mostly relied, directly (herbivorous species), or indirectly (omnivorous and carnivorous species), on pelagic diatoms and flagellates, independently of environmental conditions at the sampling locations, trophic position, and feeding mode. Differences were nevertheless observed between species. Contrary to other studies demonstrating a high importance of sympagic organic matter for food-web processes, our results highlight the complexity and variability of trophic structures and dependencies in different Arctic food webs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 98
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    Marine primary producers in a darker future: a meta‐analysis of light effects on pelagic and benthic autotrophs (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, 2023(4), ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: The availability of underwater light, as primary energy source for all aquatic photoautotrophs, is (and will further be) altered by changing precipitation, water turbidity, mixing depth, and terrestrial input of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). While experimental manipulations of CDOM input and turbidity are frequent, they often involve multiple interdependent changes (light, nutrients, C-supply). To create a baseline for the expected effects of light reduction alone, we performed a weighted meta-analysis on 240 published experiments (from 108 studies yielding 2500 effect sizes) that directly reduced light availability and measured marine autotroph responses. Across all organisms, habitats, and response variables, reduced light led to an average 23% reduction in biomass-related performance, whereas the effect sizes on physiological performance did not significantly differ from zero. Especially, pigment content increased with reduced light, which indicated a strong physiological plasticity in response to diminished light. This acclimation potential was also indicated by light reduction effects minimized if the experiments lasted longer. Nevertheless, the performance (especially biomass accrual) was reduced the more the less light intensity remained available. Light reduction effects were also more negative at higher temperatures if ambient light conditions were poor. Macrophytes or benthic systems were more negatively affected by light reduction than microalgae or plankton systems, especially in physiological responses were microalgae and plankton showed slightly positive responses. Otherwise, the effect magnitudes remained surprisingly consistent across habitats and aspects of experimental design. Therefore, the strong observed log–linear relationship between remaining light and autotrophic performance can be used as a baseline to predict marine primary production in future light climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 99
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    Climate change disrupts core habitats of marine species (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 29(12), pp. 3304-3317, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: Driven by climate change, marine biodiversity is undergoing a phase of rapid change that has proven to be even faster than changes observed in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding how these changes in species composition will affect future marine life is crucial for conservation management, especially due to increasing demands for marine natural resources. Here, we analyse predictions of a multiparameter habitat suitability model covering the global projected ranges of 〉33,500 marine species from climate model projections under three CO2 emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) up to the year 2100. Our results show that the core habitat area will decline for many species, resulting in a net loss of 50% of the core habitat area for almost half of all marine species in 2100 under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5. As an additional consequence of the continuing distributional reorganization of marine life, gaps around the equator will appear for 8% (RCP2.6), 24% (RCP4.5), and 88% (RCP8.5) of marine species with cross-equatorial ranges. For many more species, continuous distributional ranges will be disrupted, thus reducing effective population size. In addition, high invasion rates in higher latitudes and polar regions will lead to substantial changes in the ecosystem and food web structure, particularly regarding the introduction of new predators. Overall, our study highlights that the degree of spatial and structural reorganization of marine life with ensued consequences for ecosystem functionality and conservation efforts will critically depend on the realized greenhouse gas emission pathway.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 100
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    A facultative mutualism facilitates European seagrass meadows (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecography, Wiley, 2023(5), ISSN: 0906-7590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-18
    Description: Coastal ecosystem functioning often hinges on habitat-forming foundation species that engage in positive interactions (e.g. facilitation and mutualism) to reduce environmental stress. Seagrasses are important foundation species in coastal zones but are rapidly declining with losses typically linked to intensifying global change-related environmental stress. There is growing evidence that loss or disruption of positive interactions can amplify coastal ecosystem degradation as it compromises its stress mitigating capacity. Multiple recent studies highlight that seagrass can engage in a facultative mutualistic relationship with lucinid bivalves that alleviate sulphide toxicity. So far, however, the generality of this mutualism, and how its strength and relative importance depend on environmental conditions, remains to be investigated. Here we study the importance of the seagrass-lucinid mutualistic interaction on a continental-scale using a field survey across Europe. We found that the lucinid bivalve Loripes orbiculatus is associated with the seagrasses Zostera noltii and Zostera marina across a large latitudinal range. At locations where the average minimum temperature was above 1 °C, L. orbiculatus was present in 79% of the Zostera meadows; whereas, it was absent below this temperature. At locations above this minimum temperature threshold, mud content was the second most important determinant explaining the presence or absence of L. orbiculatus. Further analyses suggest that the presence of the lucinids have a positive effect on seagrass biomass by mitigating sulphide stress. Finally, results of a structural equation model (SEM) support the existence of a mutualistic feedback between L. orbiculatus and Z. noltii. We argue that this seagrass-lucinid mutualism should be more solidly integrated into management practices to improve seagrass ecosystem resilience to global change as well as the success of restoration efforts.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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