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  • 1
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    A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Description: Maternal effect senescence—a decline in offspring survival or fertility with maternal age—has been demonstrated in many taxa, including humans. Despite decades of phenotypic studies, questions remain about how maternal effect senescence impacts evolutionary fitness. To understand the influence of maternal effect senescence on population dynamics, fitness, and selection, we developed matrix population models in which individuals are jointly classified by age and maternal age. We fit these models to data from individual-based culture experiments on the aquatic invertebrate,Brachionus manjavacas(Rotifera). By comparing models with and without maternal effects, we found that maternal effect senescence significantly reduces fitness forB. manjavacasand that this decrease arises primarily through reduced fertility, particularly at maternal ages corresponding to peak reproductive output. We also used the models to estimate selection gradients, which measure the strength of selection, in both high growth rate (laboratory) and two simulated low growth rate environments. In all environments, selection gradients on survival and fertility decrease with increasing age. They also decrease with increasing maternal age for late maternal ages, implying that maternal effect senescence can evolve through the same process as in Hamilton’s theory of the evolution of age-related senescence. The models we developed are widely applicable to evaluate the fitness consequences of maternal effect senescence across species with diverse aging and fertility schedule phenotypes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Lifetime reproductive output: individual stochasticity, variance, and sensitivity analysis (2017)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-17
    Print ISSN: 1874-1738
    Electronic ISSN: 1874-1746
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Variance as a life history outcome: Sensitivity analysis of the contributions of stochasticity and heterogeneity (2020)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-3800
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7026
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 4
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    A Note on the vec Operator Applied to Unbalanced Block-Structured Matrices (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: The vec operator transforms a matrix to a column vector by stacking each column on top of the next. It is useful to write the vec of a block-structured matrix in terms of the vec operator applied to each of its component blocks. We derive a simple formula for doing so, which applies regardless of whether the blocks are of the same or of different sizes.
    Print ISSN: 1110-757X
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-0042
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 5
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    Age × stage-classified demographic analysis: a comprehensive approach (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-11
    Print ISSN: 0012-9615
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-7015
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Ecological Society of America.
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  • 6
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    A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in MBL Hernandez, C. M., van Daalen, S. F., Caswell, H., Neubert, M. G., & Gribble, K. E. A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 17(28), (2020):16431-16437, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919988117.
    Description: Maternal effect senescence—a decline in offspring survival or fertility with maternal age—has been demonstrated in many taxa, including humans. Despite decades of phenotypic studies, questions remain about how maternal effect senescence impacts evolutionary fitness. To understand the influence of maternal effect senescence on population dynamics, fitness, and selection, we developed matrix population models in which individuals are jointly classified by age and maternal age. We fit these models to data from individual-based culture experiments on the aquatic invertebrate, Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera). By comparing models with and without maternal effects, we found that maternal effect senescence significantly reduces fitness for B. manjavacas and that this decrease arises primarily through reduced fertility, particularly at maternal ages corresponding to peak reproductive output. We also used the models to estimate selection gradients, which measure the strength of selection, in both high growth rate (laboratory) and two simulated low growth rate environments. In all environments, selection gradients on survival and fertility decrease with increasing age. They also decrease with increasing maternal age for late maternal ages, implying that maternal effect senescence can evolve through the same process as in Hamilton’s theory of the evolution of age-related senescence. The models we developed are widely applicable to evaluate the fitness consequences of maternal effect senescence across species with diverse aging and fertility schedule phenotypes.
    Description: K.E.G. was supported by Grant 5K01AG049049 from the National Institute on Aging and by the Bay and Paul Foundations. H.C. and S.F.v.D. were supported by the European Research Council through Advanced Grants 322829 and 788195 and by the Dutch Research Council through Grant ALWOP.2015.100. C.M.H. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. M.G.N. received funding from The Paul MacDonald Fye Chair for Excellence in Oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Aging ; Demography ; Fitness ; Maternal effects ; Selection gradients
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    The contributions of maternal age heterogeneity to variance in lifetime reproductive output (2022)
    The University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in van Daalen, S. F., Hernandez, C. M., Caswell, H., Neubert, M. G., & Gribble, K. E. The contributions of maternal age heterogeneity to variance in lifetime reproductive output. American Naturalist,199(5), (2022): 603-616, https://doi.org/10.1086/718716.
    Description: Variance among individuals in fitness components reflects both genuine heterogeneity between individuals and stochasticity in events experienced along the life cycle. Maternal age represents a form of heterogeneity that affects both the mean and the variance of lifetime reproductive output (LRO). Here, we quantify the relative contribution of maternal age heterogeneity to the variance in LRO using individual-level laboratory data on the rotifer Brachionus manjavacas to parameterize a multistate age × maternal age matrix model. In B. manjavacas, advanced maternal age has large negative effects on offspring survival and fertility. We used multistate Markov chains with rewards to quantify the contributions to variance in LRO of heterogeneity and of the stochasticity inherent in the outcomes of probabilistic transitions and reproductive events. Under laboratory conditions, maternal age heterogeneity contributes 26% of the variance in LRO. The contribution changes when mortality and fertility are reduced to mimic more ecologically relevant environments. Over the parameter space where populations are near stationarity, maternal age heterogeneity contributes an average of 3% of the variance. Thus, the contributions of maternal age heterogeneity and individual stochasticity can be expected to depend strongly on environmental conditions; over most of the parameter space, the variance in LRO is dominated by stochasticity.
    Description: K.E.G. was supported by grant 5K01AG049049 from the National Institute on Aging, by National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER grant IOS-1942606, and by the Bay and Paul Foundations. H.C. and S.F.v.D. were supported by the European Research Council through Advanced Grants 322829 and 788195 and by the Dutch Research Council through grant ALWOP.2015.100. S.F.v.D. was furthermore supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Doherty Foundation. C.M.H. was supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. M.G.N. received funding from the Paul MacDonald Fye Chair for Excellence in Oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Lifetime reproductive output ; Maternal age effects ; Heterogeneity ; aging ; Rotifers
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jenouvrier, S., Aubry, L., van Daalen, S., Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., & Caswell, H. When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history. Ecology Letters, 25, (2022): 2120– 2131, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14076.
    Description: Individuals differ in many ways. Most produce few offspring; a handful produce many. Some die early; others live to old age. It is tempting to attribute these differences in outcomes to differences in individual traits, and thus in the demographic rates experienced. However, there is more to individual variation than meets the eye of the biologist. Even among individuals sharing identical traits, life history outcomes (life expectancy and lifetime reproduction) will vary due to individual stochasticity, that is to chance. Quantifying the contributions of heterogeneity and chance is essential to understand natural variability. Interindividual differences vary across environmental conditions, hence heterogeneity and stochasticity depend on environmental conditions. We show that favourable conditions increase the contributions of individual stochasticity, and reduce the contributions of heterogeneity, to variance in demographic outcomes in a seabird population. The opposite is true under poor conditions. This result has important consequence for understanding the ecology and evolution of life history strategies.
    Description: We acknowledge Institute Paul Emile Victor (Programme IPEV 109), and Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises for logistical and financial support in Terre Adélie. The study is a contribution to the Program EARLYLIFE funded by a European Research Council Advanced Grant under the European Community's Seven Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 (Grant Agreement ERC-2012-ADG_20120314 to Henri Weimerskirch), to the program SENSEI funded by the BNP Paribas Foundation, and to the Program INDSTOCH funded by ERC Advanced Grant 322989 to Hal Caswell. SJ acknowledges support from Ocean Life Institute and WHOI Unrestricted funds, and NSF projects DEB-1257545, OPP-1246407 and OPP-1840058.
    Keywords: Fixed heterogeneity ; Frailty ; Individual quality ; Individual stochasticity ; Unobserved individual heterogeneity ; SICs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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