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  • Drosophila  (116)
  • 42.60  (90)
  • phosphorus
  • Springer  (264)
  • Copernicus
  • 1980-1984  (264)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjacent chromosomal regions can evolve at very different rates: Evolution of theDrosophila 68C glue gene cluster (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 20 (1984), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Genome evolution ; 68C Glue gene cluster ; Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 68C puff is a highly transcribed region of theDrosophila melanogaster salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Three different classes of messenger RNA originate in a 5000-bp region in the puff; each class is translated to one of the salivary gland glue proteins sgs-3, sgs-7, or sgs-8. These messenger RNA classes are coordinately controlled, with each RNA appearing in the third larval instar and disappearing at the time of puparium formation. Their disappearance is initiated by the action of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. In the work reported here, we studied evolution of this hormone-regulated gene cluster in themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. Genome blot hybridization experiments showed that five other species of this subgroup have DNA sequences that hybridize toD. melanogaster 68C sequences, and that these sequences are divided into a highly conserved region, which does not contain the glue genes, and an extraordinarily diverged region, which does. Molecular cloning of this DNA fromD. simulans, D. erecta, D. yakuba, andD. teissieri confirmed the division of the region into a slowly and a rapidly evolving protion, and also showed that the rapidly evolving region of each species codes for third instar larval salivary gland RNAs homologous to theD. melanogaster glue mRNAs. The highly conserved region is at least 13,000 bp long, and is not known to code for any RNAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02104731
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 267-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a search for embryonic lethal mutants on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster, 5764 balanced lines isogenic for an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedcn bw sp chromosome were established. Of these lines, 4217 carried one or more newly induced lethal mutations corresponding to a total of 7600 lethal hits. Eggs were collected from lethal-bearing lines and unhatched embryos from the lines in which 25% or more of the embryos did not hatch (2843 lines) were dechorionated, fixed, cleared and scored under the compound microscope for abnormalities of the larval cuticle. A total of 272 mutants were isolated with phenotypes unequivocally distinguishable from wild-type embryos on the basis of the cuticular pattern. In complementation tests performed between mutants with similar phenotype, 48 loci were identified by more than one allele, the average being 5.4 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. Members of the complementation groups were mapped by recombination analysis. No clustering of loci with similar phenotypes was apparent. From the distribution of the allele frequencies and the rate of discovery of new loci, it was estimated that the 61 loci represent the majority of embryonic lethal loci on the second chromosome yielding phenotypes recognizable in the larval cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848156
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster during evagination and differentiation in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848893
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the distribution of gap junctions inDrosophila melanogaster wing discs during the third larval and early pupal stages of development (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Imaginal disc ; Pattern formation ; EM Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developmental changes in the distribution of gap junctions in early, mid and late third larval stage wing discs and in pupariation+6 h and pupariation+24 h stage wing discs fromDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions occur in all 12 intradisc regions examined in each of the five developmental stages. Their distribution is non-random and changes during development which suggests that they are developmentally regulated. The gap junctions are not static structures, rather they grow and regress during development. The changes tend to be gradual ones without sudden increases or decreases. Gap junctions continuously form and grow in size throughout the third larval stage and during the first 6 h following pupariation. Their surface density, number, percent of the lateral plasma membrane area, and absolute area as well as the lateral plasma membrane surface density all increase during this time. Between pupariation+ 6 h and pupariation+24 h all but one of these parameters decrease indicative of gap junctional breakdown. Gap junctions are most numerous and change least during development in the apical cell regions where intercellular contacts are close and stable. They change most in the basal cell regions where intercellular contacts tend to be looser and change during development. The most dramatic change is in the absolute area which increases by a factor of 23 between the early third larval stage and pupariation+24 h. At pupariation the rate of gap junction growth undergoes a transient increase before the phase of disassembly begins. Developmental changes in gap junction surface density are closely coupled with changes in the lateral plasma membrane surface density which suggests that these may be coregulated. Evidence from mutants suggests that when the number and density of gap junctions fail to increase in proportion to lateral plasma membrane growth, wing disc development will be abnormal. Our results support the idea that some minimum gap junction density is required for normal development and that this must increase as development proceeds. The results are consistent with the notion that gap junctions are involved in pattern formation and growth control and are discussed with respect to the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis, disc growth, disc morphogenesis and changes in the hormonal environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260338
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 296-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to identify X-chromosomal genes required inDrosophila for early patterning and morphogenesis, we examined embryos hemizygous for EMS-induced lethal mutations to determine which of those mutations cause gross morphological defects. Embryos from 2711 lethal lines, corresponding to 3255 lethal point mutations were studied. Only 21% caused death during embryogenesis and of these, only one-sixth, or 3% of the total lethals, were associated with defects visible in the final cuticle pattern. Of the 114 point mutants causing visible cuticle defects, 76 could be assigned to 14 complementation groups. An additional 25 mutations mapping to regions of the X-chromosome not covered by male fertile duplications were assigned to six complementation groups based on similarities of map position and phenotype. Thirteen mutations could not be assigned to complementation groups. All mutations allowed normal development through the cellular blastoderm stage, the first defects associated with the earliest acting loci being observed shortly after the onset of gastrulation. The phenotypes of the various loci range from alterations in segment pattern or early morphogenetic movements to defects in final pigmentation and denticle morphology. Cuticle preparations were also examined for 63 deletions spanning in total 74% of the X-chromosome, as well as for 8 deletions and point mutations derived in saturation mutagenesis screens of the fourth chromosome (Hochman 1976). With the exception of defects in head morphology and defects in cuticle differentiation, none of the hemizygous deletions showed phenotypes other than those predicted by point mutations known to lie in those regions. No deletion caused new or unknown alterations in gastrulation, segmentation or cuticle pattern.These results suggest that the number of genes required zygotically for normal embryonic patterning is small and that most, if not all such loci, are represented by point mutations in our collection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848158
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early neurogenesis in wild-typeDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848159
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spatial arrangement of germ line cells in ovarian follicles of the mutantdicephalic inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Ring canals ; Oocyte determination ; Polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848229
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell interactions during the fusionin vitro ofDrosophila eye-antennal imaginal discs (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 406-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fusion of the eye-antennal discs during culturein vitro has been investigated, and the complex morphogenetic movements which occur during the formation of the head capsule of the insect are described. The initial contact between the eye anlagen is by means of cell processes spanning the gap between the two discs. Subsequently the two epithelia become firmly apposed, and then the integrity of the epithelium in the region of fusion breaks down, cells appearing to move to new positions in order to form an epithelium which unites the two discs. The epithelium eventually secretes a pattern of cuticular structures which is continuous between the derivatives of the two discs. Bristles on either side of the line of fusion are perfectly aligned, and structures such as the median ocellus, which are formed jointly by the cells of the two discs, differentiate normally. This is also found when left and right eye-antennal discs of different genotypes are placed side-by-side, indicating that processes of pattern regulation can occur in culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848232
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vanadium oxidation as a result of cw CO2 laser irradiation in atmospheric air (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 68.55 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New results are reported concerning the vanadium oxidation by cw CO2 laser irradiation in air at atmospheric pressure. Particular emphasis is paid both to the initial stage and the development of the oxidation process under the action of the laser radiation. Some aspects are finally discussed concerning the quantitative theoretical interpretation of the experimentally recorded data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620638
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A subpicosecond dye laser pumped by a xenon ion laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A pulsed xenon ion laser has been used to pump a rhodamine 6G dye laser utilizing a ring resonator. The dye laser has been passively mode-locked; a pulsewidth of 0.5 ps and a 50 kW peak power have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697634
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical klystron experiments for the ACO storage ring Free Electron Laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 207-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To improve the gain in the Orsay storage ring Free Electron Laser (FEL) experiment, the 17 period permanent magnet undulator has been modified to form an optical klystron (OK). We report the measurement of spontaneous emission and the effects on it of energy spread and angular spread. Gain and laser induced bunch lengthening measurements with the OK are also reported and are in very good agreement with the FEL classical theory. The spontaneous emission spectrum which is easy to measure with good signal to noise ratio, turns out to be a very good diagnostic tool forenergy spread and angular spread measurements on storage rings. The factor of four increase in the small gain obtained by converting the undulator NOEL into an OK was the critical factor in the recent operation of the ACO storage ring laser above threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697637
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CVL-pumped dye laser for spectroscopic application (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 33 ; 36
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A spectroscopic dye laser system-pumped by a Copper Vapor Laser (CVL)-has been built and optimized for different dye solutions operating in the spectral range from 530 to 890 nm. Conversion efficiencies up to 40% were reached in broad band operation, 24% with a prism expander grating cavity, and 20% in grazing incidence configuration, which operated at typical band widths of 3 GHz. Second harmonic generation (SHG) of the dye laser output produced tunable uv-radiation between 260 and 408 nm at conversion efficiencies ≦5%. Fundamental and SHG output were used for resonant ionization experiments in molecular beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697518
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transverse mode dynamics in a free-electron laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.20 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We derive the most general equations of motion for the electrons and the electromagnetic field in a free-electron laser including the effects of diffraction and pulse propagation. The field evolution is expressed in terms of the amplitudes and phases of a complete set of transverse modes. The analytic solution is given in the small-signal regime, where the theory is shown to be in excellent agreement with a recent experiment at Orsay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690020
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tritium isotope separation by CO2-laser irradiation at low temperatures (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 82.40 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tritium isotope separation by CO2-laser induced multiphoton dissociation of CTF3 is investigated. For the optimization of the performance of this working substance, trifluoromethane, the conditions to yield high-selectivity at high-operating pressure and low-critical fluence for complete dissociation are studied using our deconvolution procedure. The irradiation conditions are varied over the following ranges; wavenumber: 1052–1087 cm−1, gas temperature: 25°C to −78°C, CHF3 pressure: 5–205 Torr. The selectivities exceeding 104 are observed for 85–205 Torr CHF3 at −78°C by the irradiation at 1057 cm−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688351
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848636
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal(2)giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 98-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Neoplasms ; Promotion ; Regeneration ; Temperature-sensitive ; Imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present an analysis of the behavior ofl(2)gl tsimaginal wing discs during culture in adult hosts. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29° C contain two types of wing discs, those that are morphologically normal and those that are abnormal. When discs of both types are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C, the restrictive temperature, they give rise to transplantable neoplastic tissue. However, when the 29° C reared discs are cultured at 15° C, the permissive temperature, the morphologically normal discs maintain their morphology, but the morphologically abnormal discs give rise to neoplasms. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15° C contain only morphologically normal discs. When these discs are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C they give rise to neoplasms, however if the discs are cultured at 15° C they maintain their normal morphology. These results demonstrate: (1) that all wing imaginal discs obtained from 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are competent to undergo neoplastic development, (2) the morphologically abnormal discs obtained from the 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are committed to neoplastic development, (3) the neoplastic development of the morphologically normal discs is temperature dependent, (4) once the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tsdiscs has been initiated the process is not readily reversible. In addition, the ability ofl(2)gl tswing discs to perform epimorphic regulation was tested by amputating morphologically normal permissively rearedl(2)gl tswing discs and culturing both fragiments at the permissive temperature. Fragments of control wild-type discs maintained their morphology during culture at the permissive temperature. However, both fragments of txel(2)gl tsdiscs became neoplastic. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for thel(2)gl +function in epimorphic regulation and with respect to the phenomena of tumor promotion in vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848637
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  • 17
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    TheUbx syndrome ofDrosophila: the prothoracic transformation (ppx) is independent ofbx, bxd andpbx (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 263-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Biothorax complex ; Prothoracic transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If, early in development, theUbx + gene is removed by mitotic recombination from cells of the meso-and metathoracic leg primordia, theseUbx − cells develop as in the posterior prothoracic leg. We show that this transformation, termedpostprothorax, is a discrete genetic function that is independent of other homeotic transformations such asbx, pbx orbxd, which also result from the inactivation of theUbx gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260349
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the recovery and genetic characterization of mutant alleles at zygotic loci on the third chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster which alter the morphology of the larval cuticle. We derived 12600 single lines from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedst e orrucuca chromosomes and assayed them for embryonic lethal mutations by estimating hatch rates of egg collections. About 7100 of these lines yielded at least a quarter of unhatched eggs and were then scored for embryonic phenotypes. Through microscopic examination of unhatched eggs 1772 lines corresponding to 24% of all lethal hits were classified as embryonic lethal. In 198 lines (2.7% of all lethal hits), mutant embryos showed distinct abnormalities of the larval cuticle. These embryonic visible mutants define 45 loci by complementation analysis. For 32 loci, more than one mutant allele was recovered, with an average of 5.8 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. The genes were localized on the genetic map by recombination analysis, as well as cytologically by complementation analysis with deficiencies. They appear to be randomly distributed along the chromosome. Allele frequencies and comparisons with deficiency phenotypes indicate that the 45 loci represent most, if not all, zygotic loci on the third chromosome, where lack of function recognizably affects the morphology of the larval cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848157
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Heterospecific combinations of germ cells and gonadal soma betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pole cell transplantation ; Heterospecific combinations ; Gametogenesis ; Chorion morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We transplanted pole cells betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae to investigate the ability of germ cells to develop in the gonad of a heterospecific host, and to study the interaction between somatic follicle cells and the cells of the germ line in producing the species-specific chorion. FemaleD. mauritiana germ cells in aD. melanogaster ovary produced functional eggs with normal development potential. The same is true for the reciprocal combination. FemaleD. ananassae pole cells in aD. melanogaster host only developed to a very early stage and degenerated afterwards. None of the interspecific combinations of male pole cells led to functional sperm. We could not determine at what stage the transplanted male pole cells were arrested. The cooperation of follicle cells and the oocyte-nurse cell complex in producing the chorion was studied using the germ-line-dependent mutationfs(1) K10 ofD. melanogaster, which causes fused respiratory appendages and an abnormal chorion morphology. Wild-type femaleD. mauritiana germ cells in a mutantfs(1) K10 D. melanogaster ovary led to the production of wild-type eggs withD. melanogaster-specific, short respiratory appendages. On the other hand,D. melanogaster fs(1) K10 germ cells in aD. mauritiana ovary induced the formation of eggs with mutant fused appendages which were, however, typicallyD. mauritiana in length. When.D. mauritiana pole cells developed in aD. melanogaster ovary, the chorion exhibited a new imprint pattern that differs from both species-specific patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848349
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mirror problems of a cw argon-ion laser at high output power (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report upon some experiments done on a continuous-wave argon-ion laser which offers 300 W output power in the visible and 34 W in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, limited by the degradation of the resonator mirrors. To avoid destruction of the outcoupling mirror, a folded three-mirror instead of a two-mirror cavity was tried, resulting in nearly the same output power.
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    Transient orientational grating technique for investigations of fast molecular relaxation processes (1984)
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 129-137 
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    Keywords: 33.50 ; 42.10 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical description of a three-pulse transient grating technique is given where the pump pulses form orientational gratings. Including energy relaxation and angular reorientation the temporal behavior of the diffraction efficiency and energy transmission is discussed with respect to the dependence on the corresponding rate constants and the results are compared with experimental data for Rh6G and RhB. The polarization plane of the pulse diffracted by the grating is found to be rotated in dependence on its initial polarization.
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    Small-signal gain of Free Electron Laser in a resonator Gaussian mode (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 163-166 
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    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.55 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract We present an analytical expression for the small-signal gain of a Free Electron Laser (FEL) in the presence of a Gaussian mode. To describe the electron beam evolution we use the one-dimensional (1-d) Vlasov equation. Our perturbation result, valid for small values of the parameterq (length of the undulatorL divided by the Rayleigh rangeZ R), can be extrapolated to values ofq≈4÷5.
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    Excimer-laser-pumped ps-dye laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 95-98 
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    Keywords: 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generation of single dye laser pulses of 12 ps pulse width (FWHM) and 1.2 mJ pulse energy is described using only one XeCl-excimer laser as pump source. At 1 Hz pulse repetition rate the stability of amplitude and pulse width of these pulses is excellent.
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    Generation of coherent ultraviolet radiation in the 330 nm region by multiphoton excitation of sodium vapor (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract We report the observation of coherent uv emission at 330.2±0.5 nm when sodium vapor in a heatpipe is irradiated with a pulsed visible dye laser with output wavelength in the 570–595 nm region. It is found that intense uv emission can be produced from Na atoms as well as from Na2 molecules. The excitation functions and their dependence on vapor density and laser power density are presented and the mechanisms for producing the emission are discussed.
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    High-order harmonic mixing with Schottky diodes in the FIR region (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 199-200 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.60
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    Notes: Abstract We report results of harmonic mixing experiments between millimetric oscillators and FIR laser radiations up to 3 THz, using micrometer-size Schottky-barrier diodes. Signal-to-noise ratios suitable for precise frequency counting have been obtained for harmonic numbers up to 40.
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    A new blue-green XeF (C→A) excimer laser amplifier concept (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using the electrically excited XeF(C»A) excimer medium as an efficient wideband amplifier in the blue-green region of the spectrum has been investigated. Calculations show that for an intense blue-green optical flux input the amplification characteristics of XeF(C»A) improve, as a result of both bleaching of the pump induced absorbers and by additional production of XeF(C) level population. The removal of one of the major absorbing species, Xe** in the XeF (C»A) laser mixture by means of a pulsed ruby laser probe beam has been demonstrated.
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    Effect of resonant laser light upon a fast-atom charge-exchange source (1984)
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 233-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.77 ; 34.50
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of resonant laser-light upon a charge-exchange source of eV-range sodium atoms is to decrease the Na kinetic energy by about 2 eV. The mechanism probably involves a reduction of the space charge in the low-energy ion precursors. The reduction is caused by electrons created in collisional ionization of laser-excited atoms. This is related to the well-known optogalvanic effect. A knowledge of the existence of this effect can be important for the design of experiments involving laser driven chemistry.
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    CW and pulsed FIR-CO2 hybrid laser with improved efficiency and amplitude stability at short FIR wavelengths (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time stable cw output of a FIR-CO2 hybrid laser has been achieved at wavelengths shorter than 300 μm. Due to the saturable absorber characteristic of the FIR laser gas, cw or pulsed emission is observed on both, the CO2 and the FIR laser output, depending on the operating conditions. Results are reported on different resonant lines in CH3OH and the 67 μm Raman line in NH3. The good efficiency of this laser is also demonstrated by the excitation of two new emission lines in CH3OH, namely 49 and 56 μm, pumped by 9R(22) and 9R(24), respectively.
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    Laser photoion projector (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 57-61 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.60 ; 82.50
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A laser photodesorption microscope has been applied to obtain 4×103-fold images of rhodamine crystals on a tip with a diameter of 66μm. Peculiarities of the formation of these images have been studied with different values of electric field strength on the tip and laser pulse intensities.
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    Dye-laser frequency stabilization using optical resonators (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.60 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a study, performed using heterodyne techniques, of the frequency fluctuations of two completely independent ring dye lasers locked to independent reference cavities. Single laser linewidths of less than 750 Hz were achieved, the principal limitation being residual vibrations from the noisy laboratory environment. With future design and environmental improvements, ultranarrow linewidths are expected thus providing a useful tool for a great variety of high precision experiments.
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    Detection of free NH2(X 2 B 1) radicals by CARS spectroscopy (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 35 ; 82.40 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract CARS spectra of NH3 and the free NH2-radical in the NH stretch region at 3334 and 3220 cm−1 have been obtained, respectively. The NH2 radicals were generated by laser photolysis of 0.5 mbar NH3 at 193 nm with an ArF-exciplex laser and detected by time resolved CARS spectroscopy.
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    Frequency measurement chain to 30 THz using FIR schottky diodes and a submillimeter backward wave oscillator (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.60 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An infrared frequency measurement chain is reported, the simplicity of which allows phase-coherent frequency measurements up to 30 THz. Frequency measurement is demonstrated on the 10P(28) line of the Lamb-dip stabilized13CO2-laser.
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    On the high-voltage regime of the discharge in hollow-cathode tube (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 17-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52.00 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of the operating characteristics of the high-voltage regime of the discharge in a hollow-cathode tube, the hollow-canthode discharge (HCD) and the discharge to a plane cathode are presented. The disappearnce of the hollow-cathode effect and the transition to a high-voltage discharge after inserting several anode rods into the cathode cylinder is exhibited. The similarity between the operating characteristics of such a high-voltage discharge and of a plane cathode discharge is shown. The loss of ions at the anode rods, as well at insulators or floating conductors is believed to be the reason behind the increase of the operating voltage and the disappearance of HCD characteristics. Practical means of increasing the operating voltage are mentioned.
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    An investigation of laser-induced fluorescence for measuring velocity distributions of neutral atoms using a CW dye laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 83-93 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32.80 ; 42.60 ; 6.30
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The velocity distribution of evaporated Zr atoms has been measured by means of laser-induced fluorescence using a cw dye laser by scanning the laser line across the Doppler-broadened absorption line profile of the atoms. It is shown that the experimental data can be explained on the basis of an excitation theory for a three-level system developed from basic principles. It was calculated that the probability for an atom to be in the excited state mainly depends on the radiation-power density of the laser and on the residence time of the atom in the exciting laser light. It was found that the laser frequency must be well stabilized in order to meet the assumptions in the excitation calculation. Otherwise deviations to the theoretical predictions appear in the experimental results due to the jitter of the dye laser.
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    Independently controllable multiline emission from a TEA CO2 laser (1984)
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 123-126 
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    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spatial separation of wavelengths in a CO2-laser resonator helps to avoid competitions. We have achieved this by means of a nearly concentric resonator with a grating or prism in its center. Thus, we demonstrated independent multiline emission with a variety of output spectra. The temporal sequence of the lines was conveniently controlled by varying their losses.
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    Prospects for vapor-phase dye lasers (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 63-74 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 78.30 ; 78.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This review covers the field of vapor-phase dye lasers (VPDL) with special emphasis on prospects of gas lasers with optical pumping. Some peculiarities of the gaseous active medium and a possibility to control its density near the critical point are discussed. High specific laser energies (∼0.3J/cm−3), low thresholds, and high efficiencies (20–40%) made it possible to construct a powerful tunable VPDL.
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    A laser optical method for the determination of tropospheric OH concentrations (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 103-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.68 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A long-path absorption procedure for the determination of tropospheric OH concentrations is described in detail. Initial measurements using this method were carried out in Frankfurt a. M. By including in the evaluation the visible radiation of a frequencydoubled dye laser used in the measurements, it was possible to mathematically reduce the signal fluctuations caused by the scattering and density fluctuations of tropospheric air. The resulting detection limit was 3×106 OH per cm3. SO2 concentrations which had to be simultaneously determined in order to eliminate an interference effect, could be detected in the range of 1–40 ppb on the absorption path.
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    Quantitative lidar at 532 nm for vertical extinction profiles and the effect of relative humidity (1984)
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 187-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.68 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of 532 nm lidar data is presented for the retrieval of vertical extinction profiles. The strong influence of the relative humidity on the extinction-to-backscatter ratio is parametrized for this purpose. A comparison is made between remotely sensed and locally measured extinction coefficients, using reference values in aircraft and at ground level.
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    Energy transfer in slab dye lasers (1984)
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 71-75 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.72
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model of the energy transfer between a booster dye and the active dye in a flashlamp pumped planar waveguide dye laser is described. Analytical results are compared with experiments for several dyes in the 600–650 nm region. A twofold increase of laser output was found at a wavelength (630 nm) which is of particular interest for several applications.
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    Simultaneous phase-lock of five CO2 lasers to a primary Cs frequency standard (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 119-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.72 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The output of a CO2 laser, operating on theP I(18) transition of13C16O2 at 26941 GHz (11.128 μm) was phase-locked to a 5 MHz signal from a primary Cs frequency standard by means of a frequency chain having only CO2 lasers as infrared sources. Simultaneously, four other CO2 lasers in the chain were phase-locked to the 26941 GHz output. This provided CO2 laser frequencies at 26 450 305, 26 940 815, 28 694 625, 29 442 480, and 33 185 715 MHz having zero long-term-average frequency error relative to the Cs standard, and the ±10−13 (≃3 Hz) long-term absolute uncertainty of the standard.
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    Self-phase locking in lasers with homogeneously broadened emission lines (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 187-193 
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    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.55 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown by numerical analysis based on Lamb's equations of motion, that standing-wave lasers with purely homogeneously broadened emission lines exhibit regular multimode oscillations. Specifically, modes lying far from the line centre are quenched due to mode competition, and the amplitudes of the oscillating modes approach steady-state values. The stabilization of the amplitudes is normally accompanied, or followed, by an evolution of the phases towards a phase-locked regime, where the relative phasesψ n = 2φ n −φ n + 1 −φ n − 1 [φ n phase in then th mode, defined by (6)] attain either the value 0 or ± π. The build-up times for the relative phases are found to vary over a wide range.
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    Picosecond gain dynamics of KrF (1984)
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 219-223 
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    Keywords: 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe the generation of excimer-laser pulses of 〈10 ps pulse width and up to 40 mJ pulse energy at 248.5 nm and their use in the measurement of ps gain dynamics in a KrF amplifier. Small-signal gain of 〉2×104, saturation energy density of 2.0 mJ/cm2, and gain recovery time of 4 ns were measured. In contrast to XeCl* no short-gain rcovery time was found in KrF* and the stored inversion could be fully depleted bya single ps pulse.
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    Conditions for the harmonic-like and efficient amplitude modulation of the cw gaussian laser beam by means of a mechanical chopper (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 1-4 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of the chopping disc slot and mark space widths relative to the radius of the Gaussian beam are found, which achieve optimum harmonic-like and efficient amplitude modulation of the cw laser beam. The simple approximation for the waveform of the modulated laser power valid for these optimum or near optimum values of the chopping disc parameters is presented.
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    Directional and wavelength sweep of distributed-feedback dye-laser pulses (1984)
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 29-31 
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    Keywords: 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Directional and wavelength sweep of a pulse train from a distributed-feedback dye laser is studied and found not to be a thermal effect, rather a gain-induced one. The directional sweep can be used for single-pulse selection.
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    Acetaldehyde utilization and toxicity in Drosophila adults lacking alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde oxidase (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 1015-1029 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: acetaldehyde ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolic utilization and toxicity of acetaldehyde were studied in flies lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde oxidase (AO), or both functions. Prior to the experiments, mutant alleles Adh n4 and mal were transferred to the same genetic background by 10 successive backcrosses. By comparison with wild-type flies, various deleterious, pleiotropic effects could be attributed to the mal allele but not to Adh n4 . Of the four genotypes studied (mal, Adh n4 , mal Adh n4 , and wild), all were able to use acetaldehyde as a resource in a similar way. In spite of its high toxicity, acetaldehyde appeared a better resource than ethanol. Flies treated with intermediate acetaldehyde concentrations (around 0.5%) exhibited a very high interindividual heterogeneity which could reflect a physiological adaptation occurring as a consequence of the aldehyde treatment. Toxicity tests showed that ADH-negative flies were more sensitive to acetaldehyde than wild type, but this is most likely explained by the transformation of the aldehyde into alcohol. Our results show that the aldehyde metabolizing enzyme (AME) system in Drosophila is neither ADH nor AO. The existence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase is plausible.
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    A reexamination of the negative assortative mating phenomenon and its underlying mechanism inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 45-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: assortative mating ; polymorphism ; partner selection ; pheromone ; behavior ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Averhoff and Richardson [(1974)Behav. Genet. 4:207–225] reported a trend toward negative assortative mating inDrosophila melanogaster during the course of inbreeding. These authors proposed that the underlying mechanism was based on pheromone polymorphism and male selection. Mass mating experiments were carried out to verify their hypothesis, detailed behavior observations were made to identify the underlying mechanism, and sex pheromone composition and variation were examined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results showed that negative assortative mating is not a general phenomenon. Although male pheromones are probably polymorphic, female pheromones are not. We found no evidence for male selection as predicted by Averhoff and Richardson. It is argued that the most parsimonious mechanism underlying negative assortative mating is similar to one proposed by Bryant [(1979)Behav. Genet. 9:249–256], which was based on interstrain differences in female reluctancy and male vigor.
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    The analysis of mating behavior data (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating behavior ; statistical analysis ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Quite different sets of data are shown to generate identical output ratios so that analyses of mating behavior data based on the use of input and output ratios may obscure significant aspects of the mating behavior.
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    Correlated response to phototactic selection (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 279-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: phototaxis ; Drosophila ; correlated response ; selection ; sepia
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Artificial selection for positive and negative phototaxis was conducted in populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that were polymorphic at thesepia locus. Photoselection response was accompanied by a correlated response in the frequency of thesepia allele. Changes insepia frequency were shown to be significantly different from those predicted by several neutral models. Implications of this correlated response are briefly discussed in terms of the neurogenetic basis of phototaxis.
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    A note on barometric pressure and behavior inDrosophila pseudoobscura (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 315-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mating and barometric pressure
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract During a study ofDrosophila mating behavior we observed unexpected changes in performance under ostensibly identical experimental conditions. We related the behavior during the 17 days of the experiment to changes in ambient humidity and barometric pressure. Humidity had no significant effect, but reduced barometric pressure was found to be associated with reduced mating activity (R 2=0.29,P〈0.025), accounting for close to 30% of the variation in total number of matings.
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    Genetic elements of courtship inDrosophila: Mosaics and learning mutants (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 383-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; learning ; circadian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065442
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    Genetic analysis of sex appeal inDrosophila (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 411-440 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    Nutrient enrichment of Cabo Frio (Brasil) sea water for phytoplankton mass production (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 111 (1984), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient enrichment ; yield coefficient ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mass culturing ; phytoplankton ; sea water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural phytoplankton of Cabo Frio area was grown in 42 m-deep artificially upwelled seawater enriched with increasing concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus. Respective values allowing maximum biomass, maximum uptake of initial reserve and maximum yield coefficient are rather conflicting. Notwithstanding, respective values of 75 µg at 1−1 nitrogen and 5 µg at 1−1 phosphorus, and therefore N:P = 15, appeared to be the best compromise for initial nutrient levels.
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    Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen enrichment on the phytoplankton in a tropical reservoir (Lobo Reservoir, Brazil) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 118 (1984), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: enrichment ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; tropical reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of enrichment with phosphate (0–500 µg. 1−1) and forms of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia an and urea) (0–3500 µgg. −1) on the phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir (Brazil) were studied in July, 1979. Suspended matter, chlorophyll a, cell concentrations and the carotenoid:cchlorophyll ratio were estimated following 14 days of ‘in situ’ incubation. Phosphate alone caused no significant effects, but enrichment with nitrogen caused a substantial increase on the growth of phytoplankton. Comparison between the different forms of nitrogen showed insignificant effects after their additions with 350 µg. −1 and in combination with phosphate. However, when nitrogen was added in large quantities (3 500 µg. −1), significant differences between the nitrogeneous forms were found, with urea causing the strongest effect. In July, nitrogen is mhe main limiting nutrient to phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir.
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    Variation in the biochemical properties of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 153-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; activity ratio ; specific activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen Drosophila Adh variants have been characterized with respect to gene expression, substrate preference, thermostability, and specific activity. The results suggest that the variants may be grouped into two biochemical classes, typified by the properties of the two most common enzyme forms, ADH-F and ADH-S. Membership of these classes cannot be predicted from electrophoretic mobility, nor is any simple classification possible with regard to the characteristics of level of gene expression (in terms of ADH activity or ADH protein) or thermostability of the gene product.
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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    Effects of winter harvest on water and sediment chemistry in a stand of reed (Phragmites australis) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 131-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reed ; harvest ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; redox potential ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of the effects of repeated winter harvest and removal of dry reed culms on water and sediment chemistry was made in a shallow lake dominated by closed, monospecific reed stands. The oxygen concentration and redox potential in the water, as well as temperature, showed regular diurnal fluctuations inside the reed stands. Ammonium and nitrate + nitrite did not exhibit diurnal fluctuations and differences between a harvested and an unharvested reed area were small. Molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) concentration was higher in the unharvested area. Because the winter harvest caused an almost doubling of shoot production compared to the unharvested area, net addition of reed litter (leaves, stubble and culms) to the sediment of the harvested area was similar to that of the unharvested area. It is concluded that removal of reed culms in winter has the largest effect on microclimate in spring, and that the rate of mineralization and reducing intensity in the substrate are not immediately affected. Significantly higher summer standing crop of reed after harvest may have caused lower phosphate concentration in the water column and sediment interstitial water.
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    Learning in three species of diptera: The blow flyPhormia regina, the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, and the house flyMusca domestica (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 479-526 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065445
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    Drosophila Learning: Behavior and biochemistry (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 527-557 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; classical conditioning mutants ; cAMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065446
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    A few chemical words exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 441-478 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Summary Experimental evidence and speculation relative to chemical messages exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating are reviewed. Only the speciesD. melanogaster andD. simulans are considered in detail. Emphasis is put on female aphrodisiacs, as they clearly participate in sex and species recognition. All the aphrodisiac molecules described are unsaturated long-chain hydrocarbons, and position 7 for a double bond seems important in both species. InD. melanogaster, only females are able to make 7,11-dienes, compounds which stimulate males of this species to court. InD. simulans, 7-tricosene plays a similar role but is produced by both sexes as well as maleD. melanogaster. In both species, polymorphism is shown for these molecules. Their biosynthesis is also considered and both preliminary biochemical and genetic data are introduced. Male-specific compounds which regulate male and female behaviors are also reviewed. For example,cis-vaccenyl acetate inhibits male courtship; one or two peptides control the female's receptivity and egg laying. Such compounds are transferred from males to females together with sperm.
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    The role of the peripodial membrane in the morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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    On the phenotype and development of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 62-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 275-279 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Female genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
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    The effect of 5-azacytidine and cytidine analogs onDrosophila melanogaster cells in culture (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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    Topological specificity of phenotype expression of neurogenic mutations inDrosophila (1983)
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutations ; Topological specificity ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Neurogenic mutations have been found to cause the neuralization of certain regions of the ectoderm and yet to permit normal development of the remaining embryonic cells. Thus, it seems that the activity of the wild-type alleles of these genes is dispensable in a considerable fraction of the embryo during wild-type development. This effect might be a consequence of the cells' position within the embryo; alternatively, it might be independent of the position but be due rather to the genetic activity experienced by the cells previous to their commitment. The results described in this paper indicate that genes controlling patterning along the embryonic dorso-ventral perimeter (dorsal and Toll) are epistatic to genes controlling neurogenesis, their activity deciding which ectodermal cells are susceptible to neurogenesis. Using alleles with low expressivity, evidence was obtained showing that the tracheal placodes define the boundary of the territory which has neurogenic abilities at thoracic and abdominal levels.
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    The lanthanideβ″ aluminas (1983)
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 159-161 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The entire sodium ion content of sodiumβ″ alumina (Na1.67Mg0.67Al10.33O17) can be replaced with a variety of lanthanide ions by simple diffusion reactions at moderate temperatures (500–700°C). Lanthanideβ″ alumina crystals are hard, clear, chemically stable, and have well-defined crystal structures. The fluorescence spectrum of Nd3+ inβ″ alumina is similar to that in YAG. The lifetime of the4 F 3/2 state of Nd3+ in completely-exchangedβ″ alumina (350μs at 1021 Nd3+ cm−3) is about 45% longer than in YAG (240μs at 1020Nd3+ cm−3). The lanthanideβ″ aluminas may be of considerable interest as new phosphor and laser host materials.
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    Incorporation of oxygen atoms into As+ implanted silicon during cw CO2 laser annealing in O2 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 61.80 ; 78.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By annealing Si layers amorphised by ion-implantation with a cw CO2 laser beam in oxygen rich environments, it has been possible to incorporate O atoms into the recrystallized lattice. Absorption measurements on such regrown layers by infrared spectrometry have shown that the impurities are preferentially bonded into substitutional lattice sites, rather than existing interstitially. Supplementary RHEED studies have indicated thatβ-cristobalite, a crystalline form of SiO2, has been formed. These investigations highlight the importance of the ambient during cw laser annealing.
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    Thermochemical instability of transparent media induced by an absorbing inclusion (1983)
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The initial stage of thermochemical instability induced by an absorbing inclusion within a transparent matrix, which irradiated by a laser beam, is studied. The instability results in a low threshold (formally non-threshold) optical breakdown of the matrix. It is brought about by the additional absorption of the laser light by the products of the chemical reactions in the matrix. The instability is characterized by a certain induction time when the rate of the chemical reactions is almost steady. When the induction is over, their rate rapidly increases. Theoretical estimate of the induction time are offered. The experimental study of the induction time dependence on the laser-beam intensity confirmed the theoretical estimation.
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    Development of imaginal discs from lethal hybrids betweenDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila mauritiana (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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    Three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate map ; Repressed primordium ; Sex determination ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was cut into distinct fragments, and the prospective fates of the fragments were determined by putting them through metamorphosis in host larvae. The dorsal epithelium contains the anlagen for the anal plates and parovaria, as well as the repressed male genital primordium. The ventral epithelium gives rise to all of the female genital structures except for the parovaria. The results were compared with published fate maps and observations made in experiments with sex-transforming mutations. This allowed us to establish a detailed three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc, which shows a well-developed female genital primordium in the ventral epithelium, a repressed male genital primordium in the anterior part of the dorsal epithelium and an anal primordium in the posterior region of the dorsal disc epithelium.
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    Cell degeneration and elimination in the imaginal wing disc, caused by the mutationsvestigial andUltravestigial ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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    Cell lineage restrictions in the genital disc ofDrosophila revealed byMinute gynandromorphs (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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    Effects of disruptive selection on genetic variance (1983)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Disruptive selection ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Genetic variance ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions of changes in variance with disruptive selection have used models of infinitely many genes so the increase in variance was necessarily due to linkage disequilibrium. With small numbers of loci, the disequilibrium is shown still to comprise the major part of the changes in variance. In a replicated experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, disruptive selection was practised for three generations, and this was followed by 5 or 7 generations of random mating. The heritability, as estimated from regression of progeny on parent, rose from 37% to 68% on selection, and subsequently declined to 45% on random mating. Changes of variance can be interpreted invoking the build up of linkage disequilibrium during selection followed by its breakdown upon relaxation. The results agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
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    Latitudinal variation in octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase allele frequencies in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 191-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Enzyme polymorphisms ; Latitudinal clines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and acid phosphatase (Acph) loci of Drosophila melanogaster are each polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable alleles. The frequencies of the Odh and Acph alleles have been analysed in populations sampled from up to a 40 ° latitudinal range in each of Australasia, North America and Europe/Asia. Odh S frequency is found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from the equator in all three zones. The relationship of Acph S frequency to distance from the equator is significant and negative in Australasia but neither significant nor consistent in sign in North America and Europe/Asia.
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    Application of LiF crystals with F 2 − colour centers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that LiF crystals with F 2 − colour centers may be used in lasers for cavity Q-switching and in high-power Nd: glass laser systems for, increasing the contrast and the self-excitation threshold. Also Lif crystals with F 2 − centers are successfully used for the generation of ultrashort pulses, for the generation of difference frequencies in the ir spectral range and in intracavity spectroscopy experiments.
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    Theory of synchronously pumped dye lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 135-142 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of cw synchronously pumped dye lasers is presented. Under the assumption that the cavity (tuning element) bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the transform limited pulses generated, the pulse forming dynamics is rigorously treated. It is shown that for a finite mismatch between the lengths of the dye and the pump lasers, a steady-state pulse develops in the dye laser cavity with a conserved pulseshape. The characteristics (energy, shape, peak power, duration) of these pulses of ultimate width are quantitatively determined as a function of cavity mismatch. An analytical solution for the pulse envelope is determined, which yieldsI(t)∝Sech2(t/t p ) to a good approximation.
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    Amplification and measurement of single 1.6–3.5 ps Pulses generated by a distributed feedback dye laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have shown that distributed feedback dye lasers are capable of generating single transform-limited pulses of 1.6–3.5 ps duration when pumped by a mode-locked Nd: YAG laser. A short-pulse amplifier has been constructed in which the level of amplified spontaneous emission could be kept below 10−3 by properly taking into account the polarization anisotropy of the gain and by precise timing of the pump pulses. A sensitive autocorrelator is described which allows to measure pulse duration in a single shot.
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    A discussion of the problem of determining multiple lifetimes from picosecond absorption recovery data as encountered in two carbocyanine dyes (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 61.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Absorption recovery kinetics data on the picosecond time-scale of a high signalto-noise ratio can be obtained by using continuously operating synchronously modelocked dye lasers. We show that such data make it possible to determine multiple exponential decays with small differences in rate constants. We also show that an absolute prerequisite to accomplish this is that the measurements are performed at a number of different wavelengths, and that the decays are monitored in a time interval corresponding to several lifetimes. These considerations are demonstrated by measurements on two carbocyanine dyes, DQOCI and pinacyanol, respectively.
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    Short uv laser pulse generation by quenching of resonator transients (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Short (〈0.5 ns) ultraviolet laser pulse generation by quenching of resonator transients is described. An output energy of 100–150 nJ at λ=340 nm is obtained using a pump energy of only 5–7 mJ at 308 nm. This pulse was amplified up to 100 μJ by a two stage amplifier.
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    Laser atomic photoionization spectral analysis of element traces (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 161-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.50 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for determining trace amounts of elements in a substance has been developed. It is based on thermal evaporation and atomization of a substance in vacuum and detection of the released trace atoms by the laser stepwise photoionization technique. A rather effective way of detecting atoms is their multistep excitation to Rydberg states by the radiation of tunable dye lasers with their subsequent ionization by electric field pulses. The analytical laser spectrometer consisting of several tunable, pulsed dye lasers, a vacuum chamber with an atomizer and a recording system is described. The microimpurities of elements have been detected in pure materials: the contents of Na impurities in CdS crystals (2×10−6%) and Al impurities in germanium (2×10−7%). The detection limit of about 10−9% was determined. A technique for direct determination of the content of elements in natural water and human blood is described. A high sensitivity, universality and other merits of the method enable it to be used in determining traces of many important elements at a level of 10−8 to 10−11% almost in any matrix.
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    A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser in the 260 nm region (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser is described, which could be operated for a longer time duration with an output power of 7 mW in the 260 nm region. A double-cathode configuration with a protection for the mirrors from metal-vapour deposition is presented. Characteristics of the laser output power, the spontaneous emission, and the ion densities in the negative glow were measured as depending on the discharge current, the neon gas pressure, and the size of the cathode slit. The observed saturation of the laser output power at high discharge current (1 A/cm2) and the optimum slot size are discussed.
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    Proposal for the measuring molecular velocity vector with single-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopy (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 49-52 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Methods for simultaneous measurements of more than one flow velocity component using coherent Raman spectroscopy are proposed. It is demonstrated that using a kilowatt broad-band probe pulse (3–30 GHz) along with a megawatt narrow-band pump pulse (∼100 MHz), coherent Raman signal resulting from a single laser pulse is sufficient to produce a high-resolution Raman spectrum for a velocity measurement.
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    Further study of continuous-wave CO flame chemical laser of the CS2/O2/N2O type (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report describes an experimental examination of the output characteristics of the continuous-wave (cw) carbon monoxide flame chemical laser (FCL) of the CS2/O2/N2O type in case of small CS2/O2 reactants ratios (tipically CS2/O2≦1/10). A linear burner which gives a homogeneous and stable flame was used during the experimental study. The measurements of temperature distribution in CS2/O2 as well as CS2/O2/N2O flames show maximum temperatures of 1040 and 890 K, respectively. The addition of nitrous oxide (N2O) leads to dramatically enhanced output laser power caused primarily by V−V transfer processes. A chemical efficiency, based on the reaction O+CS→CO*+S, of 3% was achieved. The spectral composition of the CO FCL of the CS2/O2/N2O type shows lasing in the region from 5.130 to 5.586 μm. Experimental results were obtained with a nondispersive optical cavity.
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    Laser isotope separation of tritium from deuterium: CO2-laser-induced multiphoton dissociation of C2TF5 in C2DF5 (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 33-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 82.40 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Isotope separation of tritium from deuterium in heavy water was attempted by CO2-laser-induced, highly-selective multiphoton dissociation of C2TF5 present in C2DF5. Single-step T/D separation factors exceeding 3000, 1000, and 500 were attained, respectively, for the first time with CO2 laser 10P(34) 931.0 cm−1 at 10, 20, and 30 Torr pentafluoroethane pressures at −78 °C (i.e., equivalent to 15, 30, and 45 Torr at room temperature).
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    Bistable operation of a dual-wavelength synchronously mode-locked cw dye laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 7-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bistable operation of a dual-wavelength synchronously mode-locked cw dye laser is reported. Wavelength switching is found to depend on the pump power and the dye laser cavity lengths.
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    Monitoring of the stratospheric ozone layer by laser radar (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 113-118 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 92.60T ; 92.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Monitoring of the height distribution of atmospheric ozone up to 50 km is being performed with a ground-based lidar system, which has been in operation since October 1982 on the summit of Zugspitze in the German Alps. Daily and monthly averages of the ozone profile are being obtained with high precision. Furthermore, stratospheric aerosol layers, originating from the eruption of El Chichon volcano in Mexico in sping 1982 are being recorded.
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    Picosecond light-pulses tunable from the violet to the near infrared (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65.C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract System parameters of an optical parametric generator pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd:glass laser are presented. The tuning range extends from 5700 to 22,700 cm−1; i.e., it covers a frequency range of 17,000 cm−1. Experimental data on spectral bandwidths, conversion efficiencies, and pulse shape are discussed. A pump beam with a divergence of four degrees simultaneously generates the entire visible spectrum (blue to red) separated by the angle of emission.
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    Picosecond spectroscopy of intermolecular interactions in dye solutions (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some new experimental data on the time development of ultrashort superfluorescence (SF) in the dye solution are presented. The correlation between temporal behaviour change and the change of the spectral and spatial intensity distribution gives direct evidence of the important role of the selffocusing phenomenon in the formation of the ultrashort SF pulse synchronized with the pumping one. The oriental relaxation of solvent molecules in the dye solution not only influences the duration of the dye SF via the selffocusing mechanism but also causes a temporal change of spontaneous emission spectrum. At least two different relaxation times were found in the fluorescence spectrum of the dye in several polar solutions.
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    Waveform of the amplitude modulated laser light by means of a mechanical chopper (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 119-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The model which reproduces accurately and conveniently the waveform of the amplitude modulated cw laser light in the TEM00 mode by a mechanical chopper is developed. It is found that its predictions are in good agreement with the strict, completely accurate but rather lengthy and inconvenient treatment and with the experiment. The criterion for the efficient amplitude modulation of the laser light by a mechanical chopper is formulated.
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    Magnetic field effect measurements by time-selective absorption sampling (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 15-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 35 ; 07.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An absorption method which permits time-selective measurements at different wavelengths has been developed in order to explore magnetic field effects on photoinduced electron transfer reactions in linked and unlinked donor-acceptor systems.
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    The bi-directional amplifier in the constant intensity approximation and its application to KrF lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bi-directional and folded laser amplifiers are analysed in the constant intensity approximation. Simple analytical expressions are developed for gain, output intensity and extraction efficiency. The analysis is applied to electron-beam pumped KrF lasers and expressions for saturation intensity, small-signal gain coefficient and intrinsic efficiency in terms of gas composition and pump power per unit volume are given. The problem of fluorine burn-up in KrF lasers is discussed. Under certain conditions the analysis is shown to be equally applicable to oscillators and comparison is made with previous experimental results and computer code predictions.
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    The effect of alcohol stress on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 365-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; NAD+ levels ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies carried out in mammalian systems indicated that an organism's NAD+/NADH balance is carefully regulated but can be destabilized by dietary stresses. Since Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) uses NAD+ to remove a hydrogen from ethanol in the first step of alcohol catabolism, it is possible that under alcohol stress conditions the in vivo NAD+ levels in Drosophila may decrease. In this study genetically homozygous flies were stressed with maximally sublethal concentrations of ethanol (10%) for periods of up to 24 hr. The results indicate that NAD+ levels do in fact drop by at least 20% in response to ethanol stress. Evidence is presented that suggests that this decrease is the direct result of ADH-mediated catabolism.
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    Pupation site selection inDrosophila simulans (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: pupation site ; pupation height ; artificial selection ; Drosophila ; density-dependent behavior ; genotype-environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for increased pupation height was carried out for 17 generations in two lines ofDrosophila simulans derived from a genetically heterogeneous base population. The realized heritability for mean pupation height in each line, calculated over the 17 generations, did not differ significantly from zero. Both selected lines tended to pupate away from the center of the culture medium to a greater extent than the control in the latter generations of the experiment but not in earlier generations. Pupation height may have been refractory to artificial selection because of an adaptation of this species to pupate on the larval food source. In a subsequent experiment, each line was tested at three larval densities in an apparatus different from the one used for selection. Each successively higher density showed a corresponding increase in pupation height. Both selected lines had higher mean pupation heights than the control line. The differences between lines became more pronounced as the larval density increased.
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    Fertilization with phosphorus and nitrogen in young spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartz-porphyry site ; reforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of young Norway spruce plantations on quartz-porphyry sites can be improved by applying phosphorus fertilizer as this acid parent rock is extremely poor in phosphorus. If fertilization is performed in connection with reforestation, the increment in height and volume of the developing crop increases for a period of about ten years. Additional liming prolongs the duration of the P-fertilization effect up to 20 years. Liming stabilizes phosphorus in an available form in the humus layer and upper soil horizon. Nitrogen deficiency occurs only 10 to 15 years after planting and N applied up to then has no positive effect on spruce growth.
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    Response of mango (Mangifera indica L) to foliar application of phosphorus (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: mango ; foliar spray ; orthophosphoric acid ; phosphorus ; urea ; utilisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Orthophosphoric acid (0.5%) was sprayed along with and without 2 per cent urea on the mango (Mangifera indica L) cv. Langra trees in the months of September, November or March as well as in all the three months. There was an improvement of fruit set in the sprayed treatments which was high after March sprays. Significantly higher yields were obtained in triple spray treatments along with urea. The percentage of phosphorus in the fruits was raised by the sprays. The yield of phosphorus in the fruits was highest in March spray treatment and progressively less in November and September spray treatments. It was concluded that the urea given along with phosphorus improved the utilisation of phosphorus in the fruits by providing a better balance of nutrients.
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    Phosphorus limitation in some tropical African lakes (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 101-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton biomass ; tropical lakes ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two of three Kenyan lakes studied between November 1979 and October 1980 have very short 33PO4 turnover times, indicating a high phosphorus (P) demand throughout the year. The P turnover time in Lakes Oloidien and Sonachi is as rapid as in the most P deficient temperate zone lakes. The third lake, Lake Naivasha, has a lower overall P demand and a wide seasonal range, with lowest demand between November 1979 and February 1980 when a P deficiency was unlikely. On an annual basis the Lake Naivasha status is, however, not statistically different from that recorded during the summer in Lake Memphremagog, a generally P-limited temperate zone lake. Lake Naivasha and Lake Oloidien fit well to the line of best fit for the Dillon-Rigler relationship relating total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a derived in temperate zone lakes. Thus, temperate zone models predicting aspects of lake behaviour on the basis of TP may also be applicable to these two tropical lakes. Saline lake Sonachi had not only a short P turnover time but also responded dramatically to the fertilization of enclosures with P. However, it does not fit the TP-chla or the total nitrogen-chla plots from the temperate zone. This suggests that, in this saline lake at least, much of the TP is unavailable to the algae, with some of it in a particulate form that is readily extracted with boiling water. The epilimnetic N:P ratios also characterize lakes Oloidien and Sonachi lakes as highly P deficient and lake Naivasha as more moderately P limited. A single set of measurements in Winam Gulf (Lake Victoria) also showed a rapid P turnover time and thus P limitation, but as in lake Sonachi much of the TP was in a non-algal particulate form. Occasional measurements in three other hypertrophic and saline lakes suggest them to be primarily light limited on the basis of their very high photosynthetic cover. These findings support the hypothesis of a primary P limitation for those lakes not light limited, and contradicts literature suggestions that nitrogen is the primary limiting element in tropical lakes.
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    Ammonia nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus excretion by the planktonic rotifers (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
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    Origin and production of phosphatases in the acid Lake Gårdsjön (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: forest water ecosystems ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; phosphatase budget ; acid lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of acid phosphatases was followed for one year in Lake Gårdsjön as well as in the inlet and the outlet of the lake. A budget of the phosphatases was calculated, including an estimation of the production of phosphatases. The phosphatase activity was also measured in two basins upstream of L. Gårdsjön: the north basin and the south basin of L. Stora Hästevatten. The acid phosphatase activity was very high compared with reported alkaline phosphatase activities in other lakes. About 95% of the phosphatases in L. Gårdsjön was produced in the lake, and the production was highest in early summer. Small Chrysophyceae (〈 10 µm) probably produced the majority of the acid phosphatases in the investigated lakes, and accordingly could be favoured in environments with low phosphorus supply due to their ability to produce large amounts of phosphatases.
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    Algal dynamics and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a cypress stand in the seasonally flooded Great Dismal Swamp (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cypress swamp ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; periphytic algae ; phosphorus ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both periphytic and planktonic algae are found in areas of the seasonally flooded Great Dismal Swamp (Virginia, U.S.A.). The dynamics of these algae were studied in a cypress stand and the periphytic algae appeared to be important as nutrient conservers. Clear temporal patterns in phytoplankton dominance were also observed.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Developmental aspects (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395404
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