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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 36 (2002), S. 721-750 
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A moment estimator of theta, the coancestry coefficient for alleles within a population, was described by Weir & Cockerham in 1984 (100) and is still widely cited. The estimate is used by population geneticists to characterize population structure, by ecologists to estimate migration rates, by animal breeders to describe genetic variation, and by forensic scientists to quantify the strength of matching DNA profiles. This review extends the work of Weir & Cockerham by allowing different levels of coancestry for different populations, and by allowing non-zero coancestries between pairs of populations. All estimates are relative to the average value of theta between pairs of populations. Moment estimates for within- and between-population theta values are likely to have large sampling variances, although these may be reduced by combining information over loci. Variances also decrease with the numbers of alleles at a locus, and with the numbers of populations sampled. This review also extends the work of Weir & Cockerham by employing maximum likelihood methods under the assumption that allele frequencies follow the normal distribution over populations. For the case of equal theta values within populations and zero theta values between populations, the maximum likelihood estimate is the same as that given by Robertson & Hill in 1984 (70). The review concludes by relating functions of theta values to times of population divergence under a pure drift model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 23 (1992), S. 287-310 
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 44-51 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Mice ; Selection ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of selection on levels of heterosis, crosses were made between three groups of six lines of mice, one group unselected (controls) and the other two selected for high (large lines) and low (small lines) 6-week body weight, respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding of each line was about 0.60. Each line was crossed reciprocally to one line from each of the parental groups, as well as producing purebred progeny. Heterosis for 3-week weight, 6-week weight and 3–6 week gain averaged 0.0%, 2.4% and 4.2%, respectively, and was higher for males than for females. Heterosis was more extensive in crosses involving large or control lines than in crosses with small lines. There was no detectable heterosis in several measures of developmental rate, such as age at vaginal opening. Food conversion efficiency and carcass composition were measured on a sample of the animals. Food consumption, gonadal fat pad weight, and hindquarters weight, each expressed as a proportion of body weight, exhibited −4.0%, 5.6%, and 2.3% heterosis, respectively.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 52-56 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Reproduction ; Mice ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of selection for body weight on levels of heterosis for reproductive traits, crosses were made between three groups of six lines of mice, one group unselected (controls) and the other two selected for high (large lines) and low (small lines) 6-week body weight, respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding of each line was about 0.60. In a comparison of purebred and crossbred progeny, both out of purebred mothers, there was on average 4% heterosis for number born, 3% for percentage weaned and 8% for numbers weaned. In a comparison of purebred and crossbred mothers, each mated to males of an unrelated strain and dissected on the 17th day of gestation, crossbreds had on average 1.6 more live embryos, which was 22% of the purebred mean. This comprised an increase of 0.6 corpora lutea, of 0.4 in survival to implantation and of 0.6 in subsequent survival to 17 days. The heterosis was similar whether the mothers had parents of the same or different size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Mice ; Feeding Efficiency ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection was practised for improved feed efficiency (gain/feed intake) of mice on two alternative feeding regimes. In one set of lines animals were fed ad libitum, in the other set they were individually fed a fixed amount of feed (about 10% below the control ad libitum intake) which was not changed over generations. For each treatment, a pair of replicate lines (E) were selected on efficiency from 3–5 weeks of age for 8 generations and another pair (L) from 5–7 weeks for 7 generations. A control line was maintained for both E and L lines. In terminal generations mice from each line were tested on each feeding regime, and carcasses of ad libitum fed mice were analysed. The realized heritability (within families) for efficiency averaged 13%, without much variation over treatments. In the E lines efficiency increased by about 18% of the control mean and in the L lines by about 60%, although absolute changes were small, and responses were similar on the two feeding regimes. Weights at the start of test decreased in the E lines and increased in the L lines; weights at the end of test increased in both. When tested on the alternative regimes, no interactions were detected for live weights, weight gains or efficiency; selection under fixed intake led to the same increase in appetite as did that under ad libitum. There were no interactions for carcass composition. Selection for efficiency led to an increase in fatness on both selection regimes and both weight ranges.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 38 (1968), S. 226-231 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine theoretische Untersuchung über den Einfluß der Populationsgröße (N) und der Rekombinationsfraktion (c) auf das Koppelungs-Ungleichgewicht (D) zwischen einem Paar von Loci angestellt. Die nachfolgenden zwei Situationen wurden studiert: 1. Beide Loci haben keinen Effekt auf die Fitness. 2. Die Heterozygoten zeigen Überlegenheit, jedoch keine Epistasie. Befinden sich die Populationen in einem ursprünglichen Koppelungsgleichgewicht, so bleibt der mittlere Wert vonD bei Inzucht gleich null, jedoch steigt das Mittel vonD 2 bis zu einem Maximalwert und fällt, bis die Fixierung an beiden Loci erreicht worden ist. Je enger die Koppelung und je stärker die Selektion ist, desto später wird das Maximum im Mittel vonD 2 erreicht und desto größer ist sein Wert. Ferner wurde die Korrelation von Genfrequenzen,r, in der Population von Gameten innerhalb spaltender Linien untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß der mittlere Wert vonr 2 für einen Bereich von Selektionsintensitäten und ursprünglichen Genfrequenzen praktisch vollkommen bestimmt wurde durchNc und die Zeit, gemessen proportional zuN. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse für Beobachtungen von Koppelungs-Ungleichgewichten in natürlichen Populationen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A theoretical investigation has been made of the influence of population size (N) and recombination fraction (c) on linkage disequilibrium (D) between a pair of loci. Two situations were studied: (i) where both loci had no effect on fitness and (ii) where they showed heterozygote superiority, but no epistacy. If the populations are initially in linkage equilibrium, then the mean value ofD remains zero with inbreeding, but the mean ofD 2 increases to a maximum value and decreases until fixation is reached at both loci. The tighter the linkage and the greater the selection, then the later is the maximum in the mean ofD 2 reached, and the larger its value. The correlation of gene frequencies,r, in the population of gametes within segregating lines was also studied. It was found that, for a range of selection intensities and initial gene frequencies, the mean value ofr 2 was determined almost entirely byN c and time, measured proportional toN. The implication of these results on observations of linkage disequilibrium in natural populations is discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 39 (1969), S. 382-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Disruptive selection ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Genetic variance ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions of changes in variance with disruptive selection have used models of infinitely many genes so the increase in variance was necessarily due to linkage disequilibrium. With small numbers of loci, the disequilibrium is shown still to comprise the major part of the changes in variance. In a replicated experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, disruptive selection was practised for three generations, and this was followed by 5 or 7 generations of random mating. The heritability, as estimated from regression of progeny on parent, rose from 37% to 68% on selection, and subsequently declined to 45% on random mating. Changes of variance can be interpreted invoking the build up of linkage disequilibrium during selection followed by its breakdown upon relaxation. The results agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1982-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-09-10
    Description: Determination of degree of relationship traditionally has been undertaken using genotypic data on individual loci, typically assumed to be independent. With dense marker data as now available, it is possible to identify the regions of the genome shared identical by descent (ibd). This information can be used to determine pedigree relationship ( R ), e.g. , cousins vs. second cousins, and also to distinguish pedigrees that have the same Wright’s relationship ( R ) such as half-sibs and uncle–nephew. We use simulation to investigate the accuracy with which pedigree relationship can be inferred from genome sharing for uniparental relatives (a common ancestor on only one side of their pedigree), specifically the number, position (whether at chromosome ends), and length of shared regions ibd on each chromosome. Moments of the distribution of the likelihood ratio (including its expectation, the Kullback-Leibler distance) for alternative relationships are estimated for model human genomes, with the ratio of the mean to the SD of the likelihood ratio providing a useful reference point. Two relationships differing in R can be readily distinguished provided at least one has high R , e.g. , approximately 98.5% correct assignment of cousins and half-cousins, but only approximately 75% for second cousins once removed and third cousins. Two relationships with the same R can be distinguished only if R is high, e.g. , half-sibs and uncle–nephew, with probability of correct assignment being approximately 5/6.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
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