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  • 1
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    Extreme (13)C depletion of carbonates formed during oxidation of biogenic methane in fractured granite. (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Precipitation of exceptionally 13C-depleted authigenic carbonate is a result of, and thus a tracer for, sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, particularly in marine sediments. Although these carbonates typically are less depleted in 13C than in the source methane, because of incorporation of C also from other sources, they are far more depleted in 13C (δ13C as light as -69‰ V-PDB) than in carbonates formed where no methane is involved. Here we show that oxidation of biogenic methane in carbon-poor deep groundwater in fractured granitoid rocks has resulted in fracture-wall precipitation of the most extremely 13C-depleted carbonates ever reported, δ13C down to -125‰ V-PDB. A microbial consortium of sulphate reducers and methane oxidizers has been involved, as revealed by biomarker signatures in the carbonates and S-isotope compositions of co-genetic sulphide. Methane formed at shallow depths has been oxidized at several hundred metres depth at the transition to a deep-seated sulphate-rich saline water. This process is so far an unrecognized terrestrial sink of methane.
    Keywords: carbonates; biogenic methane; fractured granite ; 551 ; Calcium Carbonate ; Carbon Isotopes ; Crystallization ; Geologic Sediments ; Groundwater ; Iron ; Isotope Labeling ; Methane ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Silicon Dioxide ; Sulfides ; Time Factors
    Language: English , English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-06
    Description: Fishery management plans ignore the potential for evolutionary change in harvestable biomass. We subjected populations of an exploited fish (Menidia menidia) to large, small, or random size-selective harvest of adults over four generations. Harvested biomass evolved rapidly in directions counter to the size-dependent force of fishing mortality. Large-harvested populations initially produced the highest catch but quickly evolved a lower yield than controls. Small-harvested populations did the reverse. These shifts were caused by selection of genotypes with slower or faster rates of growth. Management tools that preserve natural genetic variation are necessary for long-term sustainable yield.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conover, David O -- Munch, Stephan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):94-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA. dconover@notes.cc.sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Genetic Variation ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Parkinson's disease. Coincidence or connection? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):451-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Famous Persons ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Television ; Time Factors ; Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate neocortex (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Conversion of new memories into a lasting form may involve the gradual refinement and linking together of neural representations stored widely throughout neocortex. This consolidation process may require coordinated reactivation of distributed components of memory traces while the cortex is "offline," i.e., not engaged in processing external stimuli. Simultaneous neural ensemble recordings from four sites in the macaque neocortex revealed such coordinated reactivation. In motor, somatosensory, and parietal cortex (but not prefrontal cortex), the behaviorally induced correlation structure and temporal patterning of neural ensembles within and between regions were preserved, confirming a major tenet of the trace-reactivation theory of memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, K L -- McNaughton, B L -- MH01565/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2070-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Planetary Science. A-roving we will go, slowly (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1834.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-09
    Description: Differential access to cocaine self-administration produced two patterns of drug intake in rats. With 1 hour of access per session, drug intake remained low and stable. In contrast, with 6 hours of access, drug intake gradually escalated over days. After escalation, drug consumption was characterized by an increased early drug loading and an upward shift in the cocaine dose-response function, suggesting an increase in hedonic set point. After 1 month of abstinence, escalation of cocaine intake was reinstated to a higher level than before. These findings may provide an animal model for studying the development of excessive drug intake and the basis of addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmed, S H -- Koob, G F -- DA04398/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA08467/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):298-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. aserge@sage.scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9765157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*etiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Tolerance ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement inhibitory protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-27
    Description: Glycoprotein adhesion receptors such as selectins contribute to tissue injury in stroke. Ischemic neurons strongly expressed C1q, which may target them for complement-mediated attack or C1qRp-mediated clearance. A hybrid molecule was used to simultaneously inhibit both complement activation and selectin-mediated adhesion. The extracellular domain of soluble complement receptor-1 (sCR1) was sialyl Lewis x glycosylated (sCR1sLex) to inhibit complement activation and endothelial-platelet-leukocyte interactions. sCR1 and sCR1sLex colocalized to ischemic cerebral microvessels and C1q-expressing neurons, inhibited neutrophil and platelet accumulation, and reduced cerebral infarct volumes. Additional benefit was conferred by sialyl Lewis x glycosylation of the unmodified parent sCR1 molecule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, J -- Kim, L J -- Mealey, R -- Marsh, H C Jr -- Zhang, Y -- Tenner, A J -- Connolly, E S Jr -- Pinsky, D J -- R01 HL55397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL59488/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS35144/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):595-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Platelets/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/immunology/metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Complement Activation ; Complement C1q/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Ischemic Attack, Transient/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Leukocytes/physiology ; Mice ; Neurons/immunology/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Neutrophils/physiology ; Oligosaccharides/administration & dosage/adverse effects/metabolism/*therapeutic ; use ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Receptors, Complement/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Selectins/metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Spatiotemporal dynamics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate that underlies complex Ca2+ mobilization patterns (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that elicits complex spatiotemporal patterns of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization and has essential roles in the regulation of many cellular functions. In Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, green fluorescent protein-tagged pleckstrin homology domain translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm in response to increased concentration of IP3. The detection of translocation enabled monitoring of IP3 concentration changes within single cells and revealed spatiotemporal dynamics in the concentration of IP3 synchronous with Ca2+ oscillations and intracellular and intercellular IP3 waves that accompanied Ca2+ waves. Such changes in IP3 concentration may be fundamental to Ca2+ signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirose, K -- Kadowaki, S -- Tanabe, M -- Takeshima, H -- Iino, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan. hirose@calcium.cmp.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dogs ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism ; Phospholipase C delta ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Type C Phospholipases/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Real-time tracking of memory formation in the human rhinal cortex and hippocampus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: A fundamental question about human memory is which brain structures are involved, and when, in transforming experiences into memories. This experiment sought to identify neural correlates of memory formation with the use of intracerebral electrodes implanted in the brains of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded directly from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) as the patients studied single words. ERPs elicited by words subsequently recalled in a memory test were contrasted with ERPs elicited by unrecalled words. Memory formation was associated with distinct but interrelated ERP differences within the rhinal cortex and the hippocampus, which arose after about 300 and 500 milliseconds, respectively. These findings suggest that declarative memory formation is dissociable into subprocesses and sequentially organized within the MTL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, G -- Effern, A -- Grunwald, T -- Pezer, N -- Lehnertz, K -- Dumpelmann, M -- Van Roost, D -- Elger, C E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1582-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany. gf@mailer.meb.uni-bonn.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Prolonged activation of mitochondrial conductances during synaptic transmission (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: Although ion channels have been detected in mitochondria, scientists have not been able to record ion transport in mitochondria of intact cells. A variation of the patch clamp technique was used to record ion channel activity from intracellular organelles in the presynaptic terminal of the squid. Electron microscopy indicated that mitochondria are numerous in this terminal and are the only organelles compatible with the tips of the pipettes. Before synaptic stimulation, channel activity was infrequent and its conductance was small, although large conductances ( approximately 0.5 to 2.5 nanosiemens) could be detected occasionally. During a train of action potentials, the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane increased up to 60-fold. The conductance increased after a delay of several hundred milliseconds and continued to increase after stimulation had stopped. Recovery occurred over tens of seconds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jonas, E A -- Buchanan, J -- Kaczmarek, L K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1347-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Decapodiformes ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Stimulation ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Porins/metabolism ; Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
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    Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Chronic blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, a common mechanism of action for antipsychotic drugs, down-regulates D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and, as shown here, produces severe impairments in working memory. These deficits were reversed in monkeys by short-term coadministration of a D1 agonist, ABT 431, and this improvement was sustained for more than a year after cessation of D1 treatment. These findings indicate that pharmacological modulation of the D1 signaling pathway can produce long-lasting changes in functional circuits underlying working memory. Resetting this pathway by brief exposure to the agonist may provide a valuable strategy for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia and other dopamine dysfunctional states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castner, S A -- Williams, G V -- Goldman-Rakic, P S -- P01DA10160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2020-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Agonists/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Haloperidol/*pharmacology ; Haplorhini ; Memory/*drug effects ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects/metabolism ; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Repetition priming has been characterized neurophysiologically as a decreased response following stimulus repetition. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether this repetition-related response is sensitive to stimulus familiarity. A right fusiform region exhibited an attenuated response to the repetition of familiar stimuli, both faces and symbols, but exhibited an enhanced response to the repetition of unfamiliar stimuli. Moreover, both repetition effects were modulated by lag between successive presentations. Further experiments replicated the interactions between repetition, familiarity, and lag and demonstrated the persistence of these effects over multiple repetitions. Priming-related responses are therefore not unitary but depend on the presence or absence of preexisting stimulus representations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henson, R -- Shallice, T -- Dolan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1269-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. r.henson@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Regression Analysis ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    "Fluorescent timer": protein that changes color with time (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-25
    Description: We generated a mutant of the red fluorescent protein drFP583. The mutant (E5) changes its fluorescence from green to red over time. The rate of color conversion is independent of protein concentration and therefore can be used to trace time-dependent expression. We used in vivo labeling with E5 to measure expression from the heat shock-dependent promoter in Caenorhabditis elegans and from the Otx-2 promoter in developing Xenopus embryos. Thus, E5 is a "fluorescent timer" that can be used to monitor both activation and down-regulation of target promoters on the whole-organism scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terskikh, A -- Fradkov, A -- Ermakova, G -- Zaraisky, A -- Tan, P -- Kajava, A V -- Zhao, X -- Lukyanov, S -- Matz, M -- Kim, S -- Weissman, I -- Siebert, P -- 1 RO3 TW01362-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Alexey.Terskikh@Stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/genetics ; Cell Line ; Color ; Fluorescence ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Otx Transcription Factors ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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    Waiting for organ transplantation. Institute of Medicine Committee on Organ Transplantation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, R D -- Meltzer, D -- Duan, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):237-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rdgib@uic.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Government Regulation ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; *Liver Transplantation/mortality ; *Organ Transplantation/mortality ; *Patient Selection ; *Resource Allocation ; Time Factors ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; United States
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    Climate change. Recent reductions in China's greenhouse gas emissions (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Streets, D G -- Jiang, K -- Hu, X -- Sinton, J E -- Zhang, X Q -- Xu, D -- Jacobson, M Z -- Hansen, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1835-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. dstreets@anl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioelectric Energy Sources/economics ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; China ; Coal/economics ; *Conservation of Energy Resources/economics ; Electricity ; *Energy-Generating Resources/economics ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Methane/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Wood
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    Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: Adhesions between fibroblastic cells and extracellular matrix have been studied extensively in vitro, but little is known about their in vivo counterparts. Here, we characterized the composition and function of adhesions in three-dimensional (3D) matrices derived from tissues or cell culture. "3D-matrix adhesions" differ from focal and fibrillar adhesions characterized on 2D substrates in their content of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins, paxillin, other cytoskeletal components, and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Relative to 2D substrates, 3D-matrix interactions also display enhanced cell biological activities and narrowed integrin usage. These distinctive in vivo 3D-matrix adhesions differ in structure, localization, and function from classically described in vitro adhesions, and as such they may be more biologically relevant to living organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cukierman, E -- Pankov, R -- Stevens, D R -- Yamada, K M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1708-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques/methods ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/chemistry/*cytology/*metabolism ; Fibronectins/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 ; Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Focal Adhesions/chemistry/metabolism ; Glutaral/metabolism ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*methods ; Integrins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Molecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: In mammals, the central circadian pacemaker resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but circadian oscillators also exist in peripheral tissues. Here, using wild-type and cryptochrome (mCry)-deficient cell lines derived from mCry mutant mice, we show that the peripheral oscillator in cultured fibroblasts is identical to the oscillator in the SCN in (i) temporal expression profiles of all known clock genes, (ii) the phase of the various mRNA rhythms (i.e., antiphase oscillation of Bmal1 and mPer genes), (iii) the delay between maximum mRNA levels and appearance of nuclear mPER1 and mPER2 protein, (iv) the inability to produce oscillations in the absence of functional mCry genes, and (v) the control of period length by mCRY proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yagita, K -- Tamanini, F -- van Der Horst, G T -- Okamura, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Brain Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Biological Clocks/*genetics ; CLOCK Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Cryptochromes ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Endothelin-1/pharmacology ; *Eye Proteins ; Fibroblasts/*physiology ; Flavoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    Short-term trials and long-term effects (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daniels, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2392-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11579936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension/*drug therapy ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; *Placebos/adverse effects ; Time Factors
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    Molecular imaging. Virus infects cell: live and uncut (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1803.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Nucleus/*virology ; Cytoplasm/*virology ; Dependovirus/*physiology ; Fluorescence ; Genetic Vectors/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/*methods ; Time Factors
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    An experiment for all seasons (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):624-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Government Agencies ; International Cooperation ; Internet ; Plants ; Research Support as Topic ; Software ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Weather
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    Bioinformatics. Reality simulation--observe while it happens (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berendsen, H J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2304-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. berendsen@chem.rug.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Aquaporin 1 ; Aquaporins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; *Computational Biology ; *Computer Simulation ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; Lipid Bilayers ; *Models, Biological ; Permeability ; Static Electricity ; Time Factors ; Water/*metabolism
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    Divining a forest's future from its past (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):626.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide ; Disasters ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies ; Massachusetts ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Real-time single-molecule imaging of the infection pathway of an adeno-associated virus (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: We describe a method, based on single-molecule imaging, that allows the real-time visualization of the infection pathway of single viruses in living cells, each labeled with only one fluorescent dye molecule. The tracking of single viruses removes ensemble averaging. Diffusion trajectories with high spatial and time resolution show various modes of motion of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) during their infection pathway into living HeLa cells: (i) consecutive virus touching at the cell surface and fast endocytosis; (ii) free and anomalous diffusion of the endosome and the virus in the cytoplasm and the nucleus; and (iii) directed motion by motor proteins in the cytoplasm and in nuclear tubular structures. The real-time visualization of the infection pathway of single AAVs shows a much faster infection than was generally observed so far.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seisenberger, G -- Ried, M U -- Endress, T -- Buning, H -- Hallek, M -- Brauchle, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1929-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Biological Transport ; Cell Nucleus/*virology ; Cell Survival ; Cytoplasm/*virology ; Dependovirus/*physiology ; Diffusion ; Endocytosis ; Endosomes/virology ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Genetic Vectors/physiology ; HeLa Cells ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/*methods ; Molecular Motor Proteins/metabolism ; Movement ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/*methods ; Time Factors
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    Visualizing science. New imaging tools put the art back into science (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1044-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computer Graphics ; *Computer Simulation ; Computers ; Fractals ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Internet ; Microscopy, Video ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Publishing ; Reproducibility of Results ; Software ; Time Factors
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    Endangered right whales on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tynan, C T -- DeMaster, D P -- Peterson, W T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA 98112, USA. Cynthia.Tynan@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Food Chain ; *Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater ; Survival Rate ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Whales/*physiology
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    Where the grass never stops growing (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickrell, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):625.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; England ; *Fertilizers ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Botany. Patience yields secrets of seed longevity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1884-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/growth & development/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Seasons ; Seeds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Disasters. Volcano fatalities--lessons from the historical record (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simkin, T -- Siebert, L -- Blong, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0119, USA. simkin@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Mortality ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions/*statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The location and mechanisms responsible for the carbon sink in northern mid-latitude lands are uncertain. Here, we used an improved estimation method of forest biomass and a 50-year national forest resource inventory in China to estimate changes in the storage of living biomass between 1949 and 1998. Our results suggest that Chinese forests released about 0.68 petagram of carbon between 1949 and 1980, for an annual emission rate of 0.022 petagram of carbon. Carbon storage increased significantly after the late 1970s from 4.38 to 4.75 petagram of carbon by 1998, for a mean accumulation rate of 0.021 petagram of carbon per year, mainly due to forest expansion and regrowth. Since the mid-1970s, planted forests (afforestation and reforestation) have sequestered 0.45 petagram of carbon, and their average carbon density increased from 15.3 to 31.1 megagrams per hectare, while natural forests have lost an additional 0.14 petagram of carbon, suggesting that carbon sequestration through forest management practices addressed in the Kyoto Protocol could help offset industrial carbon dioxide emissions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fang, J -- Chen, A -- Peng, C -- Zhao, S -- Ci, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2320-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. jyfang@urban.pku.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forestry ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gene therapy. Safer and virus-free? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1638-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biolistics ; Blood Pressure ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Coronary Artery Disease/genetics/therapy ; DNA/administration & dosage/genetics ; Electroporation ; Gene Expression ; Gene Transfer Techniques/*trends ; Genetic Therapy/*methods/trends ; Genetic Vectors/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects/genetics ; Hemophilia A/genetics/therapy ; Humans ; Injections, Intra-Arterial ; Melanoma/genetics/therapy ; Microinjections ; Muscular Dystrophies/genetics/therapy ; Organ Specificity ; Plasmids/administration & dosage/genetics ; RNA/administration & dosage/genetics ; Time Factors ; Transfection ; Transgenes/genetics ; Viruses/genetics/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoclimate. Dating--vive la difference (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adkins, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. jess@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Atmosphere ; Calibration ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Radioisotopes/metabolism ; Cold Climate ; Cosmic Radiation ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/chemistry/parasitology ; Greenland ; Half-Life ; Ice ; Plankton/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: Marine reserves have been widely promoted as conservation and fishery management tools. There are robust demonstrations of conservation benefits, but fishery benefits remain controversial. We show that marine reserves in Florida (United States) and St. Lucia have enhanced adjacent fisheries. Within 5 years of creation, a network of five small reserves in St. Lucia increased adjacent catches of artisanal fishers by between 46 and 90%, depending on the type of gear the fishers used. In Florida, reserve zones in the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge have supplied increasing numbers of world record-sized fish to adjacent recreational fisheries since the 1970s. Our study confirms theoretical predictions that marine reserves can play a key role in supporting fisheries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, C M -- Bohnsack, J A -- Gell, F -- Hawkins, J P -- Goodridge, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1920-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cr10@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Biomass ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Fishes/physiology ; Florida ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Saint Lucia ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
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    The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: We present an analysis of the current foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain over the first 2 months of the spread of the virus. The net transmission potential of the pathogen and the increasing impact of control measures are estimated over the course of the epidemic to date. These results are used to parameterize a mathematical model of disease transmission that captures the differing spatial contact patterns between farms before and after the imposition of movement restrictions. The model is used to make predictions of future incidence and to simulate the impact of additional control strategies. Hastening the slaughter of animals with suspected infection is predicted to slow the epidemic, but more drastic action, such as "ring" culling or vaccination around infection foci, is necessary for more rapid control. Culling is predicted to be more effective than vaccination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferguson, N M -- Donnelly, C A -- Anderson, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1155-60. Epub 2001 Apr 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. Neil.Ferguson@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/virology ; Aphthovirus/physiology ; Cattle ; Commerce ; Disease Reservoirs ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/economics/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Models, Biological ; Quarantine ; Sheep/virology ; Swine/virology ; Time Factors ; Vaccination/economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Medicine. Placebo-controls in short-term clinical trials of hypertension (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Al-Khatib, S M -- Califf, R M -- Hasselblad, V -- Alexander, J H -- McCrory, D C -- Sugarman, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2013-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA. alkha001@mc.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Bayes Theorem ; *Control Groups ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Hypertension/*drug therapy ; Patient Selection ; *Placebos/adverse effects ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors
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    Archaeology. Questions arise over second Japanese site (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1634.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Determination by Skeleton ; Archaeology/*methods/*standards ; *Fossils ; Humans ; Japan ; Publishing/legislation & jurisprudence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Personnel/psychology/standards ; Suicide ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Assessing the reviewers of animal research (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rollin, B E -- Loew, F M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1831-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11732546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Care Committees ; Animal Experimentation ; Animal Rights ; Animal Welfare/*standards ; Animals ; Decision Making ; Ethical Review/*standards ; *Models, Animal ; Peer Review, Research/methods/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design/*standards ; Time Factors
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    Describing the release of sequence data (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉States, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1066-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Authorship ; Base Sequence ; Databases as Topic ; *Human Genome Project/economics ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Public Sector/economics ; *Publishing ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Climate change. Experts urge speedup to mine 'archives' (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
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    A global paleoclimate observing system (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alverson, K -- Bradley, R -- Briffa, K -- Cole, J -- Hughes, M -- Larocque, I -- Pedersen, T -- Thompson, L -- Tudhope, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):47-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11444288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; Oceans and Seas ; Rain ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 46
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    Dynamic optimization of odor representations by slow temporal patterning of mitral cell activity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) respond to odors with slow temporal firing patterns. The representation of each odor by activity patterns across the MC population thus changes continuously throughout a stimulus, in an odor-specific manner. In the zebrafish OB, we found that this distributed temporal patterning progressively reduced the similarity between ensemble representations of related odors, thereby making each odor's representation more specific over time. The tuning of individual MCs was not sharpened during this process. Hence, the individual responses of MCs did not become more specific, but the odor-coding MC assemblies changed such that their overlap decreased. This optimization of ensemble representations did not occur among olfactory afferents but resulted from OB circuit dynamics. Time can therefore gradually optimize stimulus representations in a sensory network.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedrich, R W -- Laurent, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):889-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, MC 139-74, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids ; Animals ; Dendrites/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Neural Conduction ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/physiology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Receptors, Odorant/physiology ; Smell/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Zebrafish
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    Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Jeffrey G -- Cohen, Patricia -- Smailes, Elizabeth M -- Kasen, Stephanie -- Brook, Judith S -- DA-03188/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-36971/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Child Abuse ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Interviews as Topic ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Television ; Theft ; Time Factors ; *Violence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolutionary biology. Timing is everything for Wolbachia hosts (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):999-1000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Division ; Chromosomes/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Male ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Nuclear Envelope/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sex Ratio ; Time Factors ; Wasps/embryology/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zygote/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 49
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    Evolutionary biology. Ancient DNA untangles evolutionary paths (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2197.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Birds/blood/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Emigration and Immigration ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Fossils ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Ice ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Siberia ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 50
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    Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the U.S. outbreak (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brookmeyer, Ron -- Blades, Natalie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rbrook@jhsph.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Bacillus anthracis ; *Bioterrorism ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Statistical ; Population Surveillance ; Probability ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Spores, Bacterial ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-09
    Description: In young animals, monocular deprivation leads to an ocular dominance shift, whereas in adults after the critical period there is no such shift. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitory for axonal sprouting. We tested whether the developmental maturation of the ECM is inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. The organization of CSPGs into perineuronal nets coincided with the end of the critical period and was delayed by dark rearing. After CSPG degradation with chondroitinase-ABC in adult rats, monocular deprivation caused an ocular dominance shift toward the nondeprived eye. The mature ECM is thus inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity, and degradation of CSPGs reactivates cortical plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pizzorusso, Tommaso -- Medini, Paolo -- Berardi, Nicoletta -- Chierzi, Sabrina -- Fawcett, James W -- Maffei, Lamberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scuola Normale Superiore, 56100 Pisa, Italy. tommaso@in.pi.cnr.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424383" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Chondroitin ABC Lyase/*metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism ; Darkness ; *Dominance, Ocular ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Lectins, C-Type ; Light ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evidence for the effect of learning on timing of reproduction in blue tits (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: We experimentally show that in blue tits (Parus caeruleus) egg-laying date is causally linked to experience in the previous year. Females that received additional food in the nestling period in one year laid eggs later in the next year compared with the control birds, whatever the degree of synchronization with the natural food abundance in the previous year. As a result, they raised their brood much later than the peak period of nestling food availability in the next year. The response to experience is adaptive for blue tits, which live in heterogeneous habitats where the peak period of food varies, but once settled will breed at the same location for life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grieco, Fabrizio -- van Noordwijk, Arie J -- Visser, Marcel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):136-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Center for Terrestrial Ecology, Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. grieco@cto.nioo.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Environment ; Female ; *Food ; *Learning ; Male ; *Oviposition ; *Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Psychology. The effects of media violence on society (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Craig A -- Bushman, Brad J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2377-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3180, USA. caa@iastate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; *Social Problems ; *Television ; Time Factors ; *Violence
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stabilization of dendritic arbor structure in vivo by CaMKII (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-31
    Description: Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) promotes the maturation of retinotectal glutamatergic synapses in Xenopus. Whether CaMKII activity also controls morphological maturation of optic tectal neurons was tested using in vivo time-lapse imaging of single neurons over periods of up to 5 days. Dendritic arbor elaboration slows with maturation, in correlation with the onset of CaMKII expression. Elevating CaMKII activity in young neurons by viral expression of constitutively active CaMKII slowed dendritic growth to a rate comparable to that of mature neurons. CaMKII overexpression stabilized dendritic structure in more mature neurons, whereas CaMKII inhibition increased their dendritic growth. Thus, endogenous CaMKII activity limits dendritic growth and stabilizes dendrites, and it may act as an activity-dependent mediator of neuronal maturation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, G Y -- Cline, H T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 9;279(5348):222-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Benzylamines/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Carbocyanines ; Dendrites/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neurons/cytology/*enzymology/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/enzymology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Vaccinia virus/genetics ; Xenopus laevis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immediate release of crystallographic data: a proposal (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wlodawer, A -- Davies, D -- Petsko, G -- Rossmann, M -- Olson, A -- Sussman, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Databases, Factual ; Models, Molecular ; Periodicals as Topic ; *Protein Conformation ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Publishing ; Time Factors
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    Chemical amplification: continuous-flow PCR on a chip (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-06
    Description: A micromachined chemical amplifier was successfully used to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in continuous flow at high speed. The device is analogous to an electronic amplifier and relies on the movement of sample through thermostated temperature zones on a glass microchip. Input and output of material (DNA) is continuous, and amplification is independent of input concentration. A 20-cycle PCR amplification of a 176-base pair fragment from the DNA gyrase gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was performed at various flow rates, resulting in total reaction times of 90 seconds to 18.7 minutes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kopp, M U -- Mello, A J -- Manz, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1046-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zeneca/SmithKline Beecham Centre for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Glass ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzymology/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*instrumentation/*methods ; Temperature ; Templates, Genetic ; Time Factors
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    New goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998-2003 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-23
    Description: The Human Genome Project has successfully completed all the major goals in its current 5-year plan, covering the period 1993-98. A new plan, for 1998-2003, is presented, in which human DNA sequencing will be the major emphasis. An ambitious schedule has been set to complete the full sequence by the end of 2003, 2 years ahead of previous projections. In the course of completing the sequence, a "working draft" of the human sequence will be produced by the end of 2001. The plan also includes goals for sequencing technology development; for studying human genome sequence variation; for developing technology for functional genomics; for completing the sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and starting the mouse genome; for studying the ethical, legal, and social implications of genome research; for bioinformatics and computational studies; and for training of genome scientists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, F S -- Patrinos, A -- Jordan, E -- Chakravarti, A -- Gesteland, R -- Walters, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):682-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. fc23a@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bioethics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Federal Government ; Genetic Research ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project/economics/organization & administration ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; International Cooperation ; Internationality ; Molecular Biology/education ; Point Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics/methods ; Sociology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    One infant's memory of Oedipus (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Littman, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1174; author reply 1176-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Infant ; *Language ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory ; Time Factors
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  • 59
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    Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing spinal neurons were ablated with the selective cytotoxin substance P-saporin. Loss of these neurons resulted in a reduction of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia associated with persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. This loss appeared to be permanent. Responses to mildly painful stimuli and morphine analgesia were unaffected by this treatment. These results identify a target for treating persistent pain and suggest that the small population of SPR-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nichols, M L -- Allen, B J -- Rogers, S D -- Ghilardi, J R -- Honore, P -- Luger, N M -- Finke, M P -- Li, J -- Lappi, D A -- Simone, D A -- Mantyh, P W -- 23970/PHS HHS/ -- 31223/PHS HHS/ -- DEO 7288/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects/physiology ; *Immunotoxins ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Ligation ; *N-Glycosyl Hydrolases ; Neuralgia/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pain/*drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Plant Proteins/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/*metabolism ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 ; Spinal Nerves ; Substance P/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Coincident induction of long-term facilitation in Aplysia: cooperativity between cell bodies and remote synapses (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: Induction of long-term synaptic changes at one synapse can facilitate the induction of long-term plasticity at another synapse. Evidence is presented here that if Aplysia sensory neuron somata and their remote motor neuron synapses are simultaneously exposed to serotonin pulses insufficient to induce long-term facilitation (LTF) at either site alone, processes activated at these sites interact to induce LTF. This coincident induction of LTF requires that (i) the synaptic pulse occur within a brief temporal window of the somatic pulse, and (ii) local protein synthesis occur immediately at the synapse, followed by delayed protein synthesis at the soma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherff, C M -- Carew, T J -- F32-MH12004/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH-14-1083/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1911-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 USA. carolyn.sherff@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia ; Emetine/pharmacology ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Serotonin/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology ; Time Factors
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    The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The temporal program of gene expression during a model physiological response of human cells, the response of fibroblasts to serum, was explored with a complementary DNA microarray representing about 8600 different human genes. Genes could be clustered into groups on the basis of their temporal patterns of expression in this program. Many features of the transcriptional program appeared to be related to the physiology of wound repair, suggesting that fibroblasts play a larger and richer role in this complex multicellular response than had previously been appreciated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iyer, V R -- Eisen, M B -- Ross, D T -- Schuler, G -- Moore, T -- Lee, J C -- Trent, J M -- Staudt, L M -- Hudson, J Jr -- Boguski, M S -- Lashkari, D -- Shalon, D -- Botstein, D -- Brown, P O -- CA 77097/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):83-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Blood ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/*genetics ; Cell Line ; Cholesterol/biosynthesis ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Software ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Wound Healing/*genetics
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    Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: In sexual transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, and early and later stages of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, both viruses were found to replicate predominantly in CD4(+) T cells at the portal of entry and in lymphoid tissues. Infection was propagated not only in activated and proliferating T cells but also, surprisingly, in resting T cells. The infected proliferating cells correspond to the short-lived population that produces the bulk of HIV-1. Most of the HIV-1-infected resting T cells persisted after antiretroviral therapy. Latently and chronically infected cells that may be derived from this population pose challenges to eradicating infection and developing an effective vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Z -- Schuler, T -- Zupancic, M -- Wietgrefe, S -- Staskus, K A -- Reimann, K A -- Reinhart, T A -- Rogan, M -- Cavert, W -- Miller, C J -- Veazey, R S -- Notermans, D -- Little, S -- Danner, S A -- Richman, D D -- Havlir, D -- Wong, J -- Jordan, H L -- Schacker, T W -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Letvin, N L -- Wolinsky, S -- Haase, A T -- AI 28246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38565/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR 00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*virology ; Cell Cycle ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
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    Time cues help the brain see objects (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1098-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10366337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Cues ; Form Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A nonpeptidyl mimic of superoxide dismutase with therapeutic activity in rats (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Many human diseases are associated with the overproduction of oxygen free radicals that inflict cell damage. A manganese(II) complex with a bis(cyclohexylpyridine)-substituted macrocyclic ligand (M40403) was designed to be a functional mimic of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes that normally remove these radicals. M40403 had high catalytic SOD activity and was chemically and biologically stable in vivo. Injection of M40403 into rat models of inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury protected the animals against tissue damage. Such mimics may result in better clinical therapies for diseases mediated by superoxide radicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salvemini, D -- Wang, Z Q -- Zweier, J L -- Samouilov, A -- Macarthur, H -- Misko, T P -- Currie, M G -- Cuzzocrea, S -- Sikorski, J A -- Riley, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):304-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MetaPhore Pharmaceuticals, 1910 Innerbelt Business Center Drive, St. Louis, MO 63114, USA. dsalvemini@metaphore.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Cytoprotection ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Design ; Drug Stability ; Inflammation/*drug therapy ; Interleukin-1/metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Male ; Manganese ; Molecular Mimicry ; Neutrophils/drug effects ; Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/*drug therapy ; Splanchnic Circulation ; *Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Superoxides/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Viral clearance during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been thought to reflect the destruction of infected hepatocytes by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. However, in this study, HBV DNA was shown to largely disappear from the liver and the blood of acutely infected chimpanzees long before the peak of T cell infiltration and most of the liver disease. These results demonstrate that noncytopathic antiviral mechanisms contribute to viral clearance during acute viral hepatitis by purging HBV replicative intermediates from the cytoplasm and covalently closed circular viral DNA from the nucleus of infected cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guidotti, L G -- Rochford, R -- Chung, J -- Shapiro, M -- Purcell, R -- Chisari, F V -- R01 AI20001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI40696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA40489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):825-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Animals ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA, Circular/analysis ; DNA, Viral/analysis/blood ; Hepatitis B/*immunology/pathology/virology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/analysis ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification/physiology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Liver/immunology/pathology/*virology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Pan troglodytes ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Perspectives: neuroscience. Remembrance of things past (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schacter, D L -- Wagner, A D -- AG05778/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08441/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH57915/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1503-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. dls@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electrophysiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Bloom, O -- Zhang, M -- Vishnubhakat, J M -- Ombrellino, M -- Che, J -- Frazier, A -- Yang, H -- Ivanova, S -- Borovikova, L -- Manogue, K R -- Faist, E -- Abraham, E -- Andersson, J -- Andersson, U -- Molina, P E -- Abumrad, N N -- Sama, A -- Tracey, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. hwang@picower.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteremia/*blood ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Endotoxemia/*blood ; Endotoxins/blood/*toxicity ; HMGB1 Protein ; High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Humans ; Immune Sera/immunology ; Immunization, Passive ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A chemical inhibitor of p53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer often have severe side effects that limit their efficacy. Because these effects are in part determined by p53-mediated apoptosis, temporary suppression of p53 has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to prevent damage of normal tissues during treatment of p53-deficient tumors. To test this possibility, a small molecule was isolated for its ability to reversibly block p53-dependent transcriptional activation and apoptosis. This compound, pifithrin-alpha, protected mice from the lethal genotoxic stress associated with anticancer treatment without promoting the formation of tumors. Thus, inhibitors of p53 may be useful drugs for reducing the side effects of cancer therapy and other types of stress associated with p53 induction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Komarov, P G -- Komarova, E A -- Kondratov, R V -- Christov-Tselkov, K -- Coon, J S -- Chernov, M V -- Gudkov, A V -- CA60730/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA75179/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1733-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Benzothiazoles ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/drug effects/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/drug effects/metabolism ; DNA/biosynthesis ; DNA Damage ; G2 Phase/drug effects ; Gamma Rays/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Radiation Tolerance/*drug effects ; Thiazoles/*pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Toluene/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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    Rapid adaptation in visual cortex to the structure of images (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: Complex cells in striate cortex of macaque showed a rapid pattern-specific adaptation. Adaptation made cells more sensitive to orientation change near the adapting orientation. It reduced correlations among the responses of populations of cells, thereby increasing the information transmitted by each action potential. These changes were brought about by brief exposures to stationary patterns, on the time scale of a single fixation. Thus, if successive fixations expose neurons' receptive fields to images with similar but not identical structure, adaptation will remove correlations and improve discriminability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, J R -- Metha, A B -- Krauskopf, J -- Lennie, P -- EY01319/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY04440/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY06638/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1405-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Visual Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. jim@monkeybiz.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca fascicularis ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Variability in spike trains during constant and dynamic stimulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: In a recent study, it was concluded that natural time-varying stimuli are represented more reliably in the brain than constant stimuli are. The results presented here disagree with this conclusion, although they were obtained from the same identified neuron (H1) in the fly's visual system. For large parts of the neuron's activity range, the variability of the responses was very similar for constant and time-varying stimuli and was considerably smaller than that in many visual interneurons of vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warzecha, A K -- Egelhaaf, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl fur Neurobiologie, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. ak.warzecha@biologie.uni-bielefeld.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; Female ; Motion Perception ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Pathways
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    Archaeology. Blitzkrieg against the moas (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2170-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, UCLA Medical School, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA. jdiamond@mednet.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; *Birds/physiology ; Humans ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Time Factors
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    Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Quantifying the moisture history of the Amazon Basin is essential for understanding the cause of rain forest diversity and its potential as a methane source. We reconstructed the Amazon River outflow history for the past 14,000 years to provide a moisture budget for the river drainage basin. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera recovered from a marine sediment core in a region of Amazon River discharge shows that the Amazon Basin was extremely dry during the Younger Dryas, with the discharge reduced by at least 40% as compared with that of today. After the Younger Dryas, a meltwater-driven discharge event was followed by a steady increase in the Amazon Basin effective moisture throughout the Holocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maslin, M A -- Burns, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2285-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK. mmaslin@geog.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; *Climate ; Eukaryota/*chemistry ; *Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; Methane ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Zooplankton/*chemistry
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    NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: The hippocampal CA1 region is crucial for converting new memories into long-term memories, a process believed to continue for week(s) after initial learning. By developing an inducible, reversible, and CA1-specific knockout technique, we could switch N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function off or on in CA1 during the consolidation period. Our data indicate that memory consolidation depends on the reactivation of the NMDA receptor, possibly to reinforce site-specific synaptic modifications to consolidate memory traces. Such a synaptic reinforcement process may also serve as a cellular means by which the new memory is transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex for permanent storage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimizu, E -- Tang, Y P -- Rampon, C -- Tsien, J Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1170-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Fear ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis ; Maze Learning ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, AMPA/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics/*physiology ; Retention (Psychology) ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors
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    AIDS. Origins of HIV (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Establishing the date when immunodeficiency viruses were transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans should provide a clue to the origin of the AIDS pandemic. In his Perspective, Hillis discusses an important analysis of the molecular divergence of SIV and HIV genes (Korber et al.). This analysis establishes 1931 as the date of origin of the HIV-1 M-group viruses (the principal cause of the AIDS pandemic). Hillis discusses three possible hypotheses of immunodeficiency virus transmission that are consistent with this date.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hillis, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1757-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Integrative Biology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. dhillis@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/*transmission/*virology ; Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Confidence Intervals ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, env ; Genes, gag ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/classification/*genetics ; Time Factors ; Zoonoses
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    Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, suppresses food intake and promotes weight loss. To assess the action of this hormone on brain reward circuitry, changes in the rewarding effect of lateral hypothalamic stimulation were measured after leptin administration. At five stimulation sites near the fornix, the effectiveness of the rewarding electrical stimulation was enhanced by chronic food restriction and attenuated by intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin. In contrast, the rewarding effect of stimulating neighboring sites was insensitive to chronic food restriction and was enhanced by leptin in three of four cases. These opposing effects of leptin may mirror complementary changes in the rewarding effects of feeding and of competing behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fulton, S -- Woodside, B -- Shizgal, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):125-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Energy Metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Deprivation/*physiology ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects/*physiology ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Leptin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Reward ; Self Stimulation/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Reinterpreting space, time lags, and functional responses in ecological models (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-02
    Description: Natural enemy-victim interactions are of major applied importance and of fundamental interest to ecologists. A key question is what stabilizes these interactions, allowing the long-term coexistence of the two species. Three main theoretical explanations have been proposed: behavioral responses, time-dependent factors such as delayed density dependence, and spatial heterogeneity. Here, using the powerful moment-closure technique, we show a fundamental equivalence between these three elements. Limited movement by organisms is a ubiquitous feature of ecological systems, allowing spatial structure to develop; we show that the effects of this can be naturally described in terms of time lags or within-generation functional responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keeling, M J -- Wilson, H B -- Pacala, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1758-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. matt@zoo.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Movement ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
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    A wetter, younger Mars emerging (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: Most researchers have believed that the days were long gone when water splashed on the surface of Mars or even near it. Now continuing analyses of martian meteorites and stunning images from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), which has been in orbit since 1997, are breathing new life into the Red Planet. Last month's announcement that the camera aboard MGS had spied signs of geologically recent--possibly even ongoing--water seeps has caught everyone's attention. Other, perhaps more persuasive, signs also suggest that water may even now flow on or beneath the frigid surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):714-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions ; *Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Flash-lag effect: differential latency, not postdiction (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patel, S S -- Ogmen, H -- Bedell, H E -- Sampath, V -- R01-EY05068/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH49892/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T30-EY07551/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1051.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Models, Neurological ; *Motion Perception ; *Optical Illusions ; Time Factors ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: The Redfield ratio [carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P)] of particle flux to the deep ocean is a key factor in marine biogeochemical cycling. Changes in oceanic carbon sequestration have been linked to variations in the Redfield ratio on geological time scales, but this ratio generally is assumed to be constant with time in the modern ocean. However, deep-water Redfield ratios in the northern hemisphere show evidence for temporal trends over the past five decades. The North Atlantic Ocean exhibits a rising N:P ratio, which may be related to increased deposition of atmospheric nitrous oxides from anthropogenic N emissions. In the North Pacific Ocean, increasing C:N and C:P ratios are accompanied by rising remineralization rates, which suggests intensified export production. Stronger export of carbon in this region may be due to enhanced bioavailability of aeolian iron. These findings imply that the biological part of the marine carbon cycle currently is not in steady state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pahlow, M -- Riebesell, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):831-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Post Office Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. mpahlow@awi-bremerhaven.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10657291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon/*analysis ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, J B -- Kirby, M X -- Berger, W H -- Bjorndal, K A -- Botsford, L W -- Bourque, B J -- Bradbury, R H -- Cooke, R -- Erlandson, J -- Estes, J A -- Hughes, T P -- Kidwell, S -- Lange, C B -- Lenihan, H S -- Pandolfi, J M -- Peterson, C H -- Steneck, R S -- Tegner, M J -- Warner, R R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):629-37.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA. jbcj@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474098" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology ; Bacteria ; Cnidaria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; *Marine Biology ; Seaweed ; Shellfish ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Long-term storage of information in DNA (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bancroft, C -- Bowler, T -- Bloom, B -- Clelland, C T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1763-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11556362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; DNA/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Fossils ; Information Storage and Retrieval/*methods ; Literature ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    A neural correlate of working memory in the monkey primary visual cortex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: The brain frequently needs to store information for short periods. In vision, this means that the perceptual correlate of a stimulus has to be maintained temporally once the stimulus has been removed from the visual scene. However, it is not known how the visual system transfers sensory information into a memory component. Here, we identify a neural correlate of working memory in the monkey primary visual cortex (V1). We propose that this component may link sensory activity with memory activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Super, H -- Spekreijse, H -- Lamme, V A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):120-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Department of Visual System Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Office Box 12011, 1100 AA Amsterdam, Netherlands. h.super@ioi.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computers ; Cues ; Electrodes ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Motion ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Saccades/physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Natural restoration of the species-area relation for a lizard after a hurricane (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-17
    Description: We document the decimation and recovery of the commonest lizard species, Anolis sagrei, on 66 islands in the Bahamas that were directly hit by Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. Before the hurricane, an island's area was a better predictor of the occurrence of A. sagrei than was its altitude. Immediately after, altitude was a better predictor: Apparently all lizards on islands lower than about 3 meters maximum elevation perished in the storm surge. After about 1 year, area again became the better predictor. By 19 months after the hurricane, A. sagrei populations occurred on 88% of the islands they formerly occupied. Recovery occurred via overwater colonization and propagation from eggs that survived inundation, mechanisms that were enhanced by larger island area. Thus, natural processes first destroyed and then quickly restored a highly regular species-area distribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoener, T W -- Spiller, D A -- Losos, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 16;294(5546):1525-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. twschoener@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11711674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altitude ; Animals ; Bahamas ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Lizards/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    Noisy clockwork: time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Both biotic interactions and abiotic random forcing are crucial influences on population dynamics. This frequently leads to roughly equal importance of deterministic and stochastic forces. The resulting tension between noise and determinism makes ecological dynamics unique, with conceptual and methodological challenges distinctive from those in other dynamical systems. The theory for stochastic, nonlinear ecological dynamics has been developed alongside methods to test models. A range of dynamical components has been considered-density dependence, environmental and demographic stochasticity, and climatic forcing-as well as their often complex interactions. We discuss recent advances in understanding ecological dynamics and testing theory using long-term data and review how dynamical forces interact to generate some central field and laboratory time series.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjornstad, O N -- Grenfell, B T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):638-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. onb1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild/physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Segregation of nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-17
    Description: In the modern ocean, a significant amount of nitrogen fixation is attributed to filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium. In these organisms, nitrogen fixation is confined to the photoperiod and occurs simultaneously with oxygenic photosynthesis. Nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for biological N2 fixation, is irreversibly inhibited by oxygen in vitro. How nitrogenase is protected from damage by photosynthetically produced O2 was once an enigma. Using fast repetition rate fluorometry and fluorescence kinetic microscopy, we show that there is both temporal and spatial segregation of N2 fixation and photosynthesis within the photoperiod. Linear photosynthetic electron transport protects nitrogenase by reducing photosynthetically evolved O2 in photosystem I (PSI). We postulate that in the early evolutionary phase of oxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogenase served as an electron acceptor for anaerobic heterotrophic metabolism and that PSI was favored by selection because it provided a micro-anaerobic environment for N2 fixation in cyanobacteria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berman-Frank, I -- Lundgren, P -- Chen, Y B -- Kupper, H -- Kolber, Z -- Bergman, B -- Falkowski, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 16;294(5546):1534-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. irfrank@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11711677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Biological Evolution ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cyanobacteria/enzymology/*metabolism ; Dibromothymoquinone/pharmacology ; Diuron/pharmacology ; Electron Transport ; Fluorometry ; Light ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photoperiod ; *Photosynthesis ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/metabolism ; *Photosystem II Protein Complex ; Quinones/metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Tree diversity in tropical rain forests: a validation of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: The "intermediate disturbance hypothesis," which postulates maximum diversity at intermediate regimes of disturbance, has never been clearly proved to apply to species-rich tropical forest tree communities and to local-scale canopy disturbances that modify light environments. This hypothesis was tested on a sample of 17,000 trees in a Guianan forest, 10 years after a silvicultural experiment that added to natural treefall gaps a wide range of disturbance intensities. Species richness, standardized to eliminate density effects, peaked at intermediate disturbance levels, particularly when disturbance intensity was estimated through the percentage of stems of strongly light-dependent species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molino, J F -- Sabatier, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1702-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, c/o Cirad-foret, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA10/D, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. molino@mpl.ird.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; French Guiana ; Germination ; *Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seasons ; Seeds/physiology ; Soil ; Sunlight ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/*physiology ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Neuroscience. Neurons fix memories in the mind's eye (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):27-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Cues ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Haplorhini/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Motion ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Saccades/physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Anthrax. Biodefense hampered by inadequate tests (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1266-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/*diagnosis ; Bacillus anthracis/growth & development/immunology/*isolation & purification ; *Bacteriological Techniques ; *Bioterrorism ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Humans ; Immunologic Tests ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Spores, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; Time Factors ; United States
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  • 89
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    Neuroscience. Synchronizing the brain's signals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Neocortex/cytology/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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  • 90
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    Enforcement of temporal fidelity in pyramidal cells by somatic feed-forward inhibition (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: The temporal resolution of neuronal integration depends on the time window within which excitatory inputs summate to reach the threshold for spike generation. Here, we show that in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells this window is very narrow (less than 2 milliseconds). This narrowness results from the short delay with which disynaptic feed-forward inhibition follows monosynaptic excitation. Simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings indicate that feed-forward inhibition is much stronger in the soma than in the dendrites, resulting in a broader integration window in the latter compartment. Thus, the subcellular partitioning of feed-forward inhibition enforces precise coincidence detection in the soma, while allowing dendrites to sum incoming activity over broader time windows.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pouille, F -- Scanziani, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1159-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Dendrites/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials ; *Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Pyridazines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 91
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    Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: By integrating a wide range of experimental, comparative, and theoretical approaches, ecologists are starting to gain a detailed understanding of the long-term dynamics of vegetation. We explore how patterns of variation in demographic traits among species have provided insight into the processes that structure plant communities. We find a common set of mechanisms, derived from ecological and evolutionary principles, that underlie the main forces shaping systems as diverse as annual plant communities and tropical forests. Trait variation between species maintains diversity and has important implications for ecosystem processes. Hence, greater understanding of how Earth's vegetation functions will likely require integration of ecosystem science with ideas from plant evolutionary, population, and community ecology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, M -- Condit, R -- Crawley, M -- Pacala, S -- Tilman, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):650-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imperial College and NERC Centre for Population Biology, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK. mrees@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; Poaceae/growth & development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
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  • 92
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    Bacterial recognition of mineral surfaces: nanoscale interactions between Shewanella and alpha-FeOOH (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-19
    Description: Force microscopy has been used to quantitatively measure the infinitesimal forces that characterize interactions between Shewanella oneidensis (a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium) and goethite (alpha-FeOOH), both commonly found in Earth near-surface environments. Force measurements with subnanonewton resolution were made in real time with living cells under aerobic and anaerobic solutions as a function of the distance, in nanometers, between a cell and the mineral surface. Energy values [in attojoules (10(-18) joules)] derived from these measurements show that the affinity between S. oneidensis and goethite rapidly increases by two to five times under anaerobic conditions in which electron transfer from bacterium to mineral is expected. Specific signatures in the force curves suggest that a 150-kilodalton putative iron reductase is mobilized within the outer membrane of S. oneidensis and specifically interacts with the goethite surface to facilitate the electron transfer process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lower, S K -- Hochella, M F Jr -- Beveridge, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1360-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NanoGeoscience and Technology Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. slower@vt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Electron Transport ; *FMN Reductase ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/*microbiology ; Iron Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Minerals ; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Shewanella/enzymology/*metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 93
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    Marine biology. Expansion of the marine Archaea (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):56-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02881-1197, USA. dcsmith@gso.uri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/chemistry/*physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Membrane Lipids/analysis ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Immunology. Memory T cells--local heroes in the struggle for immunity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackay, C R -- von Andrian, U H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2323-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arthritis and Asthma Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia. c.mackay@garvan.unsw.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*immunology ; Antigens, Thy-1/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Movement ; Humans ; *Immunologic Memory ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphoid Tissue/*immunology ; Mice ; Receptors, CCR7 ; Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Time Factors ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Spike transmission and synchrony detection in networks of GABAergic interneurons (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The temporal pattern and relative timing of action potentials among neocortical neurons may carry important information. However, how cortical circuits detect or generate coherent activity remains unclear. Using paired recordings in rat neocortical slices, we found that the firing of fast-spiking cells can reflect the spiking pattern of single-axon pyramidal inputs. Moreover, this property allowed groups of fast-spiking cells interconnected by electrical and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing (GABAergic) synapses to detect the relative timing of their excitatory inputs. These results indicate that networks of fast-spiking cells may play a role in the detection and promotion of synchronous activity within the neocortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galarreta, M -- Hestrin, S -- EY09120/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY12114/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2295-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. galarreta@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Neocortex/cytology/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses/physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Climate change. Dangerous climate impacts and the Kyoto Protocol (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Neill, Brian C -- Oppenheimer, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1971-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson Institute for International Studies and the Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA. bconeill@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Cnidaria ; Developed Countries ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; *International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Policy Making ; Probability ; Time Factors ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Waves of larch budmoth outbreaks in the European alps (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: Spatially extended population models predict complex spatiotemporal patterns, such as spiral waves and spatial chaos, as a result of the reaction-diffusion dynamics that arise from trophic interactions. However, examples of such patterns in ecological systems are scarce. We develop a quantitative technique to demonstrate the existence of waves in Central European larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana Gn.) outbreaks. We show that these waves travel toward the northeast-east at 210 kilometers per year. A theoretical model involving a moth-enemy interaction predicts directional waves, but only if dispersal is directionally biased or habitat productivity varies across the landscape. Our study confirms that nonlinear ecological interactions can lead to complex spatial dynamics at a regional scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjornstad, Ottar N -- Peltonen, Mikko -- Liebhold, Andrew M -- Baltensweiler, Werner -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1020-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Entomology and Biology, 501 ASI Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. onb1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Environment ; Europe ; Flight, Animal ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Larix ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; *Moths/parasitology/physiology ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Parasites/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Time Factors ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Peter R -- Grant, B Rosemary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):707-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA. prgrantprinceton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sampling Studies ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-19
    Description: To explore neuronal mechanisms underlying long-term consequences of stress, we studied stress-induced changes in the neuritic translocation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splice variants. Under normal conditions, we found the synaptic AChE-S mRNA and protein in neurites. Corticosterone, anticholinesterases, and forced swim, each facilitated a rapid (minutes), yet long-lasting (weeks), shift from AChE-S to the normally rare AChE-R mRNA, promoted AChE-R mRNA translocation into neurites, and induced enzyme secretion. Weeks after stress, electrophysiological measurements in hippocampus slices displayed apparently normal evoked synaptic responses but extreme hypersensitivity to both anticholinesterases and atropine. Our findings suggest that neuronal hypersensitivity under stress involves neuritic replacement of AChE-S with AChE-R.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meshorer, Eran -- Erb, Christina -- Gazit, Roi -- Pavlovsky, Lev -- Kaufer, Daniela -- Friedman, Alon -- Glick, David -- Ben-Arie, Nissim -- Soreq, Hermona -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):508-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Eric Roland Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 91904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Acetylcholinesterase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Action Potentials ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Atropine/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurites/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; PC12 Cells ; Physostigmine/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological/genetics/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Neuroscience. Long-awaited technique spots Alzheimer's toxin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Laura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):752-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*diagnosis/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*analysis ; Brain/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Cataract/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline/metabolism/pathology ; Molecular Probes/*metabolism ; Plaque, Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism/pathology ; Time Factors ; Tomography, Emission-Computed/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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