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  • Articles  (457)
  • Zea mays  (240)
  • potato  (216)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (457)
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  • Articles  (457)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of maize root mucilage on phosphate adsorption and exchangeability on a synthetic ferrihydrite (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ferrihydrite ; Phosphate ; Polygalacturonic acid ; Root mucilage ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to determine the influence of root mucilage (RM) from Zea mays, polygalacturonic acid (PGA), and galacturonic acid (GA), on the adsorption, desorption, and exchangeability of orthophosphate (P) on a synthetic ferrihydrite in deionized water. The adsorption rate and affinity on the oxide decreased in the order P〉GA〉PGA≥RM. The results suggest that P and GA were adsorbed by ligand exchange on Fe-OH surface sites, while RM and PGA might in addition also be adsorbed by hydrogen and van der Waals bonds to the oxide surface. Whereas P and GA could be adsorbed at sites located inside the micropores of ferrihydrite aggregates, PGA and RM probably remained on the external surfaces because of their large molecular weight. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds decreased the subsequent P adsorption. The larger decrease of P adsorption occurred when dry ferrihydrite powder was directly added to the RM/water suspension. This effect was due to the flocculation of ferrihydrite aggregates, which limited the transport of P to the adsorption sites. Preliminary adsorption of GA also decreased P adsorption, because both compounds competed for the same Fe-OH sites. The ability of the organic compounds to desorb P from the ferrihydrite was not very pronounced and decreased in the order GA〉PGA≥RM. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds on the oxide resulted in an increase in isotopically exchangeable P in 300 min compared to the treatment without organic compounds. However, because of its higher affinity for the oxide surface, P exchangeability was not modified when P was added before the organic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land use affects the distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen in smallholder production systems in Kenya (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 348-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Agroforestry ; Land use ; Nitrate leaching ; Zea mays ; Musa spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We hypothesized that the integration of trees and shrubs in agricultural landscapes can reduce NO3 – leaching and increase utilization of subsoil N. A field survey was conducted on 14 farms on acid soils in the subhumid highlands of Kenya, where there is little use of fertilizers, to determine the effect of vegetation types (VT) on soil NH4 + and NO3 – to 4 m depth. The VT included maize (Zea mays) with poor growth and good growth, Markhamia lutea trees scattered in maize, natural weed fallow, banana (Musa spp.), hedgerow, and eucalyptus woodlot. The effect of VT on NH4 + was small (〈1 mg N kg–1). NO3 – within a VT was about constant with depth below 0.25 m, but subsoil NO3 – varied greatly among VT. Mean NO3 –-N concentrations at 0.5–4 m depth were low beneath hedgerow and woodlot (〈0.2 mg kg–1), intermediate beneath weed fallow (0.2–0.7 mg kg–1), banana (0.5–1.0 mg kg–1) and markhamia (0.5–1.6 mg kg–1), and high beneath both poor (1.0–2.1 mg kg–1) and good (1.9–3.1 mg kg–1) maize. Subsoil NO3 – (0.5–4 m) was agronomically significant after maize harvest with 37 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth of subsoil beneath good maize and 27 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath poor maize. In contrast, subsoil NO3 – was only 2 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath woodlot and hedgerow. These results demonstrate that the integration of perennial vegetation and the rotation of annual and perennial crops can tighten N cycling in agricultural landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050667
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays following cold stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Cold stress ; Immunolocalization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zeatin O-glycosides have been reported as inactive and stable storage forms of cytokinins whose concentrations increase in cold stressed plants. Zeatin O-glycosides accumulation in developing bean seeds has been correlated with an increase of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase , which is specific to trans-zeatin, and catalyzes the conjugation of zeatin O-glycosides. When Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays seedlings were grown for 3 days at 25 and then incubated at 4 or 10 for 6 days no further growth was observed in roots. Hypertrophy was observed in the root tips of both species. In shoot-hypocotyl complexes, in contrast, growth occurred when seedlings were incubated at 10 . Western analysis, with Mabs specific to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase, detected antigenically related proteins in roots, shoot tips and cotyledons after seedlings were cold stressed for 1–6 days at 4 or 10 . Immunolocalization, of both maize and bean root sections grown at 25 revealed antigenically related proteins that were detected at low levels in cortical cells. The signal intensified upon cold stress. The localization of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Z. mays root tips was directly comparable to the distribution of the zeatin O-glycosides. The enzyme was detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and closely associated with the plasma membrane and in the cell wall of Z. mays root cells. Southern analysis suggested that more than one gene in Z. mays that were homologous to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in P. vulgaris. Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase may be involved in modulation of cytokinins under cold stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010755901072
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of nitrogen from crop residues and N recovery by maize inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop residues ; dry-matter yields ; Medicago sativa ; N mineralization ; 15N uptake ; Zea mays ; VAM fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume crop residues serve as a source of nitrogen (N) for succeeding crops in low-input production systems, and characterizing the release of this N supports efforts to develop sound economic and environmental management practices. Nitrogen mineralization of 15N-labelled field crop residues was monitored in a Greenville sandy loam during a 140-day laboratory incubation at 25°C. Residue type strongly influenced the rate of N mineralization; decomposition rate constants were 0.283, 0.083, 0.00047 and 0.0014 day-1 for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stover (above-ground plant parts), alfalfa roots, maize (Zea mays L.) stover (above-ground plant parts excluding cob and kernels) and maize roots, respectively. At the end of the incubation, 50% of alfalfa stover and 25% of alfalfa root residues N were mineralized, whereas these proportions were 8% for maize stover and 12% for root residues. Mineralization of 15N from alfalfa stover residues was also monitored in a greenhouse experiment to determine N availability during the growth of maize inoculated or not with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, and to evaluate the effects of the presence of plants on the decomposition of the residues. Stover and root dry matter yields were greatest for maize inoculated with VAM fungi and grown in residue-amended soil. At the final harvest, maize grown in residue-amended soils had accumulated 44% more dry matter and 40% more N than maize grown in unamended soils. Enhanced VAM colonization of roots inoculated with a mixture of three Glomus spp. increased the residue N accumulation in maize roots at 5 weeks after silking and at the final harvest. Alfalfa stover decomposed rapidly both in the presence and absence of maize plants, but the amount of 15N mineralized at the end of the experiment was influenced by the presence of living roots; 23% of the 15N in alfalfa stover residues was mineralized in soil without plants compared to about 38% when maize plants were present. These results suggest that N mineralization is enhanced by the presence of living roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014958321933
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Field studies in an Indonesian ultisol (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agricultural practices ; extra-radical mycelium ; Gliricidia sepium ; organic matter addition ; Peltophorum dasyrachis ; soil disturbance ; species richness of AMF ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pre-established agricultural field trials were assessed for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil (density of spores, species richness and lengths of extra-radical mycelium [ERM]) in association with one of three tropical plant species (Gliricidia sepium, Peltophorum dasyrachis and Zea mays). The trials were managed by one of three agricultural practices: soil disturbance in a monoculture system, a root barrier to prevent interactions between plants in an agroforestry system or the addition of organic matter (OM) in an agroforestry and a monoculture system. The lengths of ERM of AMF in the soil were greater in the agroforestry system than the monoculture system. These were greater when a root barrier was present, but decreased when OM was added. Soil disturbance reduced the density of spores, species richness and the lengths of ERM of AMF compared with the undisturbed soil. This work indicates that agricultural trials may provide a useful tool to monitor the abundance of AMF in the field. Clearly, there is potential to increase the abundance of AMF, from different genera, in the soil through the management of agricultural practices. The significance of the abundance of AMF for subsequent benefits to plant growth and development and ultimately the sustainability of tropical agro-ecosystems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014966801446
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation among Andean races of maize for cold tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Andean maize ; cold tolerance ; germplasm evaluation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cold in the initial growth stages is an important stressfactor for maize grown in regions with a temperate climate,particularly in case of early sowing. Sources of tolerancehave been identified in adapted genotypes, but promisinggenes for cold tolerance should also be found in materialdeveloped under the lower-temperature margins of the cropdistribution. This research was conducted in order to testAndean maize accessions for cold tolerance expressed duringboth the heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages.Experiments were conducted in controlled environments tostudy cold tolerance traits (germination %, germinationindex and plant growth rate) at continuous 10°C (heterotrophic growth) and at varying 10–16°C (autotrophic growth). An experiment was also performed inthe field with early sowing (both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth). In each experiment, a control trialwas conducted in more favourable conditions (i.e. continuous25°C in a controlled environment or late planting inthe field) so that cold tolerance traits could also beexamined as the ratio between the stress and the controltrial. None of the accessions was superior for all coldtolerance traits. However, several Andean maize accessionsoutperformed the US Corn-belt hybrid checks for one or moretraits, both in heterotrophic and autotrophic growth. Overall, BOZM 855, PMS 636, Poblacion D, Poblacion E andBOZM 696 were the best accessions, suggesting that they canbe a promising source of genes for improving cold toleranceof adapted maize genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003710431416
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of mature plant resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Maize ; mature plant resistance ; Striga hermonthica ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twelve maize genotypes with different degrees of resistance were evaluated in plots inoculated with seeds of the phytoparasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and in Striga-free (control) plots for three seasons between 1991 and 1993. Resistant genotypes, although showing similar levels of underground infection as susceptible 9 weeks after maize planting (WAP), had significantly fewer emerged parasitic plants and sustained lower damage. Host damage was not determined by the severity of infection. Percent height and dry matter reductions increased from 3 to 6 WAP for resistant and susceptible genotypes. While percent height and dry matter reductions for resistant genotypes declined at 9 and 12 WAP, susceptible genotypes either maintained or increased their levels of damage. Correlation between the severity of height and dry matter reductions at the vegetative (3 and 6 WAP) and reproductive (9 and 12 WAP) stages of maize growth were not significant, indicating that damage at early stages of growth cannot be used to predict mature plant response. Maize damage score (1–9) at 8 WAP, a non destructive and composite shoot indicator of host performance under Striga infestation, was significantly correlated (r = 0.88, r = 0.82; p 〈 0.01) to the level of shoot reduction at mature plant stages. Emerged Striga count at 8 WAP was significantly correlated (r = 0.98, p 〈 0.01) to the count at 10 WAP, the time when parasite emergence was highest. Under high and uniform infestation, mature plant resistance can be detected at 8 WAP, the onset of flowering in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004006115082
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of mutations for heat tolerance in potato by using in vitro culture and radiation (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in vitro ; culture ; gamma rays ; heat tolerance ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heat tolerant mutants were obtained in two commercial potato cultivars, `Kufri Jyoti' and `Kufri Chandramukhi' through in vitro mutagenesis of in vitro propagated plantlets. Gamma-irradiated (20 and 40 Gy) shoots were micropropagated for three cycles (M1V3). A large number of the micropropagated shoots produced microtubers at 28 °C. Microtubers induced at high temperature had distorted shape but showed normal germination in field. Under stress conditions of high temperature, the frequency of chlorophyll variants increased in the gamma irradiation-derived material, however, nearly 40% of the plants had normal leaf tissue, whereas control plants showed completely damaged leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003965724880
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular markers for cytoplasm in potato: male sterility and contribution of different plastid-mitochondrial configurations to starch production (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasm ; male sterility ; plastid ; potato ; somatic hybrids ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distinct parental cytoplasms were combined in symmetric tetraploid hybrids of potato by somatic cell fusion. This allowed, in the presence of nearly isogenic nuclear genomes, to estimate the contribution of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes to starch content. Analysis of mt-cp configurations in the complete gene pool of german potato cultivars [2n=4x], in a reciprocal dihaploid population [2n=2x],in di-haploid fusion parents [2n=2x] and in their respective hybrids [2n=4x] made visible the effects of different cytoplasmic backgrounds and mitochondrial subgenomic rearrangements. Genotypes identified by markers as cytoplasm Wγ were associated with cytoplasmic male sterility. Evaluation of cytoplasmic types leads to the conclusion, that in starch content the ‘wild type’ cytoplasms Wα and Wγ have a significant advantage to other cytoplasmic types(Tβ, Wδ, Sε).This results from the experiments with a reciprocal population, 180 di-haploids, and from cultivar comparisons. In hybrids an interaction between starch content and different mt-cp combinations could be found. In general the highest field performance, measured in starch content and yield was associated with such cytoplasmic configurations which appeared to a high frequency within a population, when the segregation process was completed. This fact is explained by a selection advantage of clones with optimized organellar segregation already during in vitro phase. PCR markers for cytoplasm differentiation are actualized on a website, http://www.flg.tum.de/pbpz/mm/mt/hybrid.html
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004039320227
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of novel organelle DNA variation and transfer of resistance to frost and Verticillium wilt in Solanum tuberosum through somatic hybridization with 1EBN S. commersonii (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; mitochondria ; potato ; Solanum commersonii ; somatic hybrids ; stress resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Somatic hybridization can be used to induce genetic variability in plastidial and mitochondrial genomes, and transfer multiple uncloned genes across sexual barriers. Somatic hybrids were produced between a dihaploid clone of the common potato, S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum, and the wild sexually incongruent diploid species S. commersonii. Fusion products were selected on the basis of callus growth and regeneration in vitro. Genome composition of putative somatic hybrids was determined by flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content, RAPD analysis, and Southern analysis with probes specific to organellar DNA. All regenerated fusion products proved to be hybrids based on RAPD analysis. Seventy per cent of somatic hybrids were (near) tetraploids, 22% (near) hexaploids and 8%(near) octoploids. A high correlation was found between the nuclear DNA content determined by flow cytometry and the number of chloroplasts in stomata guard cell pairs. Somatic hybrids inherited the parental plastids in a random manner. On the contrary, they preferentially inherited the mitochondrial DNA fragments of S. tuberosum. The majority of them had a rearranged mitochondrial genome with fragments from both parents. Hybrids were highly vigorous and morphologically more similar to the cultivated than to the wild parent, produced tubers on long stolons under long photoperiod conditions, showed a high degree of flowering, but did not produce pollen. In addition, somatic hybrids were generally more resistant to frost and Verticillium wilt than the cultivated parent, indicating the introgression of relevant resistance genes from the wild species into the genetic background of S. tuberosum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003943704037
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATP production after pH shift in membrane vesicles from maize coleoptiles (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATP production ; ATPase ; auxin ; membrane vesicles ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microsomal membrane vesicles and purified plasma membranevesicles obtained from coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) weresubjected to pH shifts from pH 7.8 to 4.7. In the presence of ATPaseinhibitors such as vanadate, net accumulation of radiolabelled butyricand indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) remained higher than in controls. When 2min after the pH shift, at 4°C, the microsomal vesicles weredenatured the amount of ATP could be determined using theluciferin/luciferase assay. Significantly increased ATP production overcontrol values – no pH-shift or ionophore treatment – wasfound. Therefore, such vesicles might produce ATP for in vitrotransport processes such as auxin efflux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010797326939
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; arbuscular mycorrhiza ; biosynthesis ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid ; regulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Within the last ten years it has been established by GC-MS thatindole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is an endogenous compound in a variety ofplant species. When applied exogenously, IBA has a variety of differenteffects on plant growth and development, but the compound is stillmainly used for the induction of adventitious roots. Using moleculartechniques, several genes have been isolated that are induced duringadventitious root formation by IBA. The biosynthesis of IBA in maize(Zea mays L.) involves IAA as the direct precursor. Microsomalmembranes from maize are able to convert IAA to IBA using ATP andacetyl-CoA as cofactors. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction wascharacterized from maize seedlings and partially purified. The invitro biosynthesis of IBA seems to be regulated by several externaland internal factors: i) Microsomal membranes from light-grownmaize seedlings directly synthesize IBA, whereas microsomal membranesfrom dark-grown maize plants release an as yet unknown reaction product,which is converted to IBA in a second step. ii) Drought and osmoticstress increase the biosynthesis of IBA maybe via the increaseof endogenous ABA, because application of ABA also results in elevatedlevels of IBA. iii) IBA synthesis is specifically increased byherbicides of the sethoxydim group. iv) IBA and IBA synthesizingactivity are enhanced during the colonization of maize roots with themycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. The role of IBA forcertain developmental processes in plants is discussed and somearguments presented that IBA is per se an auxin and does notact via the conversion to IAA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010746806891
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of indole-3-acetic acid and kinetin on tuberisation parameters of different cultivars and transgenic lines of potato in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; kinetin ; sucrose ; potato ; tuberisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of indole-3-acetic acid or kinetin on the weight and numberof microtubers formed was studied on single node cuttings of sevendifferent potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars as well astransgenic lines harbouring rolB or rolC genes undercontrol of the patatin class I (B33) promoter. Plants were cultivatedin vitro in the dark on solidified MS medium containing 1 to8% sucrose with or without phytohormones. Most of thenontransformed potato cultivars and transgenic lines responded tohormone application by an increase in tuber yield. Auxin and cytokininacted differently: IAA increased predominantly the tuber size whilekinetin increased the number of tubers. RolC transformantsdisplayed an altered response to sucrose and especially to auxin. Thedegree of phytohormone effect on tuberisation parameters depended onsucrose content of the medium and potato genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010771510526
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diverse responses of root cell structure to aluminium stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; root cells ; stress adaptation ; structural response ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant cells respond to a certain stress factor in different ways depending on their developmental stage and type of tissue. Structural damage may be severe or even lethal in individual cells within a tissue that exhibits moderate or no effects of stress. In the case of aluminium toxicity, detailed observations of root tips of 3 day old Zea mays L., cv. TO360 seedlings revealed differences in the response of some cells. Two different structural changes appeared within root epidermis just behind the root cap. Cells with dark and shrunken cytoplasm occurred next to swollen cells with preserved cellular compartments. Within the root cortex, individual cells or a few cells of a file have severely damaged cytoplasm, in contrast to almost undisturbed cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Such extremely sensitive cells appear irregularly within the root apex. Their structural similarity with cells that are observed after a hypersensitive response in infected plant tissues suggests a role to accumulate aluminium, in order to allow the surrounding tissue to survive the stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026468403157
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genebank ; germplasm ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum sucrense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic characterization of germplasm is important for setting objective guidelines for conservation. One common problem found in genebanks is determining the value of populations with insufficient or unreliable data regarding their geographic origin. In this study, a genetic analysis based on RAPD markers was conducted to characterize a `mystery' population of Solanum sucrense, a polysomic tetraploid potato (2n=4x=48), for which adequate documentation was lacking. The comparative analysis of genetic similarities between this mystery population and each one of 30 other S. sucrense populations in the genebank revealed that all populations within this species, including the mystery population, are significantly different from being duplicates, and are therefore worthy of separate conservation. RAPD markers also distinguished the mystery population from closely related tetraploid species S. oplocense, S. gourlayi and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, suggesting that it is also not a duplicate of a population of these species. If RAPDs can clearly differentiate populations within highly heterogeneous tetraploids like S. sucrense, they should be generally useful for determining germplasm organization within potato species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008725121904
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic mapping from field tests of qualitative and quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans in a population derived from Solanum tuberosum and Solanum berthaultii (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: late blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistance,Solanum berthaultii ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under controlled field conditions, a Solanum backcross population segregated for resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The population (`BCT') had been derived previously by crossing the Solanum tuberosum dihaploid USW2230 × Solanum berthaultii PI473331 to obtain the hybrid M200-30, and then backcrossing the hybrid to the S. tuberosum dihaploid HH1-9. Resistance was assessed from analyses of epidemics in small plots of each individual genotype, and data were recorded as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The parents of the original cross (USW2230 and a selection from PI473331) were not included in the test, but the hybrid was incompatible and HH1-9 was compatible with the tester strain of P. infestans (US-8 lineage). Somewhat more than half of the progeny also were incompatible with the tester strain, indicating the presence of an R gene. This gene segregated from the S. berthaultii parent and mapped 4.8 cm from the RFLP marker TG63 on chromosome 10. We deduce that the R gene is not R-1, R-2, R-3, R-6, or R-7 and is probably not R-4, R-5, or R-10. Among the remaining, compatible progeny, there was a wide range of quantitative resistance. All were more resistant than the susceptible cultivar Superior, and most individuals were much more resistant than the moderately resistant cultivar Kennebec. AUDPC values among the sub-population of compatible genotypes ranged from about 400 to 1500 units the first year and from 400 to 1760 units the second year. At least five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in this sub-population in both 1997 and 1998, including one detected through segregation of alleles from both the hybrid parent and the recurrent S. tuberosum parent. A model of main and epistatic effects explained 56% and 66% of the variation observed for quantitative resistance to late blight in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Several of the QTLs for late blight resistance were located in regions of the genome to which QTLs for late maturity have previously been mapped.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009648408198
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    Improved plant-based production of E1 endoglucanase using potato: expression optimization and tissue targeting (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Acidothermus cellulolyticus ; cellulase ; dual-crop production ; E1 endoglucanase ; expression optimization ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (E1) gene expression in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was examined in this study, where the E1 coding sequence was transcribed under control of a leaf specific promoter (tomato RbcS-3C) or the Mac promoter (a hybrid promoter of mannopine synthase promoter and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enhancer region). Average E1 activity in leaf extracts of potato transformants, in which E1 protein was targeted by a chloroplast signal peptide and an apoplast signal peptide were much higher than those by an E1 native signal peptide and a vacuole signal peptide. E1 protein accumulated up to 2.6% of total leaf soluble protein, where E1 gene was under control of the RbcS-3C promoter, alfalfa mosaic virus 5′-untranslated leader, and RbcS-2A signal peptide. E1 protein production, based on average E1 activity and E1 protein accumulation in leaf extracts, is higher in potato than those measured previously in transgenic tobacco bearing the same transgene constructs. Comparisons of E1 activity, protein accumulation, and relative mRNA levels showed that E1 expression under control of tomato RbcS-3C promoter was specifically localized in leaf tissues, while E1 gene was expressed in both leaf and tuber tissues under control of Mac promoter. This suggests dual-crop applications in which potato vines serve as enzyme production `bioreactors' while tubers are preserved for culinary applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009653011948
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    Chloroplast DNA variation in the wild potato species, Solanum acaule and S. albicans (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; intraspecific variation ; potato ; Solanum acaule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA of Solanum acaule (109 accessions) and S. albicans (9 accessions) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis. Unexpectedly, all the accessions analyzed had C type chloroplast DNA in common. This suggested that S. acaule originated from a species with C type chloroplast DNA. DraI restriction digestion revealed further differentiation of C type chloroplast DNA into 8 types. The DraI polymorphism indicated the province of Salta in Argentina and the nearby regions to be a center of diversity for S. acaule. Surprisingly, S. albicans as well as S. acaule both ssp. acaule and ssp. punae, from Peru were virtually indistinguishable, although by morphology and/or cytology all three taxa are easily distinguished.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004085805592
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  • 19
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    Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja as a source of resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; wild species ; disease ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones were assessed for resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under field and controlled environmental conditions over two years. In the field, twenty-two of the twenty-three clones ofS. phureja assessed were as resistant to blackleg as the commercial cultivar Ailsa, the most resistant control, and were significantly (P〈0.001) more resistant than the intermediate and susceptible cultivars Wilja and Estima, respectively. Under controlled environmental conditions, resistance in commercial cultivars was more easily overcome. However, 18 of the 21S. phureja clones assessed were significantly more resistant to blackleg than these cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358087
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    Erwinia resistance in backcross progenies ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber soft rot ; 2n gametes ; sexual hybridization ; somatic hybridization ; germplasm exploitation ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids and their backcrosses is reported. A number of resistant diploid sexual hybrids and tetraploid/hexaploid somatic hybrids were selected. Backcross progenies were obtained through 2x×4x crosses involving a resistant diploid hybrid and tetraploidS. tuberosum, and through 4x×4x crosses between a resistant somatic hybrid andS. tuberosum. The hybrids showed high variability interms of resistance to tuber soft rot. The resistance of progeny from 2x×4x backcrosses was similar to that of the parental sexual hybrid. By contrast, the resistance of genotypes deriving from 4x×4x backcrosses was reduced compared with the resistant somatic hybrid. In general, tuber characteristics of the backcross hybrids improved considerably as compared with their parents, and tuber yield per plant was good.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357954
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    Enhanced ammonium sources to reduce nitrate leaching (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: anhydrous ammonia ; dicyandiamide ; nitrification inhibitor ; urea-ammonium nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One approach to reduce NO3 movement to groundwater is increasing the proportion of N supplied to the crop as NH4–N. Nitrification inhibitors (NI's) can be used to enhance NH4–N supply, but most studies have focused on yield response, with little attention given to environmental impacts. To determine the effect of enhanced NH4 sources on corn grain yield, N uptake and NO3 movement to groundwater, three sidedress materials were compared during three different growing seasons. Application of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and addition of the NI, dicyandiamide (DCD) to urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) both reduced NO3 leaching losses relative to that incurred with UAN. With AA and UAN + DCD (as compared with UAN) subsoil solution NO3 concentrations were reduced by an average of: 1.1 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1993) a dry growing season; 2.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil during (spring and summer 1994) and 1.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil after (fall 1994) a wet growing season; and 0.5 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1995) a growing season with intermediate rainfall. Based on average solution NO3 concentrations and approximate drainage after harvest, estimated N losses between harvest and freeze-up were 43, 22 and 19 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). Grain yields and aboveground N uptake were greater with AA and UAN + DCD than with UAN, and residual fertilizer N (applied N less aboveground N uptake) was 18, 6 and -2 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). As is often observed, the trend for greater yield with addition of the NI was not large or consistent enough to meet registration criteria. Data demonstrating reduced NO3 leaching are also relevant, and positive environmental impacts should be a criterion for registration. For growers who are reluctant to use AA, this would provide an alternative source to maximize yield while minimizing NO3 movement to groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009773428011
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    Yield response and nitrogen utilization efficiency by drip-irrigated potato (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertigation ; trickle-irrigation ; N utilization efficiency ; calcareous soil ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in the Jordan Valley to evaluate potato response to N fertigation. Nitrogen as ammonium sulphate was supplied through irrigation water (fertigation) at rates of 0, 35, 70 and 105 mg N l-1. Soil N application treatment equivalent to the fertigation treatment of 70 mg N l-1 was included. 15N labelled ammonium sulphate was used to evaluate the N recovery and utilization efficiency. Yield increased by the N rate. The soil N application gave higher yield than the zero N and lower than the fertigated treatments. The increase in yield was due to the increase in the size of the tubers. The specific gravity was the highest with the zero N. The index ratios of potato tubers were similar with all treatments. The N derived from fertilizers by both tubers and shoots, increased with the N rate regardless of the method of application. The soil application treatments had fertilizer utilization as high as the fertigation treatments and produced total tuber yield not significantly different from that obtained by the fertigation treatment with similar rate. This might be attributed to the poor fertilizer distribution in the root zone in the fine textured soil. The low value of the fertilizer utilization of the plant receiving the 15N in the preceding season suggested possibilities of rapid transformation and immobilization by the soil microorganisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009855426670
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    Differential inhibition of indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan biosynthesis by indole analogues. I. Tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin biosynthesis ; auxin inhibitors ; indole analogues ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize liquid endosperm extracts contain the enzymes necessary for all of the steps of the plant IAA biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan, and provide a means to assay the pathway in vitro. We have analyzed the reactions in the presence of a series of indole and indole-like analogues in order to evaluate the potential of these compounds to act as inhibitors of IAA biosynthesis. Such inhibitors will be useful to investigate the tryptophan to IAA pathway, to determine the precursors and intermediates involved, and to select for mutants in this process. A number of such compounds were tested using in vitro enzyme assays for both the tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway and for tryptophan synthase β activity. Some compounds showed strong inhibition of IAA biosynthesis while having only a slight effect on the reaction rate of tryptophan synthase β. These results: (1) show that IAA biosynthesis can be selectively inhibited relative to tryptophan biosynthesis; (2) suggest potential ways to screen for IAA biosynthetic pathway mutations in plants; and (3) provide additional tools for studies of IAA biosynthesis in plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006103902155
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    Crop yield and tree-leaf production in three planting patterns of temperate-zone alley cropping in Oregon, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 46 (1999), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: A,nus rubra ; hedgerow intercropping ; Robina pseudoacacia ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine crop and tree productivity in several alley cropping planting patterns. The four- year study was conducted in western Oregon, United States and involved irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays) intercropped between hedgerows of red alder (Alnus rubra) and black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Three alley cropping planting patterns with variable plant populations and tree-crop proximity were tested with each tree species in a randomized block design. Space available to trees and crops determined yield of both plant components. High crop yield coincided with low pruning yield, and vice versa. Compared to monocropping, yield reductions in traditional alley cropping planting patterns with widely spaced, double tree rows ranged from 5% to 15%. A. rubra and R. pseudoacacia coppiced readily and produced 0.9 to 4.7 tons of dry matter pruning biomass per growing season, depending on planting pattern and year. A. rubra yield continually increased during the trial, while the ability of R. pseudoacacia to produce green manure after frequent coppicing appeared to weaken. After four years, soil organic matter was 4 to 7% higher in the topsoil of an alley cropping system compared to a monocropping system. However, continuous growing of sweet corn resulted in decreased soil organic matter levels in both cropping systems compared to original levels. Crop yield reductions and the need for additional management inputs constrain the implementation of alley cropping in temperate climates. Only if benefits other than minor soil fertility improvements are realized is alley cropping a feasible alternative in temperate climate regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006204018212
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    Vertical resistance to late blight in wild potato species from Argentina (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistancescreening ; Solanum ; vertical resistance ; wild species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible presence of vertical resistance to late blight conferred by R genes in Argentine wild Solanum species, which presumably have not evolved under the pressure of the fungus, was investigated. Solanum microdontum, S. commersonii and S. chacoense clones were tested in the greenhouse and with detached leaves in the laboratory after inoculation with a complex race and a non-virulent race of Phytophthora infestans. Two progeny tests were carried out to assess the performance of contrasting parents in regards to their resistance. A varying frequency of incompatible clones was detected among the species, with S. microdontum having the higher proportion of clones yielding incompatible reactions both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. S. chacoense and S. commersonii showed a small but still considerable frequency of incompatible clones. The progeny tests confirmed the presence of R genes in a S. commersonii cross and their absence in a S. chacoense cross. The unexpected presence of R genes, its evolutionary significance and the consequences on the use of these species in breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003793227338
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    Characterisation of resistance to potato leafroll virus accumulation in Solanum phureja (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ELISA ; genetic modification ; PLRV ; potato ; Solanum phureja ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strong resistance to accumulation of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was identified in a clone of the diploid potato species Solanum phureja (cv. ‘Egg Yolk’, clone 5010) using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The resistance is expressed very strongly in leaf tissue (virus could not be detected in leaves of some plants although other tissues were infected) but less strongly in petiole and stem tissue of infected plants. The titre of PLRV in leaves of S. phureja (5010) is approximately 2%, or less, of the titre in S. tuberosum cv. Maris Piper. The pattern of virus accumulation in different tissues of S. phureja (5010) and the distribution of virus-infected cells in phloem bundles suggest that this resistance is different to a similar form of resistance to PLRV accumulation previously identified in clones of Solanum tuberosum. Plants of S. phureja (5010) were transformed with the coat protein gene of potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Transgenic lines of S. phureja (5010) expressing transgene RNA transcript were no more resistant to aphid-borne infection with PLRV or to virus accumulation than were non-transgenic lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003668629040
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    Genetic basis of variation for salt tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L). (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; North Carolina model 2 ; salinity tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of salt tolerance was examined in selected salt tolerant and sensitive material from a sample of accessions previously assessed for variability in salinity tolerance. The North Carolina Model 2 Design and analysis was followed, tolerance being assessed in 10-day-old seedlings grown in salinized solution culture at control (0 mM), 60 mM and 80 mM NaCl concentrations). Salinity tolerance was shown to be under the control of genes with additive and non-additive effects, with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates being approximately 0.7 and 0.4 over all treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003612411293
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    Crossability between cultivated and wild tuber-and non-tuber-bearing Solanums (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum ; crossability ; 2n gametes ; hybridization ; wild species ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cultivated potato has over 200 extant wild relatives many of which contain genes valuable for disease resistance, hardiness, processing and agronomic traits. Crossability of these wild species directly with the cultivated potato is complicated by several reproductive phenomena such as stylar and ploidy barriers and Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN). However, a systematic analysis of crossability with many of these wild relatives has never fully been examined. Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated potato and over 400 wild potato accessions; stylar barriers and 2n gamete production were examined as was the fertility of many of the putative hybrids. Generally, the seed/fruit ratio increased the more closely related the species were to the cultivated potato. However, a few crosses were successful in spite of predicted failure due to ploidy or EBN differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003710817938
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    Localization and quantification of net fluxes of H+ along maize roots by combined use of pH-indicator dye videodensitometry and H+-selective microelectrodes (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; H+ flux ; H+-selective microelectrode ; mineral uptake ; pH-indicator dye ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for measuring proton fluxes along intact maize roots grown with NH 4 + or NO 3 − at pH 6.5 were compared. Videodensitometric measurement of changes in a pH-indicator dye by video camera was used to map pH around roots and determine the amounts of protons released by various root regions. This method was compared with potentiometric determination of the concentration of H+ in the unstirred layer at the root surface using ion-selective microelectrodes. With NH 4 + the roots released large amounts of H+ in preferential regions where the rate of flux can reach 1.4 or even 2.5 nmol m−1 s−1. Videodensitometry indicated a first region of root acidification in the subapical zone, but this was more difficult to localize with microelectrodes. With NO3 − both methods showed that the roots released small amounts of H+ and that the apical region took up H+ in the first 10 mm then sometimes released H+ over the following 10 mm of root. The H+ flux profiles obtained by both methods were in good agreement in terms of both order of magnitude of the fluxes and spatial differences along the root. These results suggest that videodensitometry, which is easier to use than potentiometry, can be used to screen different plant species or cultivars under various experimental conditions. The microelectrode technique is indispensable, however, for studying the underlying mechanisms of net H+ fluxes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004560208777
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    Continuous monitoring of rhizosphere respiration after labelling of plant shoots with 14CO2 (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 labelling ; flow detection of beta radiations ; rhizosphere respiration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work describes an original method to follow rate of 14CO2 and total CO2 production from rhizosphere respiration after plant shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We used a radioactivity detector equipped with a plastic cell for flow detection of beta radiation by solid scintillation counting. The radioactivity detector was coupled with an infrared gas analyser. The flow detection of 14CO2 was compared to trapping of 14CO2 in NaOH and counting by liquid scintillation. First, we demonstrated that NaOH (1 M) trapped 95% of the CO2 of a gaseous sample. Then, we determined that the counting efficiency of the radioactivity flow cell was 41% of the activity of gaseous samples as determined by trapping in NaOH (1 M) and by counting by static liquid scintillation. The sensitivity of the 14CO2- flow detection was 0.08 Bq mL−1 air and the precision was 2.9% of the activity measured compared to 0.9% for NaOH trapping method. We presented two applications which illustrate the relevance of 14CO2-flow detection to investigations using 14C to trace photoassimilates within the plant-soil system. First, we examined the kinetics of 14CO2 production when concentrated acid is added to NaH14CO3. This method is the most commonly used to label photoassimilates with 14C. Then, we monitored 14CO2 activity in rhizosphere respiration of 5-week old maize cultivated in soil and whose shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We conclude that alkali traps should be used for a cumulative determination of 14CO2 because they are cheap and accurate. On the other hand, we demonstrated that the flow detection of 14CO2 had a finer temporal resolution and was consequently a relevant tool to study C dynamics in the rhizosphere at a short time scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004681528074
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    Development and validation of a model to describe root length density of maize from root counts on soil profiles (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 61-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field root studies ; modelling ; root ; root growth ; root mapping ; root orientation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root length density (RLD) is an important determinant of crop water and nutrient acquisition, but is difficult to measure in the field. On a soil profile, in-situ counts of root impacts per unit surface on soil profiles (NI) can be used to calculate RLD if crop-specific parameters for preferential root orientation (anisotropy) are known. An improved method for field determinations of RLD was developed and validated for maize at sites in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Root anisotropy was measured with cubes of undisturbed soil with 0.1 m sidelength, based on NI observed on three planes oriented perpendicularly to each other. RLD was also measured for the enclosed volume. Repetition of such measurements enabled estimation of the robustness across sites of empirical and geometric models for the relationship between RLD and NI:RLD = NI CO, with CO being the coefficient of root orientation, theoretically equals 2 for an isotropic distribution. Root systems were found to be nearly isotropic, except near the root front (0.3 to 0.5 m), where roots had a preferentially orthotropic orientation. Measured RLD was generally about 50% larger than RLD calculated from observed NI and CO, indicating that at least one of the measurement techniques had a systematic error. The ratio between measured and calculated RLD (CE), which ranged from 0.8 to 2, increased with the age of the plants and decreased with soil depth. CE was therefore introduced as an additional coefficient, resulting in RLD = NI CO CE. The empirical value for CO CE was between 2 and 5. The empirical coefficients CO and CE were the same for the sites in Cote d'Ivoire (oxisol with an iron pan at 0.6 to 0.9 m) and Burkina Faso (alfisol with an iron pan at 0.4 to 0.8 m). The model was validated with independent data sets at both sites, and gave satisfactory predictions of RLD on the basis of NI obtained from single soil planes, which can be easily measured in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004658918388
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    Marker-assisted sampling of the cultivated Andean potato Solanum phureja collection using RAPD markers (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 547-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: core collection ; germplasm ; molecular marker ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum phureja
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potato crop originated in the Andean highlands where numerous farmer's varieties and non-cultivated wild species exist. An Andean potato collection is held in trust at the International Potato Center (CIP) to preserve the biodiversity of this crop and ensure the supply of germplasm for potato improvement worldwide. A core collection representing the biodiversity of the Andean potato germplasm is under construction using morphological, molecular, and geographic data. One of the eight cultivated potato species, Solanum phureja, has been genotyped using the RAPD technique. A protocol suitable for large germplasm collection genotyping has been developed to process numerous samples at reasonable costs. From 106 RAPD primers evaluated, we have selected 12 primers yielding 102 polymorphic markers, which unambiguously discriminated all 128 accessions but 2 that are possible duplicates. The S. phureja germplasm collected throughout the Andean countries appears to have a homogeneous genetic constitution. There was no clear geographic pattern as indicated by cluster analysis of the RAPD data. A sub-group of 20 accessions has been identified on the basis of the marker data and selected to maximize molecular (RAPD) variance and polymorphism. The probability of capturing equal amounts of marker polymorphism in this sub-group of 20 accessions by random sampling is less than 40%. This set accessions represents our first group of accessions that may constitute a core of the S. phureja collection. This tentative core will be challenged for diversity content by alternate markers and agronomic traits. Hence, the methodology for sampling less than 10% of the base collection, proposed for core collections by Brown (1989), can be based on molecular marker data provided cost-efficient fingerprints are developed.
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    A genetic analysis of quantitative resistance to late blight in potato: towards marker-assisted selection (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; quantitative resistance ; marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most important fungal disease in potato cultivation worldwide. Resistance to late blight is controlled by a few major genes (R genes) which can be easily overcome by new races of P. infestans and/or by an unknown number of genes expressing a quantitative type of resistance which may be more durable. Quantitative resistance of foliage to late blight was evaluated in five F1 hybrid families originating from crosses among seven different diploid potato clones. Tuber resistance was evaluated in four of the families. Two of the families were scored for both foliage maturity and vigour. The five families were genotyped with DNA-based markers and tested for linkage with the traits analysed. QTL (quantitative trait locus) analysis identified at least twelve segments on ten chromosomes of potato having genes that affect reproducibly foliage resistance. Two of those segments also have major R genes for resistance to late blight. The segments are tagged by 21 markers that can be analyzed based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific oligonucleotide primers. One QTL was detected for tuber resistance and one for foliage vigour. Two QTLs were mapped for foliage maturity. Major QTL effects on foliage and tuber resistance to late blight and on foliage maturity and vigour were all linked with marker GP179 on linkage group V of potato. Plants having alleles at this QTL, which increased foliage resistance, exhibited decreased tuber resistance, later maturity and more vigour.
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    QTL for field resistance to late blight in potato are strongly correlated with maturity and vigour (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 387-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; QTL ; Linkage mapping ; earliness ; vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of foliage and tuber blight in cultivated potatoes, earliness (maturity) and vigour, were examined in a diploid segregating potato population grown in replicated trials over three consecutive growing seasons. A genetic linkage map of this population was constructed in parallel using PCR-based SSR, AFLP and CAPS markers. Analysis of the trait scores alongside the marker segregation data allowed the identification of regions of the genome which were significantly correlated with components of the respective characters. The most significant associations for all four traits were with marker alleles on potato linkage group V originating from the male (susceptible) parent. In the case of foliage resistance to late blight, the positions of the majority of the effects, which were located on eleven of the twelve potato linkage groups, have been detected in previous [16] and parallel studies [21]. The absence of Solanum demissum-derived R genes for hypersensitive response to late blight and the co-localisation of QTL for resistance, vigour and earliness suggest that developmental and/or physiological factors play a major role in determining the level of foliage resistance in this population. In contrast with previous findings, a negative correlation was found between foliage and tuber blight resistance.
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    Similarity of QTLs detected for in vitro and greenhouse development of potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: QTLs ; tuberization earliness ; in vitro conditions ; sugars in leaf exudate ; marker-assisted selection ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A relationship between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected for in vitro and greenhouse growing conditions was studied in a backcross population of 155 genotypes derived from a haploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) and a diploid wild species (S. berthaultii). Both plant height and tuberization earliness were characterized under two growing conditions. Main-effect QTLs and QTLs identified only through interaction were detected for each of the traits. For traits associated with plant height as well as for traits associated with early tuberization, the most significant QTL detected for greenhouse cultivated plants was also found when the population was grown in vitro. The most significant QTL for earliness of tuberization in vitro, which was located on chromosome 8, coincides with that detected for sucrose concentration in leaf exudate. The absence of a S. berthaultii allele was associated both with a higher amount of sucrose in the exudate and with earlier in vitro tuber formation. Epistasis was found to have a significant effect on all traits investigated. The QTL model that included main-effect QTLs and all significant interactions explained 83–88% of the total genetic variance for each of the developmental traits. The possibility of using an in vitro system combined with marker-assisted selection for preliminary selection of early tuberizing clones is discussed.
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    Expression of nonacclimated freezing tolerance and cold acclimation capacity in somatic hybrids between hardy wild Solanum species and cultivated potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: freezing tolerance ; potato ; Solanum brevidens ; Solanum commersonii ; Solanum tuberosum ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The expression of freezing tolerance was characterized in interspecific somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum (tbr) and two cold-hardy wild species, S. brevidens (brd) and S. commersonii (cmm). The nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC, increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperature), two main genetic components of freezing tolerance, were evaluated separately. In contrast to cmm, which exhibited excellent NA and ACC, the freezing tolerance of brd was mainly due to ACC. However, the ACC of brd was only moderately expressed in the somatic hybrids. The NA of cmm was also suppressed in combination with tbr genomes. However, with acclimation, some of the tbr (+) cmm somatic hybrids achieved freezing tolerance comparable to pure hardy species such as brd used in this study. Analysis of chloroplast DNA type by RFLP markers revealed no significant difference in ACC between somatic hybrids carrying chloroplasts from either tbr or cmm. The reasons for the reduced expression of freezing tolerance from either the brd or cmm parent and the utilization of these somatic hybrids in breeding programs are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003583706491
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    Phytophthora infestans Secretes Extracellular Proteases with Necrosis Inducing Activity on Potato (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 753-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: hypersensitive-like response ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; proteases ; Solanum tuberosum ; zoospores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proteolytic activity present in the extracellular preparation (ECP) from suspension media of infective structures of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was partially characterized. The proteolytic activity was analyzed in gelatin-containing SDS-PAGE. A discrete band of digested gelatin was visualized at approximately 45 kDa in ECPs from zoospores and germinating cysts media. Treatment of ECP with the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or incubation at 100°C for 5 min completely abolished the proteolytic activity in the zymograph assay. When microinjected in potato leaves, ECP induce localized necrosis within 24 h post inoculation. This necrosis appeared in potato and was not visible in two non-host plants. Moreover, the necrosis seems to be dependent on active host metabolism. Treatments of ECP with Proteinase K, PMSF and boiling inhibited their ability to induce the necrotic response. These results suggest a correlation between, proteolytic and necrosis-inducing activities in ECP. A preliminary characterization with protease inhibitors suggests that the ECPs contain serine protease(s).
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    Detection and Quantification of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea in Soils and on Tubers Using Specific PCR Primers (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 905-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cystosori ; internal transcribed spacer regions ; plasmodiophorids ; potato ; powdery scab ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract PCR-based methods were developed for the detection and quantification of the potato pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (S. subterranea) in peel, tuber washings and soil. A partial sequence was obtained for S. subterranea ribosomal DNA and specific PCR primers (Sps1 and Sps2) were chosen from the internal transcribed spacer regions. These primers amplified a 391 bp product from S. subterranea DNA but did not amplify DNA from potato or a range of soil-borne microbes, including related species. Diluted S. subterranea DNA was detected at a concentration equivalent to 25×10−5 cystosori or 1 zoospore per PCR. Amplification was detected from peel and washings of infected and apparently healthy tubers, but not from peel of Scottish classified seed potatoes or axenically micropropagated potatoes. A rapid method for extracting S. subterranea DNA from soils was developed. This yielded DNA pure enough for PCR within 3 h and facilitated the detection of 1–5 cystosori per gram of soil. A PCR quantification technique was developed involving comparison of product ratios obtained after co-amplification of S. subterranea DNA along with an internal standard (competitor DNA fragment). This quantitative technique was also adapted for use in soil. PCR detection of S. subterranea in soil was considerably more sensitive than previously reported immunoassays and was quicker and easier than conventional bait plant bioassays. Such an assay could be useful for developing disease risk assessments for field soils and seed potato stocks and for future studies on the ecology and control of S. subterranea.
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    A Laboratory Assay for Phytophthora infestans Resistance in Various Solanum Species Reflects the Field Situation (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; wild Solanum spp. ; resistance ; detached leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.
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    Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum Race 3 (Biovar 2) in Surface Water and Natural Weed Hosts: First Report on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bittersweet ; brown rot ; overwintering ; pathogenicity ; potato ; Solanum dulcamara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The population dynamics of the brown rot bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum in surface water of two selected water-areas were monitored over a two-year period. In some cases during summer, high bacterial numbers (up to 106 cfu l−1) were observed. In a host plant survey a few plants of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) were found to be a natural host of the bacterium when plants were growing with their roots in contaminated water. The significance of U. dioica in the epidemiology of the brown rot bacterium is not yet known and subject to further investigation. Pathogenicity of R. solanacearum to stinging nettle (U. dioica) and bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) was demonstrated in a greenhouse experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008795417575
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    In vitro shoot regeneration ofSolanum tuberosum cultivars: interactions of medium composition and leaf, leaflet, and explant position (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot regeneration was investigated on explants from different leaves and leaflets of three potato cultivars Posmo, Folva and Oleva. Explants were excised from glasshouse grown plants and grown for 6 days on callus induction medium with indole-3-acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Explants were then transferred to auxin free shoot regeneration medium with gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine or zeatin. By using the optimum combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators and by excision of explants from particular regions of proximal leaflets from newly unfolded leaves, shoot regeneration frequencies of 97.0% were obtained for cv. Posmo and 32.1% for cv. Folva. Shoot regeneration frequency of cv. Oleva was very low and could not be improved by the different treatments.
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    The conservation of potato cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 427-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: germplasm ; potato ; in vitro ; microtuber ; cryo-conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To prevent the loss of important genetic information cultivars are conserved in several collections of gene banks. In principal, there are two options for the medium to long-term storage of potato cultivars: storage as in vitro plantlets or microtubers and storage of meristems or shoot-tips in liquid nitrogen. In the Braunschweig potato cultivar collection, 360 cultivars are maintained under slow-growth conditions. Ten microplantlets of each cultivar are stored in test tubes containing filter paper bridges and 5 ml Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium. The cultures were maintained at 10°C with a light intensity of 2 klux and 16 hours-day and can be stored under these conditions up to three years. Two hundred and forty-five cultivars are cryostored in liquid nitrogen. About 300 trimmed shoot-tips of each cultivar are incubated in MS-Towill-medium and then transferred into the cryoprotective solution. After an incubation time of about 2 hours trimmed shoot-tips fixed on an aluminium foil were put in cryo vials and stored in a container. The survival rate of the thawed, trimmed shoot-tips varies from 55%–100%. More important for a gene bank, however, is the plant regeneration. The average regeneration of all cultivars is about 40%.
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    Some sprouting characteristics of microtubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: dormancy ; potato ; losses ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed potato production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microtubers can be stored longer, transported and handled easier than plantlets, but they have some disadvantages related to long dormancy. Dormancy, number of sprouts per tuber and loss of microtubers under different storage temperatures were studied. Microtubers of four genotypes originated from different tuberization treatments (photoperiod combinations) were observed. We found that dormancy depended on cultivar and — in some cases — on the photoperiod treatment applied during tuberization. Generally, the dormacy was long and was greatly elongated by low storage temperature. One of the photoperiod treatments shortened while the other treatment prolonged the rest-period compared to the control, maybe due to a change in temperature accompanying the change in daily light (photoperiod combination). Besides, these treatments affected the number of sprouts per tuber. There was no significant difference in duration of dormancy between different tuber-size groups, but the loss increased significanctly with a decrease in tuber size. Based on this information we can use microtubers more effectively in the seed potato production programme.
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    Plant availability of phosphorus in the neutral ammonium citrate fraction of Brazilian acidulated phosphates (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: acidulated phosphates ; available P ; cationic impurities ; corn ; phosphorus sources ; water soluble P ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Brazil, where the rock phosphates are high in impurities, no attempthas been made to evaluate the P supplying efficiency of the neutral ammoniumcitrate fraction (NAC) of P fertilizers, or to verify if the NAC +H2O extraction solution (AOAC) is satisfactory for estimatingthe P availability. To attain these objectives, a greenhouse experiment wascarried out with samples of a Typic Hapludox soil. Four acidulatedphosphates obtained from Brazilian raw materials were studied; monocalciumphosphate p.a.[Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O]was included as a standard source of P, as well as leached samplescontaining no water-soluble P. The fertilizers were thoroughly mixed withthe whole soil in the pots or with only 1% of its volume, at the rateof 50 mg kg-1 of P, soluble in NAC + H2O. Cornplants (Zea mays, L.) were grown for 35 days and the amounts of dry matterand P accumulated in plant tops were determined. Increasing the amount ofcationic impurities in the raw materials decreased the concentration ofwater-soluble P, NAC + H2O-soluble P and water-soluble P/NAC+H2O soluble P ratio of the fertilizers obtained. The P in theNAC fraction was not as much available to plants as in the NAC +H2O fraction or in pure MCP. The great variation found in drymatter (5.4 to 17.1 g pot-1) and in P uptake (6.3 to 22.2 mgpot-1) indicates that the AOAC method is not an adequate indexfor evaluating the P availability of fertilizers with high amounts ofcationic impurities.
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    Multivariate analysis of variation among Solanum commersonii (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids with different ploidy levels (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; discriminant analysis ; ploidy level ; potato ; Solanum commersonii ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to integrate the outcomes of interspecific somatic fusion experiments in breeding schemes, it is important to understand factors involved in the variability observed among regenerated plants. With such a purpose in mind, a population of Solanum commersonii (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids was examined by means of discriminant and cluster analyses. Data were collected on 56 hybrids with different ploidies and on the two diploid parents grown in a greenhouse. The ploidy group was used as discrimination criterion. Three significant canonical variables were extracted by discriminant analysis; they were mainly correlated with the number of leaflets and stems, degree of flowering, plant height, and leaf length. After cluster analysis carried out with the significant canonical variables, parental and hybrid clones were grouped in 7 clusters. In the canonical space of reduced dimensions, patterns of morphological variation depended mainly on ploidy level and non-additive gene interactions. Hybrids were in general more similar to the cultivated than to the wild species, suggesting a good chance of fast introgression of useful traits from S. commersonii into the S. tuberosum genetic background.
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    Evaluation of early-maturing European maize inbreds for resistance to the European corn borer (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; corn ; insect resistance ; antibiosis ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European corn borer (ECB) has become a serious pest for maize cultivation in Central and Western Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate resistance against ECB in a cross section of the European maize germplasm. A total of 115 flint and dent inbreds were evaluated for resistance under protected and artificial infestation conditions at two German sites in 1993. Resistance to ECB was assessed by damage rating before harvest, tunnel length in dissected stalks, and relative yield under infestation compared to protected control plots. Means for damage rating of stalks were significantly higher in flint lines than in dent lines. Artificial infestation reduced grain yield by 31% in flint lines and 20% in dent lines. Significant genotypic variances among lines and high genetic ratios (GR) were found in both flint and dent lines for all agronomic and ECB resistance traits. Exceptions were relative yield of stover in both germplasm groups and tunnel length in flint lines. Phenotypic correlations between agronomic and resistance traits were moderate to low. Damage rating was negatively correlated with days to silking and dry matter yield of stover in both germplasm groups. In vitro digestibility of stover was not associated with ECB resistance. Correlations of relative grain yield with tunnel length below the ear and damage rating were significantly negative, even though their magnitude was low. Our results indicate substantial genetic variation among European inbred lines for resistance to the univoltine ECB. Among all resistance traits measured, damage rating of stalks is best suited for assessment of ECB resistance in breeding programs because of its easy recording and high genetic ratio.
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    Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in seedlings of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: antioxidant system ; brassinolide ; drought stress ; methyl jasmonate ; uniconazole ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of brassinolide, uniconazole and methyl jasmonate on the antioxidant system were studied in seedlings of drought-resistant (PAN 6043) and drought-sensitive (SC 701) cultivars of Zea mays L. When seedlings treated with the three regulators were subjected to water stress (−1.0 MPa PEG 6000 solution), the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as the ascorbic acid and total carotenoid contents, increased in the resistant cultivar, whereas the levels remained unaltered in the sensitive cultivar. The increased tolerance to drought stress induced by the growth regulators in the resistant cultivar seems to be due to the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant substance levels.
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    Effect of chlorocholine chloride sprays on the carbohydrate composition and activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: carbohydrate composition ; chlorocholine chloride ; growth retardant ; potato ; sucrose metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) was sprayed on a potato crop 25 days after sowing (DAS) at 5 day intervals for a total of 7 sprays. Activity of sucrose synthase (SS) in the sucrose cleavage direction was many fold higher than that of acid invertase in all the tissues. The activity of alkaline invertase was negligible. A sharp decline in the starch content of stolons of the CCC-sprayed crop was observed between 60 DAS and 70 DAS. This could divert the carbon towards tubers and thus enhancing its availability for starch synthesis. The CCC-treated crop, in general, had higher SS (cleavage) activity in stem, stolons and tubers. A higher sucrose content in the stem of the CCC-treated crop could be due to the high sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity observed in this plant part. In tubers of CCC-treated crops a higher SS (cleavage) activity along with a high sucrose content in tubers during the active tuber filling stage could lead to better availability of UDP-glucose for its conversion to glucose-1-phosphate, which could enter into the amyloplast leading to higher starch content. High SPS activity in tubers of CCC-treated plants ensures that reducing sugars formed are reconverted efficiently to sucrose. The efficiency of developing tubers from CCC-sprayed plants to convert 14C sucrose fed through stolons into starch was about 2.5 times more than in the control.
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    Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols (1998)
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    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: erosion ; Gliricidia sepium ; Oryza sativa ; Paspalum conjugatum ; Penisetum purpureum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006020319918
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    Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in callus of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: antioxidant system ; brassinolide ; callus ; methyl jasmonate ; paraquat ; sodium benzoate ; uniconazole ; water stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of brassinolide, uniconazole and methyl jasmonate on several aspects of antioxidant defences, were studied in callus tissues of drought-resistant (PAN 6043) and drought-sensitive (SC 701) cultivars of maize. When regulator-treated calli were subjected to water stress with PEG for 24 h the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase, remained higher in callus of the drought-resistant than in callus of the drought-sensitive cultivar. Damage, as indicated by the levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, the reduction of ascorbate and carotenoids, and leakage of electrolytes from cells was apparent in callus of both cultivars as a consequence of the applied water stress. However, the damage was less marked in the drought-resistant cultivar. The regulator-treated callus of this cultivar also had a higher survival percentage than that of the drought-sensitive cultivar. The present results also compare the effects of growth regulators on antioxidant systems in callus tissue of different drought-resistant cultivars when exposed to paraquat and water stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005954532397
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    In vivo silage feeding value of early maize hybrids registered in France between 1958 and 1994 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: digestibility ; feeding value ; ingestibility ; silage maize ; registration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The in vivo feeding value of 118 early maize (Zea mays L) hybrids, registered in France between 1958 and 1994, has been estimated from digestibility measurements with sheep at INRA Lusignan (France). There were great variations in the digestibilities of organic matter and crude fibre, and in the energy value of these hybrids, ranging respectively between 65.1 and 73.5%, 45.4 and 60.0%, and 0.79 and 0.95 UFL. There was a regular decrease in the average feeding value, regarding the year of registration, for each of the feeding value traits investigated. From 1958 to date, the frequency of hybrids lower than Mammouth increased, while the number of hybrids higher than LG11 or Brutus clearly decreased. Across the years, the increase in variations among hybrids occurred because of the introduction of hybrids with a poorer feeding value, particularly since the end of the 80's. The extremely efficient genetic pressure in breeding for whole plant yield and stalk standability could explain the drift in feeding value. A silage maize hybrid with a high yield, a high lodging resistance, and a good feeding value can be available only if breeders use a digestibility assessment, proved as representative of the digestion in cattle. In addition to a digestibility evaluation, the prediction of maize ingestibility could be taken into account as soon as a criterion is established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018379931874
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    Effect of IAA content Modulators on peroxidase activity and on endogenous IAA during cold pretreatment of maize anthers prior to androgenesis (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: androgenesis ; anther ; cold pretreatment ; endogenous IAA ; peroxidase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A cold pretreatment is usually applied to induce maize androgenesis. Peroxidase activity, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity, and endogenous IAA concentrations were followed during a cold pretreatment (14 days, 7°C) in anthers of two maize genotypes, Seneca 60 and DH5×DH7, respectively with a low or high androgenetic response. The most prominent result was the absence of a detectable IAA oxidase activity in DH5×DH7. Adding effectors of IAA-oxidase activity or IAA transport did not affect significantly the crude peroxidase activity of DH5×DH7 anthers while inducing a clear inhibition of androgenesis at higher concentrations. No strict correlation was found between IAA level and physiological response, the low responding variety having as much IAA as DH5×DH7. However, for DH5×DH7, every treatment that lowered the IAA level after 14 days of cold resulted in a decrease in androgenetic response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006131620264
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    Portable rhizotron and color scanner system for monitoring root development (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer imaging ; portable rhizotron ; potato ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizotrons allow the examination of spatial and temporal in situ root development. Permanent rhizotron installations provide 2-D images of whole root profiles, but their immobility limits the number of soil-plant systems that can be studied. Our objectives were to develop a portable rhizotron and color scanning system for studying the development of whole root systems. Potato root development was monitored in an irrigated experiment at Othello, WA. Covered, rectangular hollow boxes with a transparent glass face were installed perpendicular to planted potato rows, and a seed piece was planted in the soil adjacent to the glass. Rooting in the hill furrow topography was measured at 2 to 4 week intervals. Images of roots growing along the glass face are captured with five scans with a portable, color scanner and a portable computer. Image thresholding discriminated roots from soil using primary color values, color intensity differences, color proportions, or overall intensity. Seasonal patterns of computed root lengths by image analysis were comparable to manual tracing. Primary roots extended to 15 cm from the seed piece prior to shoot emergence, 21 days after planting. Lateral roots began to develop shortly thereafter. Potato roots extended to depths of 60 cm by 4 to 6 weeks after planting, and maximum root density in the hill and furrow was observed by tuber initiation to early tuber bulking. Temporal and spatial trends were similar to previous results using destructive sampling. The method has promise for studying the root growth and development of field-grown plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004277118087
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004373700581
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    Nitrogen uptake and use of two contrasting maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter partitioning ; maize ; 15N ; nitrogen uptake ; nitrogen use efficiency ; senescence ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In eastern Canada, the use of fertilizer N has been identified as the most energy-consuming component of maize (Zea mays L.) grain production. As the economic and environmental costs of excessive N fertilization rise, there is an increased emphasis on selection of hybrids with greater N use efficiency (NUE; defined as the ratio of the amount of 15N recovered in grain or stover dry matter to the amount of fertilizer 15N applied to the soil in this study). Using an 15N-labelling approach, a field study was conducted on a tile-drained Brandon loam soil (Typic Endoaquoll) on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada (45°22′ N, 75°43′ W) in 1993 and 1994. Fertilizer N uptake and partitioning within the plant in relation to dry matter changes were monitored during development of a current stay-green maize hybrid and an older early-senescing hybrid grown with three fertilizer N levels (0, 100, 200 kg N ha-1). Dry matter, N concentration and15 N atom% enrichment of plant components were determined at five growth stages. The current stay-green hybrid, ‘Pioneer 3902’ had greater NUE than the old early-senescing hybrid, ‘Pride 5’, which was associated with 24% more dry matter production and 20% more N uptake during grain fill for Pioneer 3902. There was no indication of greater allocation of N to the grain in Pioneer 3902. Our data suggest that prolonged maintenance of green leaf area for photosynthate production during grain fill and the ability to take up available soil N later in grain filling are characteristics of maize hybrids with greater NUE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004397219723
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    Variability in aluminium and manganese tolerance among maize accessions (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: aluminium and manganese tolerance ; Al × Mn interaction ; leaf chlorosis and necrosis ; relative root length ; solution culture ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to aluminium and manganese toxicity at the seedling stage for 72 maize accessions was examined in solution culture. 0.22 mM Al and 2.0 mM Mn gave better genotypic separation for aluminium and manganese tolerance assessed on the basis respectively of relative root length, and visual symptoms of leaf chlorosis and necrosis. There was considerable variability among accessions for tolerance to aluminium and to manganese. Three accessions, Bozm 1335, Bozm 1337, and Bozm 1536 showed tolerance to Al, while 4, Chzm 01009, Champ, Bozm 0715, LG 20.80 exhibited tolerance to Mn. Accession, Zea 769 was tolerant to both metals. A significant Al x Mn interaction was found when five accessions were grown in a mixture of 0.22 mM aluminium and 2.0 mM manganese. Root length inhibition in Al alone was slightly ameliorated when the accessions were grown in the Al + Mn solution. Tolerance to aluminium and manganese does not necessarily coincide, different mechanisms being involved in tolerance to the two metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008699817089
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    A gene for resistance to the maize streak virus in the African CIMMYT maize inbred line CML202 (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: composite interval mapping ; maize streak virus ; QTL ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) is an essential trait of improved maize varieties in sub-Saharan Africa. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to MSV in a population of 196 F2:3 lines derived from a cross between the maize inbred lines CML202 (resistant) from CIMMYT-Zimbabwe and Lo951 (susceptible) from Italy. Field tests were planted at two locations in Zimbabwe, inoculated with viruliferous leaf hoppers (Cicadulina mbila), and scored twice (21 and 83 days after infesting, DAI) on a 1–5 scale. The mean final streak intensity (score 2) of the parent lines was 2.2 (CML202) and 4.8 (Lo951). Genotype × location interaction was large for score 1 but negligible for score 2. Consequently, the heritability was higher for score 2 (0.93) than for score 1 (0.62). By composite interval mapping across locations, using a linkage map with 110 RFLP loci, four significant (LOD ≥3.0) QTL were identified for score 1 on chromosomes (C) 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All four were contributed by CML202. For score 2, only the QTL on C 1 was significant (LOD =37), explaining 59% of the phenotypic and 64% of the genotypic variance. The QTL's partially dominant gene action was consistent with the nearly intermediate resistance of the F1 generation (relative heterosis for resistance 12%). The presence of one major QTL is consistent with the bimodal frequency distribution of the mapping population showing a clear 3:1 segregation. This gene seems to be allelic or identical to Msv1, a major resistance gene which was previously identified in the same genomic region in Tzi4, an inbred line from IITA. Inbred CML202 had lower final disease ratings than Tzi4. The greater resistance of CML202 may be due to allelic differences at the msv1 locus or due to the minor QTL on C 2, 3, and 4 which were not detected in Tzi4. z y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center); IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; IRAT, Institute de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrières; KARI, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; MSV, maize streak virus; QTL, quantitative trait locus/loci
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    Potato tubers as a biofactory for recombinant antibodies (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: antibody ; endoplasmic reticulum ; phytofarming ; potato ; production ; scFv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato tubers have been successfully used for high-level production of a recombinant single-chain Fv (ScFv) antibody. Ubiquitous high-level expression was achieved under control of the CaMV 35S promoter through retention of the scFv protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recombinant antibodies accumulated up to 2% of total soluble tuber protein. After 1.5 years of tuber storage at 4 °C still half of the amount of scFv present in freshly harvested tubers was detectable. Its specific activity did not decrease during tuber storage. Recombinant protein could be efficiently purified from crude extracts by affinity chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676832273
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    Effect of maize streak virus disease on the growth and yield of maize as influenced by varietal resistance levels and plant stage at time of challenge (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicadulina ; leafhoppers ; disease resistance ; geminivirus ; West Africa ; yield reduction ; plant growth ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 at Ibadan, Nigeria, to assess effects of maize streak virus (MSV) disease on growth and yield of maize varieties having different levels of disease resistance. MSV disease reduced yield and growth in all years, but varieties differed significantly in amount of loss, disease severity and incidence. MSV disease was negatively correlated with plant height and dry weight, grain weight per plot, 1000-grain weight, ear length and diameter. In 1989 MSV disease decreased yield of resistant variety TZB-SR by 1.5%, of resistant hybrid 8321-21 by 10%, and of moderately resistant hybrid 8329-15 by 17%. Yield of susceptible variety TZB Gusao was reduced significantly more, by 71%. Plant age at time of virus challenge had significant effects on yield and growth characters, with earlier infection resulting in greater disease severity and yield reduction. A significant interaction between variety × age at challenge was also detected, indicating that varieties were differentially affected by MSV in relation to the growth stage when challenged. Disease incidence after challenge was lower for the most resistant varieties. This property of lower disease incidence under equal challenge opportunities (tolremicity) is an important aspect of resistance. The resistant varieties discussed here were bred for tolerance - good yield performance when diseased -, but TZB-SR and 8321-21 also exhibited tolremicity. Tolremicity combined with tolerance constitutes the overall disease resistance of a variety to a systemic pathogen such as MSV.
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    Selection of diploid tuberous Solanum hybrids for 2n-egg formation using 2x⋅4x-crosses (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 325-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; sexual polyploidization ; Solanum ; species ; Tuberosum hybrids ; unreduced gametes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diploid families of Tuberosum hybrids as well as Tuberosum-wild species F1 hybrids were generated to select 2n-egg producing genotypes of different genetic backgrounds. Plants were selected if they produced more than four seeds per berry after pollination with tetraploid males (2x⋅ot4x-crosses). From the nine families of Tuberosum hybrids that were derived from one or two 2n-egg producing parents, 12 out of 82 (15%) 2n-egg producing plants were selected. From the 32 families of Tuberosum-wild species F1 hybrids, 21 of 274 (8%) 2n-egg producing plants were selected. The level of 2n-egg formation was estimated in 25 selected diploid hybrids and five control clones (three high, one moderate and one low 2n-egg producers) on the basis of seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses using 13 tetraploid males in four crossing years. Besides the effect of the diploid 2n-egg producing female on the seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses (P = 0.0001), there was a significant effect of the tetraploid male (P = 0.0001), whereas the effect of the crossing year (P = 0.0688) was less significant. On the basis of differences in the seed set following 2x⋅4x-crosses as compared to the control clones for low, moderate and high level of 2n-egg formation, the level of 2n-egg formation in two of the newly selected hybrids was classified as very high, four were high, sixteen were moderate and three were low. The significance of the selected hybrids for the genetic analysis of various restitution mechanisms of 2n-egg formation is discussed.
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    Tissue-specificity of maize sucrose synthase gene promoters in maize tissues after particle bombardment (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: particle bombardment ; promoter ; tissue-specificity sucrose synthase ; transient expression ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reporter gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by either of the two maize sucrose synthase gene (Sh1 and Sus 1) promoters was introduced and expressed in various maize tissues via particle bombardment. Transient gene expression was examined by histochemical assays. It was found that the two SS promoters directed differential GUS expression. In the developing kernel, the Sh1 promoter was active only in the upper and central parts of the endosperm. In contrast, strong GUS activity controlled by the Sus1 promoter was detected in various types of cells, including the aleurone cells, the subaleurone endosperm cells, the scutellar cells of the embryo and the pericarp cells. Both promoters showed similar expression patterns in vegetative tissues.
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    Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Zea mays ; Pythium spp. ; Fusarium spp. ; seed bacterization Burkholderia cepacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.
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    Vegetative-compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae from Israel (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cotton ; potato ; vegetative comptability ; Verticillium dahliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among 34 isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton, potato, olive, eggplant, chrysanthemum and tomato from 12 sites in Israel. Based on the formation of complementary heterokaryons, 33 isolates were assigned to two vegetative- compatibility groups (VCGs): one VCG contained 15 isolates from cotton, eggplant, chrysanthemum and olive; and the other VCG contained 18 isolates from potato, olive and cotton. The status of an additional isolate from tomato, which was compatible with both VCGs, remained unclear. In a limited pathogenicity test with 10 isolates, two (from tomato and eggplant) were pathogenic on tomato, eggplant and cotton; most isolates from cotton were pathogenic on cotton and eggplant only; and one from cotton was non-pathogenic. Fewer isolates were pathogenic on tomato than on cotton or eggplant. The diversity of vegetative compatibility found in our V. dahliae collection is comparable to that found in studies of American populations.
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    Aspects of fusion combining ability of dihaploidSolanum tuberosum L.: influence of the cytoplasm (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; mitochondria ; chloroplast ; protoplast fusion ; somatic hybridization ; cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Creation from 4x hybrid clones from protoplast fusion of 2x clones of potato was evaluated. Besides combined nuclear genomes, composition of the cytoplasm significantly influenced the phenotypic traits of hybrid clones. To ascertain the influence of parental cytoplasm on the success of protoplast fusion and regeneration of hybrid plants, data from 74 fusion combinations of 50 dihaploid clones were analyzed. The majority of dihaploid breeding clones belonged to the cytoplasm types Wα, Tβ and Wγ. When the closely related mt types α, β and γ were used, fusion combinations had a better combining ability compared with more distantly related cytoplasms δ and ⃛. Fusions containing the same mitochondrial type (homofusions) were not superior to closely related mitochondrial types. However, homofusions of cytoplasm type Wα yielded significantly more hybrids than homofusions of type Tβ. In general, parental cytoplasm types had little impact on the fusion combining behaviour. Thus the cytoplasm type of the fusion parents is not a suitable marker for predicting the combining ability in protoplast fusion experiments.
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    Inheritance of resistance toFusarium spp. and toPhytophthora infestans in crosses between Neotuberosum and Tuberosum potatoes estimated by seedling tests (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; dry rot ; Fusarium coeruleum ; F. sulphureum ; general combining abilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Neotuberosum clones with differing levels of resistance toFusarium coeruleum andFurarium sulphureum, and putative resistance toPhytophthora infestans, were selected and used in crosses with Tuberosum clones. The resulting progenies were assessed for their resistance to each of these pathogens and for breeders' preference. There was little correlation between disease scores for the twoFusarium species (r=0.21 and 0.34 for the Neotuberosum and hybrid clones respectively), indicating that resistance to each species is distinct. Statistical analyses revealed differences between the Neotuberosum parents and between the Tuberosum parents for all traits, but the Neotuberosum differences for late blight were not significant (P=0.10–0.05) when tested against the interaction between the two sets of parents. The interaction was significant forF. coeruleum and breeders' preference, but notF. sulphureum. No reciprocal differences were found. The only statistically significant correlation between traits for the 72 progenies was a small one (r=0.33; P=0.01–0.001) between the twoFusarium species; for all other pairs of traits r was less than 0.10. It is concluded that there are good prospects for combinding resistances to the twoFusarium species from different sources and also for achieving high levels of other desirable characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358196
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    Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates ofFusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: post harvest disease ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; resistance ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence of 12Fusarium oxysporum isolates was determined on three potato cultivars Late Harvest, BP1 and Kimberley Choice. The production of fusaric acid by the 12F. oxysporum isolates was also determined. The aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between fusaric acid production and virulence ofF. oxysporum isolates. Late Harvest was the most tolerant and BP1 the most susceptible cultivar. Virulence ranking, order of theF. oxysporum isolates with the different cultivars corresponded with the mean of value of the ranking order for all three cultivars. A correlation was found between virulence of isolates and fusaric acid production except for Late Harvest. Fusaric acid production may play a major role in the development of dry rot in potato tubers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358198
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    Soft-rot resistance combined with other tuber characters in long day-adaptedSolanum phureja (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; diploid ; Erwinia ; yield ; tuber characters ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Offspring were produced from a cross between two long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones which carried resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica). In tests carried out on the produce of field-grown plants raised from tubers, over fifty per cent of the 173 offspring were found to be highly resistant. Assessments were also carried out of tuber yield, mean tuber weight, tuber number, shape, regularity, flesh colour, texture of the steamed flesh, fry colour, after-cooking blackening, sprout length after storage and overall dormancy. There were statistically significant differences between clones for all characters (P〈0.001). Twelve of the clones were selected on the basis of high resistance, yield, tuber weight, regularity of shape and absence of after-cooking blackening. The value of resistant long-day-adapted diploid material for commercial breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360263
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    Rate of spread of PVYn by alateMyzus persicae (Sulzer) from infected to healthy plants under laboratory conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: aphid ; epidemiology ; flight ; potato ; mosaic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alate green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tested in a flight chamber during their maiden flight period displayed behaviours ranging from repeated trivial flights to settling on the plants. The interaction of alate vector density and PVYn spread was dichotomous, virus spread was significantly related to vector density in some trials but virus spread was nil or limited and not significantly dependent on vector density in others. The green peach aphid colony used in these experiments provided a mixture of active and highly active alate populations. Results suggest that inactive and active vectors came from the active and highly active alate populations, respectively. Therefore, winged aphids within a species cannot all be attributed the same vector efficiency unless known to originate from the same population. At a 15% inoculum level the intercept for the regression model for the spread of PVYn was 5.03% indicating that there is a significant probability of propagation at aphid densities as low as one. However, over the range of aphid densities tested, the rate of spread per aphid was low, 0.08%, suggesting that reinfection of newly infected plants or movement interference between aphid vectors rapidly became important factors negatively affecting virus spread. Although these results cannot be directly transferred to field conditions they provide confirmation that lowM. persicae numbers can transmit unacceptable levels of mosaic and that low inoculum levels are required to decrease the risk of transmission by the small aphid numbers which cannot be realistically controlled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358966
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    Interaction between Alternaria alternata or Fusarium equiseti and Glomus mosseae and its effects on plant growth (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAlternaria alternata ; Arbuscular mycorrhizas ; Fusarium equiseti ; Glomus mosseae ; Lactuca sativa ; Lettuce ; Maize ; Saprophytic fungi ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata or Fusarium equiseti on maize (Zea mays) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization by Glomus mosseae was studied in a greenhouse trial. Plant dry weights of non-AM-inoculated maize and lettuce were unaffected by the presence of A. alternata and F. equiseti. In contrast, A. alternata and F. equiseti decreased plant dry weights and mycorrhization when inoculated to the rhizosphere before G. mosseae. The saprophytic fungi inoculated 2 weeks after G. mosseae did not affect the percentage of root length colonized by the AM endophyte, but did affect its metabolic activity assessed as succinate dehydrogenase activity. Although F. equiseti inoculated at the same time as G. mosseae did not affect mycorrhization of maize roots, its effect on AM colonization of lettuce roots was similar to that with A. alternata. In the rhizosphere of both plants, the population of saprophytic fungi decreased significantly, but was not affected by the presence of G. mosseae. Our results suggest that there may have been a direct effect of the saprophytic fungi on the mycorrhizal fungi in the extramatrical phase of the latter, and when the AM fungus was established in the root the AM fungus was less affected by the saprophytic fungi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050247
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    Effects of green manure and coral lime on corn growth and chemical properties of an acid Oxisol in Western Samoa (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 266-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Green manure ; Lime ; K deficiency ; Oxisol ; Sweet corn ; Zea mays ; Mn toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of local green manure (GM) and lime on soil productivity in a low-input agricultural system were evaluated by growing three successive crops of sweet corn (Zea mays) on an acid Oxisol (Typic acrorthox, Togitogiga series) in Western Samoa. The soil was amended with coral lime at 0, 5, and 10Mgha–1 and with cowpea GM at 0, 7.5, and 15Mgha–1. Commercial NPK fertilizers at 50kgha–1 each of N, P, and K were included for comparison. The amendments were applied only once prior to planting of the first crop. Response parameters measured included nutrient composition of leaves at tasseling and grain yield of each crop, and selected soil chemical properties at each planting. Yields of the first crop were nearly tripled with GM additions and doubled with lime additions. Such yield increases were caused mainly by better K nutrition and to a lesser extent by enhanced P nutrition. Yields of subsequent crops were much lower than those of the first, and the declines were much steeper for the GM treatments than for the lime treatments. Thus, the enhancement effect on K nutrition did not last beyond one crop. Poor growth of the second and third crops was caused by K deficiency; probably coupled with Mn toxicity. Significant yield reductions were found when Mn-to-K ratios in leaves exceeded 0.010. As for effects on soil, soil pH was increased significantly by lime but only slightly by GM. Given the variable charge property of this Oxisol, each unit pH increase corresponds to a cation exchange capacity (CEC) increase of 5cmolckg–1. Having greater CEC, the amended soil retained K more effectively, thereby causing yield increases, especially of the first corn crop, which required at least 0.75cmolckg–1 of exchangeable soil K or 7% of CEC for adequate growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050242
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    Relationship of soil carbon light fraction, microbial activity, humic acid production and nitrogen fertilization in the decaying process of corn stubble (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Corn stubble decomposition ; N-fertilization ; Carbon light fraction ; Humic acids ; Microbial activity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The variation in stubble decomposition due to fertilizer incorporation was determined in a typical Argiudoll of the Argentinian rolling pampas. The experiment was conducted for 15 years, which included a no till system under maize (Zea mays L.) and a soybean rotation (Glycine max) with 0 and 45kg N ha–1 nitrogen fertilization treatments, called NFS and FS, respectively. A higher proportion of residues with a high N content was found in the FS plots. The different substrate quality proved to be the regulating factor for mineralization. This activity was indicated by the increase in soil microbial activity and soil carbon light fraction in FS compared to NFS. This carbon light fraction mineralizes rapidly but does not contribute to the most stable components, which are related to synthesis and polymerization of humic acids. No significant differences in humic acid content were found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050283
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    Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 142-146 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Denitrification ; Tillage systems ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Hot spots ; Denitrifying populations ; N2O emission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification losses show an irregular pattern through the year, often being caused by climatic conditions and management practices. The objectives of the present work were to quantify denitrification losses and to determine the influence of tillage system on the factors that control denitrification in fertilized soils. The modal profile of the soil was an Vertic Argiudoll, clay loam texture, located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The treatments were: (a) fertilized, (b) incorporated fertilization and (c) without fertilization for both no tillage and conventional tillage systems. Chambers were placed in the field to measure denitrification. In this clayish soil the estimated mean values of accumulated denitrification during the crop cycle (90 days) were 0.190kgNha–1 for conventional tillage and 0.350kgNha–1 for no tillage. In treatments with no tillage, losses by denitrification were approximately twice those of conventional tillage. These differences were also evidenced by the number of microorganisms, which were significantly higher (P〈〉;5%) for no tillage on all dates, except for at flowering. The increase at flowering coincided with the period of highest rainfall and consequently the highest water contents in the soil. The highest denitrification losses, except for sowing, were measured when soil moisture content was more than 30% (v/v). Denitrification increased in conjunction with an increase in the availability of carbon that is consumed by the heterotrophic microorganisms (including the denitrifiers).
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    Limitations to using benomyl in evaluating mycorrhizal functioning (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Benomyl ; Colonization ; External hyphae ; Field study ; Glomales ; Zea mays ; Pisolithus tinctorius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) grasses compete for nutrients with ectomycorrhizal (EM) pine in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to determine if benomyl could be used to selectively inhibit the function of AM and thereby reduce grass competition in the field. The effects of Benlate (active ingredient: benomyl) in the greenhouse and field were evaluated. No effect was observed on pine inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius in the greenhouse. Colonized root length of benomyl-treated Zea mays L. plants inoculated with Glomus sp. in the greenhouse remained static over time and the response was not dose dependent at concentrations of 0, 20, 60 and 150kg benomyl ha–1 equivalent. In contrast, colonization of nontreated plants increased over time. In the field, a minimal reduction of grass colonization was observed following four applications of benomyl ranging from 5 to 20kgha–1. We conclude that benomyl can successfully inhibit development of AM fungi under controlled conditions in the greenhouse with no inhibitory effects on the EM fungus P. tinctorius; however, in the field several factors may interfere with the effect of benomyl on AM fungi. These factors include: (a) the presence of ground cover which obstructs penetration of the fungicide to the soil, (b) timing of application in relation to mycorrhizal development, and (c) the application method of benomyl, a soil drench being preferable to a foliar spray.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050298
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    Genetic divergence for cross prediction in potato (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cross prediction ; genetic divergence ; in vitro genetic divergence ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the effectiveness of genetic divergence for cross prediction in potato, progeny means, heterosis and specific combining ability effects were correlated with parents’ genetic distances (D values) estimated under six in vitro and four in vivo conditions, for tuber yield in 72 crosses (18 × 4) of 22 parents under autumn crop conditions for three successive generations. Genetic distances under in vitro conditions had no relationship with the progeny means for tuber yield. Whereas, those under in vivo conditions in the autumn seasons were positively associated with the progeny means. Similarly, heterosis for tuber yield had a stronger relationship with genetic distances based on an in vivo crop than those based on an in vitro crop. All correlation coefficients between genetic distances and specific combining ability effects were non-significant. The magnitudes of the significant correlation coefficients showed that genetic divergence can be used as an indirect parameter of moderate effectiveness in selecting parents to produce heterotic high yielding progenies. Such cross predictions, however, would be effective only if parents are evaluated under the conditions similar to those under which crosses are likely to be evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003076207221
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    Maize landraces of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes region of North America (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; corn ; floury ; open-pollinated ; white ; Zea mays ; landraces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-five white maize (Zea mays L.) landraces were obtained by the Indian Agricultural Program of Ontario (IAPO) from native farmers in Ontario and New York State between 1986 and 1989. These landraces probably belong to the racial complex Northern Flints and Flours. The 35 landraces, one experimental population and one control hybrid were evaluated in field experiments at two sites in 1993 and 1994. Data were collected on 24 traits in order to characterize and classify the IAPO landraces. Most quantitative traits examined exhibited considerable variation among the IAPO landraces. Variation was also observed within many of the landraces for ear and cob colour, and for endosperm texture. Most ears had eight rows of kernels, but there was some variation for this among and within landraces. Based on seven traits from the two sites in 1994, the IAPO population was grouped into 10 clusters by centroid clustering analysis.
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    Behaviour of genetically modified amylose free potato clones as progenitors in a breeding program (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; genetic modification ; amylose free ; transgenic clones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three amylose-free genetically modified potato clones were used both as male and female parents in a breeding program with non-GMO potato clones. Segregation data on the expression of the inserted antisense gene construct in tubers of progeny plants were in agreement with previous molecular analysis of the transgenic clones. The inheritance of the inserted genes was according to Mendelian segregation. Therefore, these clones can be very useful in a breeding program for large scale introduction of amylose free potato cultivars into agriculture. Because of varying number and expression levels of inserts in the GMO-clones, but also because of the varying strength of the endogenous GBSS-alleles of the non-GMO-clones, a segregation into a range of amylose contents occurred. The segregation of the starch colour after iodine staining of pollen of transgenic clones did not follow the obtained segregation in the progeny and was, therefore, not useful in predicting the breeding result.
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    Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. I. Two mode pattern analysis of yield (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 01-09 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: water stress ; breeding ; adaptation ; G × E ; clustering ; ordination ; Zea mays ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten trials evaluated the performance of several late tropical maize populations (La Posta Sequía, Pool 26 Sequía and Tuxpeño Sequía) selected for tolerance to drought during flowering and grain filling and also for yield potential. Families (S1 or full-sib) had been selected recurrently for six to eight years on an index of traits. Pattern (clustering and ordination) analysis was used to analyse the relative performance of entries that included cycles of selection for drought tolerance in the populations and non-drought tolerant checks. Mean environment (E) yields ranged from 1.0 to 10.4 t ha-1. Analysis of variance showed that 97.9% of the total sums of squares was accounted for by E, and that, of the remaining sums of squares the G × E (genotype by environment interaction) was almost 3 times that of the contribution of G alone. Cluster analysis separated the checks, the earlier maturing drought tolerant entries and the later maturing drought tolerant entries. This was verified by principal component (PC) analysis of the G × E matrix. Grouping of the environments (i.e. based on entry performance), resulted in the separation of different types of droughts, and of medium and high yielding well-watered environments. The patterns of discrimination observed indicated that the yield gains under drought would have been unlikely to occur if selection had been done only in well-watered environments. Within each population, selection improved broad adaptation (higher mean yield) to both drought and well-watered environments and cycles of selection ‘jumped’ from non-drought-tolerant to drought-tolerant groups as their specific adaptation to drought environments increased.
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    Induction of callose formation is a sensitive marker for genotypic aluminium sensitivity in maize (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; callose ; protoplasts ; resistance ; toxicity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The screening of 37 Zea mays L. cultivars in nutrient solution using root elongation (24 h) as a parameter showed large genotypic differences in Al resistance among the genetic material evaluated. Callose concentrations in root tips were closely and positively related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Therefore, Al-induced callose formation in root tips appears to be an excellent indicator of Al injury and can be used as a selection criteria for Al sensitivity. In contrast, aluminium concentrations in root tips were not related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation, nor to Al-induced callose formation. Callose formation was also induced by short-term A1 treatment in root tip protoplasts, and the response of protoplasts clearly reflected the cultivar-specific response to Al of intact roots. This indicates that in maize, Al sensitivity is expressed on the protoplast level.
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    Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. II. Three-mode pattern analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: water stress ; breeding ; ordination ; clustering ; three-way analysis ; Zea mays ; corn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A selection program in three tropical maize populations aimed to improve tolerance of mid-season to late season drought environments while maintaining grain yield (GY) potential. The selection process employed other attributes that included maintaining a constant anthesis date (AD) and, under drought, shortening the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and increasing ear number per plant (EPP). Three-mode (genotypes × environments × attributes) pattern analysis, which consists of clustering and ordination, should be able to collectively interpret these changes from ten evaluation trials. Mixture maximum likelihood clustering identified four groups that indicated the populations' performance had changed with selection. Groups containing the advanced cycles of selection were higher yielding in most environments and had lower ASI and higher EPP, particularly in drought environments. Check entries with no selection for drought tolerance remained grouped with the initial cycles of selection. A 3 × 2 × 3 (genotypes by environments by attributes) principal component model explained 70% of the variation. For the first environmental component, ASI was shown to be highly negatively correlated with both GY and EPP while anthesis date (AD) was virtually uncorrelated with other traits. The second environmental component (explaining 10% of the variation) contrasted droughted and well-watered environments and showed that EPP and GY were better indicators of this contrast (in terms of changes in population performance) than were AD or ASI. Three-mode analysis demonstrated that improvements with selection occurred in both droughted and well-watered environments and clearly summarised the overall success of the breeding program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002922527795
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    Somatic hybridization between Solanum tuberosum and species of the S. nigrum complex: Selection of vigorously growing and flowering plants (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum nigrum complex ; somatic hybridization ; hybrid selection criterions ; cell-selectable markers ; DNA content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fusion experiments were performed between diploid (2n = 2x = 24) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) potato genotypes and four species of the Solanum nigrum complex, namely S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72), S. villosum (2n = 4x = 48), S. chenopodioides (2n = 2x = 24) or S. americanum (2n = 2x = 24 and 2n = 6x = 72). All five accessions of the S. nigrum-species were successfully hybridized with at least one of the potato genotypes. Somatic combining abilities were influenced by the ploidy level as well as the genotype of the parental species. The use of kanamycin or hygromycin resistance as cell-selectable markersystem had no influence on somatic combining ability, but such markers can be useful to improve efficient selection of somatic hybrids in sufficient numbers. At least 20% of the hybrids of each successful combination performed well in vitro. However, only 60 genotypes out of 761 somatic hybrids were vigorous as well as flowering in the greenhouse. Analysis of the DNA content of somatic hybrids could be used as a criterion for the indirect selection in vitro of hybrids that were vigorous in the greenhouse. Flowering somatic hybrids of S. nigrum (+) 2x potato and S. americanum (+) 4x potato were selected with the aim of introgression of resistance traits after recurrent backcrossing with cultivated potato.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003038419126
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    Selection of vigorous and fertile S-homo- and heterozygous tester clones from self-incompatible diploid potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; gametophytic self-incompatibility ; S-alleles ; pseudo-compatibility ; counterfeit pollination ; homozygotes ; embryo spot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For the selection of diploid (2n = 2x = 24) potato (Solanum tuberosum) genotypes that are useful for the molecular and genetic analysis of the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility, three different types of basic populations were investigated. These populations were derived from three primary dihaploid clones, G609, G254 and B16, which possessed the S-allele combinations S1S2, S1S3 and S3S4 respectively. In order to select highly vigorous, profusely flowering, fertile and tuberising progenies, three types of populations, derived from the above mentioned diploid genotypes, were screened for performance and classified for the expression of self-incompatibility. Although the selection for well defined S-genotypes was sometimes complicated due to the occurrence of pseudo-compatibility and of a self-compatibilising factor, the use of a combination of criteria, viz., Iso Electric Focusing (IEF), pollen tube growth in the styles and the extent of berry and seed set made the selection of sufficient representatives of all six types of S-heterozygotes (S1S2, S1S3, S1S4, S2S3, S2S4 and S3S4) possible. After evaluating the strength of the self-incompatibility reaction in these heterozygotes, those with high expression were selfed, and intercrossed within their S-allele incompatibility group through the method of counterfeit pollination. In these progenies, well-performing S-homozygotes (S1S1; S2S2; S3S3; S4S4) for all four S-alleles with high expression of self-incompatibility were selected. As a result, all possible S-homo- and heterozygous genotypes with a predictable type of self-incompatibility are available and maintained both vegetatively and as botanical seed. The development of this material has paved the way for more critical analysis of molecular factors involved in self-incompatibility in diploid potato.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003041006157
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    Leafy reduced-stature maize for short-season environments: Yield and yield components of inbred lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leafy normal-stature ; leafy reduced-stature ; non-leafy normal-stature ; non-leafy reduced-stature ; maize ; short season environments ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development of maize (Zea mays L.) types that produce leaf area and mature quickly would increase production of maize in mid- to short-season areas. The leafy (Lfy1) and reduced-stature (rd1) traits both make contributions to this end. However, these two traits have not previously been combined. Our objective was to evaluate the yield and yield components of non-leafy normal-stature (NLNS), leafy reduced-stature (LRS), non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and leafy normal-stature (LNS) maize inbred lines. The two genes, ‘Lfy1’ and ‘rd1’, were incorporated into a series of inbred lines resulting in a range of canopy architectures. Ten variables were recorded for each of 30 inbred lines over three years. The 10 variables were: corn heat unit requirement from planting to tasselling, corn heat unit requirement from planting to silking, days between tasselling and silking, grain moisture content, husk dry weight, cob dry weight, ear length, maximum ear circumference, grain yield and ratio of grain yield to moisture content. Reduced-stature inbred lines reached anthesis more quickly than normal-stature inbred lines. Grain moisture content was less in reduced-stature inbred lines than normal stature trait groups. Leafy-reduced stature plants had the highest ratio of grain to moisture content and the lowest grain moisture content at harvest. Inbred lines containing the rd1 trait matured more rapidly than other trait groups. The LRS trait group yielded more than the other groups, and showed great potential for use in mid- to short-season environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002953906498
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    A database for wild and cultivated potatoes (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: database ; herbarium ; potato ; tuber-bearing Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A database has been developed for the collections of wild and cultivated potatoes examined by the author in the world herbaria and in his own collections. A total of some 9,000 collections were examined, amounting to approximately 27,000 herbarium sheets when duplicates in different herbaria were taken into account. The information is arranged in twenty-one fields and the system used is DBase IV, version 1.1. 15.00 (including postage and packing) by applying to the author at the above address. Sterling cheques should be made payable to J.G. Hawkes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002953700049
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    Geographic distribution of insect resistance in potatoes (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 201-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Empoasca fabae ; Epitrix cucumeris ; germplasm ; green peach aphid ; insect resistance ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; potato aphid ; potato flea beetle ; potato leafhopper ; geographic distribution ; Solanum sect. Petota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato germplasm accessions representing 92 Solanum species and associated with known coordinates of latitude, longitude, and elevation were rated for resistance to one or more of the following potato insect pests: green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas); Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris); and potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), in Minnesota field trials (1966–1986). Chi-square tests were used to determine if the proportion of resistant accessions differed from expected among altitude classes, small geographic quadrants (4° latitude by 4° longitude), and larger geographic regions (Mexico-USA, Colombia-Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina). Resistant potatoes were not evenly distributed throughout North and South America. Fourteen quadrants were identified that had greater or fewer resistant accessions than expected. The Mexico-USA potatoes as a group had more resistance than expected to all insects except Colorado potato beetle. Potatoes from Colombia and Ecuador were less resistant than expected to all but green peach aphid. Potatoes from Peru were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid. Potatoes from Bolivia were less resistant than expected to potato aphid, but more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle, and potato leafhopper. Potatoes from Argentina were more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle and green peach aphid, but less resistant than expected to potato aphid and potato leafhopper. Potatoes from North America and collected at or below 2,500 m were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid, Colorado potato beetle and potato flea beetle. Potatoes from South America and elevations greater than 3,000 m were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid and potato aphid and those collected at or below 3,000 m were more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle and potato leafhopper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002921315283
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    NO·–releasing substances that induce growth elongation in maize root segments (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: growth elongation ; nitric oxide ; No·–releasing substances ; IAA ; nitrite ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root segments of maize were incubated in different solutions containing substances that non-enzymatically release nitric oxide, such as sodium nitrite (SN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), nitrosoglutathione (NGLU) and nitrosocysteine (NCYS). We found that all of these substances induced root tip expansion in a dose-dependent manner. The decreasing order of potency for root-induced elongation was: 10 -7 M SN, pH 4.5; 10 -11 M NCYS, 10 -10 M SNP, 10 -9 M NGLU and 10 -7 M SN, pH 7.0. Nitric oxide scavenger such as methylene blue prevented the elongation induced by NO·–releasing substances, but had no effect on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced cell expansion. Our results suggest that nitric oxide is the putative elongation inducer and that IAA and NO·–releasing substances conceivably share common steps in the signal transduction pathway, since both elicited the same plant response. Vanadate, a plasmamembrane ATPase inhibitor, significantly reversed IAA-induced elongation when supplied at 10 μM concentration. IAA-induced elongation was strongly enhanced by 10 nM BAY K 8644, an agonist of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. Promotion of root elongation in the absence of IAA occurred only at higher concentrations of BAY K. Vanadate and BAY K had no influence on the NCYS-induced elongation suggesting that the common steps in the signalling of IAA and NCYS are not at the level of the plasmamembrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005837012203
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    Phytotoxic conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid: potential agents for biochemical selection of mutants in conjugate hydrolysis (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Auxin analogues ; bound auxins ; duckweed ; Lemna gibba ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two strategies for selection of plant mutants altered in their ability to hydrolyze IAA conjugates are described. The rationale for both strategies is to form a conjugate between two chemical moieties in which one moiety is a toxin. The first strategy makes use of a toxic auxin analogue. For this approach a series of halogenated IAA analogues were tested for toxic properties to Lemna gibba and Zea mays. Several halogenated analogues were toxic, but only 5-Br-IAA was highly toxic to both species. The second strategy required a toxic compound with suitable functional groups to allow IAA conjugation. The mycotoxin patulin was found to be a suitable candidate. Uptake and hydrolysis of IAA-conjugates was studied in order to better define the conditions required for conjugate analogues to be effectively employed for selections.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005873123184
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    Crossability relationships among wild potato species with different ploidies and Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: crossability ; Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) ; interspecific crosses ; potato ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three wild potato species with different ploidies and Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN) were crossed in a complete diallel design and the development of the embryo and endosperm as well as the type of seeds produced were analyzed. The compatible crosses – intraspecific intra-EBN and interspecific intra-EBN – produced more than 89% plump seeds, whereas in the incompatible crosses – intraspecific inter-EBN and interspecific inter-EBN – more than 85% of the seeds were not as well developed or were shrunken. The histological analysis revealed that inviable seeds had less developed or collapsed endosperms and thicker endotheliums than viable ones. A gradation of crossabilities was observed among species. The self-compatible species Solanum acaule had good performance as a female but not as a male parent. Among the self-incompatible species, Solanum gourlayi was the best male parent but had a poor performance as a female, whereas Solanum commersonii had an intermediate behavior. Differences in crossabilities among genotypes within species were also observed. These results can not be solely explained by the EBN hypothesis. It is, therefore, suggested that the EBN may be part of a more complex system of interspecific barriers acting at the pre- and post-zygotic levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002996131315
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    Isolation and patch clamp measurements of xylem contact cells for the study of their role in the exchange between apoplast and symplast of leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 196 (1997), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzymatic isolation ; K+ channel ; patch clamp ; xylem contact cells ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Because of their importance for nutrition, a method was developed to patch xylem contact cells in leaves of Vicia faba and maize. Since the lignification of older cells was a major obstacle for isolating protoplasts which could be patched, only young leaves (fourth fully developed leaf) were used. An important step in the isolation of these cells was the infiltration of the leaves and their exposure to enzymes for several hours, allowing mesophyll cells to be removed whilst having most of the xylem contact cells attached to the xylem. Channel activity in cell-attached mode or in excised patches could only be observed if an internal coating of sigmacote was used to block diffusion ions out of the pipette glass. Two different types of K+ channels were identified by measuring the reversal potential at different concentrations of KCl. One channel (SC) had a symmetric IV curve with a high probability of remaining open, irrespective of membrane potential; the other channel was an inward rectifier. The symmetical channel could be blocked weakly by Na+ but it was permeable to $${\text{NH}}_{{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} } $$ .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004206208968
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea: growth room trials (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 49-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: GNA ; insect resistance ; lectins ; Lepidoptera ; potato ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Insecticidal effects of three plant-derived genes, those encoding snowdrop lectin (GNA), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) chitinase (BCH) and wheat α-amylase (WAI), were investigated and compared with effects of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene (CpTI). Transgenic potato plants containing each of the three genes singly, and in pairwise combinations were produced. All the introduced genes were driven by the CaMV 35S promoter; expression was readily detectable at the RNA level in transformants, but not detectable accumulation of WAI could be detected in transgenic potatoes containing its encoding gene. GNA and BCH were accumulated at levels up to 2.0% of total soluble protein; both proteins were expressed in a functional form, and GNA was shown to undergo 'correct' N-terminal processing. Accumulation levels of individual proteins were higher in plants containing a single foreign gene than in plants containing two foreign genes. Resistance of the transgenic plants to insect attack was assayed by exposing the plants to larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea. All the plants tested which were expressing GNA showed an enhanced level of resistance. Leaf damage was reduced by more than 50% compared to controls; total insect biomass per plant was reduced by 45-65%, but larval survival was only slightly reduced (20%). These results support the hypothesis that GNA has a significant antifeedant effect on insects. Expression of BCH had no protective effect against this insect. Expression of CpTI in transgenic potatoes had similar effects to expression of GNA on total insect biomass and survival, but did not afford protection against insect damage to the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009600321838
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    Comparison of PCR-based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated potato (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; genetic relationships ; potato ; RAPD ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The application of AFLPs, RAPDs and SSRs to examine genetic relationships in the primary northwestern European cultivated potato gene pool was investigated. Sixteen potato cultivars were genotyped using five AFLP primer combinations, 14 RAPD primers, and 17 database-derived SSR primer pairs. All three approaches successfully discriminated between the 16 cultivars using a minimum of one assay. Similarity matrices produced for each marker type on the basis of Nei and Li coefficients showed low correlations when compared with different statistical tests. Dendrograms were produced from these data for each marker system. The usefulness of each system was examined in terms of number of loci revealed (effective multiplex ratio, or EMR) and the amount of polymorphism detected (diversity index, or DI). AFLPs had the highest EMR, and SSRs the highest DI. A single parameter, marker index (MI), which is the product of DI and EMR, was used to evaluate the overall utility of each marker system. The use of these PCR-based marker systems in potato improvement and statutory applications is discussed. Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; RAPD, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EMR, effective multiplex ratio; DI, diversity index; MI, marker index; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633005390
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    Evaluating commercial maize hybrids for resistance to gibberella ear rot (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 737-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Fusarium graminearum ; kernel inoculation ; mold severity ; silk inoculation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An integral component of breeding maize for resistance to Fusarium graminearum ear rot is the identification of resistant genotypes. Since natural infection is not consistent from year to year, maize researchers must use manual techniques to inoculate the plant material with fungal spores. Information is presented here on site resistance of commercial maize hybrids to F. graminearum over three years and at two locations. Additionally, results of an investigation on the two predominant techniques of inoculating maize, the silk channel and kernel inoculation methods, are reported. Of 61 commercial hybrids tested, only two were ranked as moderately resistant to the fungus by both inoculation methods. These two hybrids also had a stable response to the F. graminearum infection across seven environments when the silk channel inoculation method was used. The majority of the hybrids were ranked as either susceptible or highly susceptible and less than 10% of the hybrids had a stable response to fungal infection. In the investigation of methodology, it was concluded that silk browning would be the least laborious way to identify the ideal time to complete silk channel inoculations. It was found that kernel inoculations using the pin inoculation method should take place between 11 and 15 days after 50% silking to achieve proper hybrid discrimination. Mist irrigation increased mold severity ratings and resulted in greater discrimination between hybrids with varying levels of resistance to F. graminearum infection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008629629069
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    Aggressiveness and other factors relating to displacement of populations of Phytophthora infestans in England and Wales (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: aggressiveness ; detached leaf assay ; fungicide insensitivity ; infection efficiency ; late-blight ; metalaxyl ; mitochondrial DNA ; pathogenicity ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mating type, in vitro sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplotype were determined in some or all of 618 isolates of Phytophthora infestans from the years between 1978 and 1995. A2 mating type occurred infrequently in most but not all years and insensitivity to metalaxyl increased over time. After 1982, the mtDNA Ib haplotype was largely replaced (except for one isolate in 1986 and one in 1995) by two new haplotypes, Ia and IIa. Type Ia was much more common than type IIa. Approximately one quarter of these isolates (165) were compared using two components of fitness associated with aggressiveness (infection frequency × number of sporangia per lesion) on detached leaves of cultivars Maris Piper, Cara and Stirling, which were chosen as exhibiting increasing levels of race non-specific resistance. Isolates were compared with three ‘standard’ isolates of low, intermediate or high aggressiveness, and the data standardised for comparison between experiments. On cvs. Cara and Stirling, but not on Maris Piper, mtDNA Ia and IIa haplotypes were more aggressive than type Ib in several separate experiments. Similarly, metalaxyl sensitive phenotypes were more aggressive than insensitive phenotypes on Cara and Stirling but not on Maris Piper. The displacement of mtDNA type Ib by types Ia and IIa over this period may have been a result of the lower aggressiveness and lack of complete insensitivity to metalaxyl in type Ib isolates.
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    The male fertility of primary and further generation dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: pollen stainability ; anthers ; breeding ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Male sterility in dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum is often a barrier to their utilization in breeding and genetical studies. Although the male fertility of primary dihaploids (obtained directly from tetraploids) was generally low, a few were produced by the author which produced seed when used as pollen parents on female fertile dihaploids. The population of further generation dihaploids (from dihaploid intercrosses) produced from the showed a marked improvement in male fertility. Comparative data from measurements of different aspects of male fertility in dihaploids are presented. These showed that the weight of pollen per anther, the percentage of (iodine) stainable pollen and the number of seeds per berry were greater in further generation dihaploids than in primary dihaploids. It is suggested that interspecific crosses using dihaploids are not necessarily useful for increasing male fertility in diploid potatoes. The advantages of breeding at the diploid level withinS. tuberosum are discussed. Rare male-fertile dihaploids could be used to generate diploids with a high frequency of male fertility. These could then be used to cross with any other flowering dihaploids to combine characters at the diploid level, so exploiting the simpler genetic ratios associated with disomic inheritance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407562
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    Plant-to-plant transmission of the bacterial ring rot pathogenClavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; bacteria ; dispersal ; field trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant-to-plant transmission of the bacterial ring rot (BRR) pathogen,Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus (Spieck. et Kott.) Skapt. et Burkh. of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), was studied in field trials over a three year period. Healthy and infected seed tubers were planted 35 cm apart. In one treatment, a subsurface barrier was placed between the healthy and infected seed tubers separating the root systems of neighbouring plants. In this treatment, none of 216 plants grown from healthy seed tubers was infected at harvest, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence antibody staining (IFAS) with monoclonal antibodies. In the other treatment, no subsurface barrier was used. In this treatment, two of 368 plants (0.5%) grown from healthy seed tubers were infected at harvest. It is concluded that plant-to-plant transmission may occur but at very low frequency, and is unlikely to play a significant role compared with the potential of transmission by shared potato handling equipment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358248
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    Preparative isolation ofSolanum tuberosum L. glycoalkaloids by MPLC (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: α-chaconine ; α-solanine ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A new, efficient and economic method employing Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) for the isolation of the two majorSolanum tuberosum L. glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine) is described. Potato peelings are homogenised with 5% acetic acid, the glycoalkaloids purified by filtration through an XAD-2 column and then by precipitation from the aqueous solution. The resulting glycoalkaloid fraction was purified by MPLC using a Silica Gel column and a CHCl3:MeOH:2% NH4OH mixture (70∶30∶5) as mobile phase to yield pure α-chaconine and a-solanine. This methodology can be used to obtain glycoalkaloids for enthomology and toxicological research where large amounts of these compounds are required.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358001
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    Influence of management practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama‘s ’’Old Rotation’ (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil carbon ; Crop rotation ; Legumes ; Cover crop ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil health ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Zea mays ; Trifolium ; incarnatum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The “Old Rotation” cotton experiment was designed to aid farm managers in implementing rotation schemes that not only increase yield, but also improve soil quality. Six different crop rotation treatments were imposed since 1896. Rotations were: IA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown every year without a winter legume and without N fertilization; IB, cotton grown every year with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IC, cotton grown every year without a winter legume and with 134 kg N as NH4NO3 ha–1 year–1; IIA, 2-year cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IIB, 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 as NH4NO3; and III, 3-year cotton-corn- (alternating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation with a winter legume and with 134g N as NH4NO3 ha–1 year–1. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was the winter legume cover crop. The 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 (IIB) and the 3-year cotton-corn soybean/rye rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 (III) had higher amounts of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and crop yield than the other four treatments. The cotton grown every year without a winter legume or N fertilizer (IA) had a lower amount of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and N and cotton seed yield than all other rotations. In 1988 and 1992 cotton seed and legume yield were correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with soil organic matter (r 2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.87). In most months, soil microbial biomass C and N was lower in the cotton grown every year without winter legumes or fertilizer (IA) than the other five rotations. In 1994, microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with seed cotton yield (r 2=0.87 and 0.98, respectively). After 99 years of management the “Old Rotation” cotton experiment indicates that winter legumes increase amounts of both C and N in soil, which ultimately contribute to higher cotton yields. Microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio are poor predictors of annual crop yield but may be an accurate indicator of soil health and a good predictor of long-term crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050182
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) in soil treated with the nitrification-inhibiting insecticide Baythroid (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words ANI ; Baythroid ; Cyfluthrin ; Insecticide ; 15N ; Nitrification ; N uptake ; Synthetic pyrethroid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the uptake and dry matter production potential of NH+ 4 and NO– 3 and to study the effect of Baythroid, a contact poison for several insect pests of agricultural crops, on growth and N uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen was applied as (15NH4)2SO4, K15NO3, or 15NH4NO3 and in one treatment Baythroid was combined with 15NH4NO3. Source of N had, in general, a nonsignificant effect on dry matter and N yield, but uptake of NO– 3 was significantly higher than that of NH+ 4 when both N sources were applied together. Substantial loss of N occurred from both the sources, with NH+ 4 showing greater losses. Baythroid was found to have a significant positive effect on dry matter yield of both root and shoot; N yield also increased significantly. Uptake of N from both the applied and native sources increased significantly in the presence of Baythroid and a substantial added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was determined. The positive effect of Baythroid was attributed to: (1) a prolonged availability of NH+ 4 due to inhibition of nitrification, (2) an increased availability of native soil N through enhanced mineralization, and (3) an enhanced root proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336057
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of management practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama's “Old Rotation” (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil carbon ; Crop rotation ; Legumes ; Cover crop ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil health ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Zea mays ; Trifolium incarnatum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The “Old Rotation” cotton experiment was designed to aid farm managers in implementing rotation schemes that not only increase yield, but also improve soil quality. Six different crop rotation treatments were imposed since 1896. Rotations were: IA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown every year without a winter legume and without N fertilization; IB, cotton grown every year with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IC, cotton grown every year without a winter legume and with 134 kg N as NH4NO3 ha-1 year-1; IIA, 2-year cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IIB, 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 as NH4NO3; and III, 3-year cotton-corn- alternating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation with a winter legume and with 134 g N as NH4NO3 ha-1 year-1. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was the winter legume cover crop. The 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 (IIB) and the 3-year cotton-corn soybean/rye rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 (III) had higher amounts of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and crop yield than the other four treatments. The cotton grown every year without a winter legume or N fertilizer (IA) had a lower amount of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and N and cotton seed yield than all other rotations. In 1988 and 1992 cotton seed and legume yield were correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with soil organic matter (r 2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.87). In most months, soil microbial biomass C and N was lower in the cotton grown every year without winter legumes or fertilizer (IA) than the other five rotations. In 1994, microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with seed cotton yield (r 2=0.87 and 0.98, respectively). After 99 years of management the “Old Rotation” cotton experiment indicates that winter legumes increase amounts of both C and N in soil, which ultimately contribute to higher cotton yields. Microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio are poor predictors of annual crop yield but may be an accurate indicator of soil health and a good predictor of long-term crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335906
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) in soil treated with the nitrification-inhibiting insecticide Baythroid (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: ANI ; Baythroid ; Cyfluthrin ; Insecticide ; 15N ; Nitrification ; N uptake ; Synthetic pyrethroid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the uptake and dry matter production potential of NH inf4 sup+ and NO inf3 sup- and to study the effect of Baythroid, a contact poison for several insect pests of agricultural crops, on growth and N uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen was applied as (15NH4)2SO4, K15NO3, or 15NH4NO3 and in one treatment Baythroid was combined with 15NH4NO3. Source of N had, in general, a nonsignificant effect on dry matter and N yield, but uptake of NO inf3 sup- was significantly higher than that of NH inf4 sup+ when both N sources were applied together. Substantial loss of N occurred from both the sources, with NH inf4 sup+ showing greater losses. Baythroid was found to have a significant positive effect on dry matter yield of both root and shoot; N yield also increased significantly. Uptake of N from both the applied and native sources increased significantly in the presence of Baythroid and a substantial added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was determined. The positive effect of Baythroid was attributed to: (1) a prolonged availability of NH inf4 sup+ due to inhibition of nitrification, (2) an increased availability of native soil N through enhanced mineralization, and (3) an enhanced root proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336057
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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