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1

Electronic Resource

Tissue magnesium and calcium affect arbuscular mycorrhiza development and fungal reproduction (1998)

Jarstfer, A. G. ; Farmer-Koppenol, P. ; Sylvia, D. M.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 7 (1998), S. 237-242

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Colonization ; Sporulation ; Nutrient effects ; Soilless culture

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Applications of high levels of MgSO4 resulted in reduced root colonization and sporulation by Glomus sp. (INVAM isolate FL329) with sweet potato and onion in aeroponic and sand culture, respectively. Onion shoot-Mg concentrations were elevated when a nutrient solution containing 2.6 or 11.7 mm MgSO4 was applied. Magnesium application depressed tissue-Ca levels. With lower Ca in the tissue, colonization was reduced from 〉 30% of root length to 〈 10%, and sporulation from 〉 1200 to ca. 200 spores per plant, 10 weeks after transplantation and the start of nutrient application. These effects on colonization and sporulation were independent of changes in tissue-P concentration. High Mg/low Ca tissue concentrations induced premature root senescence, which may have disrupted the mycorrhizal association. Our results confirm the importance of Ca for the maintenance of a functioning mycorrhiza.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050186

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2

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Pisolithus arhizus ectomycorrhiza affects plant competition for phosphorus between Pinus elliottii and Panicum chamaelonche (1999)

Pedersen, C. T. ; Sylvia, D. M. ; Shilling, D. G.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 199-204

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Competition ; Ectomycorrhiza ; External hyphae ; Phosphorus ; Pisolithus arhizus ; Uptake kinetics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the ability of an ectomycorrhizal fungus to alter the competitive interaction of pine seedlings growing with grass, and to determine whether the interaction was modified by soil-phosphorus (P) concentration. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii), inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus arhizus or fortuitously colonized by Thelephora terrestris, and a native grass (Panicum chamaelonche) were grown in a greenhouse at three P levels (0.32, 3.22, 32.26 μM H3PO4). Pine inoculated with P. arhizus took up more P when competing with the nonmycorrhizal grass than when competing with another pine (irrespective of pine mycorrhizal status). Phosphorus uptake kinetics (Cmin, the minimum concentration at which P can be absorbed from a solution; Imax, the maximum uptake rate) for pine and grass were also determined under hydroponic conditions. Pine had a higher Imax than grass but grass had a lower Cmin, suggesting that pine is more competitive at higher nutrient concentrations while grass is more competitive at lower nutrient concentrations. The controlled conditions used in these experiments allowed us to evaluate specific parameters (P uptake and absorbing surface area) affecting plant competition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050267

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3

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Seasonal dynamics of the association between sweet potato and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1993)

O'Keefe, D. M. ; Sylvia, D. M.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 3 (1993), S. 115-122

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Sweet potato ; Root hairs ; P and Zn uptake ; Root distribution ; Seasonal variability

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract To better understand the behavior of selected vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) isolates in the field, we documented the growth of roots, root hairs, and VAM colonization of inoculated and noninoculated sweet potato plants (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam. cv White Star) over a growing season. We also determined the seasonal dynamics of P and Zn uptake, and shoot and storage-root growth. Shoot cuttings were inoculated with an isolate of either Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann or Acaulospora rugosa Mortan, or were not inoculated, and were harvested 2, 4, 8, 13, 20, and 27 weeks after planting (WAP). At each harvest, roots were sampled at 0 to 30, 30 to 60, and 60 to 90 cm depths and at 0, 23, 83, and 116 cm from the base of the shoot. At the end of the study, the roots of three non-inoculated plants were sampled by soil horizon. Inoculation had no affect on shoot growth or total shoot uptake of P and Zn; shoot dry mass and P and Z content increased rapidly up to 20 WAP, while shoot length continued to increase through 27 WAP. Shoot-P concentration of plants inoculated with A. rugosa at 2 and 8 WAP were higher than the noninoculated plants, while shoot-Zn concentration was not affected by inoculation. Storage-root yields of inoculated plants were higher than yields for noninoculated plants. Root length density, and percentage of root length with root hairs and VAM colonization were highest and most dynamic near the base of the plant. Percentage of root length colonization by VAM fungi was highest in the E2 horizon, intermediate in the Bh horizon, and lowest in the Ap horizon. Percentage of root length with root hairs had the opposite pattern. Intensive measurements of root characteristics close to the base of the plant, and shoot P-content and concentration during the period of rapid yield production, provided the most useful data for evaluating the activity of effective isolates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208919

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4

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Comparisons of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal species and inocula formulations in a commercial nursery and on diverse Florida beaches (1993)

Sylvia, D. M. ; Jarstfer, A. G. ; Vosátka, M.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 139-144

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Beach ; External hyphae ; Mycorrhizae ; Field planting ; Inoculation ; Inoculum density ; Introduced fungi ; Native fungi ; Survival ; Uniola paniculata ; Glomus spp

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract For efficient use of mycorrhizal inoculum the effectiveness of the isolate used and the rate of application required for maximum colonization must be known. The objectives of this research were to (1) define the lower limit of inoculum density required for maximum colonization of Uniola paniculata in a commercial nursery and (2) evaluate the performance of a selected native dune vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) isolate versus a commercially available non-dune VAM (foreign) isolate on three diverse Florida beaches. An inoculum-dilution study was conducted in a commercial nursery with cutroot inoculum of a Glomus sp. that had been isolated from a Florida dune. Maximum colonization was achieved with approximately 1 propagule ml-1 of growth medium. In a separate nursery study, 10 inoculation treatments (combinations of inoculum source and level) were established in the commercial nursery. Treatments included cut-root and sheared-root inoculum of the native dune isolate, and Nutri-Link, a commercial inoculum of G. intraradices. Colonized plants from selected treatments were transplanted to beach sites around Florida. At Miami Beach, after one growing season, the shoot mass of plants inoculated with the native isolate was approximately twice that of plants inoculated with the foreign isolate. At Katherine Abbey Hanna Park and Eglin Air Force Base there were no significant inoculum source effects on shoot mass or root length after one growing season. However, the native isolate produced a greater colonized root length than the foreign isolate in all plantings. The soil hyphal density was measured at Eglin Air Force Base, and the results showed that plants inoculated with the native isolate had more soil hyphae (4.33 mg-1) than plants inoculated with the foreign isolate (3.65 mg-1) or the non-inoculated plants (2.12 mg-1). Even where there were no obvious shoot growth responses, mycorrhizal inoculation may have an important effect on dune stabilization, as soil hyphae are known to bind sand grains and improve dune stability.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369416

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5

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Limitations to using benomyl in evaluating mycorrhizal functioning (1997)

Pedersen, C. T. ; Sylvia, D. M.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 163-168

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Benomyl ; Colonization ; External hyphae ; Field study ; Glomales ; Zea mays ; Pisolithus tinctorius

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) grasses compete for nutrients with ectomycorrhizal (EM) pine in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to determine if benomyl could be used to selectively inhibit the function of AM and thereby reduce grass competition in the field. The effects of Benlate (active ingredient: benomyl) in the greenhouse and field were evaluated. No effect was observed on pine inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius in the greenhouse. Colonized root length of benomyl-treated Zea mays L. plants inoculated with Glomus sp. in the greenhouse remained static over time and the response was not dose dependent at concentrations of 0, 20, 60 and 150kg benomyl ha–1 equivalent. In contrast, colonization of nontreated plants increased over time. In the field, a minimal reduction of grass colonization was observed following four applications of benomyl ranging from 5 to 20kgha–1. We conclude that benomyl can successfully inhibit development of AM fungi under controlled conditions in the greenhouse with no inhibitory effects on the EM fungus P. tinctorius; however, in the field several factors may interfere with the effect of benomyl on AM fungi. These factors include: (a) the presence of ground cover which obstructs penetration of the fungicide to the soil, (b) timing of application in relation to mycorrhizal development, and (c) the application method of benomyl, a soil drench being preferable to a foliar spray.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050298

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6

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Growth response of field-grown Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb.) and Aeschynomene american L. to inoculation with selected vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1990)

Medina, O. A. ; Kretschmer, A. E. ; Sylvia, D. M.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 54-60

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Glomus etunicatum ; Glomus intraradices ; Phosphorus fertilization ; Yield ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Forage legumes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The effect of inoculation with a selected isolate of Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann and one of G. intraradices Schenck and Smith on the growth and nutrient content of Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. ‘Siratro’ and Aeschynomene americana L., at applied P levels of 10, 30, 60, and 120 kg ha-1, was studied under field conditions. At all P levels and for all harvests, the shoot dry mass of Siratro and A. americana were greater for the plants inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi than the control plants. Differences between the VAM fungus-inoculated and the control plants were most marked between 30 and 90 kg ha-1 of applied P and diminished at 120 kg ha-1. At the first harvest of Siratro, the plants inoculated with G. etunicatum had a greater shoot dry mass than those inoculated with G. intraradices, for all levels of applied P. However, for subsequent harvest of Siratro and for the one harvest of A. americana the response of shoot dry mass to the two VAM fungi was equivocal. Fungal inoculation gave at least a 30% saving in the amount of P fertilizer required (40 kg ha-1) for the maximum yield. The plants inoculated with VAM fungi had a greater tissue concentration and total content of P and N than the control plants at low and intermediate levels of applied P. The percentage of root colonized by VAM fungi for the inoculated plants of the two legumes increased linearly with P additions up to 60 kg ha-1. The conclusion is that under amended (limed and fertilized) soil conditions, inoculation with selected VAM fungi can improve the establishement and growth of forage legumes in fields that contain ineffective populations of native VAM fungi.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335862

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