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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (668)
  • Engineering  (497)
  • 1985-1989  (1,165)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (1,165)
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  • 1985-1989  (1,165)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1977-1985 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Low Coordinated Phosphorus Compounds, 45. Mixed Substituted Bismethylenephosphoranes by the Reaction of Carbenoides with PhosphaalkenesThe known methylenephosphanes 1a-e react with lithio-α-chloroorganyls 2a, b to give the bismethylenephosphoranes 3a-f in high yields. The compounds 3c-f represent the first mixed substituted λ5σ3-bismethylenephosphoranes, that except 3e, f could be isolated. Products 3e, f rearrange to the new phosphiranes 6a, b. The reaction of the methylenephosphane 1b with diphenyldiazomethane (4) leads via spectroscopic conceivable dihydrodiazaphosphole 5 to compound 3e. The course of the reactions, the spectroscopic data as well as the X-ray structure analyses of 3d and 6a are discussed.
    Notes: Aus der Reaktion der bekannten Methylenphosphane 1a-e mit Lithio-α-chlororganylen 2a, b erhält man in sehr guten Ausbeuten die Bismethylenphosphorane 3a-f. Die Verbindungen 3c-f sind die ersten gemischt substituierten Vertreter der λ5σ3-Bismethylenphosphorane, die mit Ausnahme von 3e, f isoliert werden können. Die Verbindungen 3e, f lagern in die neuen Phosphirane 6a, b um. Die Reaktion des Methylenphosphans 1b mit Diphenyldiazomethan (4) verläuft über ein spektroskopisch erfaßbares Dihydrodiazaphosphol 5 zum Produkt 3e. Die Reaktionsverläufe, die spektroskopischen Daten sowie die Röntgenstrukturen von 3d und 6a werden diskutiert.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1994-2005 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hindered Ligand Movements in Transition Metal Complexes, XXXIII. (η2- and η4-Diene)[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl]molybdenum CarbonylsTricarbonyl[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl]molybdenum (1) reacts photochemically with 1,3-butadiene (2), (E)-1,3-pentadiene (3) or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (4), respectively, to give the corresponding η2- and η4-diene complexes. Stepwise, dicarbonyl[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl](η2-diene)molybdenum (5, 8, 11) and carbonyl[2-(η5cyclopentadienyl)ethyl](η4-diene)-molybdenum (6, 9, 12) are formed. Insertion of 1,3-butadiene into the Mo—C-σ-bond of 5 yields dicarbonyl[6-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)-η3-(E)-2-hexenyl]molybdenum (7) as a by-product. Similarily, 8 reacts to the corresponding [6-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)-η3-(E,E)-1-methyl-2-hexenyl] chelate complex 10. The η2-diene ligands in 5, 8, 11 show hindered rotation around the axis through the center of the center of the coordinated CC-double bond and the central atom. Two different rotamers can be observed at low temperatures. The energy barriers were determined by band shape analyses to be ΔG300300≠ = 62.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol for 5, ΔG280≠ = 66.2 ± 0.2 kJ/mol for 8, and ΔG298≠ = 61.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol for 11. Complex 9 is obtained in one, 12 in both of the two possible diastereomeric forms.
    Notes: Tricarbonyl[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl]molybdän (1) reagiert photochemisch mit 1,3-Butadien (2), (E)-1,3-Pentadien (3) bzw. 2-Methyl-1,3-butadien (4) zu den korrespondierenden η2- und η4-Dien-Komplexen. Stufenweise werden Dicarbonyl[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl](η2-dien)molybdän (5, 8, 11) und Carbonyl[2-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ethyl](η4-dien)molybdän (6, 9, 12) gebildet. Insertion des 1,3-Butadiens in die Mo—C-σ-Bindung von 5 ergibt Dicarbonyl[6-(η5-cyclopentadienyl)-η3-(E)-2-hexenyl]molybdän (7) als Nebenprodukt. Gleichermaßen reagiert 8 zu dem entsprechenden [6-(η5-Cyclopentadienyl)-η3-(E,E)-1-methyl-2-hexenyl]-Chelatkomplex 10. Die η2-Dien-Liganden in 5, 8, 11 zeigen gehinderte Rotation um die Achse durch die Mitte der CC-Doppelbindung und das Zentralatom. Zwei unterschiedliche Rotamere können bei tiefen Temperaturen beobachtet werden. Die Energiebarrieren wurden durch Linienform-Analyse zu ΔG300≠ = 62.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol für 5, ΔG280≠ = 66.2 ± 0.2 kJ/mol für 8 und ΔG298≠ = 61.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol für 11 ermittelt. Komplex 9 ist in einer, 12 in beiden der zwei möglichen diastereomeren Formen erhältlich.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sterically Hindered Free Radicals, XV. The First Unsymmetrical Dimer from Two Different Stable Radicals: 3-(tert-Butylphenylmethylene)-6-(triphenylmethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene from tert-Butyldiphenylmethyl and TriphenylmethylThe quinonoid title compound 6 is formed in an equilibrium to 95% and can be isolated, when the two title radicals 1 and 3 are generated in solution. The reason for this is the sterically less strained position of the bulky tBu group at the sp2-C atom of the methylene group. The structure of 6 is proved by 1,5-H migration giving 8 and autoxidation of the latter at -10°C giving tBuOH and 4-tritylbenzophenone (12). The synthesis of several analogous compounds are described.
    Notes: Die chinoide Titelverbindung 6 entsteht im Gleichgewicht zu 〉95% und kann isoliert werden, wenn die beiden Titelradikale 1 und 3 in Lösung erzeugt werden. Ursache hierfür ist die räumlich günstigere Unterbringung der sperrigen tBu-Gruppe am sp2-C-Atom der Methylengruppe. Die Struktur von 6 wird durch 1,5-H-Verschiebung zu 8 sowie dessen Autoxidation bei -10°C zu tBuOH und 4-Tritylbenzophenon (12) bewiesen. Synthesen analoger Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2013-2024 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselektive Synthese von Alkoholen, XXIII. Chiralitätsübertragung bei der Addition von (α-Chlorallyl)boronsäureestern an AldehydeDie Darstellung des (α-Chlorallyl)boronsäureesters 4 mit 92% e.e. wird beschrieben. Seine Addition an achirale Aldehyde ergab die Homoallylkohole 6 mit 82-92% e.e. Bei der Addition von ent-4 an Isopropylidenglycerinaldehyd (22) führte die kooperative Diastereoseitendifferenzierung zum Produkt 23 hoher Diastereomerenreinheit. In der Reaktion von 4 mit 22 ergab die Stereokontrolle durch das Reagenz den Alkohol 25 mit einer Diastereomerenreinheit von 77%.
    Notes: The preparation of the (α-chloroallyl)boronate 4 of 92% e.e. is described. Its addition to achiral aldehydes resulted in the homoallyl alcohols 6 of 82-92% e.e. Cooperative diastereoface selectivity on addition of ent-4 to isopropylideneglyceraldehyde (22) gave the product 23 of high diastereomeric purity. Reagent control of stereoselectivity on addition of 4 to 22 resulted in 25 of 77% diastereomeric purity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2050-2054 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions with Aziridines, 36 Arene Hydrides 2. SN2 and SET Reactions of N-Acylaziridines with Diphenylmethanide and „Naphthalene Hydride“ (Anion of Dihydronaphthalene)Diphenylmethane is incompletely deprotonated by sodium naphthalenide in THF so that some „naphthalene hydride“ 4 (anion of 1,4-dihydronaphthalene) remains present in the deprotonation equilibrium. The generated diphenylmethanide anion 3a reacts with the N-acylaziridines 6a-c to form the expected amidoethyl derivatives 7a-c in yields of less than 50%. The formation of by-products from 6b and 6c can be rationlized on the basis of classic ionic mechanisms. However, for 6a the by-product N-ethylbenzamide clearly points to a SET mechanism with „naphthalene hydride“ 4 as the electron source and with the radical 8 as a hydrogen source.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2025-2049 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Effect of Phenyl Groups on the Homoconjugation in the Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl Anion. A 13C NMR StudyThe effects of deuterium atoms in the positions 2 and 4 of exo-6-bromo- (11) and endo-6-methoxytricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-ene (12) as well as exo-4-methoxybicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (13) on their 13C chemical shifts are in line with the previous interpretation of the effects in correspondingly deuterated bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl anions 1, and thus provide evidence for the homoconjugative interaction in 1. 3-Phenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (16) and endo- (19a) as well as exo-4-phenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (19b) have been prepared from bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (14) and bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene-endo-6-carbaldehyde (17), respectively. 2,4-Diphenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (6) and 19a, b were deprotonated by methyllithium and n-butyllithium, respectively, whereas the proton abstraction from tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7]dodeca-2,4,6,9-triene (4) and from 16 required potassium tert-butoxide/n-butyllithium. As products the corresponding bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl anion derivatives have been identified. By means of potassium tert-butoxide/n-butyllithium 19a, b were converted into 21K, i.e. the anion with K+ as counterion. The NMR spectra of 21Li turned out to depend upon the temperature in the range between +45 and -30°C in contrast to those of 21K. The 13C NMR spectra of the anions and of the corresponding hydrocarbons are discussed in detail in relation to the spectra of the unsubstituted species 1 and 2. In particular, the wide variations of the chemical shifts of C-6,7 depending upon the substituents of the allylic moiety of the bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl anion system give strong support for the bishomoaromatic nature of these anions.
    Notes: Die Effekte von Deuteriumatomen in den Positionen 1 und 4 von exo-6-Brom- (11) und endo-6-Methoxytricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-en (12) sowie exo-4-Methoxybicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dien (13) auf deren 13C-chemische Verschiebungen stützen die frühere Interpretation der Effekte bei entsprechend deuterierten Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl-Anionen 1 und belegen so die homokonjugative Wechselwirkung in 1.  -  Ausgehend von Bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-on (14) und Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-en-endo-6-carbaldehyd (17) stellte man 3-Phenyl- (16) bzw. endo-4-Phenyl-(19a) und exo-4-Phenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dien (19b) dar. 2,4-Diphenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dien (6) und 19a, b wurden mit Methyllithium bzw. n-Butyllithium, Tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7]dodeca-2,4,6,9-tetraen (4) sowie 16 mit Kalium-tert-butoxid/n-Butyllithium deprotoniert, wobei die entsprechenden Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl-Anionderivate 7, 21Li, 5 und 22 entstanden. Aus 19a, b wurde mit Kalium-tert-butoxid/n-Butyllithium auch 21K, d. h. das zugehörige Anion mit K+ als Gegenion erhalten. Die NMR-Spektren von 21Li erwiesen sich im Gegensatz zu jenen von 21K im Bereich von +45 bis -30°C als temperaturabhängig. Die 13C-NMR-Spektren der Anionen und der zugehörigen Kohlenwasserstoffe werden im Vergleich mit den Spektren der unsubstituierten Verbindungen 1 und 2 ausführlich diskutiert. Insbesondere die starken Variationen der chemischen Verschiebungen von C-6,7 in Abhängigkeit von den Substitutenten am Allylteil des Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl-Anionsystems bieten ein starkes Argument für die bishomoaromatische Natur dieser Anionen.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2062-2065 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3-Alkylquinolizinium Iodides from Metalated α-Picoline and 3-Ethoxyacroleins2-Alkylquinolizinium iodides 4 are obtained in good overall yields by treating lithiated 2-methylpyridine 1 with 2-alkyl-3-ethoxyacroleins 2. 3-Alkyl-4-ethoxy-1-(2-pyridyl)-3-buten-2-ols 3 are isolated as primary products which readily cyclize to give the title compounds 4 upon heating in aqueous hydrogen iodide.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2066-2068 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Funktionell substituierte Vinylcarbanionen, 29. Reaktion einer β-lithiierten Acrylsäure mit Oxetanen als Electrophilβ-Lithiiertes β-(Ethylthio)acrylat 1A reagiert mit den Oxetanen 2 bzw. (±)-5 in Anwesenheit von Bortrifluorid-Ether zu den entsprechenden γ-hydroxypropyl-substituierten Derivaten 3 bzw. 6. Von den 2-Alkyl/phenyl-3-ethoxy-oxetanen (±)-5 reagieren die erythro-Derivate deutlich rascher als die threo-Derivate.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2173-2177 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Oxidation of O-Benzoylated α-Hydroxyacetic Acids Concerning the Structure of the Cationic IntermediateAnodic oxidation of ([carbonyl-18O]benzoyloxy)acetic acid (1b) at graphite electrodes in methanol leads to the substitution product methoxymethyl benzoate (3) as well as the fragmentation product methyl benzoate (4) recovering all labeled oxygen in the carbonyl groups. This result proves that the 1,3-dioxetanylium ion 2′ is not involved in the non-Kolbe electrolysis of O-benzoylated α-hydroxyacetic acids. The cationic intermediate 2 is of open-chain structure.
    Notes: Die anodische Oxidation von ([Carbonyl-18O]Benzoyloxy)essigsäure (1b) an Graphitelektroden in Methanol liefert unter Erhaltung des markierten Sauerstoffs in der Carbonylposition das Substitutionsprodukt Benzoesäure-methoxymethylester (3) und das Fragmentierungsprodukt Benzoesäure-methylester (4). Damit wird die Beteiligung eines 1,3-Dioxetanylium-Ions 2′ an der Elektrolyse von O-benzoylierten α-Hydroxyessigsäuren ausgeschlossen. Die kationische Zwischenstufe 2 ist offenkettig.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2069-2074 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New Syntheses of 2-Acylbenzofurans, 2-Acylindoles, 2-Indolylcarboxylates, and 2-Quinolones by Intramolecular Wittig ReactionThe title compounds are obtained by intramolecular Wittig reaction of 2-(α-ketoacyloxy)-, 2-(α-ketoacylamino)-, or 2-[(ω-alkoxycarbonylacyl)amino]benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts, respectively.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2075-2079 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 173. Salts of the Bis(diisopropylamino)boron(1+) CationBromobis(diisopropylamino)borane (1) reacts with aluminium and gallium tribromide to produce stable salts of type [(iPr2N)2B]EBr4 (2, 3). Silver triflate converts 1 into bis(diisopropylamino)[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy]borane (4), while silver tetratriflatoborate produces a mixture of 4 with the salt [(iPr2N)2B]B(OSO2CF3)4 (6). Furthermore (diisopropylamino)bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy]borane (7) is formed.
    Notes: Bis(diisopropylamino)borbromid (1) reagiert mit Aluminium-oder Galliumtribromid zu den stabilen Salzen [(iPr2N)2B]EBr4 (2, 3), während 1 mit Silber-triflat Bis(diisopropylamino)-[(trifluormethyl)sulfonyloxy]boran (4) liefert. Silber-tetratriflatoborat setzt sich mit 1 zu einem Gemisch von 4 mit dem Salz [(iPr2N)2B]B(OSO2CF3)4 (6) um. Ferner entsteht (Diisopropylamino)bis[(trifluormethyl)sulfonyloxy]boran (7).
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2094-2103 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Physical Properties of Novel 1,3-Dithiolylium-4-methanides and 1,3-Thiazolium-5-methanidesThe synthesis and physical properties of the novel title compounds of type 9 from carboxylic acid derivatives 3 and CH acidic compounds 4 are described.
    Notes: Die Synthese und physikalischen Eigenschaften der neuen Titelverbindungen vom Typ 9 aus Carbonsäure-Derivaten 3 und CH-aciden Verbindungen 4 werden beschrieben.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2104-2113 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel Sulfur-bridged Three-membered Ring Compounds of the Type of the Dianion Sulfides and of the Thiocarbonyl YlidesReaction of the potassium salts of the thiodeltates 4a,b with the deltaines 5a,b results in the formation of novel dianion sulfide salts 1a-c. Thiocarbonyl ylide 7a-d and 8a-d, respectively, with cyclopropenium and deltate functions are prepared by the reaction of the thiones 6a-d with the deltaines 5a,b or of the cyclopropenium salt 9 with the potassium thiodeltate 4a. Interestingly, treatment of the sulfur-bridged dianion 1d with the dication 10 also yields the thiocarbonyl ylide 7d. The spectroscopic data of the new compounds 1, 7, and 8 are discussed, the 13C NMR data of the thiocarbonyl ylides are compared with those of the dianion and dikation sulfides.
    Notes: Neue Dianion-sulfide 1a-c entstehen bei der Reaktion der Kaliumsalze von Thiodeltaten 4a,b mit den Deltainen 5a,b. Die Darstellung neuer Thiocarbonyl-ylide 7a-d bzw. 8a-d mit Cyclopropenium- und Deltatfunktionen gelingt durch Umsetzung der Thione 6a-d mit den Deltainen 5a,b oder aus dem Cyclopropenium-Salz 9 mit dem Kalium-thiodeltat 4a. Interessanterweise entsteht das Thiocarbonyl-ylid 7d auch durch Umsetzung des schwefelverbrückten Dianions 1d mit dem Dikation 10. Die spektrometrischen Daten der neuen Verbindungen 1,7 und 8 werden diskutiert und die 13C-NMR-Daten der Thiocarbonyl-ylide mit denen der Dianion- und Dikation-sulfide verglichen.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2080-2093 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metallaheterocumulenes, IV. 2-Azaallylidene Complexes  -  Novel Compounds with a Bent CNCR2 Fragment as Complex Ligand(2-Azoniaallenylidene)pentacarbonyltungsten tetrabromoaluminate complexes [(CO)5W(CNCR2)]+AlBr4- (2-AlBr4) (CR2=C(C6H4Br-4)2 (a), CPh2 (b), C(C6H4OMe-4)2 (c), C(C6H4)2O (d), C(2,4,6-C6H2Me3)2 (e)) Which are synthesized by the reaction of (CO)5W[C(OEt)N=CR2] (1) with AlBr3, react with freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran to give neural trans-bromo(2-azaallylidene) complexes trans-Br(CO)4W(CNCR2) (3) and small amounts of (CO)5W—C≡N—[CR2]2—N≡C—W(CO)5 (4). The compounds 4 correspond to the product of a reductive dimerization of two cations 2. If 1b (or the corresponding methoxy compound 5) reacts with BBr3 instead of AlBr3/THF 4b is the main product. The spectroscopic data of 3 and the results of an X-ray analysis of 3b show that the replacement of a CO ligand in the cations 2 by Br- with formation of 3 results in a drastic change of the bonding situation within the CNCR2 ligand. 3a-e are the first compounds in which a strongly bent CNCR2 fragment functions as a complex ligand. The aminocarbyne complex trans-Br(CO)4W≡CNPh2 (7) was synthesized by BBr3-induced fragmentation of (CO)5W[C(NPh2)N=C(Ph)OMe] (6).
    Notes: (2-Azoniaallenyliden)pentacarbonylwolfram-tetrabromoaluminat-Komplexe [(CO)5W(CNCR2)]+AlBr4- (2-AlBr4) (CR2=C(C6H4Br-4)2 (a), CPh2 (b), C(C6H4OMe-4)2 (c), C(C6H4)2O (d), C(2,4,6-C6H2Me3)2 (e))  -  darstellbar durch Umsetzung von (CO)5W[C(OEt)N=CR2] (1) mit Albr3  -  reagieren mit frisch destillierten Tetrahydrofuran zu neutralen trans-Bromo(2-azaallyliden)-Komplexen trans-Br(CO)4W(CNCR2) (3) und wenig (CO)5W—C≡N—[CR2]2—N≡C—W(CO)5 (4). Die Verbindungen 4. entsprechen dem Produkt einer reduktiven Dimerisierung zweier Kationen 2. 4b wird zum Hauptprodukt der Umsetzung, wenn 1b (oder der entsprechende Methoxy-Komplex 5) mit BBr3 anstatt AlBr3/THF umgesetzt wird. Wie die spektroskopischen Daten von 3 sowie die Ergebnisse der an 3b durchgeführten Röntgenstrukturanalyse zeigen, führt der Austausch eines CO-Liganden in den Kationen 2 gegen Br- unter Bildung von 3 zu einer drastischen Veränderung der Bindungsverhältnisse im CNCR2-Liganden. 3a-e sind die ersten Verbindungen, in denen ein stark gewinkeltes CNCR2-Fragment als Komplexligand fungiert. Durch BBr3-induzierte Fragmentierung von (CO)5W[C(NPh2)N=C(Ph)OMe] (6) wurde der Aminocarbin-Komplex trans-Br(CO)4W≡CNPh2 (7) dargestellt.
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2127-2134 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Cyanoformamidines with HexafluroacetoneHexafluoroacetone(HFA) reacts with N,N-dialkylcyanoformamidines in one step under mild conditions to form 4-(dialkylamino)-2,5-dihydro-5-imino-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxazoles 1a-d. 1a,b react further with HFA to yield the N′-(hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl)-substituted derivatives 2a,b. Under the catalytic influence of copper powder in DMF 1a,b, rearrange to give 1,2-dihydro-2,2-bis(trifluromethyl)-5H-imidazol-5-ones 3a,b in good yields. The activation parameters of the hindered rotation of the C-4—N bond of 1a,c and 3a are reported.
    Notes: Hexafluoraceton (HFA) reagiert mit N,N-Dialkylcyanformamidinen in einem Reaktionsschritt unter milden Bedingungen zu 4-(Dialkylamino)-2,5-dihydro-5-imino-2,2-bis(trifluormethyl)oxazolen 1a-d. 1a,b könne mit weiterem HFA zu den N′-(hydroxyhexafluorisopropyl)substituierten Derivaten 2a,b umgesetzt werden. Unter der katalytischen Wirkung von Kupferpulver in DMF gelingt die Umlagerung von 1a,b in 1,2-Dihydro-2,2-bis(trifluormethyl)-5H-imidazol-5-one 3a,b in guten Ausbeuten. Von 1a,c und 3a wurden durch 1H-DNMR-Untersuchungen die Aktivierungsparameter der gehinderten Rotation um die C-4—N-Bindung bestimmt.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclic β-Enamino Esters, 41. Vinylogeous Principle on 6,7-Dihydro-1H-azepines; Cycloaddition and Novel Rearrangement to 2,3,3a,7a-Tetrahydroindoles.  -  Thermal [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions with 4-R-TADThe conjugated π-Systems of 6,7-dihydrooxepines, -thiepines, and -azepines (1-5) show a remarkable alternance of their 13C NMR shifts. In a cycloaddition-ring enlargement sequence the 6,7-dihydroazepine 3 reacts with acetylenedicarboxylates at the 4,5-double bond to afford first the intermediary 8,9-dihydro-1H-azonines 6B. These give in turn the indoles 7a,b via thermal 6π-electron cyclization. Under subsequent rearrangement 2,3,3a,7a-tetrahydroindoles 8a,b are formed. The structure of 8a is established by X-ray diffraction. In a polar [2 + 2]-cycloaddition 4-R-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (4-R-TAD) gives with 3 and 5 the [1,2,4]triazolo[1′,2′:1,2]diazet-[3,4-d]azepines 10a-d and 11a,b resp., and with the bis-TAD 12 the 2:1-adduct 13. Treatment of 10a with phenyl isocyanate originates the carbodiimide 14 which is converted with basic ring closure into the pyrimido[4,5-b]azepine 15.
    Notes: 6,7-Dihydrooxepine, -thiepine und -azepine (1-5) zeigen eine ausgeprägte Alternanz ihrer 13C-NMR-Verschiebungen im konjugierten π-System. Das 6,7-Dihydroazepin 3 reagiert mit Acetylendicarbonsäureestern zunächst unter Cycloaddition-Ringerweiterung an der 4,5-Doppelbindung zu den intermediären 8,9-Dihydro-1H-azoninen 6b. Diese ergeben sogleich unter thermischem 6π-Elektronenringschluß die Indole 7a,b. Nach erneuter Umlagerung entstehen 2,3,3a,7a-Tetrahydroindole 8a,b; die Konstitution von 8a wird durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelt. Mit 4-R-1,2,4-Triazolin-3,5-dionen (4-R-TAD) entstehen aus 3 und 5 in polarer [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition die [1,2,4]Triazolo[1′,2′:1,2]diazet[3,4-d]azepine 10a-d und 11a,b mit dem Bis-TAD 12 das 2:1-Addukt 13. 10a ergibt mit Phenylisocyanat das Carbodiimid 14 und beim basischen Ringschluß das Pyrimido[4,5-b]azepin 15.
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2135-2142 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Reagents, XXXVII. (α-Lithioalkyl)diphenylarsane Oxides: Synthesis and Application for the Indirect Nucleophilic HaloalkylationDue to ready accessibility and high nucleophilicity (α-lithioalkyl)diphenylarsane oxides (2) are favorable reagents for the synthesis of many organoarsenic compounds. In organic synthesis they are recommendable as reagents for indirect nucleophilic haloalkylation reactions (Hal=Cl, Br, I).
    Notes: (α-Lithioalkyl)diphenylarsanoxide (2) sind wegen ihrer bequemen Zugänglichkeit und hohen Nucleophilie günstige Reagenzien zur Darstellung zahlreicher Organoarsenverbindungen. In der organischen Synthese sind sie als Reagenzien für indirekte nucleophile Haloalkylierungen (Hal=Cl, Br, I) empfehlenswert.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2143-2149 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Reagents, XXXVIII. Addition of (α-Lithioalkyl)diphenylarsane Oxides to Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone with Extreme DiastereoselectivityIn contrast to α-lithiated alkyldiphenylphosphane oxides, the α-lithiated alkyldiphenylarsane oxides 3a and b react extremely diastereoselectively with benzaldehyde to give the alcohols erythro-4a and erythro-4b, respectively. Analogously, 3b reacts extremely diastereoselectively with acetophenone, whereas by reaction with aliphatic aldehydes a mixture of two diastereomeric alcohols (erythro:threo = 1.5-1.7:1) is formed.
    Notes: Im Gegensatz zu α-lithiierten Alkyldiphenylphosphanoxiden reagieren die α-lithiierten Alkyldiphenylarsanoxide 3a und b hoch diastereoselektiv mit Benzaldehyd zu den Alkoholen erythro 4a bzw. erythro-4b. Auch mit Acetophenon reagiert 3b extrem diastereoselektiv, während bei der Umsetzung mit aliphatischen Aldehyden ein Diastereomeren-Gemisch anfällt (erythro:threo = 1.5-1.7:1).
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2150-2158 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Reagents, XXXIX. Optimization of the Diastereo- and Aldehyde Selectivity of Horner-Type Reagents by Modification of the StructureIntroduction of an ortho-substituent in the phenyl residues of (α-lithiobutyl)diphenylphosphane oxide (7) increases the diastereoselectivity in the reaction with benzaldehyde. (α-Lithiobutyl)bis(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphane oxide (9) gave the erythro-product 12 even exclusively by reacting with benzaldehyde.  -  Exchange of the lithium atom of (lithiomethyl)-diphenylphosphane oxide (17) for chromium or titanium brought about much better aldehyde selectivity in competition experiments with benzaldehyde and acetophenone.
    Notes: Durch Einführung eines ortho-Substituenten in die Phenylreste von (α-Lithiobutyl)diphenylphosphanoxid (7) wird die Diastereoselektivität bei der Umsetzung mit Benzaldehyd gesteigert. (α-Lithiobutyl)bis(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphanoxid (9) reagierte mit Benzaldehyd sogar ausschließlich zum erythro-Produkt 12.  -  Der Austausch des Lithiumatoms von (Lithiomethyl)diphenylphosphanoxid (17) gegen Chrom oder Titan führte zu stark erhöhter Aldehydselektivität bei Konkurrenzversuchen mit dem Substratpaar Benzaldehyd/Acetophenon.
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  • 21
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2178-2190 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enantioselektive diastereospezifische Synthese von anti-α-Alkyl-β-hydroxycarbonsäureestern durch Cuprat-Ringöffnung von GlycidesternEine über die Zwischenglieder 4-7 ablaufende diastereospezifische Kettenverlängerung von Aldehyden 1 zu anti-α-Alkyl-β-hydroxyestern 2 wird beschrieben. Durch Verwendung der Sharpless-Epoxidierung kann 2 mit Enantiomerenüberschüssen von 〉90% in Form beider Antipoden erhalten werden.
    Notes: A diastereospecific chain elongation of the aldehydes 1 of anti-α-alkyl-β-hydroxy esters 2 via the intermediates 4-7 is described. By means of the Sharpless epoxidation, 2 may be obtained with 〉90% ee in either enantiomer.
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  • 22
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2159-2172 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese with Cyclobutadienes, 13. Azapentafulvenes from 2,3,4-Tri-tert-butylcyclobutadiene-1-carboxylic Esters and IsonitrilesFrom kinetically stabilized cyclobutadienes 6a and b and isonitriles 7a-c the azapentafulvenes 9a-d are obtained. In contrast, 6a reacts with 7d exclusively to form the constitution isomeric azapentafulvene 11e. Both isomers (9f and 11f) are realized in the reaction of 6a with 7e. The structural assignment of the isomers 9 and 11 is based on 13C NMR investigations as well as on an X-ray analysis performed for 9a. Hydrolysis of 9 and 11 yields the tri-tert-butyl substituted cyclopentadienones 20a,b and 21. By photochemical means 21 is transformed into the isomer 20a, which can also be obtained directly from the cyclobutadiene 6a and carbon monoxide.
    Notes: Aus den kinetisch stabilisierten Cyclobutadienen 6a bzw. b und den Isonitrilen 7a-c erhält man die Azapentafulvene 9a-d. Im Gegensatz dazu reagiert 6a mit 7d ausschließlich unter Bildung des konstitutionsisomeren Azapentafulvens 11e. Beide Möglichkeiten (9f und 11f) werden bei der Umsetzung von 6a mit 7e wahrgenommen. Die Strukturzuordnung der Isomeren 9 und 11 beruht auf 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen sowie auf der Röntgenstrukturanalyse für 9a. Hydrolyse von 9 und 11 macht die tri-tert-butylsubstituierten Cyclopentadienone 20a,b und 21 zugänglich. Photochemisch läßt sich 21 in das Isomere 20a umwandeln, das auch unmittelbar aus dem Cyclobutadien 6a und Kohlenmonoxid erhalten werden kann.
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  • 23
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2191-2207 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Aldol Reaction with Chiral Secondary AcetamidesThe deprotonated acetamides 4a-c und 5a-c are added to prochiral carbonyl compounds. The influence of the solvent, of the reaction temperature, and of the enolate gegenion on the ratio of the isomeric products 8/9, 18/19, and 26/27, respectively, are studied. The highest degrees of diastereoselectivity are observed, when the titanium enolate of the acetamide 4a or the threefold deprotonated N-acetyl-α-phenylglycinol (5a) is used. The diastereomers 18a-d, formed in excess in the addition of 5a to aldehydes, are isolated in a pure form by a single recrystallization, and afford the enantiomerically pure β-hydroxy carboxylic acids 3a-d. Thereby, the chiral auxiliary, α-phenylglycinol (14), is recovered.
    Notes: Die deprotonierten Acetamide 4a-c und 5a-c werden an prochirale Carbonylverbindungen addiert. Dabei wird der Einfluß von Lösungsmittel, Temperatur und Enolat-Gegenion auf das jeweilige Verhältnis der isomeren Produkte 8/9, 18/19 und 26/27 untersucht. Die höchsten Diastereoselektivitäten lassen sich mit dem Titan-enolat des Amids 4a und dem dreifach deprotonierten N-Acetyl-α-phenylglycinol (5a) erzielen. Die bei der Addition von 5a an Aldehyde im Überschuß gebildeten Diastereomeren 18a-d können durch einmaliges Umkristallisieren rein erhalten werden und liefern nach alkalischer Hydrolyse die enantiomerenreinen β-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 3a-d. Dabei wird der chirale Hilfsstoff, α-Phenylglycinol (14), zurückgewonnen.
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  • 24
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2220-2232 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Azibenzils with Nonafluorobutanesulfonic AnhydrideReaction of azibenzils 1a-e with nonafluorobutanesulfonic anhydride (Nf2O) yields mainly vinylene bis(nonafluorobutanesulfonates) E,Z-2a-e and benzils 3a-e. The presence of a non-nucleophilic amine prevents decomposition of the azibenzils by traces of acid in the anhydride. Compounds 2 stem from an inital O-sulfonylation of the azibenzils, whereas C-sulfonylation perhaps leads to the benzils. Diazodiphenylmethane is decomposed by Nf2O to give tetraphenylethylene, benzophenone, and benzophenone azine.
    Notes: Die Azibenzile 1a-e reagieren mit Nonafluorbutansulfonsäureanhydrid (Nf2O) hauptsächlich zu den Vinylen-bis(nonafluorbutansulfonaten) E,Z-2a-e und den Benzilen 3a-e. Um die Zersetzung der Azibenzile durch Säurespuren im Anhydrid zu vermeiden, ist der Zusatz eines nicht nucleophilen Amins erforderlich. Die Produkte 2 gehen aus einer einleitenden O-Sulfonylierung der Azibenzile hervor, für die Bildung der Benzile könnte eine C-Sulfonylierung verantwortlich sein. Diazodiphenylmethan wird durch Nf2O zu Tetraphenylethylen, Benzophenon und Benzophenon-azin zersetzt.
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  • 25
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2339-2349 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Concerning the Question of Positional Isomerism in Disubstituted BullvalenesWe report about 15 new disubstituted bullvalenes (2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14-20, 22-24) and discuss their substitution pattern together with 9 known species (1, 3, 6-10, 13, 21). The results which are partly unexpected are put together phenomenologically. We have no reasonable explanation for some results, i.e. only a few substituents with „complementary“ properties like the pair CH2OH/Br or CH3/CN in compounds 16 and 18, respectively, prefer a vicinal arrangement at a double bond.
    Notes: Wir berichten über 15 neue disubstituierte Bullvalene (2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14-20, 22-24) und diskutieren ihr Substitutionsmuster gemeinsam mit dem von 9 bekannten Vertretern (1, 3, 6-10, 13, 21). Die teilweise unerwarteten Ergebnisse werden phänomenologisch geordnet. Für einige Befunde fehlen befriedigende Erklärungen. So bevorzugen z. B. nur manche Substituenten mit „komplementären“ Eigenschaften wie das Paar CH2OH/Br oder CH3/CN in den Verbindungen 16 bzw. 18 eine vicinale Anordnung an der Doppelbindung.
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  • 26
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2317-2338 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Regio- and Stereoselectivity of Novel Thermal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Mesonionic 1,3-Oxathiol-4-ones to Alkynes and AlkenesAs potential carbonyl ylides, the 1,3-oxathiolyium-4-olates 1c or 1d combine with dibenzoylacetylene or 1-(diethylamino)-1-propyne via nonisolable [3 + 2] primary adducts of type 2, which release COS to give the furan derivatives 3a or b, respectively. On the other hand, some representative of 1 reacts with symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted olefinic substrates with regio- and/or stereoselective formation of the isolable [3 + 2] primary adducts 4-16. In the example of the reactions of 1c with trans- and cis-cyclooctene, the stereospecificities and the competition constant are determined. Furthermore, the thermolyses of the cycloadducts 4b,5,6, and 7a,b are investigated. The addition directions, derived from the FMO and PMO theory, are compared with the experimentally realized regiochemistry.
    Notes: Als potentielle Carbonyl-ylide vereinigen sich die 1,3-Oxathiolylium-4-olate 1c oder 1d mit Dibenzoylacetylen oder 1-(Diethylamino)-1-propin über nicht isolierbare [3 + 2]-Primäraddukte vom Typ 2 unter COS-Abspaltung zu Furan-Derivaten 3a bzw. b. Demgegenüber reagieren einige Vertreter von 1 mit symmetrisch und unsymmetrisch substituierten olefinischen Substraten regio- und/oder stereoselektiv zu isolierbaren [3 + 2]-Primäraddukten 4-16. Am Beispiel der Umsetzung von 1c mit trans- und cis-Cycloocten werden die Stereospezifitäten und die Konkurrenzkonstante ermittelt. Weiterhin werden die Thermolysen der Cycloaddukte 4b, 5, 6 und 7a,b untersucht. Die aus der FMO- und PMO-Theorie abgeleiteten Additionsrichtungen werden mit der experimentell realisierten Regiochemie verglichen.
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  • 27
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2350-2361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogenolysis of Small Cycloalkanes, XIII. Hydrogenation of Homocubane DerivativesTwo dihydro products 5a and 7a are formed by hydrogenation of homocubane (6a) with Pd-, Pt-, and Rh-catalysts. Only the unsymmetric 7a reacts further to give twistbrendane (8a). In addition, ca. 20% brendane (11a) is obtained by hydrogenation of homocuneane (9a), which is formed from 6a by rearrangement on the catalyst. The yield of the symmetric dihydro product 5b is raised up to 40% in the case of hydrogenation of the ethylene acetal 6b of the 9-ketone on Rh/Al2O3. With the ester 6d no 5d is obtained but 7d and 8d only.
    Notes: Die Hydrierung von Homocuban (6a) mit Pd-, Pt- und Rh-Katalysatoren führt zu zwei Dihydroverbindungen 5a und 7a, von denen nur das unsymmetrische Hauptprodukt rasch zu Twistbrendan (8a) weiterreagiert. Durch Umlagerung von Homocuban zu Homocunean (9a) und dessen Hydrierung entstehen daneben auch bis zu 20% Brendan (11a). Im Falle des 9-Keton-Ethylenacetals 6b kann über Rh/Al2O3 der Anteil am symmetrischen Dihydroprodukt 5b bis 40% betragen, im Falle des Carbonsäureesters 6d erhält man dagegen nur 7d und 8d, aber kein 5d.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatische Azoverbindungen, XV. cis- und trans-Tetracyclopropyl- und Tetra-tert-butylazomethanDie Produkte und die Kinetik der Thermolysen der Titelverbindungen 3 und 5 wurden untersucht. Wie die trans-Isomeren, so zerfallen auch die cis-Azoverbindungen in Radikale ohne begleitende cis-trans-Isomerisierung. Der Einfluß der Strukturvariation auf die Reaktivität wird diskutiert. Durch Bestrahlen von trans-Tetra-tert-butylazomethan (trans-5) bei 60-120°C in Benzol oder Chlorbenzol läßt sich fast quantitativ 1,1,2,2-Tetra-tert-butylethan darstellen.
    Notes: The products and the kinetics of the thermolysis of the title compounds 3 and 5 were investigated. Like the trans-isomers, the cis-azo compounds also undergo homolytic decomposition without accompanying cis-trans-isomerization. The observed structure-reactivity relationships are discussed. On irradiation of trans-tetra-tetr-butylazomethane (trans-5) at 60-120°C in benzene or chlorobenzene an almost quantitative yield of 1,1,2,2-tetra-tert-butylethane is obtained.
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  • 29
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1919-1930 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pentacarbonylchromium Complexes of 1H-IsoindolesThe 1H-isoindoles 1e-k are converted into the pentacarbonylchromium complexes 4e-k by means of ligand exchange reactions with pentacarbonyl(η2-cis-cyclooctene)chromium (3). Likewise, the 2H-isoindoles (2a-d) which are able to undergo tautomerism are complexed in the 1H-form 4a-d. This reaction allows, for the first time, to isolate even unsubstituted 1H-isoindole (1a) from the equilibrium with 2H-isoindole (2a) as a stable derivative 4a. The structure 4 of the pentacarbonyl(η1-1H-isoindole)chromium complexes is elucidated from the analytical and spectroscopic data (IR, 1H and 13C NMR, MS) as confirmed by means of an X-ray structure analysis of the 3-ethoxy-1H-isoindole complex 4e.
    Notes: Die 1H-Isoindole 1e-k werden durch Ligandenaustausch mit Pentacarbonyl(η2-cis-cycloocten)chrom (3) in die Pentacarbonylchrom-Komplexe 4e-k übergeführt; tautomeriefähige 2H-Isoindol (2a-d) werden ebenfalls in der 1H-Form komplexiert (4a-d). Diese Reaktion erlaubt erstmals, auch das unsubstituierte 1H-Isoindol (1a) aus dem Gleichgewicht mit 2H-Isoindol (2a) in Form eines stabilen Derivats 4a zu isolieren. Die Struktur 4 der Pentacarbonyl(η1-1H-isoindol)chrom-Komplexe ergibt sich aus den analytischen und spektroskopischen Daten (IR, 1H- und 13C-NMR, MS) und wird durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse des 3-Ethoxy-1H-isoindol-Komplexes 4e bestätigt.
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  • 30
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1953-1963 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions, 6. Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Allenecarboxanilides; Variation of the Residue Geminal to the Carboxamide GroupThe 2,3-butadienanilides 6a-h, unsubstituted in the ω-position, are synthesized by the ynamine way and submitted to thermolysis. They isomerize without exception by intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction more or less quickly, irreversibly, and quantitatively to give the tricyclic lactams 8a-h, the aniline nucleus functioning as diene in all cases. The structures of 8 are confirmed by spectroscopic data and by an X-ray analysis (8b).
    Notes: Die in ω-Position unsubstituierten 2,3-Butadienanilide 6a-h werden auf dem Inaminweg synthetisiert und der Thermolyse unterworfen. Sie isomerisieren ohne Ausnahme in einer intramolekularen Diels-Alder-Reaktion mehr oder weniger rasch, irreversibel und quantitativ zu den tricyclischen Lactamen 8a-h, wobei der Anilinkern jeweils als „Dien“ fungiert. Die Strukturen 8 werden spektroskopisch und durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse (8b) bestätigt.
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1931-1952 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel Chelated Organodiboroxanes and Organoboroxins from Triorganoboroxins and Enolizable 1,3-DiketonesTrialkylboroxins (RBO)3 (1) [1a: R=CH3; 1b: R=C2H5] react with enolizable 1,3-diketones (R′CO)2CH2 [2a: R′=CH3; 2b: R′=C6H5] at ≈ 20°C with fast degradation of the boroxin rings to give the monochelated diboroxanes 3 of the composition HOB(R)OB(R)OC(R′)CHC(R′)O [3aa: R=R′=CH3; 3ba: R=C2H5, R′=CH3; 3bb: R=C2H5, R′=C6H5] in yields up to 85%. The solid 3 with H-bridged bicyclic structures are in equilibrium with partially ring opened compounds in solution (1H, 11B, 13C, and 17O NMR data). From 1b with 2a or from triphenylboroxin (1c) with 2b the double chelated diboroxanes [RB(R′CO)2CH]2O [4ba: R=C2H5, R′=CH3; 4cb: R=R′=C6H5] are obtained. 1c reacts with 2a or 2b at 〉 140°C under slow protolysis of the B-phenyl residues to form the single and double chelated boroxins 5 and 6 having the compositions R2B3O3(R′CO)2CH [5ca: R=C6H5, R′=CH3; 5cb: R=R′=C6H5] and RB3O3[(R′CO)2CH]2 [6cb. R=R′=C6H5].  -  4, 5, and 6 with fully or partially chelated boron atoms are stable up to 〉 200°C.  -  The molecular structures of 4cb and 5ca were determined by X-ray analyses.
    Notes: Aus Trialkylboroxinen (RBO)3 (1) [1a: R=CH3; 1b: R=C2H5] bilden sich bei ≈ 20°C mit enolisierbaren 1,3-Diketonen (R′CO)2CH2 [2a: R′=CH3; 2b: R′=C6H5] unter raschem Abbau der Boroxin-Ringe in bis zu 85proz. Ausbeute die monochelatisierten Diboroxane 3 der Zusammensetzung HOB(R)OB(R)OC(R′)CHC(R′)O [3aa: R=R′=CH3; 3ba: R=C2H5, R′=CH3; 3bb: R=C2H5, R′=C6H5]. Die festen 3 mit H-verbrückter bicyclischer Struktur stehen in Lösung im Gleichgewicht mit partiell ringgeöffneten Verbindungen (1H-, 11B-, 13C- und 17O-NMR-Daten). Aus 1b erhält man mit 2a und aus Triphenylboroxin (1c) mit 2b die zweifach chelatisierten Diboroxane [RB(R′CO)2CH]2O [4ba: R=C2H5, R′=CH3; 4cb: R=R′=C6H5]. 1c reagiert mit 2a oder 2b bei 〉 140°C unter langsamer Protolyse der B-Phenylreste zu den einfach und zweifach chelatisierten Boroxinen 5 und 6 mit den Zusammensetzungen R2B3O3(R′CO)2CH [5ca: R=C6H5, R′=CH3; 5cb: R=R′=C6H5] und RB3O3[(R′CO)2CH]2 [6cb: R=R′=C6H5]. 4, 5 und 6 mit vollständig bzw. partiell chelatisierten Bor-Atomen sind bis 〉 200°C stabil.  -  Die Molekülstrukturen von 4cb und 5ca wurden durch Röntgenstrahlbeugungsanalysen bestimmt.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1964-1976 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 7-Bromo-2,9[1′,2′]-benzenoadamantan-4-one  -  A New Synthesis of the Adamantane SkeletonMichael addition of methylenemalonic ester to the tetrahydro-10-nitro-5,9-methano-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-one ethylene acetal 9 produced the starting compound 11. Removal of the nitro group reduction of the ester groups, cleavage of the acetal group, and transformation of the alcohol functions into tosylates yielded compound 14. Cyclisation of 14 resulted in the tetracyclic compound 17. Addition of bromine and reaction with NaOH gave 21, the first known benzenoadamantanone derivative. The stereochemistry of the intermediates was established by NMR investigations.
    Notes: Michael-Addition von Methylenmalonester an das Tetrahydro-10-nitro-5,9-methano-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-on-ethylenacetal 9 lieferte die Ausgangsverbindung 11. Abspaltung der Nitrogruppe, Reduktion der Estergruppen, Entfernung der Acetalgruppe und Umwandlung der Alkoholfunktionen in Tosylate ergab die Verbindung 14. Eine Cyclisierung dieses Produktes führte zum Tetracyclus 17. Bromaddition und Umsetzung mit NaOH ergab 21, das erste bekannte Benzenoadamantanon-Derivat. Die Stereochemie der Zwischenprodukte wurde durch NMR-Untersuchungen ermittelt.
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  • 33
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 1986-1993 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Metallacycles of Titanocene, Zirconocene, and Hafnocene Systems with S,N- and N,N′-Coordinated Chelate LigandsBy reaction of metallocene dichlorides of subgroup IV M(η5-C5H4R)2Cl2 (R=H: M=Ti, 1a; Zr, 1b; Hf, 1c. R=CH3: M=Ti, 1d) with equivalent amounts of the S,N- or N,N′-dilithium salts of o-aminothiophenol or o-phenylenediamine, respectively, M(η5-C5H4R)2(SC6H4NH) (R=H: M=Ti, 2a; Zr, 2b; Hf, 2c. R=CH3: M=Ti, 2d) and M(η5-C5H5)2(NHC6H4NH) (M=Ti, 3a; Zr, 3b; Hf, 3c) can be prepared as chelate complexes. The structure of the complexes 2a-d with five-membered MSC2N chelate rings is discussed on the basis of their temperature-variable 1H NMR spectra. The fragmentation of the chelates 2a-d and 3a-c is observed in the mass spectra.
    Notes: Durch Reaktion von Metallocen-dichloriden der IV. Nebengruppe M(η5-C5H4R)2Cl2 (R=H: M=Ti, 1a; Zr, 1b; Hf, 1c. R=CH3: M=Ti, 1d mit äquimolaren Mengen der S,N-bzw. N,N′-Dilithium-Salze des o-Aminothiophenols oder o-Phenylendiamins können die Chelat-Komplexe M(η5-C5H4R)2(SC6H4NH) (R=H: M=Ti, 2a; Zr, 2b; Hf, 2c. R=CH3: M=Ti, 2d) und M(η5-C5H5)2(NHC6H4NH) (M=Ti, 3a; Zr, 3b; Hf, 3c) dargestellt werden. Die Struktur der Komplexe 2a-d mit fünfgliedrigen MSC2N-Chelatringen wird anhand ihrer temperaturvariablen 1H-NMR-Spektren diskutiert. Die Fragmentierung der Chelate 2a-d und 3a-c im Massenspektrum wird untersucht.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arene(phosphane)metal Complexes, XII. Unexpected Formation of Monohydrido(phosphane)osmium(II) Complexes C6H6OsH[PMe2(OR)]I from C6H6Os(PMe2H)I2. A Compound with an Os=PMe2 Bond as Intermediate?The reaction of [C6H6OsI2]2 (4) with PMe2H produces the compound C6H6Os(PMe2H)I2 (5) which reacts with KO-t-C4H9 in methanol or diethylamine to give the monohydrido-(phosphane)osmium(II) complexes C6H6OsH[PMe2(OR)]I (6a, R=CH3; 6b, R=t-C4H9). The mechanism possibly involves the formation of an intermediate 7 containing an Os=PMe2 bond.
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  • 35
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2059-2061 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5,6-Dihydro-2H-pyrans by [4+2]-Cycloaddition of Diethyl Mesoxalate to 1-Alkoxy-1,3-butadienesThe enantiomers of diethyl 3-alkyl-2-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6,6-dicarboxylates 3 are obtained under mild conditions in yields 〉95% by [4+2]-cycloaddition of diethyl mesoxalate 2 to 2-alkyl-1-ethoxy-1,3-butadienes 1 which are easily prepared by Wittig alkenylation of 2-alkyl-3-ethoxyacroleins.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese von Ketenaminalen mit Imidazolidinring durch Kondensation von 4,5-Dihydro-2-(methylthio)-1H-imidazolen mit CH-aciden Methylenverbindungen und einige Additions-und Cyclokondensations-Reaktionen4,5-Dihydro-2-(methylthio)-1H-imidazole 1a, b reagieren mit aktiven Methylenverbindungen 2a-f unter Eliminierung von Methanthiol zu den entsprechend substituierten Methylenimidazolidinen 3a-f und 4c-f. Die Verbindungen 2g-j, die eine aktivere Carbonylgruppe enthalten, ergeben mit 1a unter Eliminierung einer Methylthio- und Acylgruppe 3g-i. 3a, g-i reagieren mit Estern ungesättigter Säuren in einer Additions- und Cyclokondensations-Sequenz zu den entsprechenden Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinen 5,6 und 7, ergeben aber mit Azodicarbonsäure-diethylester nur die Additionsprodukte 8.
    Notes: The 4,5-dihydro-2-(methylthio)-1H-imidazoles 1a,b react with active methylene compounds 2a-f to afford the corresponding substituted methyleneimidazolidines 3a-f and 4c-f by elimination of methanethiol. The reaction of compounds 2g-j, which contain a more active carbonyl group, with 1a gives 3g-i by elimination of a methylthio group as well as an acyl group, too. 3a,g-i react with esters of α,β-unsaturated acids to afford the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 5,6, and 7 in an addition and cyclocondensation reaction sequence, but with diethyl azodicarboxylate only to give the addition product 8.
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  • 37
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2233-2248 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deamination Reactions, 43. The Effect of Trifluoromethyl Groups on the Reactivity of Aliphatic Diazonium Ions and CarbocationsVarious trifluoroalkanamines (9, 26, 35, 38, 45, 56, and 67) have been prepared and diazotized (water, pH 3.5) to probe the effect of trifluoromethyl groups on the reactivity of aliphatic diazonium ions. The product distributions reveal that α-CF3 groups enhance inverting displacement and enforce rearrangements (hydride shifts) separating the positive charge from CF3. Migrations of the positive charge from the β- to the γ-position are less strongly promoted than those from α to β. Enhancement factors of ca. 15 (α → β) and 4 (β → γ) may be derived by comparison with analogous alkanediazonium ions. The positive charge does not migrate in the reverse direction (β → α) except for minor amounts of a pinacolic rearrangement (68 → 7). A migration of the positive charge from γ to β has been detected with 36 but a tenfold decrease as compared to the analogous butanediazonium ion 37 is indicated. All observations are reasonably explained in terms of the relative stabilites of the intermediate trifluoroalkyl cations.
    Notes: Eine Reihe von Trifluoralkanaminen (9, 26, 35, 38, 45, 56 und 67) wurde dargestellt und diazotiert (Wasser, pH 3.5), um den Einfluß von Trifluormethylgruppen auf die Reaktionsweise aliphatischer Diazonium-Ionen zu untersuchen. Die Produktverteilungen zeigen, daß α-CF3-Gruppen die invertierende Substitution verstärken und Umlagerungen (Wasserstoffverschiebungen) fördern, welche die positive Ladung von der CF3-Gruppe trennen. Die Wanderung der positiven Ladung von der β- zur γ-Position wird weniger stark gefördert als die von α nach β. Aus dem Vergleich mit analogen Alkandiazonium-Ionen lassen sich Beschleunigungsfaktoren von ca. 15 (α → β) und 4 (β → γ) ableiten. In umgekehrter Richtung (β → α) wandert die positive Ladung nicht, abgesehen von einem kleinen Anteil Pinakol-Umlagerung (68 → 7). Eine Ladungsverschiebung von der γ- zur β-Position wurde bei 36 gefunden; im Vergleich zum analogen Butandiazonium-Ion 37 ist sie um den Faktor 10 verringert. Alle Beobachtungen sind im Einklang mit der relativen Stabilität der intermediären Trifluoralkyl-Kationen.
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  • 38
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2249-2260 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemistry of Thermally and Photochemically Generated Cyclobutan- and CyclobutenylidenesEHT- and MINDO/3-calculations of endo- and exocyclic 4-membered ring carbenes with 4π (1), 6π (2 and 6), and 8π (8) electrons are presented. Flash thermolysis and photolysis of suitable precursors yield 18 intramoleculary. Intermolecular reactions afford 15, 19, and 20. Multiplicities of carbenes 1, 2, 6, and 8, are discussed.
    Notes: EHT- und MINDO/3-Rechnungen an endo- und exocyclischen Vierringcarbenen mit 4π (1), 6π (2 und 6) und 8π (8) Elektronen werden vorgestellt. Blitzthermolysen und Photolysen der entsprechenden Carbenvorläufer führen zu den intramolekularen Reaktionsprodukten 18. Intermolekulare Reaktionen liefern 15, 19, 20. Entsprechende Multiplizitäten von 1, 2, 6 und 8 werden erörtert.
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  • 39
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2261-2271 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 174. Isomerisation of 2,3-Dihydro-1,4,2,3-dithiadiborine, 1,4,2,3-Dithiadiborinane, and 2,3-Dihydro-1,4,2,3-benzodithiadiborine DerivativesThe six-membered title ring systems with a ring skeleton isomerize on heating into derivatives consisting of the five-membered ring skeleton while retaining the boron to boron bond. A redox disproportionation competes with the isomerisation, and becomes increasingly important as the C—C bond length of the six-membered rings (6 〈 8 〈 15) increases. Only one of the two dimethylamino groups of 2-[bis(dimethylamino)boryl]-1,3,2-dithiaborole (7a) can be replaced by a halogen atom in electrophilic displacement reactions.
    Notes: Die im Titel genannten sechsgliedrigen Ringsysteme mit -Gerüst lagern bei höherer Temperatur in fünfgliedrige Ringe mit -Gerüst unter Erhaltung der B—B-Bindung um. In Konkurrenz zu dieser Isomerisierung tritt eine Redoxdisproportionierung, die mit länger werdender C—C-Bindung (vgl. die Reihe 6 〈 8 〈 15) der Isomerisierung den Rang abläuft. Nur eine der beiden Dimethylamino-Gruppen von 2-[Bis-(dimethylamino)boryl]-1,3,2-dithiaborol (7a) kann elektrophil gegen ein Halogenatom substituiert werden.
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  • 40
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2272-2288 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel 2,6-Disubstituted AzulenesMethods are described to introduce varying residues into 2- and 6-positions of azulene, starting from diethyl 6-bromo-2-methoxy-1,3-azulenedicarboxylate (1). 2-Substitution is achieved by Grignard reaction or exchange of the alkoxy group and by aldol condensation of 2-methyl compounds whereas 6-substitution is conducted by nucleophilic displacement and by homo- and hetero-aromatic coupling. Consecutive dealkoxycarbonylation yields azulenes 20 with free 1,3-positions. Biazulenes 9a-c and 201, 20m, styryl- and bis(styryl)-azulenes 15-18 and 20i-k, and finally the azulenedialdehyde 19 are novel compounds which were difficult to prepare or were inaccessible so far.
    Notes: Ausgehend von 6-Brom-2-methoxy-1,3-azulendicarbonsäure-diethylester (1) werden Methoden zur Einführung unterschiedlicher Reste in 2- und 6-Position entwickelt. 2-Substitution gelingt durch Grignard-Reaktion oder Austausch der Alkoxygruppe sowie durch Aldol-Kondensation von 2-Methylverbindungen, während 6-Substitution durch nucleophilen Austausch und durch Homo- und Kreuz-Aromaten-Kupplungen erfolgt. Anschließende Dealkoxycarbonylierung erbringt Azulene 20 mit freien 1,3-Stellungen. Die Biazulene 9a-c und 201, 20m, die Styryl- und Bis(styryl)azulene 15-18 und 20i-k sowie der Azulendialdehyd 19 sind Verbindungen, die bisher schwierig oder nicht zugänglich waren.
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  • 41
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2308-2316 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Physical Properties of Stable 1,3-Oxathiolylium-4-olatesThe synthesis and physical properties as well as some data, calculated with the MNDO method, of the title compounds of type 5a-e and 8, which belong to the class of the mesoionic 6π hetarenes, are described.
    Notes: Die Synthese und physikalischen Eigenschaften sowie einige mit dem MNDO-Verfahren berechnete Daten der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5a-e und 8, die zur Klasse der mesoionischen 6π-Hetarene zählen, werden beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2289-2307 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes, 15. 3-Amino-2-aroylindoles, 2-Alkylideneindolenines, Pyrazino-diindoles, and Azetidines via Template Condensation of Aryl Isocyanides with Carbene ComplexesVia template condensation of aryl isocyanides Ar-NC (1) (Ar=C6H5, p-MeC6H4, p-NO2C6H4, p-CH3OC6H4, o-CH3OC6H4) with carbene complexes (CO)5M=C(OC2H5)R (2) (M=Cr, Mo; R=C6H5, 2-thienyl, CH3) the 3-amino-2-aroyl (or acyl)indoles 10, 2-alkylideneindolenines 16, pyrazino-diindoles 18, and azetidines 13 are obtained depending on the substituents at the aryl group. Electron-rich aryl isocyanides favour the formation of indoles, electron-poor aryl isocyanides the formation of azetidines. The former react with 2 in the presence of water to give good yields of 10, the latter in the presence of ethanol mainly to yield an open-chain imidic ester 11 together with an azetidine 13. In aprotic solvents 13 is the main product. 13 forms a mixture of rapidly equilibrating cis/trans-isomers via a rotation of the exo-C=C bond (ΔG≠ = 57.4 kj/mol). Hydrolysis of 13 yields an open-chain amide 20, which has a C4-backbone finally built up of three isocyanide carbons and one carbene carbon. In absence of protic nucleophiles, the reaction of electron-rich aryl isocyanides with 2 gives pyrazino-diindoles 18 via the dimerisation of an intermediate 2-alkylideneindole 16. The 7-OCH3 derivative 16e has been obtained in monomeric form since dimerisation in hindered in this case for steric reasons. All reactions described in this paper proceed via intermediate formation of ketenimine complexes 3, to which isocyanides are attached at the central carbon atom of the NCC unit.
    Notes: Durch Templat-Kondensation von Arylisocyaniden (1) (Ar=C6H5, p-MeC6H4, p-NO2C6H4, p-CH3OC6H4, o-CH3OC6H4) mit Carbenkomplexen (CO)5M=C(OC2H5)R (2) (M=Cr, Mo; R=C6H5, 2-Thienyl, CH3) erhält man die 3-Amino-2-aroyl(bzw. acyl)indole 10, 2-Alkylidenindolenine 16, Pyrazino-diindole 18 oder Azetidine 13. Die Cyclisierung zu Indolen wird durch elektronenreiche, die Bildung von Azetidinen durch elektronenarme Arylisocyanide begünstigt. Entsprechend liefern erstere mit 2 in Gegenwart von Wasser gute Ausbeuten an 10, letztere in Gegenwart von Ethanol hingegen bevorzugt einen offenkettigen Imidsäureester 11 und ein Azetidin 13. In aprotischem Medium fällt 13 als Hauptprodukt an. 13 liegt als Isomerengemisch vor, das unter Rotation um die exo-C=C-Bindung rasch äquilibriert (ΔG≠ = 57.4 kj/mol) und leicht zum Säureamid 20 hydrolysiert. Das C4-Gerüst von 20 baut sich letztlicht aus drei Isocyanid- und einem Carbenkohlenstoff auf. Elektronenreiche Arylisocyanide bilden mit 2 die Pyrazino-diindole 18 durch Dimerisierung eines intermediären 2-Alkylidenindolenins 16. Das 2-Alkylidenindolenin 16e konnte monomer gewonnen werden, da seine Dimerisierung durch den Raumbedarf der 7-OCH3-Gruppe verhindert wird. Alle hier beschriebenen Reaktionen verlaufen über Keteniminkomplexe 3, die Isocyanide am zentralen C-Atom der NCC-Einheit addieren.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 21-34 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Asymptotic Finite Element method for improvement of standard finite element solutions of perturbation equations by the addition of asymptotic corrections to the right hand side terms is presented. It is applied here to 1-D and 2-D diffusion-convection equations and to non-linear similarity equations. Excellent results were obtained without the a priori use of special trial and test functions. Theoretical expectations were confirmed.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element model is developed based on the penalty formulation to study incompressible laminar flows. The study includes a number of new quadrilateral and triangular elements for 2-dimensional flows and a number of new hexahedral and tetrahedral elements for 3-dimensional flows. All elements employ continuous velocity approximations and discontinuous pressure approximations respecting the LBB condition of numerical instability. An incremental Newton-Raphson method coupled with the Broyden method is used to solve the non-linear equations. Several numerical examples (colliding flow, cavity flow, etc.) are presented to assess the efficiency of elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 47-48 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vorticity-Potential ; 3-D Body-Fitted Grid ; Navier-Stokes ; Internal Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved Vorticity-Potential method is presented for the numerical solutions of three-dimensional duct flow problems. The solution procedure requires first a potential solution. Then the viscous effects are added through the vorticity transport equation. By using body-fitted coordinates, the method is applied to simulate the incompressible laminar flows in a square elbow and in a twisted square elbow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 48-48 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 101-102 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 49-64 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Modelling ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Filtering ; One-dimensional Scalar Transport ; Burgers' Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This is the first of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. The new method is based on Gaussian filtering in both the spatial and temporal domains. Application is made to the problem of momentum and scalar transport in a one-dimensional transient Burgers' flow field. No actual calculations, with the averaged equations, are presented in this paper. However, an ‘exact’ solution of the one-dimensional flow situation is presented as an economical tool for verifying the performance of the different turbulence models. In the second paper calculations are performed with the averaged one-dimensional equations on coarse grids, and the results are compared to the exact or fully simulated data with a statistical verification procedure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Modelling ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Filtering ; One-Dimensional Scalar Transport ; Burgers' Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This is the second of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. Part I presented the theoretical development of a new space-time filter (STF) averaging procedure. The new method, as well as all existing averaging procedures, are applied to the one-dimensional transient equations of momentum and scalar transport in a Burgers' flow field. Dense-grid ‘exact’ results from the unaveraged equations are presented to depict the dynamic behaviour of the flow field and serve as a basis for verifying the coarse-grid STF predictions. In this paper, a finite difference procedure is used to numerically solve the new STF averaged equations, as well as the other forms of the averaged equations derived in Part I. All averaged equations are solved on the same coarse grid. The velocity and scalar fields, predicted from each equation form, are intercompared according to a verification procedure based on the statistical and spectral properties of the results. It is found that the new STF procedure improves coarse-grid dynamic predictions over the existing methods of averaging.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 83-100 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Flow ; Gas ; Numerical ; One-dimensional ; Pipeline ; Unsteady ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady frictional flow of a compressible fluid generated in a long pipeline after an accidental rupture is of considerable interest to the offshore gas industry. It answers several important questions concerning safety and pollution, e.g. the flow rate at the broken pipe end.Laboratory tests cannot simulate the rather complex phenomenon satisfactorily. The problem is highly non-linear and no general analytical solution is yet known.In this study, based on computational fluid dynamics, the simplifying assumptions of isothermal and low Mach number flow often applied in the case of unsteady compressible flows in pipelines, have not been used.Owing to the choking condition (Ma=1) which prevails for some time at the broken end. and the cumulative effect of friction over the 145 km long pipeline, we obtain (∂p/∂x)t→-∞. This analytically established singularity leads to numerical difficulties which seriously affect the accuracy. For short tubes (such as shock tubes) this negative feature is much less severe. Special procedures were necessary to keep the accuracy within the chosen limit of 1 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Supersonic ; Subsonic ; Mach Disc ; Compressible Pressure-correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An analytical model has been developed for computing embedded subsonic flow in rocket plumes from underexpanded axisymmetric supersonic nozzles. Numerical procedures based on the analysis have been incorporated in a simplified, non-reacting exhaust structure program and calculations for representative plume conditions performed. The technique is numerically stable and has provided satisfactory predictions of Mach-disc associated embedded subsonic flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wind Engineering ; Control Volume Method ; Wind Flow Simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady Navier-Stokes equation is solved to simulate the wind-flow environment of three-dimensional configurations of buildings. The method assumes an incident wind described by a power-law velocity profile. A new method for controlling the two-part nested solution iteration is introduced. The simulation is compared to some published wind-tunnel measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 155-163 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is intended to provide some background to a number of widely used methods for solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. The difference between coupled and uncoupled iterative schemes is discussed together with methods for solving the equations. Methods covered include time marching (both explicit and implicit), pressure correction and a Newton-Raphson technique. The relationship between the methods is illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 129-153 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparative study of eight discretization schemes for the equations describing convection-diffusion transport phenomena is presented. The (differencing) schemes considered are the conventional central, upwind and hybrid difference schemes,1,2 together with the quadratic upstream,3,4 quadratic upstream extended4 and quadratic upstream extended revised difference4 schemes. Also tested are the so called locally exact difference scheme5 and the power difference scheme.6 In multi-dimensional problems errors arise from ‘false diffusion’ and function approximations. It is asserted that false diffusion is essentially a multi-dimensional source of error. Hence errors associated with false diffusion may be investigated only via two- and three-dimensional problems. The above schemes have been tested for both one- and two-dimensional flows with sources, to distinguish between ‘discretization’ errors and ‘false diffusion’ errors.7 The one-dimensional study is reported in Reference 7. For 2D flows, the quadratic upstream difference schemes are shown to be superior in accuracy to the others at all Peclet numbers, for the test cases considered. The stability of the schemes and their CPU time requirements are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 173-174 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 165-172 
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    Keywords: Pressure Oscillations ; Driven Cavity ; Boundary Data ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The 8-node (serendipity) velocity basis with C° bilinear pressure is a popular element but has been observed to yield poor pressures. We present some details of numerical experiments that indicate the local nature of the error and the effects of mesh refinement, increasing Reynolds number and regularity of the data. This leads to a strategy for appropriately modifying the data near the corners that is effective in improving the computed pressure approximation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 174-174 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 197-218 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Bingham Fluids ; Forming Process ; Non-Newtonian Flows ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We model the forming process as a fluid flow. A finite element program, FIDAP, which analyses flow problems, was used to calculate velocity and strain rates at points throughout the material during the deformation process. This allows predictions to be made on the shape and quality of the resulting part. The stress-strain relation we used models the plastic flow of metals (Bingham fluids). The FEM approximation of such a fluid is tested by comparing results for a simple analytical example. In forming processes provision must be made for friction between dye and workpiece, and the program was modified accordingly. Two classical ring forming simulations are compared to published results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 175-196 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Rotating Disk ; Asymmetric Flow ; Bifurcation ; Navier-Stokes ; Exact Solutions ; Multiplicity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We investigate the flow as it occurs above a single rotating disk when uniform suction is applied at the disk surface. It has been demonstrated by others that at zero suction repeated branching of the solution occurs as the parameter s is varied, where s is the ratio of the angular velocity of the fluid at infinity to the angular velocity of the disk. We show multiplicity of solution also at -0·82≤α≤1·15, where α is the suction parameter; for large absolute values of α the solution fails to turn back on itself and we obtain only the von Karman solution.We then generalize the von Karman solution for flow above a single rotating disk with uniform suction to include non-axisymmetric solutions due to streaming at infinity. These solutions are continuous in an arbitrary parameter, the streaming velocity at infinity; for zero value of this parameter the asymmetric flow degenerates into the classical von Karman flow. Thus the classical solution is never isolated when considered within the framework of the Navier-Stokes equations: there are asymmetric solutions in every neighbourhood of the von Karman solution.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Water Waves ; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We are concerned with the numerical computation of progressive free surface gravity waves on a horizontal bed. They are regarded as families of bifurcation branches (λ,A)Q of constant discharge Q.Numerically we determine two transition values Q1 and Q2 with corresponding transition bifurcation branches that classify waves into three disjoint branch sets B1, B2 and B3. Their members are families of waves (λ,A)Q satisfying the conditions 0〈Q2 ≤Q12, Q12 〈Q2 ≤Q22 and Q22 〈Q2 〈B/27, respectively.The bifurcation patterns are analysed in some detail from the computed bifurcation diagram, which shows that in B1 bifurcation is to the left and the amplitude A increases as the wavelength λ decreases; in B2 bifurcation is to the right and turning points are observed nearly at breaking point. In B3 bifurcation is to the right and A increases monotonically with λ.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 229-240 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Swirling flows are often employed in gas turbine combustion systems and high intensity industrial furnaces. A detailed analysis of the turbulence in the flow is necessary to achieve optimum combustion conditions. In this paper a method has been described to measure the turbulence levels in three directions using a hot wire anemometer. So far there is no established method available for measurement of turbulence in swirling and recirculating flows.The present method, it is hoped, will bridge the gap. The merit of the present method is the use of a single-wire probe rather than the X-probe. The method has been used for the measurement of turbulence levels in swirling recirculating flows generated by vane swirlers. From the measured turbulence levels, the kinetic energy of turbulence has been calculated and the results are compared with a well-established numerical prediction method.Mean velocity measurements have also been made using a 3-hole Pitot probe. The agreement between the measured and predicted values is quite satisfactory.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 255-256 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 257-258 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 241-253 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite-element model ; Turbulence ; Density flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mathematical model of turbulent density-driven flows is presented and is solved numerically. A form of the k-∊ turbulence model is used to characterize the turbulent transport, and both this non-linear model and a sediment transport equation are coupled with the mean-flow fluid motion equations. A partitioned, Newton-Raphson-based solution scheme is used to effect a solution. The model is applied to the study of flow through a circular secondary sedimentation basin.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 259-274 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Mathematical Modelling ; Finite Differences ; Open Channel Flows ; St Venant Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the use of the MacCormack explicit time-spilitting scheme in the development of a two-dimensional (in plan) hydraulic simulation model that solves the St. Venant equations. Various tests devised to assess the performance of the method have been performed and the results are reported.Finally, two industrial applications of the model are presented. The method has been found to be computationally efficient and warrants further development.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 275-290 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Separated flow past a circular cylinder is computed from two finite-difference Navier-Stokes models. Stream functions are calculated using a successive-over-relaxation (SOR) procedure. Alternating-direction-implicil (ADI) and ‘upwind’ directional difference explicit (DDE) numerical schemes for solving the vorticity-transport equation are compared. The ‘upwind’ differencing technique produces artificial viscosity which damps the wake and suppresses vortex shedding. It is shown to be unreliable and so the ADI approach is recommended.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Grid Generation ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient and versatile algebraic grid generation technique is presented for generating grid points in irregularly shaped and time-varying spatial domains. The method presented is based on the ‘two-boundary technique’ of Smith. The usefulness and the feasibility of the grid generation technique were demonstrated by (1) generating grid points inside one of the combustion chambers of a motored two-dimensional rotary engine and (2) obtaining numerical solutions for the flow field inside one of those combustion chambers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Storm Surge ; Bottom Stress ; Turbulent Energy Closure ; Exchange Coefficient ; Roughness Length Bottom Friction Coefficient ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparative study with a vertically integrated model and the multi-level model has shown that the former can remain a good substitute for the latter in the prediction of sea-surface elevation as long as the bottom friction coefficients in the vertically integrated models are properly specified.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 315-316 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 313-314 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 365-386 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of linear finite elements in fluid dynamic problems requires the evaluation of integrals of polynomial expressions, which arise from product terms in the equations of motion. An algorithm based on Simpson quadrature is presented and its efficiency compared with that of the more usual one, based on Gaussian quadrature. For both algorithms, the integrations are exact provided that the polynomial integrand is at most cubic. It is found that the Simpson algorithm is twice as efficient as the corresponding Gaussian one, for the evaluation of integrals in one, two and three space dimensions. This doubling of efficiency is a consequence of the vanishing of the basis functions at certain points, a property that can be exploited in the Simpson algorithm, but not in the Gaussian one. It is thought that the use of the Simpson algorithm will prove to be beneficial in many finite element fluid dynamic codes, because the evaluation of product terms generally represents a significant fraction of the total computational cost.
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 351-364 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Gradient Method ; FEM ; Unsteady Flow ; Cavity Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A pressure gradient method employing pressure gradients as dependent variables is applied to a finite-element-method flow analysis for a two-dimensional incompressible Newtonian fluid flow. In a numerical analysis, a triangular element is adopted, a velocity vector and a pressure gradient vector being assigned as dependent variables at the nodal points. Velocity and pressure gradient are interpolated linearly in space, and a discretizing formulation can be made using a suitably selected weighting function. An example of application is shown for an unsteady-state development of a recirculating circular cavity flow, the numerical results to which are in good agreement with those obtained analytically or by other numerical means.
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 325-349 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Iterative Method ; Direct Method ; Navier-Stokes Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation has been conducted to study the relative performance between the line iterative and direct sparse matrix solution procedures for viscous flow calculations. A key focus point is to assess the method of speeding up the computation in the context of the body-fitted co-ordinate system. A series of test problems has been set up to investigate the effects of mesh skewness, Reynolds number and grid size on the two methods. The fully coupled fully implicit treatment of the equations in the direct sparse matrix method leads to rates of convergence that are much more rapid than the iterative method. Whereas the convergence rate of the iterative method is found to decrease monotonically with increasing global mesh skewness and Reynolds number, the direct method is quite insensitive to these parameters. However, the increased complexity of the equations in curvilinear co-ordinates causes the storage requirements and the cost per iteration of the direct method to be even higher than in corresponding methods using Cartesian co-ordinates. Consequently, the total CPU time for the direct method is found to be proportional to N2 (where N is the total number of nodes), which compares unfavourably with the iterative method, where CPU time varies as N.1,5 Hence, increases in grid size penalize both the CPU time and computer storage requirements of the direct method more severely than the iterative method. These findings make the straightforward adoption of the direct sparse matrix method less attractive in the curvilinear co-ordinate system. However, the importance of the coupling between the equations on speeding up the convergence of the solution procedure is clearly demonstrated, suggesting possible alternatives for achieving code speed-up.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 387-393 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Equations ; Compression ; Corner ; Flows ; Implicit ; Numerical ; Scheme ; Co-ordinate ; Transformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of an implicit numerical scheme, analogous to MacCormack's1, for the supersonic laminar two-dimensional compression corner flow problem using unsteady Navier-Stokes equations is demonstrated. The technique entails a reduction of about 70 per cent in the computation time for a Courant number of 5, but it is characterized by an increase of approximately 20 per cent in computer memory requirement.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 405-406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Gas Centrifuge Theory ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linearized, multidimensional, thermally driven flow in a gas centrifuge can be approximately described in regions away from the ends by Onsager's homogeneous pancake equation.1 Upon reformulation of the general problem, we find a new, simple and rigorous closed form, analytical solution by assuming a special separable solution and replacing the usual Ekman end cap boundary conditions with idealized impermeable, free slip boundary conditions. Then the flow may be described by an ordinary differential equation with solutions in terms of simple, classical functions. By identifying a small parameter, say ∊, defining the semi-long bowl approximation, and assuming a power series expansion in ∊, a sequence of asymptotic approximations to the master potential is obtained. Not surprisingly, the leading order term involves the well known ‘long bowl’ solution. Using the so-called ‘solving’ property of the 1-D pancake Green's function,2 we determine the next higher order solution. This recursive process is carried out on the computer to find all the terms up to O(∊4).Consequently, the solution of some complex rotating, viscous, heat conducting flow problems that normally require large mainframe computers can be better understood.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 445-458 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The analysis presented herein deals with the evaluation of pressure and temperature fields which are generated in thin fluid films of varying thickness. The particular problem of a misaligned journal bearing has been studied by solving simultaneously the Reynolds and energy equations, which also include the effects of viscous dissipation and the variation of fluid viscosity with temperature.The method has been used to predict pressure and temperature fields as well as global performance parameters for a typical journal bearing operation.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrids ; Laminar Flow ; Sudden ; Expansions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The performance of a recently developed calculation procedure for steady incompressible flows is assessed in a variety of three-dimensional sudden expansion type flows representative of those encountered in several types of industrial equipment. The calculation procedure, called here BLIMM (for block-implicit multigrid method), is based on a coupled solution of the three-dimensional momentum and continuity equations in primitive variables, using the multigrid technique. Different Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids are considered for each flow situation. The rates of convergence and the computational times are reported for each case.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 409-426 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-linear ; Newton-Raphson ; Linearization ; Incompressible ; Line Solver ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution of the full non-linear set of discrete fluid flow equations is usually obtained by solving a sequence of linear equations. The type of linearization used can significantly affect the rate of convergence of the sequence to the final solution. The first objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which a full Newton-Raphson linearization of all non-linear terms enhances convergence relative to that obtained using the ‘standard’ incompressible flow linearization. A direct solution procedure was employed in this evaluation. It was found that the full linearization enhances convergence, especially when grid curvature effects are important.The direct solution of the linear set is uneconomical. The second objective of the paper was to show how the equations can be effectively solved by an iterative scheme, based on a coupled-equation line solver, which implicitly retains all the inter-equation couplings. This solution method was found to be competitive with the highly refined segregated solution methods that represent the current state-of-the-art.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 427-443 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Equations ; Time Integration ; Penalty Function Approach ; Oscillating Flow ; Vortex Shedding ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a penalty finite element solution method for the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional incompressible flow is described. The performances of the Euler implicit (EI) and the Crank-Nicolson (CN) time integration methods are analysed. Special attention is payed to the undamped pressure oscillations which can occur when the Crank-Nicolson integration rule is used in combination with the penalty function method. Stability and convergence properties are illustrated by means of the computation of fully developed oscillating flow between two flat plates. Furthermore, the von Karman vortex street past a circular cylinder is computed to demonstrate the behaviour of the time integration schemes for a more complicated flow. It is concluded that the EI method has its advantages over the CN method with respect to the damping of numerical oscillations. However, for flows with an important convective contribution, where physically originated oscillations may be present, the CN method is preferable.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 495-496 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 496-496 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 479-493 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gravity Waves ; Kantorovich Method ; Mesh Effects ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical computations of non-linear gravity waves are presented and the effects of mesh variations on the results are discussed.Waves are regarded as two-parameter families (λ,A)Q of arbitrary discharge Q, and computations are carried out using a new Kantorovich algorithm.Mesh effects are to a large extent dependent on the particular wave region under consideration. Three such regions are identified and typical examples are computed and discussed.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Differences ; Irregular Boundaries ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Propagation of periodic waves in the vicinity of irregular saw-tooth shaped boundary in finite difference models is investigated. The reflection of an incoming wave from a single saw-tooth boundary is found to be accompanied by a phase shift. It is shown that any wave mode propagating along such a boundary is trapped and decays in the direction normal to the boundary. A wave propagating along a channel with saw-tooth shaped lateral boundaries is influenced by the trapped waves, which leads to a reduction of the phase velocity. Phase velocities obtained from the present normal mode analysis are compared to velocities in numerical experiments. The agreement is excellent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent Swirling Diffuser Flow ; Reduced Navier-Stokes Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A reduced form of Navier-Stokes equations is developed which does not have the usual minimum axial step size restriction. The equations are able to predict accurately turbulent swirling flow in diffusers. An efficient single sweep implicit scheme is developed in conjunction with a variable grid size domain-conforming co-ordinate system. The present scheme indicates good agreement with experimental results for (1) turbulent pipe flow, (2) turbulent diffuser flow, (3) turbulent swirling diffuser flow. The strong coupling between the swirl and the axial velocity profiles outside of the boundary layer region is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 529-539 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Boundary Fitted Grids ; Time Dependent Solution Domains ; Free Surface Problems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper gives the results of an application of the SWEs (shallow water equations) to a part of the Hamburg harbour area, which is a complex flow domain, using the BFG approach, outlined in Part I. The results of a grid doubling procedure generating the desired computational grid from a coarse initial mesh are also presented. A second class of problems which is addressed, demands time-dependent co-ordinate systems. The problems which are solved are the free surface problem for a moving wave which eventually breaks and for a wave which is reflected by the solid walls of a rectangular basin.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 507-527 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computational Fluids Dynamics ; Numerical Grid Generation ; Two-dimensional Fluid Flow Problems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the generation of general curvilinear co-ordinate systems for use in selected two-dimensional fluid flow problems is presented. The curvilinear co-ordinate systems are obtained from the numerical solution of a system of Poisson equations. The computational grids obtained by this technique allow for curved grid lines such that the boundary of the solution domain coincides with a grid line. Hence, these meshes are called boundary fitted grids (BFG). The physical solution area is mapped onto a set of connected rectangles in the transformed (computational) plane which form a composite mesh. All numerical calculations are performed in the transformed plane. Since the computational domain is a rectangle and a uniform grid with mesh spacings Δξ = Δη = 1 (in two-dimensions) is used, the computer programming is substantially facilitated. By means of control functions, which form the r.h.s. of the Poisson equations, the clustering of grid lines or grid points is governed. This allows a very fine resolution at certain specified locations and includes adaptive grid generation. The first two sections outline the general features of BFGs, and in section 3 the general transformation rules along with the necessary concepts of differential geometry are given. In section 4 the transformed grid generation equations are derived and control functions are specified. Expressions for grid adaptation arc also presented. Section 5 briefly discusses the numerical solution of the transformed grid generation equations using sucessive overrelaxation and shows a sample calculation where the FAS (full approximation scheme) multigrid technique was employed. In the companion paper (Part II), the application of the BFG method to selected fluid flow problems is addressed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 585-586 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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