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  • General Chemistry  (862)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (625)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (496)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (385)
  • 1980-1984  (2,368)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1984  (2,368)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
  • 1980-1984  (2,368)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
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    High speed, low cost, LEO-thermal-cycling facility (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The design and operations of a low cost, high rate thermal cycling facility designed for LEO conditions is described. Thermal cycling facilities were constructed with various design criteria. Some were designed to duplicate as closely as possible the conditions a cell or module would encounter while in orbit about the Earth. A typical facility to perform this type of cycling was a large vacuum system with liquid nitrogen cooled walls. The cells were heated by an AMO spectrum solar simulator, then a shutter was closed allowing the cells to give up their heat to the cold walls. This system was good at duplicating the orbital conditions but was slow and very costly to operate. Other systems used a gas atmosphere and heated the cells with radiant heat and cooled the cells by moving them into close proximity to a cold plate. The systems greatly increased the cycle times. Other systems moved the heating and cooling atmosphere into and out of the test areas and achieved reasonable cycle rates. All these systems, however, are expensive to operate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 223-227
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  • 2
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    Panel fabrication utilizing GaAs solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The development of the GaAs solar cells for space applications is described. The activities in the fabrication of GaAs solar panels are outlined. Panels were fabricated while introducing improved quality control, soldering laydown and testing procedures. These panels include LIPS II, San Marco Satellite, and a low concentration panel for Rockwells' evaluation. The panels and their present status are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 205-209
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  • 3
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    Preflight study of San Marco D/L GaAs solar cell panels (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The solar array for the San Marco D/L spacecraft is described and the performance of 4 GaAs solar cell panels are examined. In comparison to the typical Si solar cell panel for San Marco D/L, it is shown that each GaAs solar cell panel provides at least 23 percent more specific power at maximum output and 28 deg C. Also described here, are several measurements that will be made to evaluate the relative performance of Si and GaAs solar cell panels during the San Marco D/L flight.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 176-181
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  • 4
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    Development of GaAs/Si and GaAs/Si monolithic structures for future space solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The results of heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs and GaAlAs directly on Si are presented, and applications to new cell structures are suggested. The novel feature is the elimination of a Ge lattice transition region. This feature not only reduces the cost of substrate preparation, but also makes possible the fabrication of high efficiency monolithic cascade structures. All films to be discussed were grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. This process yielded reproducible, large-area films of GaAs, grown directly on Si, that are tightly adherent and smooth, and are characterized by a defect density of 5 x 10(6) power/sq cm. Preliminary studies indicate that GaAlAs can also be grown in this way. A number of promising applications are suggested. Certainly these substrates are ideal for low-weight GaAs space solar ells. For very high efficiency, the absence of Ge makes the technology attractive for GaAlAs/Si monolithic cascades, in which the Si substrates would first be provided with a suitable p/n junction. An evaluation of a three bandgap cascade consisting of appropriately designed GaAlAs/GaAs/Si layers is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 128-139
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  • 5
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    Defect studies in one MeV electron irradiated GaAs and in Al/sub x Ga/sub l-x As P-N junction solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Deep level transient spectroscopy reveals that the main electron traps for one-MeV electron irradiated GaAs cells are E9c)-0.31, E(c)-0.90 eV, and the main hole trap is due to the level. Electron trap density was found to vary from 3/tens-trillion ccm for 2/one quadrillion cm 3/3.7 quadrillion cm for 21 sextillion cm electron fluence for electron fluence; a similar result was also obtained for the hole trap density. As for the grown-in defects in the Al(x)Ga(1-x)As p-n junciton cells, only two electron traps with energies of E(c)-0.20 and E(c)-0.34 eV were observed in samples with x = 0.17, and none was found for x 0.05. Auger analysis on the Al(x)Ga(1-x) As window layer of the GaAs solar cell showed a large amount of oxygen and carbon contaminants near the surface of the AlGaAs epilayer. Thermal annealing experiment performed at 250 C for up to 100 min. showed a reduction in the density of both electron traps.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 91-101
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  • 6
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    Model of solar cell proton damage (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A short circuit current (I sub sc) degradation model for gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells irradiated by protons from low energy to 100 MeV was developed. This model was found to be satisfactory in predicting the I sub sc degradation of GaAs cells, but not that of silicon (Si) cells. A modification to the aforementioned model that preserves the optical wavelength dependency in the photogeneration of minority carrier pairs was described herein. Spectral Si and GaAs response and I sub sc for the Si and GaAs solar cells were discussed, and also were presented in graph form. The overall predictability of the modified model was deemed to be satisfactory.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 56-62
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  • 7
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    Process in manufacturing high efficiency AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells by MO-CVD (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Manufacturing technology for mass producing high efficiency GaAs solar cells is discussed. A progress using a high throughput MO-CVD reactor to produce high efficiency GaAs solar cells is discussed. Thickness and doping concentration uniformity of metal oxide chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) GaAs and AlGaAs layer growth are discussed. In addition, new tooling designs are given which increase the throughput of solar cell processing. To date, 2cm x 2cm AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells with efficiency up to 16.5% were produced. In order to meet throughput goals for mass producing GaAs solar cells, a large MO-CVD system (Cambridge Instrument Model MR-200) with a susceptor which was initially capable of processing 20 wafers (up to 75 mm diameter) during a single growth run was installed. In the MR-200, the sequencing of the gases and the heating power are controlled by a microprocessor-based programmable control console. Hence, operator errors can be reduced, leading to a more reproducible production sequence.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 18-24
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  • 8
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    Investigation of critical surface degradation effects on coatings and solar cells developed in Germany (S1002) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various coatings developed in the FRG (i.e., second-surface mirrors with interference filters with and without conductive layers, conductive layers on solar-cell covers, and selective absorber coatings) have been qualified by accelerated tests under simulated space environment conditions. Experiments with coatings and solar cells have shown, however, that the thermo-optical behavior can differ considerably when performed on the ground and in space because of the great difficulty in simulating the space environment realistically. The objective of this experiment is to qualify these coatings under realistic space environment conditions. In addition, the experiment will provide design criteria, techniques, and test methods to insure control of the combined space and spacecraft environment effects, such as contamination, electrical conductance, and optical degradation, on the coatings. Data to be measured include the temperature of the samples, the electrical resistance of the conductive layers of the samples, the short circuit current of the solar-cell modules, and the deposition of contaminants on the samples (using quartz crystal microbalances (QCM's)).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 91-93
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  • 9
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    Solar-array-materials passive LDEF experiment (A0171) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the synergistic effects of the space environment on various solar-array materials, including solar cells, cover slips with various antireflectance coatings, adhesive, encapsulants, reflector materials, substrate strength materials, mast and harness materials, structural composites, and thermal control treatments. The experiment is passive and consists of an arrangement of material specimens mounted in a 3-in.-deep peripheral tray. The effects of the space environment on the specimens will be determined by comparison of preflight and postflight measurements of mechanical, electrical, and optical properties.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 86-87
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  • 10
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    Lightning research: A user's lament (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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  • 11
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    Low concentration ratio solar array structural configuration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The design and structural properties of a low concentration ratio solar array are discussed. The assembled module consists of six interconnected containers which are compactly stowed in a volume of 3.24 m(3) for delivery to orbit by the shuttle. The containers deploy in accordian fashion into a rectangular area of 19.4 x 68 meters and can be attached to the user spacecraft along the longitudinal centerline of the end container housing. Five rotary incremental actuators requiring about 8 watts each will execute the 180-degree rotation at each joint. Deployable masts (three per side) are used to extend endcaps from the housing in both directions. Each direction is extended by three masts requiring about 780 watts for about 27 minutes. Concentrator elements are extended by the endcaps and are supported by cable systems that are connected between the housings and endcaps. These power generating elements contain reflector panels which concentrate light onto the solar panels consisting of an aluminum radiator with solar cells positioned within the element base formed by the reflectors. A flat wire harness collects the power output of individual elements for transfer to the module container housing harnesses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 185-198
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  • 12
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    High-efficiency Conventional Cells Workshop (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Participants expressed more interest in GaAs cells than in Si cells. For silicon cells, the beginning of life efficiency is not a major problem but more research is needed in the end of life efficiency. The beginning of life efficiency of GaAs cells must be brought up to 20% at AMO. More proton damage tests must be conducted. Liquid phase epitaxy technology is current but chemical vapor deposition technology is more flexible. There are no obvious problems in limiting process yields. Technology transfer should occur when market demands are generated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 251-252
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  • 13
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    Transparent arrays: Progress toward higher efficiency (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Principles and design considerations of IR transparent solar arrays are discussed. Optimization of performance of flexible solar arrays was studied. Measured solar absorptance as low as alpha s = 0.59 was achieved which leads to a predicted BOL power density of 182.7 = W/square meters. Advanced array concepts, system level cascaded panels, and transparent rigid panels are proposed and expected benefits discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 210-219
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  • 14
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    Development and support structures for high-power solar arrays (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A number of structurally efficient configurations for wing-type solar arrays are developed by a combination of deepening the planform of the blanket and structure and by partitioning the blanket with battens and frequent attachments to the support structure. This technique reduces the tension required to avoid a low natural frequency for the blanket, and the load reduction results in a lighter structure. The use of three different structures are investigated: the Astromast, the Extendible Support Structure (ESS), and a new beam called the STACBEAM (Stacking Triangular Articulated Compact Beam) and their relative performances are compared. The investigation of the STACBEAM is emphasized because its sequential deployment is more reliable for very long systems, and its linear deployment facilitates local attachments to the blanket and the development of a low mass deployer.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 193-204
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  • 15
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    Preliminary space station solar array structural design study (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Structurally efficient ways to support the large solar arrays (3,716 square meters which are currently considered for space station use) are examined. An erectable truss concept is presented for the on orbit construction of winged solar arrays. The means for future growth, maintenance, and repair are integrally designed into this concept. Results from parametric studies, which highlight the physical and structural differences between various configuration options are presented. Consideration is given to both solar blanket and hard panel arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 182-192
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  • 16
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    Preliminary concept of a 100-kilowatt miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator solar array (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator (MCC) solar array system is examined to assess the practicality of assembling the basic MCC element into a total array system capable of producing multi-hundred kilowatts of power for Space Platform/Space Station or other low Earth orbit long lifetime missions. Preliminary mechanical and electrical subsystems are developed in order to determine first order performance characteristics. Results of the study support the feasibility of a 100-kilowatt MCC array system with beginning-of-life (BOL) performance of 160 watts per square meter and 28 W/kg. The performance numbers are based on 20 percent efficient (at operating temperature) solar cells and 0.25-millimeter thick electroformed nickel optics. These performance numbers can be improved upon significantly with the development of higher efficiency solar cells and/or lighter weight optics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 157-162
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  • 17
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    High-efficiency solar cells fabricated by vacuum MO-CVD (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High-efficiency, monolithic, two-color, three-terminal solar cells were fabricated by a novel growth technique, vacuum metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The technique uses the expensive metal alkyls efficiently and toxic gases sparingly. The fact that the outer chamber is constructed of nonbreakable stainless steel is an attractive safety feature associated with this deposition system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 148-154
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  • 18
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    Optimal design of high-efficiency single-junction and tandem concentrator space cells at 80 deg C and 100 SUNS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Computer analysis was used to determine the AMO conversion efficiency of single-junction crystalline cells, two-cell and three-cell crystalline tandem structures operating under 100 suns and at 80 C. For optimally designed devices, the calculated efficiencies are 24% for single-junction cells, 33 to 35% for two-cell tandem structures, and 37 to 39% for three-cell tandem structures. Practical efficiencies are expected to be about 15 relative percentage points lower in each case.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 120-127
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  • 19
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    Equivalent electron fluence for solar proton damage in GaAs shallow junction cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The short-circuit current reduction in GaAs shallow junction heteroface solar cells was calculated according to a simplified solar cell damage model in which the nonuniformity of the damage as a function of penetration depth is treated explicitly. Although the equivalent electron fluence was not uniquely defined for low-energy monoenergetic proton exposure, an equivalent electron fluence is found for proton spectra characteristic of the space environment. The equivalent electron fluence ratio was calculated for a typical large solar flare event for which the proton spectrum is PHI(sub p)(E) = A/E(p/sq. cm) where E is in MeV. The equivalent fluence ratio is a function of the cover glass shield thickness or the corresponding cutoff energy E(sub c). In terms of the cutoff energy, the equivalent 1 MeV electron fluence ratio is r(sub p)(E sub c) = 10(9)/E(sub c)(1.8) where E(sub c) is in units of KeV.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 112-117
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  • 20
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    Cell and defect behavior in lithium-counterdoped solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Some n(+)/p cells in which lithium is introduced as a counterdopant, by ion-implantation, into the cell's boron-doped p-region were studied. To determine if the cells radiation resistance could be significantly improved by lithium counterdoping. Defect behavior was related to cell performance using deep level transient spectroscopy. Results indicate a significantly increased radiation resistance for the lithium counterdoped cells when compared to the boron doped 1 ohm-cm control cell. The increased radiation resistance of the lithium counterdoped cells is due to the complexing of lithium with divacancies and boron. It is speculated that complexing with oxygen and single vacancies also contributes to the increased radiation resistance. Counterdoping silicon with lithium results in a different set of defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 102-110
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  • 21
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    On-orbit performance of LIPS gallium arsenide solar cell experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Telemetry from the Living Plume Shield's gallium arsenide solar panel experiment was evaluated to determine degradation. The data were culled to preclude spurious results from possible shadowing or inaccurate measurements on a cold array. Two independent methods were then used to obtain the maximum power points and the various characteristics of the solar array. Fill factor, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and series and shunt resistances were examined. The data analysis concluded that, to date, nearly all of the solar array degradation is due to the reduction in the short circuit current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 81-89
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  • 22
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    Radiation tolerance of low resistivity, high voltage silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation tolerance of the following three low resistivity, high voltage silicon solar cells was investigated: (1) the COMSAT MSD (multi-step diffused) cell, (2) the MinMIS cell, and (3) the MIND cell. A description of these solar cells is given along with drawings of their configurations. The diffusion length damage coefficients for the cells were calculated and presented. Solar cell spectral response was also discussed. Cells of the MinMIS type were judged to be unsuitable for use in the space radiation environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 74-80
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  • 23
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    Piecewise simulaton proton test of gallium arsenide and thin silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells are viewed as a potential primary power source on certain future Earth orbiting satellites. However, the relative merits of gallium arsenide over silicon in a space radiation environment are largely unknown because a general degradation model for gallium arsenide does not exist. The results of a test simulating the proton radiation environment existing in a polar orbit and the concomitant effects on GaAs and thin silicon (Si) solar cells are presented. The objectives and methodology of the simulation test were discussed. The electrical characteristics of GaAs and Si solar cells are given in graph form. It was concluded that GaAs cells are viable for use on satellites in low Earth orbit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 63-73
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  • 24
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    Solar cell degradation in proton radiation orbits (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Significant discrepancies have been observed between predicted and actual in-orbit silicon solar array degradation in orbits other than LEO (low Earth orbits) and GEO (geosynchronous orbit). These discrepancies have been diagnosed to arise probably from a combination of a lack of appropriate solar cell test data and from inadequacies in the models that relate the unidirectional and mono-energetic proton test data to the omnidirectional flux-energy spectra actually found in orbit. Relative damage coefficients and solar cell power outputs were discussed, and also were presented in graph form. Silicon and gallium arsenide solar cells were considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 49-55
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  • 25
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    Radiation testing of GaAs on CRRES and LIPS experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation damage of solar cells has become a prime concern to the U.S. Air Force due to longer satellite lifetime requirements. Flight experiments were undertaken on the Navy Living Plume Shield (LPS) satellite and the NASA/Air Force Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) to complement existing radiation testing. Each experiment, the rationale behind it, and its approach and status are presented. The effect of space radiation on gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells was the central parameter investigated. Specifications of the GaAs solar cells are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 41-48
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  • 26
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    Two-dimensional computer simulation of EMVJ and grating solar cells under AMO illumination (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A computer program, SCAP2D (Solar Cell Analysis Program in 2-Dimensions), is used to evaluate the Etched Multiple Vertical Junction (EMVJ) and grating solar cells. The aim is to demonstrate how SCAP2D can be used to evaluate cell designs. The cell designs studied are by no means optimal designs. The SCAP2D program solves the three coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, Poisson's Equation and the hole and electron continuity equations, simultaneously in two-dimensions using finite differences to discretize the equations and Newton's Method to linearize them. The variables solved for are the electrostatic potential and the hole and electron concentrations. Each linear system of equations is solved directly by Gaussian Elimination. Convergence of the Newton Iteration is assumed when the largest correction to the electrostatic potential or hole or electron quasi-potential is less than some predetermined error. A typical problem involves 2000 nodes with a Jacobi matrix of order 6000 and a bandwidth of 243.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 34-40
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  • 27
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    Recent advances in LPE GaAs-based solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several modifications were made to an infinite solution liquid phase epitaxy system that help fabricate both GaAs-based cells and thin cells that effectively reduce power-to-weight ratio for space applications. The most important development is the multiwell crucible for multilayer growth. Using a split crucible in one system, as many as five layers were grown in succession with varying Al levels and dopants. The structures grown were used to produce thin GaAs cells only 10 to 20 microns thick and also to grow cascade cell components. Results of these studies are presented and their applications to the future development of GaAs-based cells are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 12-17
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  • 28
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    Structurally stable, thin silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A fabrication process for structurally stable thin solar cell wafers that produce good power output after irradiation is described. The fabrication process is as follows. A 6 mil, circular wafer is oxidized on both sides. One side is then patterned with a rectangular array of holes in the oxide that are nominally 75 mils square and separated by 2 mil spacings. Wells are then etched into the silicon with KOH to a depth of 4 mils, leaving a 2 mil, unetched thickness. Two areas on the surface are left unetched to provide pads for bonding or testing. All oxide is then removed and the rest of the processing is normal; the unetched face is used as the illuminated face. When all other processing is complete, a 2 X 2 cm cell is sawed from the starting wafer leaving a border that is approximately 10 mils wide. The effective thickness, determined by weighing an unmetallized sample, of such a cell is about 2.4 mil.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 8-11
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    Advanced photovoltaic experiment (S0014) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The advanced photovoltaics-related experiments for investigating a portion of the solar spectrum and the effect of the space environment on photovoltaics. The information will be used to provide correlation between space and ground testing and also to provide for more accurate performance measurement in the laboratory. Specific objectives of these experiments are to provide information on the performance and endurance of advanced and conventional solar cells, to improve reference standards for photovoltaic measurements, and to measure the energy distribution in the extraterrestrial solar spectrum. Data to be obtained will include temperatures and short-circuit current of the samples. Six-point current-voltage (I-V) characteristics will be obtained for selected samples. These data will be recorded once a day during the flight. Orbit data will be correlated with preflight and postflight measurement of the samples.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 88-90
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  • 30
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    Power Sources Symposium, 31st, Atlantic City, NJ, June 11-14, 1984, Proceedings (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present conference on electrochemical power sources encompasses systems of such types as the thermoelectric, advanced rechargeable, lithium reserve, rechargeable, and nonrechargeable, nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen rechargeable, lead-acid, nickel-zinc and nickel-iron rechargeable, nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen rechargeable, and fuel cells. Attention is given to Si-Ge alloy multicouple technology, sodium-sulfur battery development status, the safety aspects of a rechargeable lithium C cell, fiber-structure electrodes for nickel-cadmium batteries, energy density improvements in Li/carbon monofluoride cells, zinc-air button cell technology, catalyzed cathodes for Li/SOCl2 cells, the effect of polymer structure on the rate capability of the lithium-iodine cell, and a methanol fuel cell powerplant.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    Some aspects of understanding changes in the global carbon cycle (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The collective character of carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and other pools is partially revealed by comparing the record of CO2 concentration beginning in 1958 with estimates of the releases from fossil fuels during this period. In analyzing the secular increase in CO2 concentration induced by fossil fuel use, the atmosphere is generally treated as a single well-mixed reservoir; however, to study finer structure in the CO2 records, the influence of atmospheric circulation must be more carefully considered. The rate of carbon uptake by the oceans, the primary sink for fossil fuel CO2, is assessed more reliably than influences on the atmosphere due to interactions with other pools. Models of the global carbon cycle are being substantially refined while data that reflect the response of the cycle to fossil fuel use and other perturbations are being extended.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: JPL The interaction of Global Biochemical Cycles; p 55-84
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  • 32
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    A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles under clear-sky conditions from down-looking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. For a given set of channels, the method selects the optimum radiometric channels for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels between the surface and 300 mb. The water vapor mixing ratio at these pressure levels is then calculated from a linear combination of the selected channel brightness temperatures. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to fifty independent tropical radiosondes. The rms absolute deviation of the estimated moisture profiles from the actual profiles was comparable to that obtained using an iterative retrieval method reported earlier. The statistical method, however, requires several orders of magnitude less computer time than the iterative method; it is suitable for high speed processing of large amounts of data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1110-111
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  • 33
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    Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Andre et al. (1976, 1978) third-order closure model, in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for pressure-related terms, and the clipping approximation are used along with the quasi-normal closure, is invoked in the study of turbulence in a cloudy layer that is radiatively cooled from above. A spurious oscillation whose greatest amplitude lies near the inversion is shown by analysis to arise from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple-moment equations. An attempt is made to damp the oscillation through the introduction of diffusion terms into the triple-moment equations. The results obtained are noted to be sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient applied in the third-moment equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1588-160
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  • 34
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    Hydrogen from renewable energy - Photovoltaic/water electrolysis as an exemplary approach (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A feasibility study has been conducted for a NASA Kennedy Space Center liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen production facility using solar cell arrays as the power source for electrolysis. The 100 MW output of the facility would be split into 67.6 and 32 MW portions for electrolysis and liquefaction, respectively. The solar cell array would cover 1.65 sq miles, and would be made up of 249 modular 400-kW arrays. Hydrogen and oxygen are generated at either dispersed or centralized water electrolyzers. The yearly hydrogen output is projected to be 5.76 million lbs, with 8 times that much oxygen; these fuel volumes can support approximately 18 Space Shuttle launches/year.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    Reflectance of metallic indium for solar energy applications (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in order to compile quantitative data on the reflective properties of metallic indium. The fabricated samples were of sufficiently high quality that differences from similar second-surface silvered mirrors were not apparent to the human eye. Three second-surface mirror samples were prepared by means of vacuum deposition techniques, yielding indium thicknesses of approximately 1000 A. Both hemispherical and specular measurements were made. It is concluded that metallic indium possesses a sufficiently high specular reflectance to be potentially useful in many solar energy applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 32; 2, 19; 311
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  • 36
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    Increased radiation resistance in lithium-counterdoped silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lithium-counterdoped n(+)p silicon solar cells are found to exhibit significantly increased radiation resistance to 1-MeV electron irradiation when compared to boron-doped n(+)p silicon solar cells. In addition to improved radiation resistance, considerable damage recovery by annealing is observed in the counterdoped cells at T less than or equal to 100 C. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements are used to identify the defect whose removal results in the low-temperature aneal. It is suggested that the increased radiation resistance of the counterdoped cells is primarily due to interaction of the lithium with interstitial oxygen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 44; 1071-107
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  • 37
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    Lightning activity and severe storm structure (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Space-time mapping of VHF sources from four severe storms on June 19, 1980 reveals that lightning processes for cloud-to-ground (CG) and large intracloud (IC) flashes are confined to an altitude below about 10 km and closely associated with the central regions of high reflectivity. Another class of IC flashes produces a splattering of sources within the storms' main electrically active volumes and also within the large divergent wind canopy aloft. There is no apparent temporal association between the small high altitude IC flashes that occur almost continuously and the large IC and CG flashes that occur sporadically in the lower portions of storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 545-548
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  • 38
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    A variational formulation for time-dependent climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variational principle for time dependent diffusion problems is presented and is demonstrated by applying it to simple seasonal climate models. Two cases are treated. The first, a North-Coakley-type model with constant properties, is used as a tutorial example for the application of the technique. For the second case, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are considered to be latitude dependent in order to treat the effects of land/ocean distribution on the seasonal temperature distribution over the earth. The variational equations are derived and approximate analytical solutions are developed which delineate the influences of the physical asymmetries of the hemispheres in producing an asymmetric annual cycle.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2601-260
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  • 39
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    Analogs in the wintertime 500 mb height field (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lorenz (1969) has considered the possibility that an atmospheric circulation pattern might recur, taking into account the definition of a pair of analogous flows or 'analogs'. The present investigation is concerned with a search of time series of Northern Hemisphere wintertime geopotential heights for possible analogs. Attention is given to data and analysis procedure, analog quality, and error growth rates. The obtained results imply that the found analogs are not a useful tool for forecasting the evolution of the midlatitude flow on time scales of several days. It is pointed out, however, that the negative results should not be extended to other applications of analog forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 177-189
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  • 40
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    Highlights of the Symposium on the Multiple-Parameter Radar Measurements of Precipitation - Personal reflections. (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 19; 238-242
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  • 41
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    The small ice cap instability in diffusive climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simple climate models which invoke diffusive heat transport and ice cap albedo feedback have equilibrium solutions with no stable ice cap smaller than a radius of about 20 deg on a great circle. Attention is presently given to a solution of this phenomenon which is physically appealing. The ice-free solution has a thermal minimum, and if the minimum temperature is just above the critical value for ice formation, then the artificial addition of a patch of ice leads to a widespread depression of the temperature below the critical freezing temperature. A second stable solution will then exist whose spatial extent is determined by the range of the influence function of a point sink of heat, due to the albedo shift in the patch.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3390-339
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  • 42
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    Comments on 'Comparative diagnostic case study of east coast secondary cyclogenesis under weak versus strong synoptic-scale forcing' (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comment is presented on a recent paper by Pagnotti and Bosart (1984) which contrasted different forcing mechanisms for weak and strong cyclones along the east coast of the U.S., and Bosart replies. The comment argues that the paper did not give a clear definition of 'weak' upper-level forcing and did not provide sufficient evidence to support its claim that the return branch of transverse circulations may be coupled to the middle as opposed to the lower troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2540
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  • 43
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    Glossary of terms used in solar energy (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 33; 1, 19
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  • 44
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    A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. II Wave-wave interaction (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A fully nonlinear numerical model of the point jet barotropic instability is used to test and confirm the hypothesis that the magnitude of the wave vorticity does not exceed the magnitude of the initial shear. This result arises directly from the local conservation of vorticity following a parcel and the fact that unstable waves are principally confined to the region where the zonal mean vorticity can be smoothed by the wave so as to eliminate the instability. Comparisons are made between fully nonlinear and quasi-linear models of the point jet instability and their tracer transport properties. Differences become particularly evident after wave saturation. The most important effect neglected by the wave-mean flow model appears to be the advection of wave vorticity by the most unstable mode. However, as equilibration of the instability proceeds, the globally averaged properties of both models are found to be similar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 2869-288
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  • 45
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    Some aspects of the interannual variation of mean monthly sea level pressure on the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: We calculate the seasonal changes that are largely associated with the half-yearly wave, autocorrelation functions, and the mean planetary waves in the monthly mean sea level pressure from two data sources. One covers the period from 1951 to 1958 (from the South African Weather Bureau) and the other the period from 1972 to 1980 (from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology). Thirty years of data from stations over the southern hemisphere are used to assess the reliability of the differences between the two periods that the grid-point data show. These differences are especially large over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The station data confirm the changes between the two periods and thus the observed differences in the mean waves, which are especially large for wave number 3.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9541-954
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  • 46
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    GASP cloud encounter statistics - Implications for laminar flow control flight (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cloud observation archive from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) is analyzed in order to derive the probability of cloud encounter at altitudes normally flown by commercial airliners, for application to a determination of the feasability of Laminar Flow Control (LFC) on long-range routes. The probability of cloud encounter is found to vary significantly with season. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover. The cloud encounter data are shown to be consistent with the classical midlatitude cyclone model with more clouds encountered in highs than in lows. Aircraft measurements of route-averaged time-in-clouds fit a gamma probability distribution model which is applied to estimate the probability of extended cloud encounter, and the associated loss of LFC effectiveness along seven high-density routes. The probability is demonstrated to be low.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 21; 851-857
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    Vertical temperature sounding of the atmosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Attention is given to physical principles that affect the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles from observations of outgoing IR and microwave radiation. Simultaneous analysis of IR and microwave observations enhances observations in each spectral region. While IR soundings have higher sensitivity to lower tropospheric temperatures, ground temperatures, and sea surface temperatures, microwave observations are not only more suited to stratospheric sounding but are sensitive to snow and ice cover. They significantly aid correction of IR observations for cloud effects. Because effective cloud parameters and snow and ice cover can be inferred from the observations, 'temperature sounders' also yield data for a number of important climatic parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Role of soil moisture in maintaining droughts (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of soil moisture on the persistence of an ongoing drought was investigated. The case study of drought of the summer of 1980 was selected. The difference in the simulation of two identical twin runs: one with the climatological normal soil moisture and the other with anomalous soil moisture for drought conditions, were examined on the mean monthly circulation. It is found that a reduction in soil moisture did produce a corresponding reduction in precipitation. The pattern of the rainfall anomaly however, was not identical to the soil moisture (evapotranspiration) anomaly but had a good resemblance with observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 335-340
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    The sensitivity of a general circulation model to Saharan dust heating (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the Northern summer, sporadic outbreaks of wind borne Saharan dust are carried out over the Atlantic by the tropical easterlies. Optical depths due to the dust can reach 3 near the African coast, and the dust cloud can be detected as far west as the Caribbean Sea (Carlson, 1979). In order to obtain insight into the possible effects of Saharan dust on the weather and climate of North Africa and the tropical Atlantic Ocean, simulation experiments have been performed with the Climate Model of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences. The most recent version of the model is described by Randall (1982). The model produces realistic simulations of many aspects of the observed climate and its seasonal variation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 3323-328
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    Climate sensitivity with a seasonal cycle energy balance model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of climate which may have a local maximum as the ice cap passes through a midlatitude region where the atmosphere's transport efficiency varies strongly with latitude is examined. This behavior, found in a two level primitive equations climate model forced with annual mean insolation, was reproduced in an energy balance model (EBM) by making the diffusion coefficient a function of latitude. The two level seasonally varying EBM was applied and the global mean surface temperature vs. solar constant for this model are shown and two regions of enhanced sensitivity appear. The snowcover distributions around the year for three cases are shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 227-230
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    On the role of the transient eddies in maintaining the seasonal mean circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The role of transient eddies in maintaining the observed local seasonal mean atmospheric circulation was investigated by examining the time-averaged momentum balances and omega equation, using seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. While both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and several seasons were studied, emphasis was placed upon the Northern Hemisphere during December 1981-February 1982. The results showed that transient eddies played a secondary role in the seasonal mean zonal momentum budget and in the forcing of seasonal mean vertical and a geostrophic motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 205-208
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    Teleconnection patterns in the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Contemporaneous correlations between geopotential heights on a given pressure surface at widely separated points on Earth, commonly referred to as teleconnections, are calculated from monthly mean sea level pressure and 500 mb geopotential height analyses for the Southern Hemisphere for five-month winter and summer seasons. During summer (November-March), anomalies over the three continents occur out of phase with anomalies over the subtropical oceans and in a wavenumber 3 pattern over the Southern Ocean near 55 deg S. The subtropical part of the pattern appears largely associated with the interannual variation of the seasonal cycle and annual mean. In winter (May-September) 500 mb geopotential heights over Africa exhibit positive correlations with heights over South America and the central South Pacific near New Zealand and negative correlations with height over the Southern Ocean. A striking wavenumber three pattern is apparent which shows the correlation of 500 mb geopotential height anomalies with 500 mb anomalies at 50 deg S, 95 deg E during winter. The strong positive correlations between 50 deg S, 95 E and 58 deg S, 150 deg W and 38 deg S, 15 deg W contrast with negative correlations over Antarctica and in low latitudes. Time variations in a similar pattern in sea level pressure are in phase with variations in the 500 mb pattern, suggesting an equivalent barotropic structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 193-195
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    Localized blocking accounted for by slow variations of the zonal driving (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation of observed zonal topography in a barotropic nonlinear channel model is discussed. The model is then extended to explain the regional features of blocking by employing a two scale method to allow small slow variations of the momentum (zonal) driving.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 190-192
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    Stratocumulus simulations with a general circulation model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratus and stratocumulus cloud sheets which are among the most common cloud types over the world are discussed. They are characteristic of the undisturbed subtropical marine boundary layer over the eastern oceans, where cool water and large scale sinking motion suppress penetrative cumulus convection. They also occur over the Arctic Ocean, particularly in summer, and behind cold outbreaks over the western oceans in winter. Observational studies were conducted and further observations are planned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 222-226
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    Influence of surface roughness of a desert (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical simulation study, using the current GLAS climate GCM, was carried out to examine the influence of low bulk aerodynamic drag parameter in the deserts. The results illustrate the importance of yet another feedback effect of a desert on itself, that is produced by the reduction in surface roughness height of land once the vegetation dies and desert forms. Apart from affecting the moisture convergence, low bulk transport coefficients of a desert lead to enhanced longwave cooling and sinking which together reduce precipitation by Charney's (1975) mechanism. Thus, this effect, together with albedo and soil moisture influence, perpetuate a desert condition through its geophysical feedback effect. The study further suggests that man made deserts is a viable hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 329-334
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    Two contrasting Northern Hemisphere winters: 1980 - 1981 and 1981 - 1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for December 1980 - February 1981 (season 1) and December 1981 - February 1982 (season 2) were used to contrast the two seasonal mean circulation patterns present in the Northern Hemisphere and to investigate possible causes for the differences. The vertically averaged seasonal mean zonal wind and E-vector, a measure of the anisotropy of the transient eddies over the Pacific is shown for season 1 and season 2. The pattern in season 2, but not season 1, resembles that found in a modeling study of barotropic instability. One possible explanation for the differences between season 1 and 2 is a weak change in tropical heating associated with the southern oscillation, the effect of which in midlatitude was amplified by the occurrence of barotropic instability over the Pacific in season 2, but not season 1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 209-214
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    An ensemble formulation of PBL fluxes in a GCM (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An ensemble approach is applied to Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) calculations with the bulk Richardson number identified as the key parameter. An ensemble averaging calculation was carried out to rederive the bulk friction and heat transport coefficients for the mean condition. Two simulations are carried out and compared. Significant differences in PBL fluxes low level cloudiness, land surface roughness heights, and surface evaporation are noted between the modified and unmodified simulations. Modifications to the model were: (1) the relationship between actual and potential Effective Temperature (ET) to accord with Sud and Fennessy (1982); (2) maximum permissible instantaneous ET at any time is 1.5 mm per hr; (3) moisture distribution in low level cumulus convection to be consistent with no precipitation; (4) appearance of supersaturation clouds to be consistent with supersaturation condition at that level; (5) invoking a simple function for stomatal diffusion effect in the ET calculation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 270-274
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    High-temperature thermoelectric energy converstion. I - Theory (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The high-temperature thermoelectric energy-conversion theory is examined. It is shown that semiconductors are the logical choices for high-figure of merit-value materials, but the requirements for optimization differ depending on whether the material is classed as a broad-band or narrow-band semiconductor. Optimization is discussed as a function of temperature. Phonon scattering mechanisms are considered; and for the reduction of thermal conductivity, basic material guidelines are given. Although experimental results indicate that ZT (where Z is the figure of merit and T is the temperature) of about 1 represents an upper limit, there is in fact, no theoretical limitation. It is unlikely that the Z values will be significantly reduced by radiation transfer at temperatures lower than 2000 K. The current status of materials research is also considered. The rare-earth chalcogenides which behave as n-type semi-conductors and the boron-rich borides which exhibit hopping p-type conductivity behavior are the materials that show promise for high-temperature Z values. The reasons for low thermal conductivities in these materials is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Conversion and Management (ISSN 0196-8904); 24; 4, 19; 317-329
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    Comments on 'Inference of cloud temperature and thickness by microwave radiometry from space' (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method proposed by Pandey et al. (1983) for estimating the temperature differential and thickness of clouds from microwave data obtained with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometers of the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites is examined critically. It is pointed out that both the thicknesses and the temperature differentials derived from them may not be meaningful unless accurate measurements of cloud-top height (from IR radiometry) and reliable data on liquid-water content are available. It is suggested that the good fits obtained in generating regression coefficients for the proposed method may be artifacts of the fixed or limited-range liquid-water densities of the cloud models used. With respect to cloud-top height, the need to quantify and account for differences in the fields of view and spatial resolutions of the IR and microwave radiometers, as undertaken for the case of precipitating clouds by Yeh and Liou (1983), is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1579
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  • 60
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    The diurnal variation of Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone cloud distribution inferred from geostationary satellite infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2338-234
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  • 61
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    Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2178-219
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  • 62
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    Stratocumulus cloud field reflected fluxes - The effect of cloud shape (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reflected fluxes of stratocumulus cloud fields are calculated as a function of sky cover aspect ratio and cloud shape. In order to obtain a better fit with general circulation models (GCMs), cloud liquid water volume values were kept invariant relative to cloud shape. On the basis of the required accuracy of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), an order of magnitude value of 10 W per sq m was used to estimate the difference between plane-parallel and broken cloudiness reflected fluxes. An empirical relationship for effective cloud cover at a solar zenith angle of 60 deg is derived. The relationship allows for the accurate computation of broken cloud field reflected fluxes using plane-parallel calculations. It is predicted that more accurate estimates of broken cloud field radiative properties may be possible in the future.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3085-310
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  • 63
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    Solar tests of aperture plate materials for solar thermal dish collectors (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: If a malfunction occurs in a solar thermal point-focus distributed receiver power plant while a concentrator is pointed at the sun, motion of the concentrator may stop. As the sun moves relative to the earth, the spot of concentrated sunlight then slowly walks off the receiver aperture, across the receiver face plate, and perhaps across adjacent portions of the concentrator. Intense local heating by the concentrated sunlight may damage or destroy these parts. The behavior of various materials under conditions simulating walk-off of a parabolic dish solar collector were evaluated. Each test consisted of exposure to concentrated sunlight at a peak flux density of about 7000 kW/square meter for 15 minutes. Types of materials tested included graphite, silicon carbide, silica, various silicates, alumina, zirconia, aluminum, copper, steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene. The only material that neither cracked nor melted was grade G-90 graphite. Grade CS graphite, a lower cost commercial grade, cracked half-way across, but did not fall apart. Both of these grades are medium-grain extruded graphites. A graphite cloth (graphitized polyacrylonitrile) showed fair performance when tested as a single thin ply; it might be useful as a multi-ply assembly. High purity slipcast silica showed some promise also.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 64
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    On the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results obtained with a mixed layer model are used to study the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation in subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud regimes. The model used allows entrainment to be driven by shear as well as buoyancy, and includes a very crude parameterization of the partial blackness of thin cloud layers. Model results show that for some values of the large-scale divergence there are three equilibrium mixed layer structures, two of which are stable. One of the stable equilibria is cloudy, deep, and buoyancy-driven, while the other is clear, shallow, and shear-driven. It is found that as a result of hysteresis effects a transient increase in the large-scale divergence can produce a long-lasting break in the clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3052-305
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  • 65
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    Modeling the middle atmosphere circulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some of the motivations for constructing models of the middle atmosphere circulation are given. These are as follows: (1) to provide a better understanding of middle atmosphere dynamics; (2) to study the coupling of middle atmosphere dynamics with radiation and chemistry; (3) to study the sensitivity of tropospheric climate modeling and/or weather forecasting to changes in the middle atmosphere; (4) to better understand the limitations of more simplified models; (5) to supply a proxy for atmospheric data for diagnostic analysis; and finally, (6) for forecast-analysis of data. Different types of models are discussed in relation to their anticipated use. Various model simplifications, such as using the quasi-geostrophic set of equations and simplified radiative transfer, are discussed as are some of the consequences of these simplifications. Some of the accomplishments of middle atmosphere circulation modeling are presented as are some of the difficulties in existing models. Finally, some of the problems in constructing and verifying middle atmosphere circulation models are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 66
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    Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under a substantial range of realistic conditions, stratocumulus cloud top entrainment is noted to either deepen an existing cloud layer or produce clouds in an unsaturated mixed layer, though the entrained air is warmer and drier than the mixed-layer air. These results, which apply irrespective of entrainment rate-determining mechanism, imply that the cloud top entrainment instability discussed by Randall (1980) and Deardorff (1980) does not necessarily destroy a layer cloud. Examples are given which include soundings, marine layer data, and simulation results produced by the UCLA general circulation model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 36A; 446-457
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  • 67
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    An intercalibration of Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 visible and infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An intercomparison between radiative parameters determined from visible and infrared channels of the Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 geosynchronous satellites has been carried out using data obtained over the central Atlantic Ocean for 5 November 1978. Hourly visible-infrared measurement pairs at a nominal resolution of 5 km (Meteosat) or 8 km (GOES) have been stored in 1 deg x 1 deg longitude-latitude regions. For the infrared intercomparisons, the GOES 11.5 micron radiance has been compared to Meteosat infrared counts. The scatter in partly cloudy regions is interpreted as being caused by meteorological differences arising from differences in measurement time between the two data sets. For the visible intercomparison, the GOES measurements for clear and cloudy scenes have first been converted with the aid of scene-dependent angular reflectance and albedo models to estimates of the filtered shortwave radiance that GOES would have measured had it been in the Meteosat position. This value has then been compared to Meteosat counts for the shortwave channel. The results indicate that earlier Meteosat calibrations made from airplane overflights of a limited variety of surfaces are applicable to much larger areas of cloud and ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 283-286
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  • 68
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    Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed description of the goals and methodology of the First International Satellite Cloud Cover Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) is presented. The purpose of the experiment is to develop physical models and parameterizations of fractional cloud cover over the Pacific Basin. In order to determine fractional cloud cover parameters, satellite observations by radar and lidar instruments will be combined with in situ measurements of the cloud-capped marine boundary layer. A description of a candidate experiment for the program is presented, and some general problems connected with the statistical characterization of satellite imagery are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 65; 1290-130
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  • 69
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    Near-optimum design of GaAs-based concentrator space solar cells for 80 C operation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using a detailed computer simulation model and reasonable values of optical, geometrical and material parameters from current published literature, parameter optimization studies were performed on two cell geometries, namely, the circular geometry for a Cassegrainian concentrator with 100 AM0, 80 C operation and the rectangular geometry for a venetian blind concentrator with 20 AM0, 80 C operation. For each cell geometry, three cell configurations were considered: p/n AlGaAs/GaAs; n/p AlGaAs/GaAs; and, n/p GaAs shallow homojunction. The studies show the possibility of designing GaAs-based space solar cells with beginning-of-life efficiencies exceeding 22 percent at 20 to 100 AM0, 80 C and probable efficiency degradation of less than 15 percent after a 70 percent reduction in diffusion length in each cell region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Communications (ISSN 0277-9374); 4; 2-3,; 97-119
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  • 70
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    Intercomparison of planetary-scale diagnostics derived from separate satellite and radiosonde time-mean temperature fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The planetary-scale components of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere troposphere-stratosphere 1973-74 winter circulation are diagnosed using separate time-mean temperature fields based on radiosonde and satellite observations. Meridional cross-sections of zonal wind together with, for zonal wavenumbers 1, 2 and 3, the streamfunction amplitude, phase and Eliassen-Palm flux are displayed, with the relative accuracy of the satellite-derived diagnostics assessed through comparison with the 'ground-truth' radiosonde information. The satellite and radiosonde diagnostics compare most favourably in terms of zonal wind speed and shear, direction of wave propagation and meridional wave structure - all of which are closely related to the differential properties of the atmospheric temperature field. The intensity of the satellite-derived patterns of tropospheric wave propagation is underestimated due to the effects of spatial smoothing and residual cloud contamination present in the satellite radiance measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 1003-102
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  • 71
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    The response of a nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model of the atmosphere to tropical thermal forcing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multi-level, sigma coordinate, primitive equation atmospheric model has been utilized to study both the tropical and extratropical response to an isolated region of steady thermal forcing in the tropics. The nonlinear response during the first 28 days of the simulation is described. The response can be generally characterized by two distinct components. The first component is a quasi-stationary disturbance which extends eastward and poleward away from the source region along a 'great circle' path. The structure of this disturbance is essentially barotropic away from the source region. The second component is a growing baroclinic wave propagating zonally at mid-latitudes. Significantly, this disturbance is apparently the result of baroclinic instability induced by the quasi-stationary wavetrain. The discussion is predominantly heuristic in form and relies heavily on graphical presentation and quasi-geostrophic theory to interpret the response and individual components of the thermodynamic energy and momentum equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 981-1002
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  • 72
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    Solar tests of aperture plate materials for solar thermal dish collectors (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: If a malfunction occurs in a solar thermal point-focus distributed receiver power plant while a concentrator is pointed at the sun, motion of the concentrator may stop. As the sun moves relative to the earth, the spot of concentrated sunlight then slowly walks off the receiver aperture, across the receiver face plate, and perhaps across adjacent portions of the concentrator. Intense local heating by the concentrated sunlight may damage or destroy these parts. The behavior of various materials under conditions simulating walk-off of a parabolic dish solar collector were evaluated. Each test consisted of exposure to concentrated sunlight at a peak flux density of about 7000 kW/square meter for 15 minutes. Types of materials tested included graphite, silicon carbide, silica, various silicates, alumina, zirconia, aluminum, copper, steel, and polytetrafluroethylene. The only material that neither cracked nor melted was grade G-90 graphite. Grade CS graphite, a lower cost commercial grade, cracked half-way across, but did not fail apart. Both of these grades are medium-grain extruded graphites. A graphite cloth (graphitized polyacrylonitrile) showed fair performance when tested as a single thin ply; it might be useful as a multi-ply assembly. High purity slipcast silica showed some promise also.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering (ISSN 0199-6231); 106; 408-415
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  • 73
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    Solar-cell interconnect design for terrestrial photovoltaic modules (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Useful solar cell interconnect reliability design and life prediction algorithms are presented, together with experimental data indicating that the classical strain cycle (fatigue) curve for the interconnect material does not account for the statistical scatter that is required in reliability predictions. This shortcoming is presently addressed by fitting a functional form to experimental cumulative interconnect failure rate data, which thereby yields statistical fatigue curves enabling not only the prediction of cumulative interconnect failures during the design life of an array field, but also the quantitative interpretation of data from accelerated thermal cycling tests. Optimal interconnect cost reliability design algorithms are also derived which may allow the minimization of energy cost over the design life of the array field.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering (ISSN 0199-6231); 106; 379-386
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  • 74
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    Infrared parameterization and simple climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1222-123
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  • 75
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    On the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lindzen's model of gravity wave breaking is shown to be inconsistent with the process of convective adjustment and associated turbulent outbreak. The K-theory turbulent diffusion model used by Lindzen implies a spatially uniform turbulent field which is not in agreement with the fact that gravity wave saturation and the associated convection produce turbulence only in restricted zones. The Lindzen model may be corrected to some extent by taking the turbulent Prandtl number for a diffusion acting on the wave itself to be very large. The eddy diffusion coefficients computed by Lindzen then become a factor of 2 larger and eddy transports of heat and constituents by wave fields vanish to first order.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1893-189
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  • 76
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    CO2 induced climatic change and spectral variations in the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The published temperature changes produced in general circulation model simulations of CO2 induced climate modification are used to compute the top of the atmosphere, clear sky outgoing infrared radiance changes expected for doubled CO2. A significant wavenumber shift is produced, with less radiance emerging in the 500-800 per cm (20.0-12.5 micron) CO2 band and with more emerging in the 800-1200 per cm (12.5-8.3 micron) window. The effect varies greatly with latitude. The radiance shift in the 2300 per cm (4.3 micron) region is of the order of 10-30 percent for doubled CO2. It is suggested that the 2300 per cm region be carefully monitored as an aid in detecting the climatic effects of increasing CO2. The change in the wavenumber-integrated radiant exitance is at most a few percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 36B; 139-148
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  • 77
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    The absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during the haze season and its effects on the radiation balance (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of broadband spectral absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during haze events are reported. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that large changes occur in the radiative transfer processes in the Arctic during haze events. For example, the planetary albedo is estimated to increase by 2.5 percent over the ocean and to decrease by 9 percent over the ice cap. Changes of such magnitude in the radiative parameters have the potential for significant climatic effects. The need for further experimental and modeling efforts is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 465-468
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  • 78
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    The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Hadley cell is involved in the energy, momentum and moisture budgets in the atmosphere; it may be expected to change as sources and sinks of these quantities are altered due to climate perturbations. The nature of the Hadley cell change is complicated since alterations in one budget generally result in alterations in the others. Thus, Hadley cell sensitivity needs to be explored in an interactive system. In the GISS GCM (model I), a number of experiments are performed in which physical processes in each of the three budgets are omitted, the system adjusts, and the resultant circulation is compared to that of the control run. This procedure highlights which effects are most important and reveals the nature of the various interactions. The results emphasize the wide variety of processes that appear capable of influencing the mean circulation. The intensity of the circulation is related to the coherence of the thermal forcing, and to the thermal opacity of the atmosphere. When all frictional forcing is removed, the circulation is restricted to the equatorial region. The latitudinal extent appears to be controlled primarily by eddy processes (Ferrel cell intensity). The implications for climate modeling and climate projections (e.g. rainfall changes) are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 479-507
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  • 79
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    Buoyant production and consumption of turbulence kinetic energy in cloud-topped mixed layers (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that studies of the entraining planetary boundary layer (PBL) have generally emphasized the role of buoyancy fluxes in driving entrainment. The buoyancy flux is proportional to the rate of conversion of the potential energy of the mean flow into the kinetic energy of the turbulence. It is not unusual for conversion to proceed in both directions simultaneously. This occurs, for instance, in both clear and cloudy convective mixed layers which are capped by inversions. A partitioning of the net conversion into positive parts, generating turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and negative parts (TKE-consuming), would make it possible to include the positive part in the gross production rate, and closure would be achieved. Three different approaches to partitioning have been proposed. The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the three partitioning theories. Particular attention is given to the cloud-topped mixed layer because in this case the differences between two partitioning approaches are most apparent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 402-413
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  • 80
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    The degradation mechanism of Ti-Pd-Ag solar cell contacts by an accelerated electrochemical testing technique (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cells (ISSN 0379-6787); 11; 189-193
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  • 81
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    Performance of the Colorado wind-profiling network, part 1.5A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) has operated a network of radar wind Profilers in Colorado for about 1 year. The network consists of four VHF (50-MHz) radars and a UHF (915-MHz) radar. The Platteville VHF radar was developed by the Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) and has been operated jointly by WPL and AL for several years. The other radars were installed between February and May 1983. Experiences with these radars and some general aspects of tropospheric wind measurements with Doppler radar are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Intern. Council of Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for Map. Vol. 14: URSI(SCOSTEP Workshop; p 38-48
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  • 82
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    Tropospheric-stratospheric exchange, part 1.1A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Much of the observational evidence of large scale tropospheric-stratospheric exchange has been obtained by radiosonde and satellite radiane data. So far mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars have made mininal contributions, in part due to their recent use as a meteorological tool, intermittent operation at some facilities and sparse geographic distribution. However, as more MST facilities come on-line in more locations, the good time and height resolution data throughtout the troposphere and much of the stratosphere obtainable by MST radars will enhance the detail of stratospheric and tropospheric circulations and interactions. On smaller scales MST radars have already been used to examine convective forcing from the troposphere into the stratosphere and subsequent launching of gravity waves (LARSEN et al., 1982). Observations of persistent turbulent layers in the stratosphere over Arecibo, attributable to inertial oscillations, appear to propagate away from a source region near the tropopause (SATO and WOODMAN, 1982). MST radars offer the availability of high resolution wind data in height and time needed to observe interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere. The lack of geographic coverage (e.g., equatorial regions) and insufficient data bases at many MST facilities presently inhibit studies of large-scale interactions. At present MST radars can be used to examine smaller scale interactions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 4-5
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  • 83
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    Improved Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) test procedure (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A procedure is developed to improve testing of Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) as it applies to solar energy conversion modules. NOCT is a direct reflection of module thermal design and is closely related to the representative ambient temperature. It is also a key to array energy production and estimates of module lifetimes. Present NOCT test and evaluation procedures are inconsistent, producing significant scatter. Test refinements would specify a clear sky, the addition of 10% to the insolation level for ground reflection, the addition of a ground emission factor of 0.8 (at 30C ground temperature), an effective wind direction of 135 degrees from the North, and a module tilt of 30 degrees from the horizon.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 639-642
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  • 84
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    Module Hipot and ground continuity test results (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Hipot (high voltage potential) and module frame continuity tests of solar energy conversion modules intended for deployment into large arrays are discussed. The purpose of the tests is to reveal potentially hazardous voltage conditions in installed modules, and leakage currents that may result in loss of power or cause ground fault system problems, i.e., current leakage potential and leakage voltage distribution. The tests show a combined failure rate of 36% (69% when environmental testing is included). These failure rates are believed easily corrected by greater care in fabrication.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 619-631
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  • 85
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    Advanced module development overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Crystalline silicon solar power modules are examined for reliability and cost effectiveness. A goal of 12% solar energy conversion efficiency is considered feasible at a cost of 12/kWh, and a decision is made to limit consideration to float zone silicon wafer and dendritic web silicone modules. A preliminary module packaging configuration of glass/ethylene vinyl acetate/plastic film is selected. Anticipated module efficiency levels are 12.6% at 25 C and 11.5% at NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 609-611
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  • 86
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    Observations of frontal zone structures with a VHF Doppler radar and radiosondes, part 1.2A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SOUSY-VHF-Radar is a pulsed coherent radar operating at 53.5 MHz and located near Bad Lauterbert, West Germany. Since 1977, the facility, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, has been used to make a series of frontal passage observations in the spring and fall. Experiments in winter have been difficult because part of the transmitting and receiving array is usually covered by snow during that part of the year. Wavelengths around 6 m are known to be sensitive to the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere (GREEN and GAGE, 1980; RASTOGI and ROTTGER, 1982). Thus, it has been possible to use radars operating at frequencies near 500 MHz to locate the tropopause. Comparisons between radar data and radiosonde data have shown that there is a large gradient in the radar reflectivity at the height where the radiosonde tropopause occurs. An experiment carried out by ROTTGER (1979) on March 15 to 16, 1977, showed that the radar's sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure could also be used to locate the position of fronts. The SOUSY-VHF-Radar consists of a transmitting array, also used for receiving in some configurations, that can be scanned in the off-vertical direction but not at sufficiently low elevation angles to study the horizontal extent of structures.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 7-13
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  • 87
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    Failure analysis of thin-film amorphous-silicon solar-cell modules (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A failure analysis of thin film amorphous silicon solar cell modules was conducted. The purpose of this analysis is to provide information and data for appropriate corrective action that could result in improvements in product quality and reliability. Existing techniques were expanded in order to evaluate and characterize degradational performance of a-Si solar cells. Microscopic and macroscopic defects and flaws that significantly contribute to performance degradation were investigated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 657-662
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  • 88
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    Status of high-efficiency module design and fabrication (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fabrication of high efficiency solar energy conversion modules (13% efficiency at NOCT - Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) is discussed, with emphasis placed on reducing NOCT, since reduced operating temperature improves both efficiency and module lifetime.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 613-618
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  • 89
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    Edge-defined film-fed growth of thin silicon sheets (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Finite element analysis was used on two length scales to understand crystal growth of thin silicon sheets. Thermal-capillary models of entire ribbon growth systems were developed. Microscopic modeling of morphological structure of melt/solid interfaces beyond the point of linear instability was carried out. The application to silicon system is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 575-586
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  • 90
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    Silicon sheet surface studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several activities were performed in the area of silicon sheet surface studies. An interferometry technique was developed for measuring residual stresses in short, thin silicon sheets. Simulation of abrasion of silicon by diamond and by scrating and indentation tests was carried out. The wear rate in silicon was correlated with a wear model.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 561-570
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  • 91
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    Silicon ribbon stress-strain activities (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The finite element method is used to investigate stress/strain in silicon ribbon. Failure considerations such as residual stress, buckling material non-linearity and creep are discussed. Temperature profiles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 491-515
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  • 92
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    Encapsulation Processing and Manufacturing Yield Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of encapsulation processing and a manufacturing productivity analysis for photovoltaic cells are discussed. The goals were: (1) to understand the relationships between both formulation variables and process variables; (2) to define conditions required for optimum performance; (3) to predict manufacturing yield; and (4) to provide documentation to industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 461-469
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  • 93
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    A non-noble front metallization process (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The optimization, evaluation, and demonstration of a solar cell metallization system is discussed. Screen printing, air firing, reducted atmospheres, and conductive air coating were studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 421-431
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  • 94
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    Simultaneous junction formation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: High-risk, high-payoff improvements to a baseline process sequence of simultaneous junction formation of silicon solar cells are discussed. The feasibility of simultaneously forming front and back junctions of solar cells using liquid dopants on dendritic web silicon was studied. Simultaneous diffusion was compared to sequential diffusion. A belt furnace for the diffusion process was tested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 369-377
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  • 95
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    Georgetown University Photovoltaic Higher Education National Exemplar Facility (PHENEF) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several photographs of this facility using photovoltaic (PV) cells are shown. An outline is given of the systems requirements, system design and wiring topology, a simplified block design, module electrical characteristics, PV module and PV module matching.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 87-98
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  • 96
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    High-efficiency crystalline silicon technology development (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The rationale for pursuing high efficiency crystalline silicon technology research is discussed. Photovoltaic energy systems are reviewed as to their cost effectiveness and their competitiveness with other energy systems. The parameters of energy system life are listed and briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 49-56
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  • 97
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    High-efficiency silicon solar cell research (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress reports on research in high-efficiency silicon solar cells were presented by eight contractors and JPL. The presentations covered the issues of Bulk and Surface Loss, Modeling, Measurements, and Proof of Concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 281-282
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  • 98
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    Encapsulation materials research (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Encapsulation materials for solar cells were investigated. The different phases consisted of: (1) identification and development of low cost module encapsulation materials; (2) materials reliability examination; and (3) process sensitivity and process development. It is found that outdoor photothermal aging devices (OPT) are the best accelerated aging methods, simulate worst case field conditions, evaluate formulation and module performance and have a possibility for life assessment. Outdoor metallic copper exposure should be avoided, self priming formulations have good storage stability, stabilizers enhance performance, and soil resistance treatment is still effective.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 145-164
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  • 99
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    Predicting photothermal field performance (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Photothermal field performance in flat plate solar collectors was predicted. An analytical model which incorporates the measured dependency between transmittance loss and UV and temperature exposure levels was developed. The model uses SOLMET weather data extrapolated to 30 years for various sites and module mounting configurations. It is concluded that the temperature is the key to photothermally induced transmittance loss. The sensitivity of transmittance loss to UV level is nonlinear with minimum in curve near one sun. The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) results are consistent with 30 year life allocation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 121-128
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  • 100
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    The future of crystalline silicon technology in the US Department of Energy program (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two basic findings were presented in the outlined report. The first is that silicon has a very high potential efficiency, demonstrated improvement in reliability and a significant potential for cost reductions. The second is that the photovoltaic technology development process is highly uncertain, but crystalline silicon technology has a substantial knowledge base to draw from, improving its chances of success. Several issues to be addressed are outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 83-86
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