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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signatures of deterministic chaos in radar sea clutter and ocean surface winds (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Chaos 5 (1995), S. 613-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7682
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several time series of wind components and X-band Doppler radar signals, gathered concurrently over a ∼0.01 km2 area of the ocean surface, were examined for evidence of a low-dimensional dynamical attractor with the Grassburger–Procaccia algorithm. Only the vertically polarized radar reflectivity and the horizontal surface wind speed time series suggested the presence of such an attractor. The correlation dimension for these two observables appeared to be nearly the same. This suggested a working hypothesis that the dynamical behavior of both the vertically polarized radar reflectivity and the horizontal surface winds are controlled by a single low-dimensional dynamical system. The hypothesis was further examined by predicting winds from radar reflectivity, using a neural network deterministic model, and comparing the prediction performance with that of the SEASAT statistical algorithm for retrieving surface winds from radar backscatter. It was found that the deterministic model did, in fact, achieve a higher prediction correlation coefficient for a limited time period. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.166131
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 34 (1986), S. 287-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of high frequency atmospheric turbulence properties (inertial subrange spectra, structure function parameters or dissipation rates) to infer surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat is more practical for most ocean going platforms than direct covariance measurement. The relationships required to deduce the fluxes from such data are examined in detail in this paper and several ambiguities and uncertainties are identified. It is noted that, over water, data on water vapor properties (the dimensionless functions for the mean profile, the structure function parameter and the variance transport term) are extremely sparse and the influence of sea spray is largely unknown. Special attention is given to flux estimation on the basis of the structure function formalism. Existing knowledge about the relevant similarity functions is summarized and discussed in light of the ambiguities identified above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122383
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the humidity structure function parameters, C q 2and C Tq , over the ocean (1980)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 19 (1980), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric turbulence measurements, including temperature and humidity fluctuations, were made from the R/V Acania off the coast of California in June, 1979. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the scaling properties of the humidity structure function parameter (C q 2) and temperaturehumidity cospectrum structure parameter (C Tq) in the marine surface layer. The bulk parameterization method was used to obtain Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS) scaling parameters u *, T *, q *and L. Assuming a neutral stability humidity drag coefficient c qn = 1.3 × 10-3the dimensionless humidity structure function parameter C q 2Z2/3/q* 2was found to be 18% lower than the corresponding temperature function obtained by Wyngaard et al. (1971). Furthermore, the measurements indicate that the temperature-humidity fluctuations are highly coherent well into the inertial subrange. The results have direct application to turbulent scattering of waves propagating in the atmosphere (particularly microwaves) and methods of estimating air-sea surface fluxes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120312
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of the temperature structure function parameter, C T 2, over the ocean (1978)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 15 (1978), S. 507-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shipboard measurements of temperature fluctuations, mean wind, temperature, and humidity permit comparisons to be made of experimental and empirical estimates of ct 2, the temperature structure function parameter. Surface flux estimates are obtained from bulk aerodynamic formulae. Temperature fluctuation data are selected to minimize a salt-contamination effect which causes increases in temperature variance. Predictions for CT 2 based on surface flux scaling agree within 20%, except for near neutral and large unstable conditions where disagreement can be attributed to measurement problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120611
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An aircraft study of turbulence dissipation rate and temperature structure function in the unstable marine atmospheric boundary layer (1980)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 19 (1980), S. 453-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, and the temperature structure function parameter, C T 2, have been measured over water from the near surface (Z = 3 m) to the top of the boundary layer. The near surface values of ε and C T 2 were used to calculate the velocity and temperature Monin-Obukhov scaling parameters u * and T *. The data collected during unstable lapse rates were used to evaluate the feasibility of extrapolating the values of ε and C T 2 as a function of height with empirical scaling formulae. The dissipation rate scaling formula of Wyngaard et al. (l971 a) gave a good fit to an average of the ε data for Z 〈 0.8 Z i. In the surface layer the scaling formula of Wyngaard et al. (1971b) disagreed with the C T 2 values by as much as 50%. This disagreement is due to an unexpected reduction in the measured values of C T 2 forZ 〈 30 m. At this point it is not clear if the discrepancy is a unique property of the marine boundary layer or if it is simply some unknown instrumental or analytical problem. The mixed layer scaling results were similar to the overland results of Kaimal et al. (1976).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122345
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, ɛ, over the ocean (1981)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 20 (1981), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In a series of cruises during the last three years, the Naval Postgraduate School Environmental Physics Group has made more than 1000 shipboard measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, ɛ, using inertial subrange (high frequency) techniques. Utilizing the bulk-aerodynamic method to obtain the relevant Monin-Obukhov surface layer scaling parameters, the overwater dimensionless dissipation function 321-01, has been examined with unprecedented statistical certainty. The results agree well with those of Wyngaard and Coté (1971) for the stable case but they agree more closely with the parameterization of McBean and Elliott (1975) for unstable conditions. Drag coefficients computed from the ɛ data are in good agreement with the curve given by Garratt (1977).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121376
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SURFACE-LAYER SCALING FOR THE CONVECTION-INDUCED STRESS REGIME (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 423-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Surface layer ; Free convection ; Roughness length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Prandtl, Obukhov, and Monin andObukhov similarity theories are widely used todescribe the structure of turbulence in theatmospheric surface layer. Currently it isunderstood that in strong convection with no or veryweak mean wind the traditional theory breaks down.In particular, the traditional theory implies asingle-valued correspondence between localturbulence statistics and local properties ofthe flow. In very strong convection, this is nottrue because of large-scale (∼ 10 3 m) coherentstructures, embracing the entire convective boundarylayer (CBL). These structures produce random guststhat crucially affect surface-layer turbulence andmake it dependent on global properties of theflow, such as the CBL depth. In the present paperthe limits of validity of the traditional surface-layer similarity theory are determined and a revisedtheory of fair weather convection in the surface layeris developed by considering the effect of gustiness. It is shownthat the theoretical predictions are consistent withfield data from the TOGA COARE and SCOPEexperiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000281625985
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convective Profile Constants Revisited (2000)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 94 (2000), S. 495-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Monin–Obukhov theory ; Flux-gradient relations ; Businger–Dyer formulae ; Free convection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the interpolation betweenBusinger–Dyer (Kansas-type) formulae,ϕu = (1 -1 6ζ )-1/4 andϕt = (1 - 16ζ )-1/2, and free convection forms. Based on matching constraints, the constants, au and at, in the convective flux-gradient relations, ϕu = (1 - auζ )-1/3 and ϕt = (1 - atζ )-1/3, are determined. It isshown that au and at cannot be completely independent if convective forms are blended with theKansas formulae. In other words, these relationships already carryinformation about au and at. This follows because the Kansas relations cover a wide stability range (up to ζ = - 2), which includes a lower part of the convective sublayer (about 0.1 〈 - ζ 〈 2). Thus, there is a subrange where both Kansas and convective formulae are valid. Matching Kansas formulae and free convection relations within thesubrange 0.1 〈 -ζ 〈 2 and independently smoothing ofthe blending function are used to determine au and at. The values au = 10 for velocity and at = 34for scalars (temperature and humidity) give a good fit. This new approacheliminates the need for additional independent model constants and yields a`smooth' blending between Kansas and free-convection profileforms in the COARE bulk algorithm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002452529672
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  • 9
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    Anisotropic Susceptibility of an Antiferromagnet in Applied Field (1970)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Estimation of Rain Rate from Airborne Doppler W-Band Radar in CalWater-2 (2018)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: The NOAA W-band radar was deployed on a P-3 aircraft during a study of storm fronts off the U.S. West Coast in 2015 in the second CalWater (CalWater-2) field program. This paper presents an analysis of measured equivalent radar reflectivity factor Zem profiles to estimate the path-averaged precipitation rate and profiles of precipitation microphysics. Several approaches are explored using information derived from attenuation of Zem as a result of absorption and scattering by raindrops. The first approach uses the observed decrease of Zem with range below the aircraft to estimate column mean precipitation rates. A hybrid approach that combines Zem in light rain and attenuation in stronger rain performed best. The second approach estimates path-integrated attenuation (PIA) via the difference in measured and calculated normalized radar cross sections (NRCSm and NRCSc, respectively) retrieved from the ocean surface. The retrieved rain rates are compared to estimates from two other systems on the P-3: a Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) and a Wide-Swath Radar Altimeter (WSRA). The W-band radar gives reasonable values for rain rates in the range 0–10 mm h−1 with an uncertainty on the order of 1 mm h−1. Mean profiles of Zem, raindrop Doppler velocity, attenuation, and precipitation rate in bins of rain rate are also computed. A method for correcting measured profiles of Zem for attenuation to estimate profiles of nonattenuated profiles of Ze is examined. Good results are obtained by referencing the surface boundary condition to the NRCS values of PIA. Limitations of the methods are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0739-0572
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0426
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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