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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,646)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,380)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,486)
  • 1975-1979  (7,512)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 2
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 3
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    Visual observations over oceans (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Important factors in locating, identifying, describing, and photographing ocean features from space are presented. On the basis of crew comments and other findings, the following recommendations can be made for Earth observations on Space Shuttle missions: (1) flyover exercises must include observations and photography of both temperate and tropical/subtropical waters; (2) sunglint must be included during some observations of ocean features; (3) imaging remote sensors should be used together with conventional photographic systems to document visual observations; (4) greater consideration must be given to scheduling earth observation targets likely to be obscured by clouds; and (5) an annotated photographic compilation of ocean features can be used as a training aid before the mission and as a reference book during space flight.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Vol. 2; p 385-407
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Equivalence of airborne and ground-acquired wheat canopy temperatures (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationship between airborne and ground-based measurements of soil and crop canopy temperatures is investigated for a partial crop canopy. Daily ground-based measurements using a wide-field-of-view radiometer oriented towards the nadir at a height of 1.5 m and airborne thermal imagery at two-week intervals were obtained throughout the entire growing season of a stand of wheat. When corrected for atmospheric effects, the airborne measurements were found to be virtually identical to ground-based measurements, with a regression line slope of 0.985, a standard deviation of 1.8 C and a correlation coefficient of 0.97.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 5
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    Temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based, hand-held radiometer, configured to measure red and photographic infrared spectral radiances, was successfully used to collect in situ temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops. Significant relationships were found between the radiance data and the biomass, plant height, percentage crop cover, percentage crop chlorosis, and percentage leaf loss. The results of this experiment show conclusively that hand-held radiometers can be used to collect spectral data that are highly correlated to several agronomic variables. These findings suggest approaches for agronomic research, and confirm the value of remote sensing of agricultural targets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 6
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    A device model for the tandem junction solar cell (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A conceptual device model has been developed to explain operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) when back contacts only are used. Operation and parameters of the cell are explained by transistor action. Experimental observations are presented which confirm that current is collected for carrier generation in the front uncontacted n(plus) region. The model should be useful as a guideline to optimize the TJC by application of transistor design principles.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 7
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    The importance of surface recombination and energy-bandgap narrowing in p-n-junction silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental data demonstrating the sensitivity of open-circuit voltage to front-surface conditions are presented for a variety of p-n-junction silicon solar cells. Analytical models accounting for the data are defined and supported by additional experiments. The models and the data imply that a) surface recombination significantly limits the open-circuit voltage (and the short-circuit current) of typical silicon cells, and b) energy-bandgap narrowing is important in the manifestation of these limitations. The models suggest modifications in both the structural design and the fabrication processing of the cells that would result in substantial improvements in cell performance. The benefits of one such modification - the addition of a thin thermal silicon-dioxide layer on the front surface - are indicated experimentally.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 8
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    Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An empirical study was performed to evaluate the validity of various insolation models which employ either an isotropic or an anisotropic distribution approximation for sky light when predicting insolation on tilted surfaces. Data sets of measured hourly insolation values were obtained over a 6-month period using pyranometers which received diffuse and total solar radiation on a horizontal plane and total radiation on surfaces tilted toward the equator at 37 degrees and 60 degrees angles above the horizon. Data on the horizontal surfaces were used in the insolation models to predict insolation on the tilted surface; comparisons of measured vs calculated insolation on the tilted surface were examined to test the validity of the sky light approximations. It was found that the Liu-Jordan isotropic distribution model provides a good fit to empirical data under overcast skies but underestimates the amount of solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces under clear and partly cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 23; 2, 19; 1979
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  • 9
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    Remote sensing of snow and ice (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reviews remote sensing of snow and ice, techniques for improved monitoring, and incorporation of the new data into forecasting and management systems. The snowcover interpretation of visible and infrared data from satellites, automated digital methods, radiative transfer modeling to calculate the solar reflectance of snow, and models using snowcover input data and elevation zones for calculating snowmelt are discussed. The use of visible and near infrared techniques for inferring snow properties, microwave monitoring of snowpack characteristics, use of Landsat images for collecting glacier data, monitoring of river ice with visible imagery from NOAA satellites, use of sequential imagery for tracking ice flow movement, and microwave studies of sea ice are described. Applications of snow and ice research to commercial use are examined, and it is concluded that a major problem to be solved is characterization of snow and ice in nature, since assigning of the correct properties to a real system to be modeled has been difficult.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 10
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    Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission from soils (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of surface roughness on the brightness temperature of a moist terrain has been studied through the modification of Fresnel reflection coefficient and using the radiative transfer equation. The modification involves introduction of a single parameter to characterize the roughness. It is shown that this parameter depends on both the surface height variance and the horizontal scale of the roughness. Model calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the observed dependence of the brightness temperature on the moisture content in the surface layer. Data from truck mounted and airborne radiometers are presented for comparison. The results indicate that the roughness effects are great for wet soils where the difference between smooth and rough surfaces can be as great as 50 K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 20
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  • 11
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    A simple theory of back-surface-field /BSF/ solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An earlier calculation of the I-V characteristics of solar cells contains a mistake. The current generated by light within the depletion layer is too large by a factor of 2. When this mistake is corrected, not only are all previous conclusions unchanged, but the agreement with experiment becomes better. Results are presented in graphical form of new computations which not only take account of the factor of 2, but also include more recent data on material parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 12
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    Low-cost encapsulation materials for terrestrial solar cell modules (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the findings of material surveys intended to identify low cost materials which could be functional as encapsulants (by 1986) for terrestrial solar cell modules. Economic analyses have indicated that in order to meet the low cost goal of $2.70 per sq m, some or all of the following material technologies must be developed or advanced: (1) UV screening outer covers; (2) elastomeric acrylics; (3) weatherproofing and waterproofing of structural wood and paper products; (4) transparent UV stabilizers for the UV-sensitive transparent pottants; and (5) cost-effective utilization of silicone and fluorocarbon materials.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 22; 4, 19; 1979
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  • 13
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    Solar cell spectral response characterization (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute spectral response of solar cells is reported in the 400-1000-nm spectral region. Measurements were performed using two different types of monochromatic sources: amplitude-stabilized CW laser lines and interference filters with an incandescent lamp. Both types of calibration procedures use electrical substitution radiometry as the basis of traceability to absolute SI units. The accuracy of the calibration is shown to be limited by the nonideal characteristics of the solar cells themselves, specifically spatial nonuniformities and nonlinearities induced by high light levels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 1
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  • 14
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    Solar potential inventory and modeling (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Image processing procedures for calculating the energy that roof-mounted solar collectors can potentially supply in a metropolitan area are presented. Satellite multispectral imagery from which land cover types can be determined digitally was sampled in order to estimate the percentage of land area occupied by flat or south-facing roof tops in residential and commercial/industrial areas. Procedures were applied to the various power subdistricts of the western San Fernando valley of California, and it was found that on the average 120% of the existing power demand could be met if only half the useable rooftop area were utilized, amounting to 385 MW of peak power and indicating the applicability of solar cells to power generation in urban areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Apr. 197
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  • 15
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    Using population statistics for a first look at the utility of Landsat data for urban areas (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the Image Based Information System (IBIS), developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which provided the city of Los Angeles with Landsat land use data in a format compatible with the city's land use and population files. Landsat data are compared to other land use files and the comparisons are discussed as an attempt to establish a level of validity. Relationships between population and Landsat data are investigated and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the use of such data for urban areas. Finally, it is noted that the project verified the flexibility of IBIS for reducing and delivering Landsat data to users lacking the ability to process raw satellite data tapes and points to the system as a model for a potential national census of land use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 16
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    The detection of urban expansion from Landsat imagery (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two methodologies for detecting and mapping land cover changes in and around growing urban regions are being studied at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Both approaches, primarily based on digital image processing techniques, have been developed to supplement data stored in an Image Based Information System (IBIS). The structure of this information system enables the depiction of land cover changes in image format concurrently with statistical reports in tabular form. To date the expansion of two urban areas, Houston, Texas and Orlando, Florida, has been monitored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 17
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    Two-stream theory of reflectance of snow (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance of snow under diffuse illumination is studied using the two-stream approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The scattering and absorption parameters of the radiative transfer equation - the single scattering albedo, the optical depth, and the integrated phase function are obtained from the grain size and density of snow. Analytical expressions for the intensity within the snowpack, the reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient, are given. Good agreement is shown between the theory and available experimental data on visible and near-infrared reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient. The theory may also be used to explain the observed effect of aging on the snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; July 197
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  • 18
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    Radiation energy conversion in space (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Topics discussed at the third NASA conference on radiant energy conversion are reviewed. The unconcentrated-photovoltaic-generation version of a solar power satellite is described, noting that it will consist of a 21.3 x 5.3-sq-km silicon-solar-cell array expected to provide 17 Gw of electrical power, with 1 km in diam transmitters oriented to beam 2.45 GHz microwave power to two receiving/rectifying 'rectennas' on earth. The Solares space-energy-system concept, designed for providing a large fraction of the world's energy needs at costs comparable to those of future coal/nuclear alternative, is considered, as are subsystems for improving the economics of the solar power satellite. A concept proposing the use of relativistic-electron-storage rings for electron-beam energy transmission and storage, and a report on the production of a high temperature plasma with concentrated solar radiation are taken into account. Laser-conversion systems, including the direct-solar-pumped space laser, and the telec-powered spacecraft, are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 19
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data for detection of agricultural drought was empirically defined during the 1976 South Dakota drought. During 1977, the procedure was expanded to the Great Plains for evaluation as a technique for detecting and monitoring vegetative water stress over large areas. The technique, Green Index Number (GIN), uses Landsat digital data from 5 by 6 nautical mile sampling frames (segments) to indicate when the vegetation within the segment is undergoing drought. At known growth stages for wheat, segments were classified as drought or non-drought areas. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index) provided by the United States Department of Commerce. This comparison demonstrated a high degree of agreement between the 18-day remote sensing technique and the ground-based weekly data. Maps based on GIN of parts of the USSR and Australia were produced with a two-week lag and later compared with other crop assessments of crop conditions in these areas. These maps were judged to be in general agreement with the other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; Feb. 197
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  • 20
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    Comparison of 2.8- and 21-cm microwave radiometer observations over soils with emission model calculations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne experiment was conducted under NASA auspices to test the feasibility of detecting soil moisture by microwave remote sensing techniques over agricultural fields near Phoenix, Arizona at midday of April 5, 1974 and at dawn of the following day. Extensive ground data were obtained from 96 bare, sixteen hectare fields. Observations made using a scanning (2.8 cm) and a nonscanning (21 cm) radiometer were compared with the predictions of a radiative transfer emission model. It is shown that (1) the emitted intensity at both wavelengths correlates best with the near surface moisture, (2) surface roughness is found to more strongly affect the degree of polarization than the emitted intensity, (3) the slope of the intensity-moisture curves decreases in going from day to dawn, and (4) increased near surface moisture at dawn is characterized by increased polarization of emissions. The results of the experiment indicate that microwave techniques can be used to observe the history of the near surface moisture. The subsurface history must be inferred from soil physics models which use microwave results as boundary conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 20
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  • 21
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    Monitoring corn and soybean crop development with hand-held radiometer spectral data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 22
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    Landsat analysis of lake quality (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The trophic status of a number of inland lakes in Wisconsin has been assessed. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of Landsat imagery was investigated during the lake classification project. The result of the investigation has been a semi-automatic data acquisition and handling system which, in conjunction with an analytical categorization scheme, can be used to classify all the significant lakes in the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 23
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    Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationships between various linear combinations of red and photographic infrared radiances and vegetation parameters are investigated. In situ spectrometers are used to measure the relationships between linear combinations of red and IR radiances, their ratios and square roots, and biomass, leaf water content and chlorophyll content of a grass canopy in June, September and October. Regression analysis shows red-IR combinations to be more significant than green-red combinations. The IR/red ratio, the square root of the IR/red ratio, the vegetation index (IR-red difference divided by their sum) and the transformed vegetation index (the square root of the vegetation index + 0.5) are found to be sensitive to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation. The accumulation of dead vegetation over the year is found to have a linearizing effect on the various vegetation measures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; May 1979
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  • 24
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    Application of the superposition principle to solar-cell analysis (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superposition principle of differential-equation theory - which applies if and only if the relevant boundary-value problems are linear - is used to derive the widely used shifting approximation that the current-voltage characteristic of an illuminated solar cell is the dark current-voltage characteristic shifted by the short-circuit photocurrent. Analytical methods are presented to treat cases where shifting is not strictly valid. Well-defined conditions necessary for superposition to apply are established. For high injection in the base region, the method of analysis accurately yields the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the short-circuit current (or the illumination level).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Mar. 197
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  • 25
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    Comparison of two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capabilities and limitations, as well as the associated costs for two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant are compared. Both systems utilize waste heat from engine cooling water and waste heat from exhaust gases. Pressurized water heat recovery system is simple in nature and requires no engine modifications, but operates at lower temperature ranges. On the other hand, a two-phase ebullient system operates the engine at constant temperature, provides higher temperature water or steam to the load, but is more expensive.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 89-93
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  • 26
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    A two-dimensional thermal analysis of a new high-performance tubular solar collector (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first of two articles are presented which describe and analyze the thermal performance of a vacuum tube solar collector. The assumptions and mathematical modeling are presented. The problem is reduced to the formulation of two simultaneous linear differential equations characterizing the collector thermal behavior. After applying the boundary conditions, a general solution is obtained which is found similar to the general Hottel, Whillier and Bliss form but with a complex flow factor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 116-131
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  • 27
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    The updated algorithm of the Energy Consumption Program (ECP): A computer model simulating heating and cooling energy loads in buildings (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy Comsumption Computer Program was developed to simulate building heating and cooling loads and compute thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. This article reports on the new additional algorithms and modifications made in an effort to widen the areas of application. The program structure was rewritten accordingly to refine and advance the building model and to further reduce the processing time and cost. The program is noted for its very low cost and ease of use compared to other available codes. The accuracy of computations is not sacrificed however, since the results are expected to lie within + or - 10% of actual energy meter readings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 107-115
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  • 28
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    LS47: A DSN station location set compatible with JPL development ephemeris DE108 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An updated Deep Space Network station location set, LS47, is presented which is compatible with JPL Development Ephemeris DE108. Analytic procedures for linearly correcting station spin axis and longitude estimates for an ephemeris update based on Brouwer-Clemence Set III parameters are briefly discussed. The validity of this technique is demonstrated by a comparison of a linearly corrected solution with one explicitly determined by reprocessing the data. A mission data base, including Viking 1 and 2 encounter data, is first used to obtain an updated DE96 compatible station location solution, LS46, which in turn is adjusted to form the DE108 solution, LS47. Improved station Z-heights are estimated by using available very long baseline interferometry data. Spin axis differences between LS46 and LS47 are relatively insignificant; however, the ephemeris change introduces a -0.8 x 10 to the -5 power degree rotation in the DE96 longitude ephemeris.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 86-98
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  • 29
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    Recommendations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant progress was made in the development of remote sensing techniques for estimating soil moisture, and some useful applications for soil moisture information was demonstrated. However, there is an array of questions that must be answered before an operational program is appropriate. A substantial research-oriented program is justified. A summary of recommendations made by participants in the workshop concerning future research and development is presented. These recommendations represent a consensus of opinions from the Workshop participants, but are not necessarily unanimous views.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 5 p
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  • 30
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    Proceedings of summary and recommendations session (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Discussion by discipline scientist and information users throughout the Workshop showed the diversity of opinion on the actual use of soil moisture information and the approaches which may lead to successful remote sensing measurements of soil moisture. Soil moisture has varying definitions and information needs depending on perspective of discipline and defined use. With these differences of need and definition, the summary panel provides summaries of the activities and recommendations with interaction from all participants of the Workshop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 53 p
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  • 31
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    Microwave and gamma radiation observations of soil moisture (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique dielectric properties of water at microwave wavelengths afford the possibility for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. The surface emissivity and reflectivity for the soils at these wavelengths are strong functions of its moisture content. The changes in emissivity can be observed by passive microwave techniques (radiometry) and the change in reflectivity can be observed by active microwave techniques (radar). The difference in the natural terrestrial gamma ray flux measured for wet and dry soil may be used to determine soil moisture. The presence of water moisture in the soil causes an effective increase in soil density, resulting in an increased attenuation of the gamma flux for wet soil and a corresponding lower flux above the ground surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 37 p
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 5: Safety criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Methodology is described for determining potential safety hazards involved in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power systems and provides guidelines for the implementation of safety considerations in the specification, design and operation of photovoltaic systems. Safety verification procedures for use in solar photovoltaic systems are established.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183320 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-5 , NAS 1.26:183320
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 3: Environmental issues and evaluation criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The environmental issues and evaluation criteria relating to the suitability of sites proposed for photovoltaic (PV) system deployment are identified. The important issues are defined, briefly discussed and then developed into evaluation criteria. System designers are provided with information on the environmental sensitivity of PV systems in realistic applications, background material which indicates the applicability of the siting issues identified, and evaluation criteria are defined to facilitate the selection of sites that maximize PV system operation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183318 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-3 , NAS 1.26:183318
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 1: Guidelines for evaluating the management and operations planning of photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided to the Field Centers for organization, scheduling, project and cost control, and performance in the areas of project management and operations planning for Photovoltaics Test and Applications. These guidelines may be used in organizing a T and A Project Team for system design/test, site construction and operation, and as the basis for evaluating T and A proposals. The attributes are described for project management and operations planning to be used by the Field Centers. Specifically, all project management and operational issues affecting costs, schedules and performance of photovoltaic systems are addressed. Photovoltaic tests and applications include residential, intermediate load center, central station, and stand-alone systems. The sub-categories of system maturity considered are: Initial System Evaluation Experiments (ISEE); System Readiness Experiments (SRE); and Commercial Readiness Demonstration Projects (CRDP).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183316 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-1 , NAS 1.26:183316
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 4: Review criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided for the organization, preparation and conduct of program reviews for photovoltaic applications. These criteria apply to all photovoltaic applications. They include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Conceptual design review; (2) Preliminary design review; (3) Critical design review; and (4) Operational readiness review. Contract goal's and objectives are met through program monitoring for cost, schedule, and performance for both managerial and technical elements for all PV applications activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183319 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-4 , NAS 1.26:183319
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 2: Quality assurance criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Quality assurance criteria are described for manufacturers and installers of solar photovoltaic tests and applications. Quality oriented activities are outlined to be pursued by the contractor/subcontractor to assure the physical and operational quality of equipment produced is included. In the broad sense, guidelines are provided for establishing a QA organization if none exists. Mainly, criteria is provided to be considered in any PV quality assurance plan selected as appropriate by the responsible Field Center. A framework is established for a systematic approach to ensure that photovoltaic tests and applications are constructed in a timely and cost effective manner.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183317 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-2 , NAS 1.26:183317
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  • 37
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    Results of a utility survey of the status of large wind turbine development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Wind energy conversion systems were surveyed from a utility viewpoint to establish the state of the art with regard to: (1) availability of the type of machines; (2) quality of power generation; (3) suitability for electrical grid; (4) reliability; and (5) economics. Of the 23 designs discussed, 7 have vertical axis wind turbines, 9 have upwind horizontal axis turbines, and 7 have downwind horizontal axis turbines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 363-374
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  • 38
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    Large, low cost composite wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A woven roving E-glass tape, having all of its structural fibers oriented across the tape width was used in the manufacture of the spar for a wind turbine blade. Tests of a 150 ft composite blade show that the transverse filament tape is capable of meeting structural design requirements for wind turbine blades. Composite blades can be designed for interchangeability with steel blades in the MOD-1 wind generator system. The design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of the 150 ft blade are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 309-324
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  • 39
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    The use of wood for wind turbine blade construction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interrelationships between moisture and wood, conditions for dry rot spore activity, the protection of wood fibers from moisture, wood resin composites, wood laminating, quality control, and the mechanical properties of wood are discussed. The laminated veneer and the bonded sawn stock fabrication techniques, used in the construction of a turbine blade with a monocoque 'D' section forming the leading edge and a built up trailing edge section, are described. A 20 foot root end sample complete with 24 bonded-in studs was successfully subjected to large onetime loads in both the flatwise and edgewise directions, and to fatigue tests. Results indicate that wood is both a viable and advantageous material for use in wind turbine blades. The basic material is reasonably priced, domestically available, ecologically sound, and easily fabricated with low energy consumption.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 293-308
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  • 40
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    Evaluation of an operating MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Operating loads and structural damage were monitored during operation of the MOD-OA electric generating system. The turbine was damaged locally between stations 48 and 125 after 2.8 million rotations. Loads due to degraded yaw stiffness and fretting at rib station 48 were identified as primary to this distress. The repaired blades operated an additional 4.8 million rotations without problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 239-265
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  • 41
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    Cost of energy evaluation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The estimated cost per kilowatt hour, the wind resources in the utilities service area, and the reliability of the units are considered in computing the cost of energy of the wind turbine generator system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 397-402
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  • 42
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    Status of the Southern California Edison Company 3 MW Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) demonstration project (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To demonstrate the concept of utility scale electricity production from a high wind energy resource, a program was initiated to construct and test a 3 megawatt (3,000 kW) Schachle wind turbine generator near Palm Springs, California. The background and current status of this program are presented along with a summary of future planned program activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 355-362
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  • 43
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    Blade design and operating experience on the MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine at Clayton, New Mexico (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two 60 foot long aluminum wind turbine blades were operated for over 3000 hours on the MOD-OA wind turbine. The first signs of blade structural damage were observed after 400 hours of operation. Details of the blade design, loads, cost, structural damage, and repair are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 225-238
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  • 44
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    Alcoa wind turbines (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of Alcoa's wind energy program is given with emphasis on the the development of a low cost, reliable Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine System. The design layouts and drawings for fabrication are now complete, while fabrication and installation to utilize the design are expected to begin shortly.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 155-171
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  • 45
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    Specification, siting and selection of large WECS prototypes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of large-scale windpowered systems is outlined. Topics discussed include: prototype specifications development, site selection process, and selection of prototype contractor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 89-102
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  • 46
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    Design evolution of large wind turbine generators (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: During the past five years, the goals of economy and reliability have led to a significant evolution in the basic design--both external and internal--of large wind turbine systems. To show the scope and nature of recent changes in wind turbine designs, development of three types are described: (1) system configuration developments; (2) computer code developments; and (3) blade technology developments.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 25-33
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  • 47
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    Computer modeling of a two-junction, monolithic cascade solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and design criteria for monolithic, two-junction cascade solar cells are described. The departure from the conventional solar cell analytical method and the reasons for using the integral form of the continuity equations are briefly discussed. The results of design optimization are presented. The energy conversion efficiency that is predicted for the optimized structure is greater than 30% at 300 K, AMO and one sun. The analytical method predicts device performance characteristics as a function of temperature. The range is restricted to 300 to 600 K. While the analysis is capable of determining most of the physical processes occurring in each of the individual layers, only the more significant device performance characteristics are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 267-281
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  • 48
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    An interim report on the NTS-2 solar cell experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data obtained from the fourteen solar cell modules on the NTS-2 satellite are presented together with a record of panel temperature and sun inclination. The following flight data are discussed: (1) state of the art solar cell configurations which embody improvements in solar cell efficiency through new silicon surface and bulk technology, (2) improved coverslip materials and coverslip bonding techniques, (3) short and long term effects of ultraviolet rejection filters vs. no filters on the cells, (4) degradation on a developmental type of liquid epitaxy gallium-aluminum-arsenide solar cell, and (5) space radiation effects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 117-129
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  • 49
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    The NASA Lewis Research Center program in space solar cell research and technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress in space solar cell research and technology is reported. An 18 percent-AMO-efficient silicon solar cell, reduction in the radiation damage suffered by silicon solar cells in space, and high efficiency wrap-around contact and thin (50 micrometer) coplanar back contact silicon cells are among the topics discussed. Reduction in the cost of silicon cells for space use, cost effective GaAs solar cells, the feasibility of 30 percent AMO solar energy conversion, and reliable encapsulants for space blankets are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 1-4
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  • 50
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    Temperature and intensity dependence of the performance of an electron-irradiated (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of a Hughes, liquid-phase epitaxial 2 centimeter-by-2 centimeter, (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell was measured before and after irradiations with 1 MeV electrons to fluences of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. The temperature dependence of performance was measured over the temperature range 135 to 415 K at each fluence level. In addition, temperature dependences were measured at five intensity levels from 137 to 2.57 mW/sq cm before irradiation and after a fluence of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. For the intermediate fluences, performance was measured as a function of intensity at 298 K only.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 217-226
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  • 51
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    High-energy electron-induced damage production at room temperature in aluminum-doped silicon (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: DLTS and EPR measurements are reported on aluminum-doped silicon that was irradiated at room temperature with high-energy electrons. Comparisons are made to comparable experiments on boron-doped silicon. Many of the same defects observed in boron-doped silicon are also observed in aluminum-doped silicon, but several others were not observed, including the aluminum interstitial and aluminum-associated defects. Damage production modeling, including the dependence on aluminum concentration, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 185-196
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  • 52
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    Langley program of GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview of the development of GaAs solar cell technology is provided. An 18 to 20 percent AMO efficiency, stability under radiation and elevated-temperature operation, and high power-to-weight ratio are among the factors studied. Cell cost and availability are also examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 13-14
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  • 53
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    Modeling of thin, back-wall silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of silicon solar cells with p-n junctions on the nonilluminated surface (i.e., upside-down or back-wall cells) was calculated. These structures consisted of a uniformly shaped p-type substrate layer, a p(+)-type field layer on the front (illuminated) surface, and a shallow, n-type junction on the back (nonilluminated) surface. A four-layer solar cell model was used to calculate efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. The effect on performance of p-layer thickness and resistivity was determined. The diffusion length was varied to simulate the effect of radiation damage. The results show that peak initial efficiencies greater than 15 percent are possible for cell thicknesses or 100 micrometers or less. After 10 years of radiation damage in geosynchronous orbit, thin (25 to 50 micrometers thick) cells made from 10 to 100 ohm cm material show the smallest decrease (approximately 10 percent) in performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 73-78
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  • 54
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    System configuration improvement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Factors involved in the choice of the system configuration for the wind turbine generator are listed. It was found that choices among the many configuration options can be based strictly upon the resulting cost of energy results. Choices made on that basis also lead to reduced analytical complexity, less hardware complexity and reduced program risk. It was also found that many seemingly minor details turn out to have important impacts that are seen only after design, performance and cost-finding were thoroughly probed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 385-396
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  • 55
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind turbine system rotor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: External configuration, environmental, and internal design requirements for the 300 foot diameter MOD-2 rotor are discussed, with emphasis on design details, significance of fatigue strength, design development test results, and conclusions of the preliminary design efforts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 343-354
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  • 56
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    Structural analysis considerations for wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Approaches to the structural analysis of wind turbine blade designs are reviewed. Specifications and materials data are discussed along with the analysis of vibrations, loads, stresses, and failure modes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 211-224
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  • 57
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    Large wind energy converter: Growian 3 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main features of the Growian wind energy converter are presented. Energy yield, environmental impact, and construction of the energy converter are discussed. Reliability of the windpowered system is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 121-132
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  • 58
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    Overview of Federal wind energy program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives and strategies of the Federal wind energy program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant events regarding new approvals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 1-24
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  • 59
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    Summary of GaAs Solar Cell Performance and Radiation Damage Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The workshop considered the GaAs solar cell capability and promise in several steps: (1) maximum efficiency; (2) space application; (3) major technology problems (AR coating optimization, contacts); (4) radiation resistance; (5) cost and availability; and (6) alternatives. The workshop believes that GaAs solar cells are fast approaching the fulfillment of their potential as candidates for space cells. A maximum efficiency of 20 to 31 percent AMO can be reasonably expected from GaAs based cells, and this may go a little higher with concentration. The use of concentration in space needs to be more carefully evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 253-254
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    Shallow-homojunction GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Single-crystal GaAs shallow-homojunction solar cells on GaAs or Ge substrates, without Ga sub 1-x Al sub x As window layers, that have conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% at AM1 (17% at AMO). Using a simple theoretical model, good fits were obtained between computer calculations and experimental data for external quantum efficiency and conversion efficiency of cells with different values of n+ layer thickness. The calculations not only yield values for material properties of the GaAs layers composing the cells but will also permit the optimization of cell designs for space and terrestrial applications. Preliminary measurements indicate that the shallow-homojunction cells are resistant to electron irradiation. In the best test so far, bombardment with 1 x 10 to the 16th power/sq cm fluence of 1 MeV electrons reduced the short-circuit current by only about 6%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 227-233
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    Radiation damage in GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent results of electron and proton irradiation and annealing of GaAs solar cells are presented along with some implications of these results. A comparison between the energy-levels produced by protons and by electrons which are not stopped in the material indicate that the damage produced by protons and electrons may be qualitatively different. Thus, annealing of proton damage may be very different from the annealing of electron damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 201-207
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  • 62
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    Reverse annealing in radiation-damaged, silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to understand the results in terms of properties of the radiation induced defects, a combination of diffusion length measurements and defect data obtained from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy were used. The results indicate that the defect at E sub v + 0.30 eV is responsible for the observed reversed annealing. The defect was identified as a boron-oxygen vacancy complex. This identification is a guide to processing efforts aimed at increasing the concentration of these radiation induced defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 161-171
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  • 63
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    Efficiency of tandem solar cell systems as function of temperature and solar energy concentration ratio (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a comprehensive theoretical analysis of tandem photovoltaic solar cells as a function of temperature and solar concentration ratio are presented. The overall efficiencies of tandem cell stacks consisting of as many as 24 cells having gaps in the 0.7 to 3.6 eV range were calculated for temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 K and for illumination by an AMO solar spectrum having concentration ratios of 1, 100, 500, and 1000 suns. For ideal diodes (A = B = 1), the calculations show that the optimized overall efficiency has a limiting value eta sub opt of approximately 70 percent for T = 200 K and C = 1000; for T = 300 K and C = 1000, this limiting efficiency approaches 60 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 263-265
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  • 64
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    Silicon solar cells for space use: Present performance and trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technology assessment of present performance levels and current fabrication methods and designs is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 101-104
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    High efficiency cell geometry (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new silicon solar cell is described which has an array of small-area conduction paths to transport current directly through the wafer to metal electrodes on the back. This design eliminates grid shadowing and many of the other losses inherent in conventional cells. Early experimental units without texturing or antireflection coatings show 13.3% efficiency under air-mass-one illumination insolation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 97-100
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    Design considerations for the Tandem Junction Solar Cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Structure and operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) are described. The impact of using only back contacts is discussed. A model is presented which explains operation of the TJC in terms of transistor action. The model is applied to predict TJC performance as a function of physical parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 79-85
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    Open-circuit voltage improvements in low-resistivity solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Mechanisms limiting the open-circuit voltage in 0.1 ohm-cm solar cells were investigated. It was found that a rather complicated multistep diffusion process could produce cells with significantly improved voltages. The voltage capabilities of various laboratory cells were compared independent of their absorption and collection efficiencies. This was accomplished by comparing the cells on the basis of their saturation currents or, equivalently, comparing their voltage outputs at a constant current-density level. The results show that for both the Lewis diffused emitter cell and the Spire ion-implanted emitter cell the base component of the saturation current is voltage controlling. The evidence for the University of Florida cells, although not very conclusive, suggests emitter control of the voltage in this device. The data suggest further that the critical voltage-limiting parameter for the Lewis cell is the electron mobility in the cell base.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 61-70
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    Limiting process in shallow junction solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In extending the violet and nonreflective cell technology to lower resistivities, several processes limiting output power were encountered. The most important was the dark diffusion current due to recombination at the front grid contacts. After removal of this problem by reduction of the silicon metal contact area (to 0.14 percent of the total area), the electric field enhanced junction recombination current J sub r was the main limitation. Alteration of the diffusion profile to reduce the junction field is shown to be an effective means of influencing J sub r. The remaining problems are the bulk recombination in the n+ layer and the surface recombination at the oxide-silicon interface; both of these problems are aggravated by band-narrowing resulting from heavy doping in the diffused layer. Experimental evidence for the main limitations is shown, where increased diffusion temperature is seen to reduce both the influence of the front grid contacts and the junction electric field by increasing the junction depth. The potential for further significant improvement in efficiency appears to be high.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 35-36
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    Solar photovoltaic research and development program of the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress is reported in the following areas: laser weapon effects, solar silicon solar cell concepts, and high voltage hardened, high power system technology. Emphasis is placed on solar cells with increased energy conversion efficiency and radiation resistance characteristics for application to satellite power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 5-8
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    Simulation studies of multiple large wind turbine generators on a utility network (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential electrical problems that may be inherent in the inertia of clusters of wind turbine generators and an electric utility network were investigated. Preliminary and limited results of an analog simulation of two MOD-2 wind generators tied to an infinite bus indicate little interaction between the generators and between the generators and the bus. The system demonstrated transient stability for the conditions considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 375-384
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    The MOD-1 steel blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, development, fabrication, testing, and transport of two 100 foot metal blades for the MOD-1 WTS are summarized. Because the metal blade design was started late in the MOD-1 system development, many of the design requirements (allocations) were restrictive for the metal blade concept, particularly the maximum weight requirement. The design solutions required to achieve the weight goal resulted in a labor intensive (expensive) fabrication, particularly for a quantity of only two blades manufactured using minimal tooling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 325-342
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    WTG Energy Systems' Rotor: Steel at 80 Feet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, specifications, and performance of the 80 foot diameter fixed pitch rotor operating on the MP1-200 wind turbine generator installed as part of the Island of Cuttyhunk's electric power utility grid system are described. This synchronous generating system rated 200 kilowatts at 28 mph wind velocity, and produces constant 60 Hz, 480 VAC current at +/- 1 percent accuracy throughout the machine's operating range. Future R & D requirements and suggestions are included with cost data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 285-292
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    Design, fabrication, and test of a steel spar wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and fabrication of wind turbine blades based on 60 foot steel spars are discussed. Performance and blade load information is given and compared to analytical prediction. In addition, performance is compared to that of the original MOD-O aluminum blades. Costs for building the two blades are given, and a projection is made for the cost in mass production. Design improvements to reduce weight and improve fatigue life are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 267-284
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    Fabrication of extruded vertical axis turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Important characteristics of the extruded aluminum blade for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine are presented. Their weight, structural strength, shape, and maintainability are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 193-204
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    Design Characteristics of the 224 kW Magdalen Islands VAWT (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The evolution of the main design features of the Magdalen Islands vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is described. The turbine has a rotor height of 120 ft (36.58 m) and diameter 80 ft (24.38 m). It was operated as a joint project between NRC and Hydro-Quebec in grid-coupled mode from July 1977 to July 1978 when the rotor was destroyed in an accident. The accident, although unfortunate, tested the basic integrity of the design in a gross overspeed condition, and the rotor is being rebuilt with minor modifications. Some directions for future VAWT research are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 143-154
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    The Danish large wind turbine program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief description of the Danish wind energy program and its present status is given. Results and experiences from tests on the Gedser windmill (200 kW) are presented. The key results are presented from the preliminary design study and detailed design of two new WECS (630 kW each) is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 103-120
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  • 77
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    Radiation effects in GaAs AMOS solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of radiation damage produced in AMOS (Antireflecting-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) cells with Sb2O3 interfacial oxide layers by 1-MeV electrons are presented. The degradation properties of the cells as a function of irradiation fluences were correlated with the changes in their spectral response, C-V, dark forward, and light I-V characteristics. The active n-type GaAs layers were grown by the OM-CVD technique, using sulfur doping in the range between 3 x 10 to the 15th power and 7 x 10 to the 16th power/cu cm. At a fluence of 10 to the 16th power e/sq cm, the low-doped samples showed I sub sc degradation of 8% and V sub oc degradation of 8%. The high-doped samples showed I sub sc and V sub oc degradation of 32% and 1%, respectively, while the fill factor remained relatively unchanged for both. AMOS cells with water vapor-grown interfacial layers showed no significant change in V sub oc.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 235-244
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    Radiation damage in high-voltage silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three types of open circuit high voltage solar cells were tested to determine their performance after exposure to 1 MeV electron irradiations. The cells with a relatively deep n-type emitter were more susceptible to radiation damage than other high open circuit high voltage cells. The use of diffused or ion implanted junctions leads to open circuit high voltage cell designs that are less susceptible to radiation damage. These latter two types of cells show degradations that are typical of the 0.1 ohm-cm material from which they are fabricated. Furthermore, exposure to ionizing radiation causes oxide degradation and decreased cell performance in cells that depend on a charged oxide to achieve significant cell properties. Hence, the combination of a charged oxide and a relatively deep n-type emitter is not recommended for incorporation into a cell designed for use in the particulate radiation environment of space.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 137-143
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  • 79
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    WTG Energy Systems' MP1-200 200 kilowatt wind turbine generator (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The preliminary design criteria of the MP1-200 wind turbine are given along with a brief description of the wind turbine generator. Performance and operational experience and cost factors are included. Recommendations for additional research are listed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 79-88
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  • 80
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind tunnel system rated at 2.5 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A summary description of MOD-2 development and the resulting system hardware is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 61-78
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    The General Electric MOD-1 wind turbine generator program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, fabrication, installation and checkout of MOD-1, a megawatt class wind turbine generator which generates utility grade electrical power, is described. A MOD-1/MOD-1A tradeoff study is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 35-59
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    A review of Air Force high efficiency cascaded multiple bandgap solar cell research and development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: At the time of their conception, the cell stack systems to be discussed represent the best semiconductor materials combinations to achieve Air Force program goals. These systems are investigated thoroughly and the most promising systems, from the standpoint of high efficiency, are taken for further development with large area emphasized (at least 4 sq cm). The emphasis in the Air Force cascaded cell program is placed on eventual nonconcentrator application. This use of the final cell design considerably relieves the low resistance requirements for the tunnel junction. In a high concentration application the voltage drop across the tunnel junction can be a very serious problem.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 255-261
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    The application test system: Experiences to date and future plans (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The ATS analysis component is presented focusing on methods by which the varied data sources are used by the ATS analyst. Analyst training and initial processing of data is discussed along with short and long plans for the ATS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Session, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1121-1125
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    Resource modeling: A reality for program cost analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The approach, implementation, operation, and utilization of a model to establish capital investment and operational costs for the Program is presented. These are based on their interrelationships, dependencies, and alternative actions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1103-1120
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    The application test system: Technical approach and system design (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An insight is provided of the technical approach which was applied to the system design of the USDA Applications Test Program. Included are: identification of requirements, assessment of remote sensing contributions, evaluations of existing techniques, and cost effective development of a system design which utilizes techniques and procedures consistent with requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1097-1101
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    Data base design for a worldwide multicrop information system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A description of the USDA Application Test System data base design approach and resources is presented. The data is described in detail by category, with emphasis on those characteristics which influenced the design most. It was concluded that the use of a generalized data base in support of crop assessment is a sound concept. The IDMS11 minicomputer base system is recommended for this purpose.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 (; p 1085-1096
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    Functional definition and design of a USDA system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The fundamental definition and design of a U.S.D.A. system utilizing the LACIE technology avaliable as of June 1976, is discussed. The organization and methods described are focused on LACIE technology in terms of its transfer for use applications. The simulation of a feasible system design provided timely answers to system design questions, such as the ability of a minicomputer to handle the proposed geometrical correction of MSS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1075-1084
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    The application test system: An approach to technology transfer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The latest satellite and computer processing and analysis technologies were tested and evaluated in terms of their application feasibility. Technologies evaluated include those developed, tested, and evaluated by the LACIE, as well as candidate technologies developed by the research community and private industry. The implementation of the applications test system and the technology transfer experience between the LACIE and the applications test system is discussed highlighting the approach, the achievements, and the shortcomings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1069-1074
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    Design, implementation, and results of LACIE field research (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The capability to acquire, process, and interpret remotely sensed multispectral measurements of the energy reflected and emitted from crops, soils, and other Earth surface features is considered. The LACIE Field Measurements Project is described including project objectives, the experimental approach, the data acquisition program, and selected results based on field data. The key accomplishments and results of the experiment and recommendations for future field research are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1037-1066
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    Weighted aggregation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The use of a weighted aggregation technique to improve the precision of the overall LACIE estimate is considered. The manner in which a weighted aggregation technique is implemented given a set of weights is described. The problem of variance estimation is discussed and the question of how to obtain the weights in an operational environment is addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1029-1036
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  • 91
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    Multiyear estimates for the LACIE sampling plans (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An approach that may be useful in improving the estimates of the wheat acreages for the LACIE countries for each year by using the short-time series of estimates made in the sequence of consecutive years is presented. A simple 'synthesis' based method of variance component estimation is described. A general theorem concerning weighted least squares, referred to as the Aiken method, is proved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1015-1028
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  • 92
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    Prediction of wheat phenological development: A state-of-the-art review (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The merits and shortcomings of LACIE wheat development models are described. The effects of planting dates, spatial errors in the variables, and model forms on accuracy are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 981-989
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    New developments in sampling and aggregation for remotely sensed surveys (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Sampling techniques used to construct large area crop estimates are briefly reviewed. Problem areas in sampling and aggregation are covered. The natural sampling strategy, two phase sampling, weighted aggregation, and multiyear estimation are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 991-993
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    Natural sampling strategy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A natural stratum-based sampling scheme and the aggregation procedures for estimating wheat area, yield, and production and their associated prediction error estimates are described. The methodology utilizes LANDSAT imagery and agrophysical data to permit an improved stratification in foreign areas by ignoring political boundaries and restratifying along boundaries that are more homogeneous with respect to the distribution of agricultural density, soil characteristics, and average climatic conditions. A summary of test results is given including a discussion of the various problems encountered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 995-1013 (SEE N80-15448 06-43)
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    The law of the minimum and an application to wheat yield estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The adaptation of the law of the minimum (LOM) to wheat yield estimation is discussed. It is demonstrated through a trial application that the LOM concept is a valuable tool for model building when regression tools are inadequate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 961-969
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    Status of yield estimation technology: A review of second-generation model development and evaluation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Multiple regression models were studied in order to determine their yield estimation capability for any arbitrary unit area and to obtain greater responsiveness and accuracy through the use of additional data sources applied at smaller spatial and temporal scales. It was concluded that data base inadequacy was the factor limiting performance in the models studied and that each of the models has more yield predicting capability than was reached during LACIE.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 937-950
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    Image and numerical display aids for manual interpretation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Four color image display techniques, developed to aid in interpreting LANDSAT imagery, are described. These are the cluster image, the principal component transformation, the principal component greenness transformation, and the color-coded spectral plot. Experimental results show that the four techniques are useful in selecting and/or identifying representative samples of signatures in a given LANDSAT scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 911-921
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    A programmed labeling approach to image interpretation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Manual labeling techniques require the analyst-interpreter to use not only production film converter products but also agricultural and meteorological data and spectral aids in an integrated, judgmental fashion. To control an anticipated high variance in these techniques, a semiautomatic labeling technology was developed. The product of this technology is label identification from statistical tabulation (LIST) which operates from a discriminant basis and has the ability to measure the reliability of the label and to introduce an arbitrary bias. The development of LIST and its properties are described. Numerical results of an application are included and the evaluation of LIST is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 923-935
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    Generation of uniform chromaticity scale imagery from LANDSAT data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An algorithm is presented for generating uniform chromaticity scale (UCS) imagery from multispectral data. A computer program was written to implement the algorithm, and UCS film products were generated. The colors in the film and their temporal change are consistent with those expected for the particular scaling of Krauth components into the (lab) color space. The film product was not subjected to the practical test of competing with previous transformations. Preliminary examination indicates that the product offers the following possibilities: (1) a single film product that will supplant two film products in current use; (2) improved visibility of data differences in regions in data space that are critical to crop identification; and (3) an analytic route to the determination of data-space transformations that will be optimal for particular discrimination problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 899-910
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    Colorimetric consideration of transparencies for a typical LACIE scene (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The production film converter used to produce LACIE imagery is described as well as schemes designed to provide the analyst with operational film products. Two of these products are discussed from the standpoint of color theory. Colorimetric terminology is defined and the mathematical calculations are given. Topics covered include (1) history of product 1 and 3 algorithm development; (2) colorimetric assumptions for product 1 and 3 algorithms; (3) qualitative results from a colorimetric analysis of a typical LACIE scene; and (4) image-to-image color stability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 887-897
    Format: text
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