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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2003-02-17
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-07-24
    Description: To study the effect of stress-activated positive hole (p-hole) charge carriers on the infrared (IR) emission from rocks, we subjected a portion (~10 vol.%) of a large (60×30×7.5 cm3) block of anorthosite, a nearly monomineralic (Ca-rich feldspar) igneous rock, to uniaxial deviatory stress up to failure. We measured the IR emission from a flat surface ≈40 cm from the stressed rock volume over the 800–1300 cm−1 (7.7–12.5 μm) range. Upon loading, the intensity and spectrum of the IR emission change. Narrow bands near instantly appear at 930 cm−1 (10.75 μm), 880 cm−1 (11.36 μm), 820 cm−1 (12.4 μm) plus additional bands in the 1000–1300 cm−1 (10.0–7.7 μm) range. Upon further loading the bands broaden and shift. Their intensities increase but also fluctuate. Near the emission maxima at 300 K, at 1150 cm−1 and 1030 cm−1 (8.7 and 9 μm), barely any intensity increase occurs suggesting that the temperature of the surface does not actually increase. We propose that the observed narrow IR emission bands arise from vibrationally excited O-O stretching modes which form when p-hole charge carriers (activated in the stressed rock) spread into the unstressed portion of the rock to the surface, where they recombine and radiatively decay. The effect, stimulated IR emission due to hole-hole recombination, may help explain the enhanced IR emission seen in night-time satellite images of the land surface before major earthquakes known as "thermal anomalies''.
    Print ISSN: 1815-3836
    Electronic ISSN: 1815-3844
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: To study the effect of stress-activated positive hole (p-hole) charge carriers on the infrared (IR) emission from rocks, we subjected a portion (~10 vol.%) of a large (30×60×7.5 cm3) block of anorthosite, a nearly monomineralic (Ca-rich feldspar) igneous rock, to uniaxial deviatory stress up to failure. We measured the IR emission from a flat surface ≈40 cm from the stressed rock volume over the 800–1300 cm−1 (7.7–12.5 μm) range. Instantly, upon loading, the emission spectrum and intensity change. At first narrow bands appear at 930 cm−1 (10.75 μm), 880 cm−1 (11.36 μm), 820 cm−1 (12.4 μm) plus additional narrow bands in the 1000–1300 cm−1 (7.7–10.0 μm) range. The 10.75–12.4 μm bands are thought to arise from vibrationally excited O-O stretching modes, which form when p-hole charge carriers, which spread from the stressed rock volume into the unstressed rock, recombine at the surface. They radiatively decay, giving rise to "hot" bands due to transitions between excited states. Before failure the broad emission bands at 1170 cm−1 and 1030 cm−1 (8.7 and 9.7 μm) also increase slightly in intensity, suggesting a small increase in temperature due to thermalization of the energy deposited into the surface through p-hole recombination. Stimulated IR emission due to hole-hole recombination and its follow-on effects may help understand the enhanced IR emission seen in night-time satellite images of the land surface before major earthquakes known as "thermal anomalies".
    Print ISSN: 1815-381X
    Electronic ISSN: 1815-3828
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Performance requirements regarding geometric accuracy have been defined in terms of end product goals, but until recently no precise details have been given concerning the conditions under which that accuracy is to be achieved. In order to achieve higher spatial and spectral resolutions, the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor was designed to image in both forward and reverse mirror sweeps in two separate focal planes. Both hardware and software have been augmented and changed during the course of the Landsat TM developments to achieve improved geometric accuracy. An investigation has been conducted to determine if the TM meets the National Map Accuracy Standards for geometric accuracy at larger scales. It was found that TM imagery, in terms of geometry, has come close to, and in some cases exceeded, its stringent specifications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 51; 1435-144
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Image processing procedures for calculating the energy that roof-mounted solar collectors can potentially supply in a metropolitan area are presented. Satellite multispectral imagery from which land cover types can be determined digitally was sampled in order to estimate the percentage of land area occupied by flat or south-facing roof tops in residential and commercial/industrial areas. Procedures were applied to the various power subdistricts of the western San Fernando valley of California, and it was found that on the average 120% of the existing power demand could be met if only half the useable rooftop area were utilized, amounting to 385 MW of peak power and indicating the applicability of solar cells to power generation in urban areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data of Washington, DC, Harrisburg, PA, and Salton Sea, CA were analyzed to determine geometric integrity and conformity of the data to known earth surface geometry. Several tests were performed. Intraband correlation and interband registration were investigated. No problems were observed in the intraband analysis, and aside from indications of slight misregistration between bands of the primary versus bands of the secondary focal planes, interband registration was well within the specified tolerances. A substantial number of ground control points were found and used to check the images' conformity to the Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection of their respective areas. The means of the residual offsets, which included nonprocessing related measurement errors, were close to the one pixel level in the two scenes examined. The Harrisburg scene residual mean was 28.38 m (0.95 pixels) with a standard deviation of 19.82 m (0.66 pixels), while the mean and standard deviation for the Salton Sea scene were 40.46 (1.35 pixels) and 30.57 m (1.02 pixels), respectively. Overall, the data were judged to be a high geometric quality with errors close to those targeted by the TM sensor design specifications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 288-293
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Type: Space-based Infrared System Program; Pasadena, CA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: AGU Fall Meeting 2002; San Francisco, CA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geodetic accuracy and geometric fidelity of corrected thematic mapper (TM) imagery are evaluated. The positional accuracy requirements for the TM are for a single band to within 0.5 pixels of true earth-surface locations at any point over 90 percent of the image and for interband registration to within 0.3 pixel tolerance over 90 percent of the data. Landsat 4 and 5 TM data are analyzed to investigate: (1) single band geometric integrity, (2) 30 m resolution interband registration; (3) image to image conformity; (4) image to ground conformity; and (5) image projective geometry conformity to a mapped earth geometry. The procedures used to study these characteristics are described. The data reveal that Landsat TM digital data met or exceed map accuracy standards for horizontal control.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geometry of two TIPS processed Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper scenes was analyzed and compared with that of SCROUNGE processed Landsat-4 data. Swath-to-swath and band-to-band registration of Washington, DC, and northeastern Iowa scenes was found to be similar to or better than that of Landsat-4 data. Results indicate a high degree of geometric conformity between the images produced by the different systems. The geometric conformity of the TIPS processed images to the Space Oblique Mercator projection, however, proved to be less accurate than the targeted processing error of 15 meters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
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