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  • Articles  (769)
  • Lepidoptera  (503)
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  • Articles  (769)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mode of action ofBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380641
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pteridine compounds in adults of the pink-spotted bollowrm, Pectinophora scutigera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age ; pteridine ; Pectinophora ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En chromatographie liqudde à haute performance (HPLC) à détection par fluorescence, 4 composés ptéridiniques: la xanthoptérine, l'isoxanthoptérine, la 6-bioptérine et la ptérine ont été décelés dans les têtes de P. scutigera Holdaway (Lep. Gelechiidae) adultes. Un autre composé, dénommé ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’, a été décelé aussi dans les têtes de papillons; de même l'isoxanthoptérine a été décelée dans les thorax et abdomens. Les concentrations de ces ptérines ont été dosées dans les têtes des papillons de 2 à 50 jours au laboratoire à 25°C. Les concentrations d'isoxatthoptérine ont été dosées dans les thorax et les abdomens de 2 à 40 jours. La xanthoptérine de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ diminuent nettement avec l'âge, tandis que la ptérine diminue plus lentement et que la 6-bioptérine se maintient pratiquement sans changements. L'isoxanthoptérine diminue dans les têtes de mâles de 38,3 ng/tête à 2 j à 22,7 ng/tête à 50 j, mais chez les femelles les concentrations augmentent nettement de 41,2 ng/tête à 2 j à 150,4 ng/tête à 50 j. Des modifications de même type ont été observées dans les thorax et les abdomens des mâles et des femelles. Les modifications de concentration de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ des têtes de papillons peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'âge physiologique de mâles et des femelles de P. scutigera. La confiance dans ces estimations peut être améliorée en se référant aux concentrations d'isoxanthoptérine dans les thorax des mâles et au rapport isoxanthoptérine/‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ dans les têtes de femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of four pteridine compounds, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-biopterin and pterin and a further unidentified substance, termed ‘modified xanthopterin’, were determined in the heads of adult Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), aged between 2 and 50 days and reared in the laboratory at 25°C. The level of isoxanthopterin was also determined in the thoraces and abdomens of moths aged between 2 and 40 days. The levels of xanthopterin, and ‘modified xanthopterin’ decreased markedly in the heads of males and females with increasing moth age, while those of pterin decreased more slowly and 6-biopterin remained largely unchanged. Isoxanthopterin decreased in male heads from 38.3 ng/head at 2 days to 22.7 ng/head at 50 days, but in females levels increased from 41.2 ng/head at 2 days to 150.4 ng/head at 50 days. Similar changes in the amounts of isoxanthopterin with increasing moth age were observed in male and female thoraces and abdomens. The results are discussed in relation to using pteridine compounds for estimating the physiological age of P. scutigera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349597
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sex attractant for male Swammerdamia pyrella (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 95-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Swammerdamia pyrella ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex attractant ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367173
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in femalePlodia interpunctella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Indianmeal moth ; semiochemicals ; attraction ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343576
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383552
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering pupal diapause in the spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause induction ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; spotted tentiform leafminer ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause inPhyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada.P. blancardella exhibited a long-day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25∶D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3× longer to complete development than the larvae of non-diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25∶D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20°C but was lower at 25°C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25∶D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25°C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16∶D8 did not enter diapause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382412
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of volatile compounds from fungus-infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in femaleEctomyelois ceratoniae (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ectomyelois ceratoniae ; carob moth ; host-finding ; Phoenix dactylifera ; dates ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass spectrometry ; wind tunnel ; attraction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit,Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383810
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential selection of host plants by twoPieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380582
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption for control of damage by codling moth in Virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382717
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuating asymmetry and survival ability in the forest tent caterpillar mothMalacosoma disstria: implications for pest management (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: forest tent caterpillar moth ; Malacosoma disstria ; fluctuating asymmetry ; survival ability ; pest management ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller mothMalacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380563
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation ofHelicoverpa zea larval behavior by the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky regulates the larval behavior of its hostHelicoverpa zea (Boddie). Parasitized third, fourth and fifth instars burrow into the soil 0.7–3.4 days earlier than unparasitized larvae that normally enter the soil to pupate at the end of the fifth and final larval instar. Parasitized third instars molt once then burrow as fourth instars, one instar earlier than normal. WhenE. bryani pupariated on the soil surface in the field, none survived to the adult stage. However,E. bryani adults emerged from 49.2% of hosts that had burrowed into the soil. By accelerating the timing ofH. zea burrowing behavior and causing host larvae to enter the soil before death,E. bryani ensures its pupariation in an environment with improved protection against natural enemies and lethal temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380567
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination by Manduca sexta larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; chemosensory ablation ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; bilateral sensory input ; input redundancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination was examined using larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), in 2-choice preference tests. Larvae having three different complements of chemosensory organs remaining after microsurgery were tested: unoperated, unilaterally-ablated, and bilaterally-ablated. Discrimination between Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) and Pelargonium hortorum (Bailey) was reduced after unilateral removal of chemosensory organs. A similar effect was found in tests offering larvae a choice between one plant species or an ethanolic extract of S. pseudocapsicum and wetted filter paper, indicating an impaired food detection. These results demonstrate that both sets of chemosensory organs are required for normal feeding decisions about these plants. Six additional plant species were each tested against wetted filter paper. The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination varies with the plant species tested. Bilateral chemosensory input is required for discrimination of Vigna sinensis (Savi) and Raphanus sativus (L.), but not for that of Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.), Datura innoxia (L.), Brassica napus (L.), and Canna generalis (Bailey). Discrimination of V. sinensis, S. pseudocapsicum, and P. hortorum by unoperated larvae is twice as strong as that by unilaterally-ablated larvae, suggesting algebraic addition of unilateral sensory inputs. For R. sativus unilateral input does not mediate discrimination, but bilateral input does, indicating sensory processing which may be more than additive. These results show that information mediated by bilateral chemosensory organs of M. sexta is not redundant in mediating feeding decisions, but provide the necessary sensory input for normal discrimination. This suggests that, for some plant species, feeding decisions are based on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemosensory input. No difference in preferences between left-sided and right-sided operated larvae were observed which suggests functional duplication of each set of unilateral chemosensory organs. Possible neural mechanisms underlying feeding decisions mediated by bilateral versus unilateral chemosensory inputs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191746
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in phenology and nutritional quality between host plants and its effect on larval performance in a specialist butterfly,Zerynthia rumina (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Zerynthia ; Aristolochia ; herbivory ; phenology ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The main host plants of the butterflyZerynthia rumina L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southern Spain occur in different habitats and in general do not grow sympatrically. Therefore, each single local butterfly population uses the particular host available within its range.Aristolochia longa L. is a tuberous perennial herb available only in the spring, whileA. baetica L. is an evergreen perennial vine with indeterminate growth. However, because of the toughness of older leaves, newly hatched larvae feed only on new leaves ofA. baetica, and most of these leaves are produced well before the larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, caterpillars feeding on either new or matureA. longa leaves grew faster and converted food into biomass more efficiently than those feeding on newA. baetica leaves. These differences are related to variation in nutritional quality among the host plants. Estimates of butterfly abundance were lower in sites whereZ. rumina usesA. baetica, compared with those where the host isA. longa. The potential differential effect of these two food plants on the densities of local butterfly populations relying on them is discussed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426411
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non-host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; food preference induction ; diets ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (1-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350341
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gut contents in molting lepidopteran larvae: a source of error in nutritional studies (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Molting ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185646
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-switching by gypsy moth: effects of diet nitrogen history vs. switching on growth, consumption, and food utilization (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341086
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    Resistance in certain maize cultivars to first and third-instar Chilo partellus larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Zea mays L. ; Chilo partellus ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd-instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER-29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2-CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd-instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V-37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae. The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, ER-29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, V-37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd-instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars. On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V-37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V-37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189719
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    Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382716
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    Effects of host plant leaf damage on cabbage looper moth attraction and oviposition (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382720
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    Effects of a host plant,Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380530
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    Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
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    Effects of nitrogen and foliar biomass on population parameters of cabbage insects (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
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    Effect of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb on post-embryonic development of the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana, following treatment of the egg stage (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; juvenile hormone analog ; fenoxycarb ; postembryonic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382386
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    Leaf shelter-building caterpillars harness forces generated by axial retraction of stretched and wetted silk (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: leaf shelter-building ; silk ; Lepidoptera ; caterpillar ; leaf-roller ; leaf-tier ; leaf-folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf shelter-building caterpillars generate most of the force required to pull leaf surfaces together by stretching silk strands while spinning. Axially retractive forces produced by columns of stretched strands enabled caterpillars in our study to generate forces as great as 0.3 Newtons (i.e., a 30-g force). We found that caterpillar silk also contracts instantly when wetted, producing an additional, though smaller, axially retractive force. Contraction ratios (final length/ original length) of the wetted silk of 19 species ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and were smallest among species that use their silk to make leaf shelters. Our study, the first to identify the specific sources of the energy harnessed by caterpillars to tie, roll, or fold leaves, indicates that silk properties and caterpillar behavior have coevolved to facilitate the leaf shelter-building process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092548
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    Influence of caterpillar-feeding damage on the foraging behavior of the paper waspMischocyttarus flavitarsis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201676
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    Visual feedback in the control of pheromone-mediated flight ofHeliothis virescens males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 605-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; visual feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MaleHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made to fly into a uniformly white and translucent tube within a large wind tunnel while responding to sex pheromone. Different visual patterns placed within the tube greatly affected the ability of the male moths to maintain upwind progress or remain oriented to the wind while in contact with the plume. Over 89% of males attempting to fly through a blank tube, lacking visual patterns, became disoriented, the males gaining or losing altitude and repeatedly hitting the sides of the tube. Patterns of 20–40 dots placed on the sides of the tube at or slightly above plume level resulted in high levels of sustained upwind flight (47–74%) relative to patterns placed directly below (30–40%), directly above (35%), or slightly below the level of the flight path (26–44%). Optimal upwind progression in pheromone-responding males occurred when image motion could be resolved both transversely (T), orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the body relative to the horizontal plane of the environment, and longitudinally (L), along the body axis. Even very sparse patterns (single rows of dots) could elicit high levels of sustained upwind flight (53–63%) when positioned within the tube such that the males' movements would create both L and T image motion. However, successful negotiation of the tube was also unexpectedly facilitated by patterns apparently providing no horizontal transverse component for flying males but providing longitudinal flow while centering the moth in the plume through a symmetrical left-right input (4–40%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997435
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    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
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    Evidence of the eversion ofMamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) hair-pencils during courtship (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 885-889 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; male scents ; hair-pencils ; courtship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997133
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
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    MaleHeliothis virescens maintain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex pheromone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 669-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; upwind flight ; sex pheromone ; filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 μg of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 μg Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.
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    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
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    Solubility of gases in liquids. XVI. Henry's law coefficients for nitrogen in water at 5 to 50°C (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solubility ; Henry's law coefficients ; Ostwald coefficients ; aqueous solutions ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in pure liquid water was measured in the pressure range 45 to 115 kPa and in the temperature range 5 to 50°C. These data are used to obtain Henry coefficients H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) at the vapor pressure P s,1 of water. The temperature dependence of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) is accounted for by both a Clarke-Glew (CG) type fitting equation, and a power series in T−1, as suggested by Benson and Krause (BK). The imprecision of our measurements is characterized by an average deviation of ±0.038% from a four-term CG equation, and by an average deviation of ±0.042% from a three-term BK equation. From the temperature variation of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) partial molar quantities referring to the solution process, such as enthalpies and heat capacities of solution, are obtained. They are given in tabular form, together with H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) and derived Ostwald coefficients L∞, at rounded temperatures. Finally, experimental results are compared with values calculated via scaled particle theory.
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    On the rate-determining step and the role of potassium in the catalytic synthesis of ammonia (1992)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
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    A study of nitrogen and carbon dioxide chemisorption on platinum black (1992)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
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    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
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    Non-host plant odor (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteracea) affects the reproductive behavior ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Tanacetum vulgare ; Tansy ; Lobesia botrana ; European grapevine moth ; Asteracea ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; behavior ; nonhost plant ; semiochemicals ; plant odor ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) are attracted in natural conditions by volatiles released by a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.; Asteracea). We have shown that both tansy flowers and their odor inhibit oviposition behavior and mating behavior and reduce adult longevity. The mean number of eggs laid per female isolated with tansy flowers was reduced by up to 50% every 2 days during the 6 days of exposure. This reduction was maintained after the tansy was removed. In the presence of tansy essential oil, the egg-laying reduction ranged from about 30 to 80% according to the odor concentration. The number of spermatophores found in females isolated with tansy flowers was also reduced twofold compared to the control treatment, indicating that the presence of tansy reduced mating activity. This mating activity is strongly reduced, by two-thirds, when adults face the highest dose of essential oil compared to controls. The number of eggs laid by the controls cannot be explained by the number of spermatophores. Therefore, the reduction in oviposition has been attributed to the presence of tansy flowers or to the tansy odor. Tansy flowers and tansy odor increased male mortality during the exposure (10% in the control, 50% in the tansy treatment, and up to 98% in the odor treatment). The highest rates of male mortality occurred during the 4- to 6-day period of exposure to flowers or odor. Repellence resulting in sustained locomotor activity is a possible cause of such a mortality. Female mortality was increased only in response to the highest dose of odor. This increase might be due to egg retention, and not directly to a plant effect. We discuss the effects of tansy flower odor on different patterns relative to the reproductive behavior ofL. botrana and, especially, on oviposition behavior in the ecological context of plant selection and polyphagy.
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    Sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana and Spilonota laricana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spilonota ocellana D. & S. ; Spilonota laricana Hein. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol ; sibling species ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana D. & S. and Spilonota laricana Hein. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were identified by chemical analysis and field trapping. Female moths of the two species produce (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol and dodecyl acetate in almost the same proportions (98:1:1 and 97:3:1). Males of both species were best attracted to a blend of 10:1 to 1:1 Z8-14Ac:Z8-14OH. This indicates that mating barriers other than sex pheromones exist between sympatric populations.
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    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
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    Age-dependent physiological responses of last instarHelicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; growth inhibition ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly-ecdysed last instar larvae ofH. zea grouped into 100-, 200-, 300-, or 400-mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age-dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.
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    Field tests of (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate: a sex attractant synergist for male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 283-288 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; Sesiidae ; Lepidoptera ; field trapping ; sex attractant ; geographical differences ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Denmark ; GDR ; Hungary ; Italy ; Lithuania ; Norway ; Soviet Union ; Switzerland ; United Kingdom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354221
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    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
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    From model to mimic: Age-dependent unpalatability in monarch butterflies (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 176-181 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cardiac glycoside loss ; Danaus plexippus ; aging ; breakdown of chemical defense ; three trophic level interactions ; automimicry ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are unpalatable to various vertebrate predators because their larvae sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Here we show that the concentration of the defensive CGs decrease as individual butterflies age, regardless of the CGs' initial amounts or specific chemical structures. Consequently, individual monarch butterflies can change from being unpalatable models to palatable mimics during their lifetime. Since monarchs breed continuously over the spring and summer in North America, freshly emerged adult butterflies may serve as noxious models for older individuals which become automimics as they age.
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    Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutwormAgrotis ipsilon (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 721-724 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; black cutworm ; juvenile hormone ; allatectomy ; pheromone reception ; sexual behaviour ; tenoxycarb ; KK-42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Lepidoptera, reproduction is linked to chemical communication between conspecific partners. When exposed to the female sex pheromone, males respond by exhibiting typical sexual behaviour which leads to mating. Here we show that presence of the juvenile hormone producing gland (corpora allata) of the male black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon, is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. Allatectomized males do not show any sexual behaviour, although their antennal olfactory system is functional. Allatectomized males implanted with active corpora allata recover full pheromone receptivity. It is suggested that reproductive processes are synchronized in males and females through endocrine control; timing of the mating activity could serve as an adaptive strategy linked to the migratory behaviour of this species.
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    The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    The effect of variation in host plant on the growth of an oligophagous insect, Malacosoma americanum and its polyphagous relative, Malacosoma disstria (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant relations ; host variation ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Geometridae ; Lepidoptera ; niche breadth ; specialization ; plantinsect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum (F.), einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden verglichen mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria Hb. und zwar im Hinblick auf deren Empfindlichkeit auf Unterschiede im Blatt ihrer gemeinsamen Wirtspflanze, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Das Puppengewicht und die Entwicklungszeit bis zur Verpuppung wurden gemessen bei Raupen, welche auf Blättern von freiwachsenden und von beschatteten Jungpflanzen gezüchtet worden waren. Die Blattunterschiede hatten eine ausgesprochene Wirkung, aber es gab keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion der beiden Arten. Dieser Vergleich lässt vermuten, dass die Empfindlichkeit auf intraspezifische Unterschiede der Wirtspflanzenqualität bei wirtsspezifischen und polyphagen Arten gleich ist. Indessen dürften sich laut anderen Resultaten einige Insektenarten anders verhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to their sensitivity to variation in the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupal weight and time to pupation were measured on larvae reared on foliage from open-grown and from shaded saplings. The difference in foliage had a pronounced effect, but no difference was evident between the species in their response to the variation in foliage. This comparison implies that sensitivity to intraspecific variation in host quality does not differ between host-specific and generalized species. However, results from other species suggest that some species of insects do differ in this respect.
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    The effect of supplying nutrients to Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on the growth and development of dipterous stem-borer larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Food plant specialization and feeding efficiency in the tent caterpillars Malacosoma disstria and M. americanum (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: assimilation efficiency ; growth efficiency ; niche breadth ; specialization ; hostplant relations ; plant-insect interactions ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen. entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blätter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wirerhielten ähnliche Werte wie sie früher für andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die üblichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl für Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnützen als as polyphage Arten tun.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects.
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    Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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    Sex attractants for clearwing moths: Synanthedon vespiformis and Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis (and/or C. empiformis) (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338671
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    Host races and sympatric speciation in small ermine moths, Yponomeutidae (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 280-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Allozyme variation ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta padellus ; evolutionary stages ; F-statistics ; panmixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le degré de différenciation génétique en allozymes à des niveaux divers de divergence évolutive (populations conspécifiques, sibling species et non-sibling species) d'Yponomeuta a été déterminé. Les distances génétiques entre des sibling species ou des non-sibling species sont très larges. Il en est conclu que de telles estimations ne fournissent pas beaucoup d'informations sur le phénomène de spéciation même. Des coéfficients de reproduction consanguine (F ST) ont été calculés pour des populations d'Y. padellus provenant de six plantes-hôtes. La valeur moyenne F STest .030±.012. Les valuers de F ST des populations recueillies sur Crataegus, (plante-hôte habituelle d'Y. padellus), sont inférieures 2–3.5 fois à celles des populations de l'ensemble des autres plantes-hôtes. L'apparition de races en fonction de l'hôte, mesurée par les différences importantes dans de fréquences des allozymes entre populations sympatriques sur plusieurs plantes-hôtes, a été examinée dans quatre régions. Il apparaît ainsi que la formation de races en fonction de l'hôte se produit chez Y. padellus et que la spéciation sympatrique est un évènement très vraisemblable.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of genetic differentiation at various levels of evolutionary divergence (conspecific populations, sibling species and non-sibling species) in Yponomeuta was determined. Genetic distances between siblings or non-siblings were found to cover a wide range. It is concluded that such estimates do not give much information on the speciation process itself. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated for populations of Y. padellus from a total of six host plants. The grand mean F ST value is 0.030±0.012. F ST values for populations sampled from Crataegus, the common food plant of Y. padellus, are 2–3.5 times smaller than those for populations from the other food plants taken together. Host race formation, as measured by significant differences in allozyme frequencies between sympatric populations on two or more food plants, was investigated in four areas. Host race formation seems to occur in Y. padellus and sympatric speciation is a likely event.
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    Sex pheromone of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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    Sex attractants for the fruit-attacking noctuids Orthosia incerta and Orthosia cruda (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 15-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Orthosia incerta ; Orthosia cruda ; fruit pest ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z9-14:Ald ; Z11-16:Ac ; Z11-16:Ald
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345198
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    Precocious metamorphosis and moulting deficiencies induced by an anti-JH compound, FMev in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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    Behavioral changes and growth inhibition in last instar larvae of Heliothis zea induced by oral and topical application of precocene II (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 207-217 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect behavior ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; methylenedioxy-precocene ; toxicity ; growth inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In diet choice tests, newly-ecdysed fifth instar Heliothis zea larvae randomly chose diet containing 4 mM precocene II or diet without precocene II but initially preferred to feed on diet without precocene II. After two days, however, they were found more frequently on diet containing precocene II. Nevertheless, larval growth and development were inhibited when forced to eat diet containing precocene II. Removal of the maxillae, the site of the primary gustatory receptors, did not prevent the growth inhibition caused by larval consumption of diet with precocene II. Topical treatments with precocene II also caused larval growth inhibition, and daily treatments were more detrimental to the larvae than a large single dose. Addition of methylenedioxyprecocene (6,7-methylenedioxy-2,2-dimethylchromene) to the diet did not reverse the observed larval growth inhibition and this compound was itself significantly toxic. These results indicate that larval growth and development are disrupted after precocene II ingestion, but not because of preingestive discrimination by olfaction and gustation.
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    Calling behaviour ofMamestra brassicae: effect of age and photoperiod (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 23-30 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; sex pheromone ; calling behaviour ; calling posture ; diel periodicity of calling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La périodicité quotidienne de l'appel et les effets de l'âge et de la photopériode ont été examinés sur des femelles vierges deMamestra brassicae (Lépido., Noctuidae). Aucun appel n'a été observé pendant la première scotophase; la plupart des femelles appelaient pour la première fois pendant les 2e et 3e scotophases après l'émergence, quelle que fût la photopériode. Les papillons conservés à 16 J/8 N ont commencé à appeler beaucoup plus tard que ceux dont la photopériode était 18 J/6 N. En vieillissant, les papillons appelaient significativement de plus en plus tôt. Avec 16 J/8 N, la moyenne du moment du début de l'appel a diminué de la scotophase 2 à la scotophase 3, après laquelle il s'est stabilisé autour de 260 min après le début de la scotophase. Avec 18 J/6 N, le moment du début de l'appel a diminué jusqu'à la scotophase 4, et s'est stabilisé ensuite autour de 130 min après le début de l'obscurité.
    Notes: Abstract Die periodicity of calling and the effect of age and photoperiod on calling behaviour were studied in virgin females of the cabbage moth,mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No calling activity was observed during the first scotophase. Most females called for the first time during the 2nd or 3rd scotophase after emergence, regardless of the photoperiod. Moths maintained under 16L: 8D started calling significantly later in the scotophase than those maintained under 18L: 6D. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier. Under the 16L: 8D photoregime, the mean onset calling time decreased from scotophases 2 to 3, after which it stabilized around ca. 260 min after the start of the scotophase. With 18L: 6D, the onset of calling decreased until scotophase 4, and subsequently stabilized around ca. 130 min after lights off.
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    Repellency of pheromones released by females of Heliothis armigera and H. zea to females of both species (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sex Pheromones ; Repellent ; Heliothis armigera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton bollworm ; corn earworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen en olfactomètre a porté sur les réactions face à d'autres femelles de la même espèce, de femelles vierges ou ayant copulé d'Heliothis armigera Hübner et H. zea Boddie. Le lot comprenait 8 femelles, vierges ou ayant copulé en présence d'une femelle vierge ou ayant copulé. Les 4 combinaisons possibles de femelles vierges et de femelles ayant copulé ont été examinées avec 12 répétitions pour chaque espèce. Un extrait de l'extrémité de l'abdomen de femelles vierges d'une espèce a été présenté aux femelles de l'autre espèce pour examiner les possibilités de réactions interspécifiques aux phéromones. Pour chaque espèce, les réactions interspécifiques de répulsion entre femelles ont été hautement significatives par rapport aux témoins, à l'exception toutefois des réactions de femelle ayant copulé face à des femelles ayant elles aussi copulé. Les répulsions moyennes chez H. armigera et H. zea pour les 8 femelles de chaque expérience ont été: a) vierges en présence d'une vierge: 7,33 et 7,66; b) vierges en présence d'une femelles ayant copulé: 5,76 et 5,58; c) femelles ayant copulé en présence d'une vierge: 4,67 et 4,83. Les différences sont hautement significatives entre chaque paire de moyennes et entre chaque paire et le lot témoin; 3,17; 3,17; 3,42; 4,00 pour H. armigera; 3,17; 3,50; 2,83 et 3,75 pour H. zea. Les femelles vierges des deux espèces, H. armigera et H. zea ont présenté une réaction de répulsion en présence d'un extrait de l'abdomen de l'autre espèce; les répulsions moyennes étant respectivement 5,53 et 5,33 contre 3,83 et 3,58 pour le lot trémoin. On peut en conclure que ces répulsions doivent entraîner une tendance à la répartition uniforme.
    Notes: Abstract An olfactometer was used to determine the effect of pheromones released by females of the bollworms Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. zea (Boddie) on females of the same species. Four combinations of virgin and mated females were tested for repellency of one to the other. Evidence is presented that females of the two bollworms were repelled by females of the same species. In addition, extracts of virgin female abdomens of each species repelled virgin females of the other species.
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    Multivoltinism in Apanteles bignellii and the influence of weather on synchronisation with its host Euphydryas aurinia (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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    Factors affecting the dispersive behaviour of larvae of an Australian geometrid moth (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
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    Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
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    Comparison of gravimetry and planimetry in determining dry matter budgets for three species of phytophagous lepidopteran larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
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    Development of artificial diets for laboratory rearing of larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300911
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    Food acceptance by a monophagous and an oligophagous insect in relation to seasonal changes in host plant suitability (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Yponomeuta evonymellus ; Yponomeuta padellus ; Prunus padus ; Crataegus monogyna ; Lepidoptera ; monophagous ; oligophagous ; host-plants ; food-acceptance ; seasonal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food acceptance by larvae of two lepidopteran species feeding on Rosaceae, viz. Yponomeuta evonymellus (monophagous) and Y. padellus (oligophagous), was compared. The influence of seasonal changes in plants as food for both insects was examined, in particular, the effects of nitrogen and sorbitol in leaves. In the laboratory, Y. evonymellus accepts Crataegus monogyna, a host plant of Y. padellus, and Y. padellus accepts Prunus padus, the host plant of Y. evonymellus. P. padus is the most suitable food plant for Y. evonymellus. No difference in food-quality for Y. padellus was found between C. monogyna and P. padus. The performance of both species on P. padus is less influenced by seasonal changes than on Crataegus. The suitability of Crataegus decreases during the season. This is probably caused by the decrease of its nitrogen content, and not by the decrease of sorbitol in the plant. The monophagous, Y. evonymellus, is more sensitive to seasonal changes in its food when fed with a non host plant than the oligophagous Y. padellus. In oviposition experiments both species have a preference for their normal host-plants.
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    Changes in calling behaviour and mating success in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), caused by relative humidity (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calling ; mating ; relative humidity ; age ; reproduction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le comportement d'appel des femelles vierges d'Ostrinia nubilalis maintenues sous trois conditions constantes d'humidité relative, depuis l'émergence jusqu'à la sixième nuit d'appel, ainsi que l'incidence d'accouplement d'individus placés en milieu sec ou humide pour diverses périodes de temps. Les conditions d'humidité n'ont pas significativement affecté l'âge moyen auquel les femelles ont commencé à appeler au cours de leur vie, bien qu'il ait été plus variable à 53% h.r. Les nuits subséquentes, le comportement d'appel des femelles maintenues à basse humidité a débuté plus tard dans la nuit, s'est exprimé pour une période de temps plus courte avec moins de séquences d'appel que celui de leurs congénères placés en milieu humide, et la proportion de femelles en appel a toujours été plus faible à 53% h.r. Ces changements du comportement préreproducteur des femelles se sont répercutés sur l'incidence d'accouplement qui, les deux premiers jours suivant lémergence, a été significativement plus faible à basse humidité qu'elle ne l'a été en milieu humide. Ces résultats seront discutés en relation avec l'écologie de O. nubilalis et associés à sa susceptibilité à la dessication.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the calling behaviour of O. nubilalis virgin females, held at three different constant conditions of relative humidity from the time of emergence through their sixth night of calling, as well as the incidence of mating over time at low or high relative humidity conditions. The mean age at which females initiated calling in their life was independent of relative humidity conditions, although more variable at low humidity. On successive nights of calling, fewer virgin European corn borer females called under low compared with high humidity conditions, and those that did began later in scotophase, had fewer calling bouts, and spent less time calling. These changes in the female prereproductive behaviour were reflected on the incidence of mating which, in the first two days following emergence, was significantly less at low than at high humidity conditions. The ecological significance of these results is discussed in relation with the susceptibility of O. nubilalis to desiccation.
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    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
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    Deterrence of feeding and oviposition responses of adult Heliothis virescens by some compounds bitter-tasting to humans (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; oviposition behavior ; electrophysiology ; deterrence ; antifeedant ; quinine ; quinidine ; atropine ; caffeine ; denatonium benzoate ; naringin ; sucrose octaacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some compounds that are bitter-tasting to humans, both alkaloidal (quinine, quinidine, atropine, caffeine) and non-alkaloidal (denatonium benzoate, sucrose octaacetate, naringin), deterred feeding and oviposition by Heliothis virescens (F.) in laboratory and field cage experiments. Preliminary electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensilla on the ovipositor of H. virescens provided evidence of 3 neurons, one of which is responsive to sucrose. Preliminary indications are that responses of this neuron may be inhibited by quinine and denatonium benzoate.
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    Mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nnonagrioides (1992)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; calling behaviour ; mating behaviour ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) [Lepidoptera:Noctuidae] was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and 16:8 (L:D) regime. The females began calling during the first scotophase following emergence, the peak of calling occurred during the second scotophase and thereafter decreased. Maximum calling was observed between the fourth and sixth hour of the scotophase. The calling pattern varied with age. During the first and second scotophase most of the females were calling continuously, while during the third and fourth scotophase periodic calling was observed. The mean onset of calling was advanced and the mean length of calling per day was increased slightly as the female became older. Females held for 72 h in continuous darkness exhibited an endogenous circadian rhythm of calling. Matings began during the first scotophase following emergence and the peak of mating was observed during the second scotophase. Mated females did not remate. Few males mated more than once during the following scotophases.
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    Localization of spectral receptors in the ommatidium of butterfly compound eye determined by polarization sensitivity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Photoreceptor ; Spectral sensitivity ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A butterfly Papilio has 5 types of spectral receptors in the compound eye. The spectral sensitivity of each type peaks in the UV, violet, blue, green, and red wavelengths, respectively. The green type contains two subtypes with and without a UV secondary peak. Here we studied the localization of these spectral receptors within the ommatidium. 2. An ommatidium contains 9 photoreceptors (R1–9), each of which is one of the 5 spectral receptor types. The photoreceptors bear parallel microvilli to form a nontwisted rhabdom, and thereby the photoreceptors are polarization sensitive. 3. We first examined the microvillar orientation by electron microscopy. The microvilli of R1, 2, and 9 are oriented dorso-ventrally (0°), whereas those of R3 and 4 are parallel to the antero-posterior axis (90°). The R5–8 bear microvilli diagonally: 45° for R6 and R8, 135° for R5 and R7. 4. We then recorded spectral and polarization sensitivities from single photoreceptors. The peak angle of the polarization sensitivity (θmax) of the UV, violet, and blue receptors were around 0°, whereas that of the green receptors was around 90°. In the double-peaked green receptors, the θmax at UV was also around 90°. The red receptors showed a θmax at around 35°. The polarization sensitivity ratio (PSmax/PSmin) of the double-peaked green receptors measured at UV was around 4, whereas the ratio of other receptors was around 2. 5. We conclude that R1 and R2 are either UV, violet, or blue receptors whereas R3 and R4 are green receptors. Some R6 and R8 are red receptors. We also conclude that the UV secondary peak in the double-peaked green receptor is not simply attributable to the coupling with UV receptors.
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    High resolution measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes by the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Microclimate ; Sensory transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In recordings of single unit action potentials, the responses of CO2-receptors in the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera to modulation of CO2-density around a background of 350 ppm were investigated. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in concentration at constant barometric pressure evokes modulation of the spike rate. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in barometric pressure at constant CO2-concentration evokes responses similar to those evoked by concentration modulation. For modulation depths of less than 1.5%, the output modulation depth is linearly related to the input; at higher modulation depths the gain decreases progressively. Using sinusoidal pressure modulation, the frequency dependence of both gain and output noise was determined over a range of 0.05 to 12.8 Hz. With increasing frequency the gain progressively increases at a rate of 2.4 dB/octave up to a maximum of 63 at 3 Hz; at higher frequencies, it decreases rapidly. The threshold sensitivity of the receptors, using input noise amplitude density as a criterion, is broadly tuned, with a minimum of 1 % contrast Hz-0.5 between 0.3 and 3 Hz. Using these figures, it is concluded that the sensory organ is capable of detecting fluctuations in CO2-density of 0.14% or 0.5 ppm. The results are related to the fluctuations in CO2-density which occur in a natural environment.
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    Tangential medulla neurons in the mothManduca sexta. Structure and responses to optomotor stimuli (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 173 (1993), S. 783-799 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Medulla neurons ; Optomotor stimulation ; Direction selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract InManduca sexta, large tangential cells connect the medulla via the lobula valley (LoV) tract to the midbrain and the contralateral medulla. Tract neurons have been stained and recorded to determine their responses to optomotor stimulation. Neurons in the LoV-tract comprise a physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous population: 1. Motion insensitive medulla tangential (Mt) neurons arise from cell bodies in the ventral rind. Heterolateral cells arborize massively in both medullae and one or both halves of the midbrain. Mt-neurons respond to changes in light intensity. Physiological and anatomical evidence argues for their monocularity and transmission from the medulla on the side of the soma to the central brain and the contralateral medulla. 2. Motion sensitive neurons with cell bodies behind the protocerebral bridge connect the midbrain to the ipsior contralateral medulla. Direction-selective responses are characterized by excitation to motion in the preferred and inhibition in the opposite direction with maxima either in a horizontal or vertical direction. Peak values appear at contrast frequencies of appr. 3/s. The results suggest that these neurons are binocular and relay information from the midbrain to the medulla. They have been labelled as centrifugal medulla tangential (cMt) neurons. The possible roles for tract neurons in visually guided behaviour are discussed.
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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    Factors affecting sulfur incorporation into lake sediments: paleoecological implications (1990)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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    Using hydrophilic polymers to control nutrient release (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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    Some results of nitrogen simulations with the model ANIMO (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051127
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    Forest fertilization research and practice in the Pacific Northwest (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; nitrogen ; mineral cycling ; growth and yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest managers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) use fertilization as a means to increase timber yields in managed stands. Information on the biological basis for nutrient amendments and stand growth responses to fertilization is required to effectively use fertilization as a silvicultural tool, and research programs in mineral cycling and forest nutrition have been underway in the region for about four decades. Most PNW Douglas-fir forest sites are nitrogen deficient. Mineral cycling research has shown high C/N ratios and low nitrification rates for soils in the region. Research and development projects in the Pacific Northwest have produced an information base that is used to select sites and stands for fertilization and to forecast growth after treatment. Much of the basis for operational fertilization programs in western Oregon and Washington comes from cooperative research programs; current activities for these programs are directed toward improving site-specific response information. Forest fertilization in the Pacific Northwest has become a silvicultural practice of major significance over the past two decades. Forest industry and government organizations managing forest lands in western Oregon and Washington apply nitrogen fertilizer to Douglas-fir stands over a range of soil and stand types (operational fertilization of other species is minor). About 50,000 to 55,000 ha are fertilized each year, and future programs will likely be of similar magnitude. Most current plans for management regimes including fertilization call for multiple applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048615
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    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750462
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    Effect of foliar sprayings of urea during or after anthesis on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the grain of two wheat cultivars ofT. aestivum L. (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064230
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    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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    Influence of delaying flood and preflood nitrogen application on dry-seeded rice (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054394
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    The effect of nitrogen catch crop species on the nitrogen nutrition of succeeding crops (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750640
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    Long-term fertility treatments and molybdenum availability (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 167-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Mo ; interaction ; soybean ; deficiency ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent on-farm liming experiments showed that Mo deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is widespread in northern Alabama. In contrast, a long-term, fertility-rotation experiment in the same area showed no response to Mo during 33 yr when Mo was added bienially to corn [Zea mays L.] in the rotation; however, soybean foliage had the chlorotic appearance of Mo deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine if Mo deficiency was being missed by comparing only two fertilizer treatments. Each rotation-fertilizer treatment plot was split into two, with one-half receiving MO at a 100 g ha−1 foliar rate after seedling emergence, while the other half received none. Yields were increased by Mo in 13 to 16 fertilizer treatments in 1985 and 15 out of 16 in 1986. Leaf-N concentrations and seed weight had comparable increased amounts by the Mo supplement. Without the Mo supplement, there was a response to lime but not to P, K, or a Mo-containing micronutrient mixture; with the Mo supplement, there was no response to liming, but a definite response to P and K (in addition to Mo). The lack of response to Mo when applied to corn in a 2-yr rotation over 33 yr led to the erroneous conclusion that these soils were not Mo deficient for soybean.
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    Effect of boron and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Boron ; critical level ; grain ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; nutrition ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A two year field study on the effect of nitrogen N and boron B fertilization on the nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield of cowpea was carried out in the Nigerian savanna where fairly widespread B deficiency has been reported. Treatments consisted of four levels of N (0, 15, 30 and 60 kg/ha in 1986 and 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha in 1987) and three levels of B (0, 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha). Cowpea responded positively though nonsignificantly to N fertilization up to 30 kg N/ha. However, N had no effect on the N, P, K and B content of index leaves. Boron application consistently reduced grain yield. Like N, applied B had no effect on the N, P, K concentration of index leaves but increased B concentration highly significantly (P 〈 0.001). The critical level of B toxicity in index leaves was approximated to be 21pm under field condition. Application of N and B depressed nodulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01116181
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics of organic nitrogen fertilizers in a soil-less incubation system (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Carbon ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The C and N mineralization characteristics of two organic N fertilizers were determined in a soil-less incubation system at three temperature regimes. Protox (derived from activated sewage sludge) initially degraded more rapidly by microbial action compared with dried blood. However, dried blood released more CO2-C and inorganic N towards the end of the incubation periods. The rate of microbial degradation increased with temperature. Mineralization characteristics of protein-based N sources are discussed in relation to organic N nutrition of vegetable crops.
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    Movement and transformations of fertigated nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 105-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; fertigation ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; trickle irrigation ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The movement and transformations of ammonium-, urea- and nitrate-N in the wetted volume of soil below the trickle emitter was studied in a field experiment following the fertigation of N as ammonium sulphate, urea and calcium nitrate. Effects on soil pH in the wetted volume were also investigated. During a fertigation cycle (emitter rate 2lh−1) applied ammonium was concentrated in the surface 10 cm of soil immediately below the emitter and little lateral movement occurred. In contrast, because of their greater mobility in the soil, fertigated urea and nitrate were more evenly distributed down the soil profile below the emitter and had moved laterally in the profile to 15 cm radius from the emitter. The conversion of applied N to nitrate-N was more rapid when urea rather than ammonium-N was applied suggesting that the accumulation of large amounts of ammonium below the emitter in the ammonium sulphate treatment probably retarded nitrification. Following their conversion to nitrate-N, both fertigated ammonium sulphate and urea caused acidification in the wetted soil volume. Acidification was confined to the surface 20 cm of soil in the ammonium sulphate treatment, however because of its greater mobility, fertigation with urea (2lh−1) resulted in acidification occurring down to a depth of 40 cm. Such subsoil acidity is likely to be very difficult to ameliorate. Increasing the trickle discharge rate from 2lh−1 to 4lh−1 reduced the downward movement of urea and encouraged its lateral spread in the surface soil. As a consequence, acidification was confined to the surface (0–20 cm) soil.
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    Application of15N-labelled urea to sugar cane through a drip-irrigation system in Mauritius (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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    Effects of N fertilizer application timing on common bean production (1991)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen ; yield components ; side-dress ; selection criteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There is usually a positive yield response when N is applied to common bean plants grown on N-poor soils. Recommendations include application of some or all of the N at planting, but growth and yield responses to later applications are not well documented. From 50 to 60kg N ha−1 was applied at different growth stages to three bean lines during three years. All N treatments increased yield compared to the unfertilized control. Nitrogen applied during the vegetative stage produced higher seed yields than N applied at planting, flowering, during podfill or a split application. N applied at planting or during vegetative growth increased pod-set, while application at the vegetative and reproductive stages increased seed weight. Even though N application during the vegetative stage showed a negative effect on nodulation, there was a large shoot growth response. The lower yield from N applied at planting may have been caused by less shoot growth response as well as inhibited nodulation. Based on these results the best management system using N fertilizer was an application during vegetative growth. Further studies are needed to identify bean lines capable of high N2 fixation in the presence of N and to determine optimum amounts and timing of N application to maximize biological and economic yields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048951
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    Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Canola ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; nitrogen efficiency ; yield ; oil content ; water use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of N application and water supply on yield, oil content and N accumulation by canola, cultivar Marnoo, grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region were investigated. Treatments were rainfed (Rf) or watered at a deficit of 50 mm (40–60 mm, I50) beginning in the spring. N treatments were 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 at sowing or as split applications of 20/80, and 50/50 kg N ha−1 at sowing and rosette, respectively. Yield (Yg) ranged from 170 to 520 g m−2. Irrigation and N increased yield in both years. Grain yields were increased by N application on the irrigated treatments when 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 was applied. Oil concentrations ranged from a maximum of 46.4% in treatment N0 to a minimum of 40.6% in treatment N200 and was inversely related to seed N concentration. Although fertilizer N decreased oil concentration, it increased the yield of oil. Nitrogen accumulation (Nb) limited yield of all treatments and was described by the equation, Yg = 806[1-EXP(−0.039*Nb)]. This implied a decrease in yield per unit of Nb at the higher rates of fertilizer addition with consequent increases in grain N concentration. The efficiency of water use in the production of grain (WUEg) and biomass (WUEb) were 7.5 and 23 kg ha−1 mm−1 respectively. Nitrogen additions increased WUEg and WUEb in both seasons. Maximum values of 8.9 (WUEg 1986) and 26.8 (WUEb 1987) were measured from treatment N200. These data suggest that the crops made efficient use of the applied water.
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    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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    Application of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers in young spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; potassium ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartzite ; podzol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In young spruce plantations on mineral soils the growth of the trees is improved by N application only in rare cases, and by P or K application only on sites over parent rock, which is poor in available fractions of these nutrients. Interpretation of a field trial showed that on extremely poor quartzitic soils potassium deficiency limited growth during the first years of crop development. Potassium deficiency ended at pole stage (about 15 years after planting). N deficiency began at sapling stage (about 8 years after planting) and increased later. On quartzitic and similar sites with a low cation-exchange capacity, appropriately phased applications of K and N markedly improve the site index and yield level of young spruce stands. Thus, it was shown that the stock of stemwood can be raised from 3 to 13 m3 per ha up to an age of 16 years.
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    Analytical methods in15N research (1982)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 37-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium-N ; distillation ; fertilizers ; mass spectrometer ; nitrate-N ; nitrogen ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the stable isotope15N is an indispensable tool in research to trace the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil/plant systems, the analytical methods used in this research are time consuming and prone to many errors. This paper outlines the methods used in an international program of nitrogen research coordinated by the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC). The different steps in the digestion, distillation, and isotope ratio analysis of15 N-labeled soils, plant material, and fertilizers are described. Details on the use of a series of controls to check the precision and accuracy of the methods are also given. It is hoped that this comprehensive description of procedures will encourage the expanded and proper use of15N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063408
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    Uneven distribution of banded fertilizer nitrogen in the field related to computer modelling (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 379-383 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: band placement ; computer modelling ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model was developed to describe the distribution of mineral nitrogen when applied in a fertilizer band, taking into account nitrification and diffusion. Good agreement was found between the calculated values and those measured in a field experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048941
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  • 92
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    Nitrogen availability of soluble and slow release nitrogen fertilizers as assessed by electroultrafiltration (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Controlled release fertilizers ; electroultrafiltration ; nitrogen ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilizers under forced leaching conditions was determined in pot experiments using ryegrass as an indicator plant in a sandy loam soil. Treatments were: ON (unfertilized), AN (ammonium nitrate), U (urea), DAP (diammonium phosphate), T (Triabon), FK (Floranid Komplett) and CDU (crotonylidendiurea). N source effects on N uptake, and N leached (as % of N applied) were evaluated. Results show that the fertilizers which behaved best with regard to N uptake were FK followed by Triabon and AN. The most soluble fertilizers, AN and urea, gave the highest N leaching losses. Significant correlations between EUF-NI (rapidly soluble fraction) and leaching, as well as between EUF-N (I + II) and N uptake by the plant (where EUF-N II relates to the slowly soluble fraction) were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750106
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  • 93
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    Urea management for lowland transplanted rice as affected by application of farmyard manure (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; floodwater ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; partial pressure of ammonia ; urea ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmyard manure (FYM) applied to rice-growing soils can substitute for industrial fertilizers, but little is known about the influence of FYM on the effectiveness and optimal management for industrial N fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam on a degraded soil in the spring season (February to June) and summer season (July to November) to determine the effect of FYM on optimal timing for the first application of urea. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two rates of basal incorporated FYM (0 or 6 Mg ha−1) in factorial combination with two timings of the first application of 30 kg urea-N ha−1 (basal incorporated before transplanting or delayed until 14 to 16 d after transplanting). The FYM was formed by composting pig manure with rice straw for 3 months. Basal incorporation of FYM, containing 23 kg N ha−1, increased rice grain yield in both seasons. The yield increase cannot be attributed to reduced ammonia loss of applied urea-N, because FYM did not reduce partial pressure of ammonia (pNH3) following urea application in either season. Basal and delayed applications of urea were equally effective in the absence of FYM, but when FYM was applied rice yields in both seasons were higher for delayed (mean = 3.2 Mg ha−1) than basal (mean = 2.9 Mg ha−1) application of urea. Results suggest that recommendations for urea timing in irrigated lowland rice should consider whether farmers apply FYM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750247
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  • 94
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049117
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  • 95
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    The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705224
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  • 96
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000806
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  • 97
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    A ground water nitrogen budget for a headwater swamp in an area of permanent ground water discharge (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: ground water ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; mass balance ; nutrient retention ; swamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ground water inputs and outputs of N were studied for a small ground water discharge swamp situated in a headwater drainage basin in southern Ontario, Canada. Darcy's equation with data for piezometers was used to measure inputs of shallow local ground water at the swamp margin and deep regional ground water beneath the swamp. Ground water flux was also quantified by measuring ground water discharge to the outlet stream draining the swamp in combination with a chemical mixing model to separate shallow and deep ground water components based on chloride differences. Estimates of shallow ground water flux determined by these two approaches agreed closely however, the piezometer data seriously underestimated the deep ground water input to the swamp. An average ground water input-output budget of total N (TN) total organic nitrogen (TON) ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate (NO3 --N) was estimated for stream base flow periods which occurred on an average of 328 days each year during 1986–1990. Approximately 90% of the annual NO3 --N input was contributed by shallow ground water at the swamp margin. Deep ground water represented about 65% of the total ground water input and a similar proportion of TON and NH4 +-N inputs. Annual ground water NO3 --N inputs and outputs were similar whereas NH4 +-N retention was 4 kg ha-1 representing about 68% of annual ground water input. Annual TON inputs in ground water exceeded outputs by 7.7 kg ha (27%). The capacity of the swamp to regulate ground water N fluxes was influenced by the N chemistry of ground water inputs and the hydrologic pathways of transport within the swamp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000808
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  • 98
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    Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: Plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; comparative sequestration ; feeding guilds ; insect herbivory ; natural enemies ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus (L.) ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; Aphis nerii B. de F. ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias curassavica L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cardenolide sequestration by a hemimetabolous aphid and a holometabolous butterfly from the neotropical milkweed,Asclepias curassavica L., is compared. The oleander aphid,Aphis nerii B. de F., sequestered a similarly narrow range of cardenolide concentrations to the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), from the wide range of concentrations available in leaves of A.curassavica. However, A.nerii sequestered significantly less cardenolide (269 µg/0.1 g) thanD. plexippus (528 µg/0.1 g). The honeydew excreted by A.nerii was comprised of 46% cardenolide. The complete polarity range of 25 cardenolides detected by thin layer chromatography in A.curassavica was represented in the 17 whole aphid cardenolides and the 20 aphid honeydew cardenolides detected. D.plexippus sequestered a narrower polarity range of 11 cardenolides, having eliminated low polarity cardenolide genins and glycosides. It is suggested that these chemical differences may be related to interactions among the broad feeding tactics of sucking or chewing milkweed leaves, life history constraints of holometabolyversus hemimetaboly, the distribution of milkweed food resources in space and time, and the dynamics of natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240581
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  • 99
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    Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: variation of secondary substances ; pharmacophagy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Ithomiinae ; Aeria olena ; Tithorea harmonia ; Mechanitis polymnia ; Apocynaceae-Echitoideae ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240582
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  • 100
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    Evolutionary strategies of chemical defense in aposematic butterflies: Cyanogenesis in Asteraceae-feeding American Acraeinae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; mimicry ; evolutionary strategies ; hostplants ; cyanogenesis ; linamarin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; Asteraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary American Acraeinae butterflies often ingest large amounts of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their Asteraceae hostplants in both larval and adult stages, but do not normally store these compounds for defence, instead biosynthesizing large amounts of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in all stages. This defence syndrome (rejection of plant toxins andde novo synthesis of protective chemicals) is considered to be the most evolved among aposematic (unpalatable mimicry-model) butterflies, as are the Acraeinae and Heliconiini which also synthesize cyanogens. Storage or minimal processing of larval hostplant-derived defensive chemicals is widespread and characterizes the most primitive model groups; an intermediate series (Danainae/Ithomiinae) also obtains the principal defensive chemicals (PAs) from plants, but mostly in the adult stage. These syndromes are discussed and contrasted with the pattern seen in Chrysomelidae beetles, wherede novo synthesis is widespread and considered primitive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325228
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