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1

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Acid tolerance of Pacific Northwest conifers in solution culture (1986)

Ryan, P. J. ; Gessel, S. P. ; Zasoski, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 239-257

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Acidity ; Al toxicity-tolerance ; H toxicity-tolerance ; Pacific Northwest ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Solution culture ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Seedlings of three Pacific northwest conifer species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) were grown in acid nutrient solutions with and without aluminium present. The acid treatments were paired so as to differentiate the effects of aluminium from the hydrogen ion concentration that a specific level of Al-cations induces via hydrolysis reactions. Relative to agronomic plants, all the conifers were found tolerant of the acid solutions and high levels of aluminium. Species differed in their relative tolerance to H and Al-cations. Douglas-fir and western redcedar both displayed similar or better growth in nutrient containing 175 ppm Al than in solutions at the same pH (3.0) without aluminium. In contrast to the other species, western hemlock survived and thrived in acid solution of pH 3 while the presence of Al in acid solution adversely affected seedling root growth and tissue divalent cation concentrations, especially calcium and magnesium. Therefore, the ability of western hemlock to grow in acid conditions is postulated to be related to this species' physiological tolerance of excess H-cations in solution and low tissue requirements of Ca and Mg. This tolerance of H-cation concentrations found for western hemlock meant that the specific effects of high Al concentrations in solution could be differentiated in hemoock seedling growth and nutrition from those effects caused by increased H-concentration due to Al-hydrolysis.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374768

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2

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Acid tolerance of Pacific Northwest conifers in solution culture (1986)

Ryan, P. J. ; Gessel, S. P. ; Zasoski, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 259-272

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Acidity ; Al toxicity-tolerance ; H-toxicity-tolerance ; Pacific Northwest ; Picea sitchensis ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Solution culture ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Seedlings of four Pacific Northwest conifer species; Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) were grown in solution culture at six levels of aluminium concentration (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm Al). The pH of these nutrient solutions was adjusted to be equivalent with that level induced by hydrolysis of the highest Al treatment (pH 3.5 of the 100 ppmAl treatment). Divalent cation concentration in the roots of all four species decreased as Al activity increased. Potassium was the only nutrient that exhibited increased tissue concentrations as Al activity increased. Phosphorus and N in the seedlings had complex responses to increasing Al. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce root length was the main growth property found to be significantly affected by Al activity in the solutions. Increasing Al concentrations in these acid nutrient solutions did not significantly affect biomass growth of any of the four species. Western hemlock and western redcedar were especially tolerant of these acid-Al conditions. These results have been related to western hemlock's low tissue requirements of Ca and Mg and western redcedar's ability to accumulate high tissue levels of Ca even in the presence of excess H and Al-cations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374769

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3

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Nitrogen requirements and the biological cycling of nitrogen in douglas-fir stands in relationship to the effects of nitrogen fertilization (1963)

Heilman, Paul E. ; Gessel, S. P.

Springer

Plant and soil 18 (1963), S. 386-402

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347237

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4

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N, S, P status and protein synthesis in the foliage of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) and Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold var. nigra) (1985)

Clement, A. ; Gessel, S. P.

Springer

Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 345-359

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Black pine ; Calcareous soil ; Foliar tissue ; Leached-brown soil ; N−S−P status ; Podzolic soil ; Seedlings ; Spruce

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The different forms of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus were measured in the foliar tissue of spruce and black pine seedlings grown in the greenhouse in 3 soils (brown, podzolic and calcareous) with or without a supply of nitrogen. This paper is a complementary study to our work on adult trees in the same sites, confirms our previous results and leads to the following observations: - a nitrogen supply (NH4NO3) resulted in an accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (NH 4 + ) and of organic soluble nitrogen in foliar tissue, - when the limiting factor for protein synthesis was nitrogen, accumulation of soluble sulphur and soluble phosphorus occurred in foliar tissue, - sulphur and nitrogen were strongly linked with protein metabolism while there was relative independence between phosphorus and nitrogen, - insoluble sulphur/insoluble nitrogen ratio (SI/NI) was characteristic of each species and was independent of the nitrogen treatment. In a practical application of foliar diagnosis, foliar soluble contents of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus in the leaves appeared to be good indicators for determining nutrient levels of these elements in trees.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220190

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5

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Forest fertilization research and practice in the Pacific Northwest (1991)

Chappell, H. N. ; Cole, D. W. ; Gessel, S. P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 129-140

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Douglas-fir ; nitrogen ; mineral cycling ; growth and yield

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Forest managers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) use fertilization as a means to increase timber yields in managed stands. Information on the biological basis for nutrient amendments and stand growth responses to fertilization is required to effectively use fertilization as a silvicultural tool, and research programs in mineral cycling and forest nutrition have been underway in the region for about four decades. Most PNW Douglas-fir forest sites are nitrogen deficient. Mineral cycling research has shown high C/N ratios and low nitrification rates for soils in the region. Research and development projects in the Pacific Northwest have produced an information base that is used to select sites and stands for fertilization and to forecast growth after treatment. Much of the basis for operational fertilization programs in western Oregon and Washington comes from cooperative research programs; current activities for these programs are directed toward improving site-specific response information. Forest fertilization in the Pacific Northwest has become a silvicultural practice of major significance over the past two decades. Forest industry and government organizations managing forest lands in western Oregon and Washington apply nitrogen fertilizer to Douglas-fir stands over a range of soil and stand types (operational fertilization of other species is minor). About 50,000 to 55,000 ha are fertilized each year, and future programs will likely be of similar magnitude. Most current plans for management regimes including fertilization call for multiple applications.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048615

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6

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Major-element deficiencies inCasuarina equisetifolia (1993)

Walker, R. B. ; Chowdappa, P. ; Gessel, S. P.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 127-133

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Casuarina equisetifolia ; deficiency symptoms ; filao ; macro-nutrients ; mineral nutrition

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Casuarina equisetifolia is being widely used in tropical and sub-tropical countries as a fast-growing multipurpose tree. It is tolerant of relatively infertile sites, especially because of symbiotic N-fixation. However, mineral requirements and deficiencies have been scantily studied, even though responses to fertilization have been reported. To study its mineral nutrition, seedlings ofC. equisetifolia were grown for six months in sand cultures, using a 1/2 strength Hoagland-typeComplete solution, and two reduced levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Plant heights were measured every 2–3 weeks; at harvest, dry weights of younger and older foliage, stems, and roots were recorded, and chemical analyses made for the elements being studied. Deficiency symptoms were observed, and the chemical analyses confirmed at least incipient deficiency in the reduced level treatments for each of the five elements. This made possible estimation of deficiency ranges, which should be useful in assessing needs for mineral fertilization.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750107

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