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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some current approaches to the evolution of plant–herbivore interactions (2000)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 15 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ‘Coevolution’ between plants and herbivorous arthropods has several meanings: cospeciation, reciprocal adaptation, and a history of ‘escape-and-radiation’. Few well documented examples of each are known. Most evolutionary research on insect-plant interactions concerns the adaptations of insects to plants or of plants to insects, but little of it expressly addresses reciprocal adaptation. Modern phylogenetic research confirms that host associations in many clades of specialized insects are evolutionarily conservative. An example from leaf beetles (Ophraella) is presented, in which the historical conservatism of host shifts is mirrored by patterns of paucity of genetic variation in the ability to use novel hosts. In several species of Ophraella, genetic variation was more often discerned in responses to plants closely related to the insect’s normal host plant than to more distantly related plants. Thus availability of genetic variation might bias the evolution of host shifts, and account for the phylogenetic pattern. The difficult problem of showing that chemical and other resistance features of plants evolved for their defensive function is slowly yielding to investigation. One difficulty is that most insect herbivores are thought to be usually too rare to impose appreciable selection. Insects collectively could exert quite strong selection on resistance characters if these characters have genetically correlated effects across many species of herbivores (i.e., if selection were ‘diffuse’). Surprisingly, the little available evidence does not suggest that pervasive genetic correlations are common. I conclude that more, and more multidisciplinary, research is needed to understand the evolution of plant resistance and defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00029.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intellect in evolution (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 319 (1986), S. 19-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BY the fertility and originality of his thought, the variety of his interests and contributions, and the influence of his effervescent personality on his colleagues and students, John Maynard Smith has taken his place as one of this era's leading evolutionary biologists. His empirical and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319019a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different effects of variation in Xanthium strumarium L. (Compositae) on two insect seed predators (1978)
    Springer
    Oecologia 37 (1978), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the relative importance of variation in several plant characters on susceptibility to herbivores, we examined patterns of seed predation by two monophagous insect species and patterns of variation in ten populations of the cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that one seed predator was most influenced by plant chemical variation, the other was significantly influenced by both chemical and morphological variation, but variation in yet another character, general burr size, was most important in conferring resistance to both insects simultaneously. The plant populations differed most in this character. Although many of the plant characters were correlated with each other, those important in determining susceptibility to each insect species were uncorrelated and independent of those conferring resistance to both insects simultaneously. These results imply that ecological similar herbivores may be influenced by different aspects of plant variation, and that predictions of evolutionary responses of local plant populations to herbivory may require knowledge of the structure of local herbivore communities and the dynamics of their establishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent transgenerational effects of host plant in the leaf beetle Ophraella notulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Host selection ; Maternal effect ; Paternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The natural host of Ophraella notulata is Iva frutescens (Asteraceae); its close relative feeds on a related plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We reared beetles on both plants, obtained progeny from the four possible crosses (two sexes X two parental hosts), and reared the progeny on both plant species. Survival to the imaginal stage of progeny reared on Iva varied with both maternal and paternal host. Hatchling feeding response to both plants showed a maternal host X paternal host interaction. Consumption of Ambrosia by adult beetles was, counter to expectation, higher for progeny of Iva-reared males than Ambrosia-reared males. Oviposition response, although based on too few data to be definitive, was peculiar: parental host did not affect oviposition on Ambrosia; on Iva daughters of Iva-reared males laid significantly more eggs than did daughters of Ambrosia-reared males, but only if they had been reared on Iva; those reared on Ambrosia displayed the reverse pattern. We discuss the possibility that nongenetic paternal transmission of host plant effects may explain these results, but offer a somewhat uncomfortable hypothesis of selection as a preferable explanation. An important outcome of the experiment is that it provided no evidence of maternal effects of host plant on offspring feeding or oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317507
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflections on reflections: Ecology and evolutionary biology (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 19 (1986), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138881
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of variation in host plant on the growth of an oligophagous insect, Malacosoma americanum and its polyphagous relative, Malacosoma disstria (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant relations ; host variation ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Geometridae ; Lepidoptera ; niche breadth ; specialization ; plantinsect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum (F.), einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden verglichen mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria Hb. und zwar im Hinblick auf deren Empfindlichkeit auf Unterschiede im Blatt ihrer gemeinsamen Wirtspflanze, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Das Puppengewicht und die Entwicklungszeit bis zur Verpuppung wurden gemessen bei Raupen, welche auf Blättern von freiwachsenden und von beschatteten Jungpflanzen gezüchtet worden waren. Die Blattunterschiede hatten eine ausgesprochene Wirkung, aber es gab keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion der beiden Arten. Dieser Vergleich lässt vermuten, dass die Empfindlichkeit auf intraspezifische Unterschiede der Wirtspflanzenqualität bei wirtsspezifischen und polyphagen Arten gleich ist. Indessen dürften sich laut anderen Resultaten einige Insektenarten anders verhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to their sensitivity to variation in the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupal weight and time to pupation were measured on larvae reared on foliage from open-grown and from shaded saplings. The difference in foliage had a pronounced effect, but no difference was evident between the species in their response to the variation in foliage. This comparison implies that sensitivity to intraspecific variation in host quality does not differ between host-specific and generalized species. However, results from other species suggest that some species of insects do differ in this respect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300882
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food plant specialization and feeding efficiency in the tent caterpillars Malacosoma disstria and M. americanum (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: assimilation efficiency ; growth efficiency ; niche breadth ; specialization ; hostplant relations ; plant-insect interactions ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen. entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blätter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wirerhielten ähnliche Werte wie sie früher für andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die üblichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl für Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnützen als as polyphage Arten tun.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300873
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  • 8
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    Selective factors affecting clonal variation in the fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: geometridae) (1981)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    What everyone needs to know about evolution (2009)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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    Evolutionary genetics (1989)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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