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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Counterespionage in an Insect Herbivore-Parasitoid System (1997)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050358
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host selection behavior of a thistle-feeding fly: choices and consequences (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 534-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Host selection ; Marking ; Superparasitism ; Fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Female Canada thistle seed flies (Orellia ruficauda) preferentially oviposit into seed heads which are a single day from opening. When flies are forced to oviposit into flower heads at other stages of development, offspring typically do slightly poorer: they attain a mature mass of about 15% less than do larvae derived from preferred hosts. Larval mass correlates strongly with reproductive success: heavy larvae develop into adults that produce eggs at a faster rate than do those developing from small larvae. After laying a clutch of eggs, flies circumscribe the rim of the flowerhead with their extended ovipositor and deposit a clear fluid. Flies reject previously-attacked hosts, bearing this apparent marking pheromone, significantly more often than they reject unattacked hosts. Costs of superparasitism in this system are relatively small, inasmuch as there is only a weak relationship between clutch size and larval success at the densities measured in this study. We speculate that flies are highly selective, when the apparent costs of making a mistake are rather low, because the information provided by phenological cues and by the putative marking pheromone is highly reliable, and low fecundity and time costs allow sufficient time to express a high level of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875447
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of egg load on superparasitism by the snowberry fly (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: egg load ; adaptive superparasitism ; Rhagoletis zephyria ; host marking pheromone ; snowberry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies conducted with fruits of the host plant, Symphoricarpus albus (L.), we examine the influence of egg load on the oviposition behaviour of Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera:Tephritidae). By altering the availability of exogenous protein, three classes of females with progressively increasing egg loads were produced, while keeping confounding factors such as age, experience, and mating status constant. Flies from all three classes were randomly presented with either a pheromone marked fruit, or with an unmarked fruit. Results indicate that increased egg load led to a greater propensity to accept, or superparasitize, the pheromone marked fruit. Upon dissection it was revealed that females which superparasitized had a mean egg load of 19.5 eggs (n=22), while females which rejected marked fruit had a mean egg load of 13.5 eggs (n=26). These results are consistent with the theory of adaptive superparasitism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186283
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383552
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instar-specific defense of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum: Influence on oviposition success of the parasiteAphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelmidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 501-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Aphelinus asychis ; Aphelinidae ; behavior ; defense reactions ; host selection ; oviposition ; parasite ; pea aphid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parasite Aphelinus asychisWalker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) oviposits in all four instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Searching females display a highly stereotyped sequence of behaviors when encountering a host. Once recognized, an aphid is examined and probed by the wasp with the everted ovipositor prior to oviposition. Oviposition success is influenced by aphid behavior that is related to aphid size and expressed through instarspecific escape and defense reactions. Being smaller and less able to defend themselves, first and early-second instars of pea aphid are more susceptible to successful parasitism than third and fourth instars, in that order. Observed patterns of preference by Aphelinus females for particular aphid species and instars reflect the outcome of behavioral interactions between the hosts and the parasites, rather than preference in the strict sense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052014
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of Alarm Pheromone Secretion in Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2875-2882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alarm pheromone ; signaling ; (E)-β-farnesene ; pea aphid ; cornicle ; ontogeny ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When attacked by a predator, an aphid may secrete a droplet of fluid from its cornicles containing a volatile alarm pheromone component, (E)-β-farnesene. This study investigated both qualitative and quantitative aspects of alarm pheromone production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The best predictor of cornicle droplet emission was reproductive phase, rather than instar, as prereproductive aphids were more likely to secrete cornicle droplets than either reproductive or postreproductive individuals. Analogously, alarm pheromone amounts were highest in prereproductive aphids. (E)-β-Farnesene quantities (mean ± SE) increased significantly from first instar (1.5 ± 0.6 ng) to second instar (11.2 ± 3.7 ng) and did not significantly change during third (12.8 ± 3.0 ng) or fourth instars (11.0 ± 3.7 ng). Alarm pheromone amounts then decreased significantly in adults (4.8 ± 2.3 ng). We suggest that prereproductive aphids have been selected to produce higher levels of pheromone because of their more clustered colony structure and higher levels of predation, as compared with adult aphids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026402229440
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone components of the fruit-tree leaf roller,Archips argyrospilus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2855-2864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; fruit-tree leaf roller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecan-1-ol acetate ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, the pheromone blend of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E 11-14:OAc), (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14:OAc) and dodecan-1-ol acetate (12: OAc) at a 100∶64∶2∶1 ratio (western FTLR blend) attracted significantly more male fruit-tree leaf roller (FTLR),Archips argyrospilus (Walker), than did the previously reported four-component blend and modifications thereof. Addition of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH) to the western FTLR blend in a ratio of 4% relative toZ11-14: OAc further significantly enhanced attraction. Compounds were identified and their ratio determined by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometric analyses of female FTLR pheromone gland extracts and by retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components. Determination and use of geographically specific pheromonal blends may be required for optimal, semiochemical-based biorational control of FTLR and other lepidopteran orchard pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980587
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen availability, seed production and seed predator clutch size in a tephritid—thistle system (1994)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 8 (1994), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Canada thistle ; pollen limitation ; tephritid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We develop a simple model explaining clutch size behaviour ofOrellia ruficauda on its principle host in North America,Cirsium arvense. Offspring of flies feed solely on thistle seeds and seed production is pollen-limited. Thus, female flies risk reduced offspring fitness when committing large clutches to hosts (female flower heads) occurring in localities where male plants are locally absent. We therefore predict that attacked hosts will contain fewer eggs in such localities, a prediction that is consistent with data obtained in the field: large clutches are never laid in flower heads in low-pollination localities. However, larvae reared from such low-quality hosts are significantly smaller on average and will therefore carry smaller egg loads as adults. Small clutches in poor-quality hosts may thus be an expression of lower per-adult fecundity. Nevertheless, sufficient numbers of large, fecund flies are produced in low-pollination localities to make this last explanation less convincing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01238249
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  • 9
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    Host selection behavior of a thistle-feeding fly: choices and consequences (1992)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Pouncing spider, flying mosquito: blood acquisition increases predation risk in mosquitoes (2003)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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