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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemically-mediated host selection in a parasitic mite (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 257 (1975), S. 788-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Studies of other arthropod parasites (Hymenoptera) view host discrimination as three consecutive processes9"12: finding the host's environment, selecting an appropriate host, and accepting or parasitising this choice. Acarine parasitism seems to fit this pattern. In this report we focus on the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/257788a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of flashing in fireflies (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 144 (1981), S. 287-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The restrained male of the fireflyPteroptyx cribellata of Papua New Guinea responds to exogenous light signals with a latency of about one second, which equals the period of the natural spontaneous rhythm of flashing and includes about 800 ms of central nervous delay. The response is cycle-by-cycle and all-or-none and the duration of the response time is independent of the phasing of the driver in relation to the free run rhythm (Figs. 1, 2). The firefly can be entrained to rhythms over a period range of 800 ms to 1,600 ms, during which it leads or lags the concurrent signal by an amount equal to the difference between the driving period and the animal's period (Figs. 3, 4). The phase-response line is nearly straight and is inclined 45 ° (Figs. 2, 5). Normally an exogenous signal dictates interflash timing but occasionally may fail to entrain the firefly (Figs. 7B, E) or may fail to evoke a flash (Figs. 7F, G). Persistence of endogenous control of timing period duration even during driving is occasionally seen as spontaneous drift in response time (Fig. 9). It is proposed that during entrainment each exogenous signal resets the pacemaker immediately to the start of its endogenous cycle, from which point it then begins a new series of free run periods. Thus each flash is timed in relation to the signal of the preceding cycle (Fig. 3). We devised a model of the endogenous timing cycle which fits the empirical data and achieves entrainment by a single mechanism involving phase advance or delay rather than change in actual rate of endogenous timing (Fig. 12). The proposed mechanism by which single males entrain to light signals seems compatible also with the mass synchronous flashing which is the characteristic behavior of field congregations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612560
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of flashing in fireflies (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 144 (1981), S. 277-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Males of the fireflyPteroptyx cribellata of Papua New Guinea luminesce spontaneously in two principal modes: a regular one-per-second display flash (Fig. 1 A) and an irregular flicker of 3–10 peaks per second (Fig. 1B). In free run rhythmic display flashing by intact, restrained individuals, serial correlation analysis of interflash duration in successive cycles indicates that the variability of the brain-to-lantern excitation delay is negligible in comparison with the variability of the endogenous timing process (Figs. 6, 7). It is therefore possible to use the duration of the flash-to-flash interval of the intact firefly as a measure of endogenous pacemaker timing behavior. It is deduced that the cycling of the pacemaker is continuous, does not require that the animal see his own flash or even that he flash (Fig. 2 A), shows intercycle independence (Fig. 5) and may phase-shift its rhythm spontaneously upon occasion (Fig. 2C). Pacemaker period is normally distributed (Fig. 3), is not correlated with flash intensity, and appears to shorten slightly if a flash is skipped (Table 3). The occurrence of spontaneous flash skipping is taken to indicate that the timing process that measures pacemaker period can cycle independently of its usual triggering of the flash-excitation message to the lantern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612559
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory capabilities of the “gustatory” chemoreceptors of the tobacco hornworm larvae (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 104 (1975), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gustatory chemoreceptors on the maxillae ofManduca sexta responded to natural stimuli from distances of up to 600 μm (average is 100 μm). In the lateral sensilla styloconica, at least three of the four known chemoreceptive cells responded, indicating that different compounds could be involved in the stimulus. The medial sensilla did not show a comparable olfactory capability. Thus, chemoreceptors classed as contact receptors on a morphological basis (thick walls, single apical pore) were responsive to vapors of normal food substances. Adaptation of the receptor was observed prior to contact with the stimulus. This has important implications for experiments on gustatory receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379454
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A technique for electrophysiologically recording from chemosensory organs of intact caterpillars (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383819
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of specific food preference in lepidopterous larvae (1968)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 11 (1968), S. 211-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Larven des letzten Entwicklungsstadium von Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) und Heliothis zea (Noctuidae), die an verschiedenen Wirtspflanzen gezüchtet wurden, bevorzugten in individuellen Nahrungswahlversuchen jene Pflanzenarten, an welchen sie sich entwickelten. Diese induzierte Präferenz ist spezifisch für die induzierende Pflanzenart und nicht einfach eine allgemeine Verschiebung der Reizschwelle für Frass- bzw. Vergällungsstoffe. Die Stärke der durch verschiedene Wirtspflanzen induzierten Präferenz variierte von Pflanze zu Pflanze erheblich. Es war nicht möglich, Präferenz für eine Pflanzenart ausserhalb des Wirtspflanzenkreises zu induzieren. In den an künstlicher Nahrung gezüchteten Raupen entwickelte sich die Präferenz für eine gegebene Wirtspflanze bereits während einer eintägigen Ernährung an derselben. Die einmal erworbene Präferenz wurde selbst durch zwei Häutungen und Ernährung mit künstlicher Nahrung nicht ausgelöscht. Demnach wird angenommen, dass die als Basis für die induzierte Präferenz dienende Rezeptoreninformation im Zentralnervensystem gespeichert wird. Die wahrscheinliche ökologische Bedeutung der induzierten Präferenz wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Last instar larvae of Manduca sexta (Johanssen) and Heliothis zea (Boddie), fed on different host plants or on artificial diet, and then tested individually, have shown clear preference for the plant previously eaten. This induced preference is specific for the inducing plant species and is not merely a change in the insect's general threshold of food acceptability. The extent to which preference can be induced by various host plants differs considerably. No induction is possible with plants outside the insect's host range. In larvae fed on artificial diet preference to a given host plant can be induced even by a one-day feeding on it. A preference once induced is not wiped out by two larval moults and subsequent feeding on an artificial diet. Thus it is supposed that the information serving as a basis for the induced feeding habit is stored in the central nervous system. The possible ecological significance of the induced preference is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305230
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217537
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecdysteroids as a component of the genital sex pheromone in two species of hard ticks,Dermacentor variabilis andDermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 12 (1991), S. 275-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neutering of part-fed females eliminated copulatory behavior inDermacentor variabilis (Say) andD. andersoni Stiles males. Extracts from the anterior reproductive tracts of part-fed (7 days) females partly restored the male copulatory behavior in conspecific neutered females. Similar extracts from unfed females did not restore the behavior, suggesting that the pheromone was produced during feeding. Perception of the genital sex pheromone by sensillae on the male cheliceral digits was confirmed by electrophysiological techniques. Males ofD. variabilis andD. andersoni responsed positively to authentic ecdysone and 20-hydroxyccdysone (20HE) in neutered female bioassays. Responses to sterols were significantly lower than to ecdysteroids. Electrophysiological assays suggest a sensitivity of males to high doses of ecdysteroids. The strongest responses were to 20HE in both species. Ecdysteroids, specifically ecdysone and 20HE were shown to be present in the anterior reproductive tracts in excess of amounts that could be explained by mere hemolymph contamination. Ecdysteroids were also found in washings of the vaginal lumen of these two species.Dermacentor andersoni females contained larger amounts of ecdysteroids thanD. variabilis females. 20-hydroxyecdysone and possibly ecdysone appear to be components of the genital sex pheromone ofD. variabilis andD. andersoni. Species recognition may be facilitated by these components, but the complete mechanism is not yet fully understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193473
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding responses to solanaceous allelochemicals by larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding preference ; host plant chemicals ; alkaloids ; stimulants ; deterrents ; Manduca sexta Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des experiences de choix de chenilles oligophages de M. sexta ont été réalisees avec des disques de papier filtre imbiles d'eau ou de solutions des substances allélochimiques dominantes dans les plantes consommées. Sur les six alcaloïdes de solanées examinés: tomatine, tomatidine, solanine, solanocapsine, atropine et nicotine, seuls la tomatine et la solanocapsine ont influé sur le choix; la solanocapsine (5 mM) empêche la prise de nourriture, tandis que la tomatine (1 mM) la stimule légèrement. Aucun effet synergique de la tomatine ou de la tomatidine n'a été observé en présence de sucrose. La réponse à la tomatine est modifiée par la prise de nourriture antérieure. Elle stimule légèrement l'alimentation de chenilles élevées sur tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum), mais dissuade légèrement les chenilles élevées sur Solanum pseudocapsicum. II n'y a pas d'action induite semblable avec les autres alcalïdes examinés, ce qui indique que ces alcaloïdes ne peuvent pas induire par eux-mêmes de préférences pour les plantes qui les contiennent. Des substances allélochimiques non-alcaloïdes: acide chlorogénique, rutine, et 2-tridécanone, influent aussi sur le comportement de choix alimentaire. L'acide chlorogénique est légèrement stimulant à sa concentration naturelle (1 mM), mais fortement dissuasif aux concentrations supérieures. La rutine stimule la prise de nourriture en fonction de sa concentration. Son activité doit être due à sa structure glucosylate, puisqu'aussi bien l'aglycone (quercitine) que la moiteé sucrée (rutinose) sont neutres. La suppression de la partie glucose de la rutine, comme dans le cas de la quercitine, a un effet dissuasif. A sa concentration dans la tomate cultivée (1 mM), le 2-tridécanone est neutre, mais il est fortement dissuasif et toxique à des concentrations supérieures. Le comportement de choix n'est pas modifié par le solanésol, le GABA, et par un mélange de composés végétaux stimulant un consommateur spécifique de solanées, comme le doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Nous pouvons conclure que les principaux alcaloïdes et autres substances allélochimiques des solanées que nous avons examinés n'interviennent pas d'une façon importante, mais peuvent avoir une influence secondaire, dans les choix alimentaires de Manduca sexta.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding responses of the oligophagous tobacco hornworm to allelochemicals prevalent in their host plants were determined in food choice-tests using filter paper discs laced with a test solution or water (control). Six solanaceous alkaloids, tomatine, tomatidine, solanine, solanocapsine, atropine and nicotine, were tested and only tomatine and solanocapsine were found to influence preference behavior. Solanocapsine (5 mM) deters feeding whereas tomatine (1 mM) stimulates feeding slightly. No synergistic effect of either tomatine or tomatidine with sucrose was found. The responses to tomatine are affected by previous feeding experience. Tomatine slightly stimulates feeding in larvae reared on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), but slightly deters feeding in larvae reared on Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum). Such induced preference is absent for the other alkaloids tested, which indicates that these alkaloids do not by themselves induce preferences for the plants containing them. The non-alkaloid allelochemicals, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and 2-tridecanone also influenced food choice behavior. Chlorogenic acid is slightly stimulatory at its natural concentration (1mM), but strongly deterrent at higher concentrations. Rutin stimulates feeding in a concentration-dependent manner. Its activity must be due to the glycosylated structure, because both the aglycone (quercetin) and the sugar moiety (rutinose) are neutral. Removal of the glucose part of rutin, as in quercitrin, results in feeding deterrent activity. 2-Tridecanone is neutral at its concentration in cultivated tomato (1 mM), but strongly deterrent and toxic at higher concentrations. Preference behavior is not affected by solanesol, GABA, and a mixture of host plant compounds stimulatory for anothe solanaceous-specific feeder, the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). We conclude that the prevalent solanaceous alkaloids and other allelochemicals tested do not play important roles in food selection of the tobacco hornworm, although some may make small contributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305637
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), antennal responses to analogs of its sex pheromone (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 773-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Adaptation ; chemoreception ; electroantennogram ; European corn borer ; Lepidoptera ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; genetic strains ; 11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to (1) determine whether the electroantennogram (EAG) can detect differences among the responses of antennae from males derived from the three strains ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and (2) characterize the EAG responses of each strain to isomeric forms of the natural pheromone, (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (TDA), and analogs possessing differences in the terminal alkyl group, cyclopropyl (CPA), ortert-butyl (TBA). EAG responses differed among the strains in two ways: (1) Antennae fromZZ males always produced an EAG to (Z)-TDA with an extended duration of response. This “signature” EAG response was found to be unique to the antennal response ofZZ males to (Z)-TDA, thus providing a relatively easy method of distinguishing liveZZ males fromEE orZE males. Correlated with this longer EAG response was a longer disadaptation time, i.e., the EAG response ofZZ antennae disadapted more slowly (ca. 10 min) than the response ofEE antennae. (2) Strain differences in the relative EAG amplitudes to isomers and analogs were observed at the stimulus amounts eliciting the peak EAG amplitude as follows: TDA ≥ CPA 〉 TBA forZZ males and both isomers; TDA 〉 CPA ≥ TBA and CPA ≥ TDA 〉 TBA forEE males and theE andZ isomers, respectively; CPA 〉 TBA ≥ TDA forZE males and both isomers. Dose—response relationships were seen for all compounds if amplitude (“peak height”) of the EAG was used as a measure of response. However, if width of the EAG at half the peak height (“peak width”) was used, then only theZZ antennal response to (Z)-TDA resulted in a meaningful dose-response relationship. For all strains, the EAG amplitudes elicited by theZ isomers of any of the tested compounds were greater than those elicited by the correspondingE isomers. Therefore, correlations between the relative EAG and upwind flight responses were observed in theZZ (r = 0.86) andZE (r = 0.80) strains but were not correlated in theEE strain (r = 0.18). Temporal studies showed that adaptation, not postexcision deterioration, was responsible for the observed decreases in the EAG amplitude after repetitive stimulation or after stimulation with amounts in a descending order. Disa-daptation required at least 20 min for a moderate dose (10 μg for 1 sec). Developmental studies showed that antennae from 2-day-old adults had the greatest EAG response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016488
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