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  • Triticum aestivum  (153)
  • Drosophila  (147)
  • temperature  (131)
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  • 1
    Keywords: Assessment ; Malaria ; Public Health ; Scale ; Weather ; climate change ; public health policy ; temperature
    Description / Table of Contents: Awareness that many key aspects of public health are strongly influenced by climate is growing dramatically, driven by new research and experience and fears of climate change and the research needed to underpin policy developments in area is growing rapidly . This awareness has yet to translate into a practical use of climate knowledge by health policy-makers. Evidence based policy and practice is the mantra of the health sector. If climate scientists are to contribute effectively to health policy at local and global scales then careful empirical studies must be undertaken – focused on the needs of the public health policy and decision-makers. Results presented at the Wengen conference make clear that the science and art of integrating climate knowledge into the control of climate sensitive diseases on a year to year time frame as well as careful assessments of the potential impacts of climate change on health outcomes over longer time frames is advancing rapidly on many fronts. This includes advances in the empirical understanding of mechanisms, methodologies for modeling future impacts, new partnership developments between the health and climate community along with access to relevant data resources, and education and training. In a rapidly evolving field this book provides a snapshot of these emerging themes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402068775
    Language: English
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anagyrus kamali ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoid ; Maconellicoccus hirsutus ; Pseudococcidae ; host density ; functional response ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peformance of the parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae], as a function of host density, temperature, and photoperiod was investigated with the objective to optimize a mass-rearing system in the context of a biological control program. The number of hosts parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 hibiscus mealybug (HMB), Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae], corresponded to a type II-III functional response in fixed-time conditions and a type III in variable-time conditions. Twenty-six percent of the oviposited eggs led to progeny emergence with a sex ratio of 0.49±0.102 (M/F), regardless of host density. Fecundity and oviposition period under six abiotic combinations (i.e., two temperatures (26±2 °C and 32±2 °C) and three photoperiods (L0:D24, L12:D12, L24:D0)) were measured. Lifetime fecundity and reproductive life were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod conditions. Optimum female parasitoid lifetime fecundity was attained at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with an average of 116.1±17.43 eggs. At 32±2 °C, L24:D0 and L12:D12, an average of 79.4±34.57 and 85.8±35.81 eggs were laid, respectively. Reproductive longevity was maximal at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with 12±4.85 days of oviposition. Because the parasite A. kamali can be reared optimally without light, this may save tremendous energy costs.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphidius ervi ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Praon volucre ; Sitobion avenae ; temperature ; development time ; parasitization ; superparasitization ; lower temperature thresholds ; immature mortality ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature dependencies were established for the egg-to-mummy and mummy-to-adult phases, for mummy mortality, and for parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez, and Praon volucre (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae), three parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera, Aphididae), at 8 °C, 12 °C, 16 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C on winter wheat (cv. Haven). A physiological model described temperature-dependent development over the full temperature range, whereas a linear model was fitted for data above 8 °C and used to estimate the lower temperature thresholds and day-degrees (° D) required for development. The thresholds for A. ervi were 2.2 °C for egg-mummy development and 6.6 °C for mummy-adult development, those for A. rhopalosiphi were 4.5 °C and 7.2 °C, and those for P. volucre were 3.8 °C and 5.5 °C. The time to develop into mummies and adults differed significantly between the three species: A. ervi development into mummies required an average of 159 ° D, while development into adults took an average of 73 ° D. The corresponding average times required for A. rhopalosiphi and P. volucre to develop mummies were 124° D and 126° D, while their development into adults required an average of 70° D and 150° D, respectively. Mummy mortality was 25–35% at 8 °C and less at the higher temperatures tested, but began to increase again at 25 °C, showing a quadratic relationship between mortality and temperature. Parasitization was very low or, in the case of P. volucre, absent up to 12 °C and thereafter increased with increasing temperature. The relationship between parasitization, recorded as percent aphids mummified, and temperature was linear at the temperatures tested and depended on species. A. ervisuperparasitized 11.1% aphids at 20 °C and 16.6% aphids at 25 °C, whereas superparasitism was low in A. rhopalosiphi and absent in P. volucre. From 16 °C to 25 °C the P. volucre sex ratio increased. For A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi there was no trend with temperature, but at 20 °C and 25 °C it was close to even. Field data for 1996 and 1997 allowed for a comparison of actual and expected emergence of overwintering mummies. In both years, parasitoids were predicted to have emerged from overwintering mummies well in advance of the onset of aphid infestation, and more than a month earlier than the first parasitized aphids were found in winter wheat. Observations from trap plants in other crops supported the predictions of the models. Other factors that can affect biological control by cereal aphid parasitoids are discussed.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila ; induction ; habituation ; associative learning ; T-maze olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments reported in this paper investigate the properties of a change in the responsiveness of adult Drosophila melanogaster induced by exposure to different rearing media. This effect has previously been described as habituation or associative learning. Exposure to food medium containing 0.08% menthol induced a positive response to menthol odour in a T-maze olfactometer. A brief (one hour) exposure to mentholic food just before testing was sufficient to induce a change in responsiveness. The effect did not persist through periods of more than an hour of separation from mentholic medium. Effects induced by exposure to a single compound were not specific to that compound alone. Menthol-reared flies (MRFs) differed from plain reared flies (PRFs) in their responsiveness to the odours of benzaldehyde and ethyl acetate, as well as menthol, and exposure to ethyl acetate induced a change in response to menthol odour. That there was an induced positive response to menthol in MRFs suggests that conventional habituation is insufficient to explain the induced change in responsiveness, but the generalised nature of this behavioural induction in MRFs is hard to explain in terms of associative learning. The mechanism underlying the induction remains elusive.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) ; Tortricidae ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, welche abiotischen Faktoren die Beendigung der fakultativen Diapause ausgewachsener Apfelwicklerlarven (Laspeyresia pomonella) steuern. Die Beendigung der Diapause unter Langtagbedingungen (LT) wird beeinflusst durch: 1. die Zuchttemperatur der Larven während der Prädiapauseentwicklung; 2. die Dauer der Präinkubation, d.h. die Zeit, während der diapausierende Larven unter Prädiapause-Zuchtbedingungen bleiben; 3. die Reaktivierungs-inkubation, d.h. eine Periode von 70 d, während der die Larven auf 4° gekühlt werden und 4. die Komplementärinkubation (LT und, ausser in einem Experiment, 26°), d.h. die nach der Kühlung bzw. dem Wechsel in der Photoperiode benötigte Zeitdauer bis zur Verpuppung. Die Komplementärinkubation ist deutlich kürzer, wenn die Prädiapauseentwicklung der Larven bei Temperaturen unter 26° stattfindet. Bei 19° verpuppten sich 100% der Larven, wobei der Zeitpunkt der Verpuppung durch die Verlängerung der Präinkubationszeit beschleunigt wurde. Bei Larven, die bei 26° gezüchtet wurden, erreichte die Verpuppungsrate lediglich 56% bei einer relativ langen Präinkubationsdauer, wobei deren Verlängerung auch die Larvenmortalität erhöhte. Nach einer Zuchttemperatur von 19° und einer Präinkubationsdauer von 90 Tagen konnte die Diapause unter Kurztagbedingungen beendet werden, wenn die Temperatur auf 26° erhöht wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The abiotic factors regulating the termination of the facultative diapause of the mature larva of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are described. The termination of diapause under long-day conditions (LD) is influenced by: (i) the rearing temperature of the larvae during prediapause development, (ii) the duration of the preincubation period, i.e. the time for which the diapausing larvae remain under prediapause rearing conditions, (iii) the reactivating incubation, i.e. the period for which the larvae are chilled, and (iv) the complementary incubation (LD and, except in one experiment, 26°), i.e. the period after the chilling needed for the pupation of the insects. The complementary incubation is distinctly shorter if the prediapause development of the larvae takes place at rearing temperatures below 26°, i.e. 21° or 19°. The latter conditions led to 100% pupae and pupation could be accelerated by prolonging the preincubation period. In larvae reared at 26°, the prolongation of the preincubation period raised the rate of pupation to a maximum of only 56% and also caused higher mortality. On the other hand, diapause was terminated under short-day conditions if the temperature was raised to 26° after a rearing temperature of 19° and a preincubation period of 90 days.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: courtship song ; wingbeat ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; copulatory courtship ; mate choice ; cryptic female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two endemic Australian Drosophila species, D. birchii and D. serrata, have a copulatory courtship, i.e., the males court the female mainly during copulation. In the present study we found the males of both species to mount their prospective mating partners selectively, exhibiting both sex and species recognition. The males began to sing after mounting the female, and they often exhibited also postcopulatory displays typical to copulatory courtship. D. birchii and D. serrata females discriminated against males which did not sing during mounting/copulation, which suggests that the females utilize cryptic female choice. Our findings raise the question of how widespread a phenomenon cryptic female choice is in Drosophila species.
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  • 8
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    Journal of solution chemistry 29 (2000), S. 63-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Thorium ; hydrolysis ; potentiometry ; solvent extraction ; temperature ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability constants of thorium(IV) hydrolysis species have been measured at15, 25, and 35°C (in 1.0 mol dm−3 NaClO4) using both potentiometry and solventextraction. The results indicate the presence of the monomeric speciesTh(OH)3+, Th(OH)2+ 2, Th(OH)+ 3, and Th(OH)4, in addition to the polymericspecies Th4(OH)8+ 8 and Th6(OH)9+ 15. The polymeric species were found to beimportant, although the total thorium concentration was limited to 0.01–0.1mmol-dm−3. The solvent extraction measurements required the use of acetylacetone.As such, the stability constants of thorium(IV) with acetylacetone were alsomeasured using both potentiometry and solvent extraction. All logarithms of thestability constants were found to be linear functions of the reciprocal absolutetemperature indicating that ΔH o and ΔSo of reaction are both independent oftemperature (over the temperature range examined in the study).
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  • 9
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    Journal of solution chemistry 9 (1980), S. 19-35 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Viscosity ; automatic viscometer ; aqueous solution ; univalent electrolyte ; Jones-DoleB andD coefficient ; temperature ; coefficient ; water structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements of a series of univalent electrolytes in water have been performed with an automatic dual viscometer system, covering the temperature range of 5 to 95°C. Results are discussed in terms of Jones-DoleB andD coefficients. TheB coefficients of the salts are divided into their ionic contributions according toB(K+)=B(Cl−) at all temperatures. On a simple model intrinsic and structural contributions inB are calculated for the different ions. The structural term depends exponentially on the temperature in a unique manner, independent of the ion (except for Li+).
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Flow-through cell ; conductivity ; electrolyte ; ion association ; temperature ; pressure ; LiCl ; NaCl ; KCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A flow-through electrical conductance cell was assembled in order to measuremolar conductances of dilute aqueous electrolytes with a high degree of accuracyat high temperatures and pressures. The design of the cell is based on the conceptdeveloped at the University of Delaware and built in 1995, with modificationsthat will allow the cell to operate at much higher temperatures (to 600°C) andpressures (to 300 MPa). At present, the cell has been tested successfully bymeasuring aqueous (10−4-10−3 mol-kg−1) solutions of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl attemperatures 25–410°C and pressures 9.8–33 MPa. The results are in goodagreement with reported values, including those measured with the Delawareflow-through cell. These new results are also complementary to our previousresults, which were measured with a static high-pressure cell. Measurements attemperatures near the critical point of water (374°C, 22.1 MPa) require the useof lower solution concentrations that were unachievable in the past with thestatic cell.
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  • 11
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1441-1443 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Conidia ; Neurospora crassa ; temperature ; respiration ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Incubation of conidia of wild typeNeurospora crassa at temperatures ranging from 25 to 46°C modulates their respiratory type. Between 37 and 41°C, the transient activity of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway parallels, with a maximal extrusion of protons into the medium, the optimal rate of germ tube outgrowth.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause ; induction ; termination ; temperature ; crowding ; inheritance ; Ephestia cautella ; almond moth ; stored products insect ; citrus pulp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'induction de la diapause larvaire d'Ephestia cautella (Walker) dépend du génotype et de la densité larvaire. Des croisements à l'intérieur de la souche diapausante donnent 79% de diapause aux fortes densités larvaires et 40% aux faibles densités. Les croisements des adultes de cette souche avec ceux de la souche non-diapausante donnent 36% de diapause aux fortes densités et 6% aux faibles densités. La fréquence de fin de diapause est héréditaire et dépend de la température. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer les variations saisonnières du taux de diapause E. cautella dans la pulpe de citron stockée. La diapause larvaire a été induite chez des groupes de chenilles par surpeuplement dans des élevages standards, et chez des chenilles isolées par élevage sur une quantité limitée d'aliments frais ou sur une quantité abondante d'aliments frais contenant des résidus alimentaires provenent d'élevages surpeuplés. Les effets inducteurs de ces résidus alimentaires disparaissent après extraction avec les solvants de lipides. Une certaine action est observée par de l'extraint sec sur de l'aliment frais.
    Notes: Abstract Larval diapause induction in Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a function of the interaction between genotype and larval crowding. A diapause stock in which 79% of the larvae diapaused under crowded conditions and 40% diapaused under uncrowded conditions was maintained by selection. Outbreeding of adults from this diapause stock to those from a non-diapause stock resulted in 36% diapause under crowded conditions and 6% diapause under uncrowded conditions. The rate of termination of larval diapause is inheritable and temperature dependent. These data seem to explain the seasonal trends in percentage larval diapause among E. cautella infesting citrus pulp during storage. Larval diapause was induced in groups of larvae by crowding in mass cultures and in single larvae by rearing on a small amount of fresh diet or on a larger amount of fresh diet containing residual diet from crowded cultures. The diapause-inducing effects of this residual diet could be removed by extraction with lipid solvents. Some activity was demonstrated when the extract was dried onto fresh diet.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Glossina pallidipes ; tsetse fly ; laboratory rearing ; temperature ; productivity ; oocyte size ; spermatogenesis ; sperm motility ; incubation of pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les productivités de G. pallidipes Austen élevés au laboratoire pendant tout leur cycle à 22, 25 et 28° C, ont été comparées. A 28° C, la vie intrapupale est réduite à environ 23 jours, contre 30 jours environ à 25° C; la survie des adultes est plus brève qu'à 25° C et les mouches ne s'accouplent pas. Les ovaires présentent une rétention d'oeufs et seulement 1/3 des mâles contient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. A 22° C, le cycle est considérablement prolongé, la vie intrapupale durant environ 40 jours. Les femelles s'accouplaient environ 14 jours après l'émergence. Les ovaires présentaient une rétention d'oeufs, bien que moins souvent qu'à 28° C. Les mâles contenaient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. Des expériences avec changements de température à différents moments du cycle ont montré que la stérilité des mâles et des femelles est provoquée par l'incubation de pupes de G. pallidipes à 28° C. La mensuration des ovocytes montre à 28° C un effet nocif sur leur maturation. Des observations sur les testicules dans les pupes révèlent, par comparaison avec 25° C, que l'enroulement des testicules et des spermatozoïdes est retardé à 28° C, tandis que la pigmentation des testicules est retardée à 22° C. Les pupes de G. m. morsitans sont moins affectées à 28° C que celles de G. pallidipes.
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of G. pallidipes Austen was studied at 28°, 25° and 22° C. Experiments showed that incubation of puparia at 28° C resulted in sterility of both males and females. Incubation at 22° C resulted in a reduced fecundity of the females due to egg retention; the fertility of the males was not affected. Comparative studies with G. m. morsitans Westw. showed that G. m. morsitans puparia are less affected by a temperature of 28° C than are G. pallidipes puparia.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Lygaeidae ; Lygaeus equestris ; reproductive diapause ; copulation ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diapause regulation ; oviposition ; batch size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé La photopériode, la température et la nourriture sont des facteurs habituellement utilisés comme stimuli induisant la diapause chez des insectes. Cette étude montre que la copulation peut aussi être importante dans la régulation de la diapause reproductive des femelles. Chez. L. equestris L., la fréquence des femelles pondeuses, c'est-à-dire non diapausantes, élevées en jours courts (18L/6D et 30°C), a été significativement plus élevée après isolement avec des mâles actifs au lieu de mâles diapausants. Des femelles, élevées en jours longs (22L/2D et 30°C), ont présenté un léger, mais non significatif, effet de la copulation; elles ont généralement pondu, qu'elles se soient accouplées ou non. Les résultats révèlent trois catégories de femelles: (1) des femelles avec diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (2) des femelles sans diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (3) des femelles sans diapause, à condition qu'il y ait copulation. En jours courts, les fréquences des trois catégories ont été respectivement à 0,46; 0,28 et 0,26. En jours longs, respectivement à 0; 0,92 et 0,08. II est possible que les femelles proches de leur seuil d'induction de la diapause-en fonction de la photopériode et de la température-sont les plus aptes à utiliser la copulation comme stimulus additionnel pour induire un développment direct. Cette hypothèse s'appuie sur les proportions de femelles affectées par la copulation en jours longs et courts.
    Notes: Abstract Photoperiod, temperature, food and population density are all factors commonly used as cues for diapause regulation in insects. This study shows that also copulation can be of importance in the regulation of adult female reproductive diapause. In Lygaeus equestris L. the frequency of ovipositing, i.e. non-diapausing, females reared under short day conditions (18L:6D, and 30°C), was significantly higher when they had been isolated with mating than with non-mating (=diapausing) males. Females reared under long day conditions (22L:2D, and 30°C) showed a small but non-significant effect of copulation, and they generally laid eggs whether they were mated or not. The results indicate that, under the conditions in these experiments, three types of females can be distinguished: females (1) diapausing independently of copulation, (2) non-diapausing independently of copulation, and (3) non-diapausing provided copulation has taken place. The proportion of females for which copulation is a determinant of direct development, was estimated at 0.26 under short day conditions, and at 0.08 under long day conditions, respectively.
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  • 15
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    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Neutral mutation theory ; Natural selection ; Protein evolution ; Levene model ; Environmental variability ; Genetic variability ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If a phenotypic character is under stabilizing selection, the selective disadvantage of a nonoptimal genotype will decrease exponentially to zero as the proportion of phenotypic variation that is environmental in origin -V e /V p - increases. Under the modified mutation-drift hypothesis of genetic polymorphism, the proportion of mutations that are effectively neutral and average heterozygosity should increase with this ratio. Invertebrates, because of their small size, fast development, and low degree of homeostasis (relative to vertebrates), are expected to show a larger environmental component of phenotypic variation than vertebrates. This may help explain why invertebrates are in general more genetically variable than vertebrates and why, when laboratory populations ofDrosophila are maintained in heterogeneous environments, genetic variability is lost less rapidly than when they are kept in constant conditions.
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  • 16
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Drosophila ; Temperature ; Mitochondrial enzymes ; Kinetic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary behavior of two mitochondrial enzymes (L-glycerol 3-phosphate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase E.C.1.1.1.95,αGPO, and L-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.37, m-MDH) obtained from several temperate and tropicalDrosophila species was examined by comparing their catalytic properties, which related to temperature (Km-Ea-Q10-Thermostability). MitochondrialαGPO or m-MDH obtained either from temperate or from tropical species was found to exhibit similar catalytic properties while for both cytosolic enzymes, theαGPDH and s-MDH, Km patterns were similar among species from the same thermal habitat and different between thermal habitats. In combination with other observations reported in the literature these facts support the view that the function, and probably the structure, of mitochondrial enzymes are better conserved in evolution than those of the corresponding enzymes found in the cytosol. It is proposed that the relative invariance of the mitochondrial enzymes structure is probably linked to a necessary relative invariance of molecular interactions inside the mitochondrion.
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  • 17
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    Journal of molecular evolution 20 (1984), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Genome evolution ; 68C Glue gene cluster ; Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 68C puff is a highly transcribed region of theDrosophila melanogaster salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Three different classes of messenger RNA originate in a 5000-bp region in the puff; each class is translated to one of the salivary gland glue proteins sgs-3, sgs-7, or sgs-8. These messenger RNA classes are coordinately controlled, with each RNA appearing in the third larval instar and disappearing at the time of puparium formation. Their disappearance is initiated by the action of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. In the work reported here, we studied evolution of this hormone-regulated gene cluster in themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. Genome blot hybridization experiments showed that five other species of this subgroup have DNA sequences that hybridize toD. melanogaster 68C sequences, and that these sequences are divided into a highly conserved region, which does not contain the glue genes, and an extraordinarily diverged region, which does. Molecular cloning of this DNA fromD. simulans, D. erecta, D. yakuba, andD. teissieri confirmed the division of the region into a slowly and a rapidly evolving protion, and also showed that the rapidly evolving region of each species codes for third instar larval salivary gland RNAs homologous to theD. melanogaster glue mRNAs. The highly conserved region is at least 13,000 bp long, and is not known to code for any RNAs.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; transfer functions ; lake sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in surface sediments of lakes and summer air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC) were explored along a steep climatic gradient in northern Sweden to provide a tool to infer past climate conditions from sediment cores. The study sites are in an area with low human impact and range from boreal forest to alpine tundra. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) constrained to mean July air temperature and pH clearly showed that diatom community composition was different between lakes situated in conifer-, mountain birch- and alpine-vegetation zones. As a consequence, diatoms and multivariate ordination methods can be used to infer past changes in treeline position and dominant forest type. Quantitative inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature, pH and TOC from sedimentary diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Relationships between diatoms and mean July air temperature were independent of lake-water pH, TOC, alkalinity and maximum depth. The results demonstrated that diatoms in lake sediments can provide useful and independent quantitative information for estimating past changes in mean July air temperature (R2 jack = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.86 °C; R2 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) based on jack-knifing), pH (R2 jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.30) and TOC (R2 jack = 0.49, RMSEP = 1.33 mg l-1). The paper focuses mainly on the relationship between diatom community composition and mean July air temperature, but the relationships to pH and TOC are also discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable potassium ; muriate of potash ; potassium ; potassium chloride ; relative effectiveness ; silicate rock powder ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Granite (silicate) rock dust, a by-product of quarry operations, is being advocated and used as a fertilizer in the wheatbelt of south-western Australia (WA). The dust is insoluble and based on its nutrient element content (1.9% K and 0.3%P and negligible N) it is not expected to be a useful fertilizer. Previous laboratory studies and glasshouse experiments in WA suggest the dust is a slow release K fertilizer. This paper extends the previous studies to consider the dust as an NP or K fertilizer in the year of application in a field experiment on a soil deficient in N, P and K. In addition, the effectiveness of the dust as a K fertilizer was compared with the effectiveness of KCl (muriate of potash), the K fertilizer used in WA at present, in glasshouse experiments using K deficient soils. In the field experiment, compared with NP fertilizer or NPK fertilizer (urea, supplying N; superphosphate, providing P, S, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mo; KCl providing K), the dust had no effect on grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum); in fact dust applied at 20 t ha-1, for unknown reasons, reduced yields by about 65% compared to the nil (no fertilizer, no dust) treatment. Relative to the nil treatment, applying NPK fertilizer increased yields about threefold, from 0.54 to 1.79 t ha. The glasshouse experiments showed that, relative to KCl, the dust was from about 0.02 to 14% as effective in K deficient grey sandy soils for producing dried tops of 30-day old wheat plants or 42-day old clover (Trifolium subterraneum) plants. In soils with adequate K (yellow sands, sandy loams or clays, loamy clays, clay loams and clays), neither KCl nor the dust affected yields of 30 to 42-day old wheat or clover plants grown in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiments, no yield depressions were measured for the dust applied up to 17 g dust per kg soil (equivalent to 17 t dust ha-1 mixed into the top 10 cm of soil in the field). It is concluded that the dust has no value as a fertilizer.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: labelled nitrogen ; Lolium perenne ; nitrogen cycling ; root biomass ; straw ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (150–200 kg N/ha) are currently being applied to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) seed crops in New Zealand. Due to increasing requirements for efficient use of N fertilisers and minimising nitrate contamination of the environment, a field experiment was established using 15N-labelled fertiliser to follow the fate of applied N. Urea-15N was applied to a perennial ryegrass seed crop in April (30 kg N/ha), August (30 kg N/ha), September (60 kg N/ha) and October (60 kg N/ha). The urea-15N was applied in solution and watered in to minimise volatilisation loss. At the time of harvest (December), 9% of the applied 15N was in the seed, 29% in the straw, 19% in the roots and 39% in the soil organic matter. Losses of 15N were minimal as the N was applied in several applications, each one at a relatively low rate, and at times when leaching was unlikely to occur. Ryegrass plants used a greater proportion of the N applied in September and October (61–65%) compared with that applied in April (44%). Consequently more N was recovered from the soil in the autumn application (57%) than from the September and October applications (28–44%). The availability of the residual fertiliser N to a subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop was studied in a glasshouse experiment. The residual fertiliser N was present in the soil and ryegrass roots and stubble. The wheat plants only recovered 7–9% of this residual N. Most of the N taken up by the wheat came from the soil organic N pool. Overall, applying a total of 180 kg N/ha to the ryegrass appeared to have minimal direct impact on the environment. In the short term N not used by the ryegrass plants contributed to the soil organic N pool.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 191-292 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: spinach ; NO3-content ; ionic balance ; plant age ; season of growth ; soil moisture ; soil pH ; Mo-spraying ; light intensity ; temperature ; K-dressing ; P-dressing ; varietal differences ; N-dressing ; plant-available N ; N-form ; NO3: NH4-ratio ; nitrification ; inhibitors ; type of N-carrier ; time of application of N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the NO3-content in spinach were studied indoors, in water-, sand- and soil-culture experiments. In the field, the influences of variations in N-fertilizing practices and in spinach varieties were also tested. High NO3-contents in spinach were found with low light intensities, with low soil-moisture contents, and with high temperatures. NO3-contents increased with increasing K-dressing (less so with KCl than with K2SO4), but decreased with increasing soil pH. In pot experiments, positive results were obtained with sulphur-coated urea, with farmyard manure and with pigmanure slurry. Application of Mo as a spray onto spinach leaves, and variations in P-dressings and in soil P-status were found not to affect the NO3-content in spinach. In pot experiments, NO3-contents decreased with progressing plant age (in autumn less so than in spring). Within spinach plants, NO3-contents were highest in petioles and older leaves. Varietal differences in NO3-contents were observed in a pot- and a field experiment. In pot- and field experiments, partial or complete replacement of NO3-N by NH4-N in general caused the NO3-content in spinach to decrease. However, such a replacement was shown not always to result in lower NO3-contents. Additional factors involved are e.g. the use and effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors, the soil type and the amount of available N. The amount of N added and, in the field, the amount of N available in the soil before sowing, strongly affected the NO3-content in spinach. Under field conditions, nitrogen appeared to be taken up from the top 60 cm of the soil profile. The effects of variations in timing of nitrogen applications were absent in a pot experiment and not consistent in field experiments.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Compound eye ; shibire ts ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed the effect of temperature on both developing and adult eye cell clones homozygous forshi ST139, a temperature-sensitive mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster. The mutant gene, autonomous in its cellular expression, causes structural modifications of ommatidial cells when adult clones of cells are exposed to the restrictive temperature (29°C) for several days. However, the mutant phenotype reverses to normal within 4 days at the permissive temperature (20°C). The results of pulse, shift-up and shift-down experiments show that the temperaturesensitive period for developing compound eye cells is from the late second instar up to the early pupa. Cytodifferentiation of compound eye cells is blocked by restrictive temperature treatment during this period, whereas cell proliferation does not seem to be directly affected. These results are discussed with regard to the other known aspects of the phenotype observed in mutant individuals.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Female genital disc ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 267-282 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a search for embryonic lethal mutants on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster, 5764 balanced lines isogenic for an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedcn bw sp chromosome were established. Of these lines, 4217 carried one or more newly induced lethal mutations corresponding to a total of 7600 lethal hits. Eggs were collected from lethal-bearing lines and unhatched embryos from the lines in which 25% or more of the embryos did not hatch (2843 lines) were dechorionated, fixed, cleared and scored under the compound microscope for abnormalities of the larval cuticle. A total of 272 mutants were isolated with phenotypes unequivocally distinguishable from wild-type embryos on the basis of the cuticular pattern. In complementation tests performed between mutants with similar phenotype, 48 loci were identified by more than one allele, the average being 5.4 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. Members of the complementation groups were mapped by recombination analysis. No clustering of loci with similar phenotypes was apparent. From the distribution of the allele frequencies and the rate of discovery of new loci, it was estimated that the 61 loci represent the majority of embryonic lethal loci on the second chromosome yielding phenotypes recognizable in the larval cuticle.
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  • 27
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pole cell transplantation ; Heterospecific combinations ; Gametogenesis ; Chorion morphology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We transplanted pole cells betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae to investigate the ability of germ cells to develop in the gonad of a heterospecific host, and to study the interaction between somatic follicle cells and the cells of the germ line in producing the species-specific chorion. FemaleD. mauritiana germ cells in aD. melanogaster ovary produced functional eggs with normal development potential. The same is true for the reciprocal combination. FemaleD. ananassae pole cells in aD. melanogaster host only developed to a very early stage and degenerated afterwards. None of the interspecific combinations of male pole cells led to functional sperm. We could not determine at what stage the transplanted male pole cells were arrested. The cooperation of follicle cells and the oocyte-nurse cell complex in producing the chorion was studied using the germ-line-dependent mutationfs(1) K10 ofD. melanogaster, which causes fused respiratory appendages and an abnormal chorion morphology. Wild-type femaleD. mauritiana germ cells in a mutantfs(1) K10 D. melanogaster ovary led to the production of wild-type eggs withD. melanogaster-specific, short respiratory appendages. On the other hand,D. melanogaster fs(1) K10 germ cells in aD. mauritiana ovary induced the formation of eggs with mutant fused appendages which were, however, typicallyD. mauritiana in length. When.D. mauritiana pole cells developed in aD. melanogaster ovary, the chorion exhibited a new imprint pattern that differs from both species-specific patterns.
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  • 29
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Aggregation ; Lectins ; Cell surface ; Embryo-derived cell line
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe the aggregation of cells from embryo-derived cell lines ofDrosophila, measured by examining the ability of single cells to adhere to one another when suspended in culture medium and swirled on a rotary shaker. Using this method we demonstrated the presence of receptors for Concanavalin A, soybean agglutinin, and possibly wheat germ agglutinin on the surface of Schneider's line-2 cells. Our work provides basic descriptive and background information for further studies onDrosophila cells, including those isolated from imaginal discs.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Myosins ; Drosophila ; muscle
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electrophoresis of myosin extracts from larvae and adult tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster under non-dissociating conditions indicate that two of the bands seen are myosins. They stain for Ca2+ ATPase activity and when cut and re-run under dissociating conditions are found to contain a myosin heavy chain that co-migrates with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. One of the forms of myosin seen is found primarily in extracts from the leg. The other is common to the adult fibrillar flight muscles and the larval body wall muscles. The electrophoretic evidence for two myosin types is strengthened by the histochemical demonstration of two myofibrillar ATPases on the basis of their lability to acid or alkali preincubation. The myofibrillar ATPase in the leg and the Tergal Depressor of the Trochanter (TDT) are shown to be relatively acid labile and alkali stable. The larval body wall muscles and the adult fibrillar flight muscles have an ATPase which is acid stable and alkali labile. This distribution of the two myofibrillar ATPase coincides with that predicted by electrophoresis of extracts from whole tissue and also locates the two myosins to specific muscle types.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Brain development ; Axonal scaffold ; Extradenticle ; Homothorax ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Abstract  During early brain development in Drosophila a highly stereotyped pattern of axonal scaffolds evolves by precise pioneering and selective fasciculation of neural fibers in the newly formed brain neuromeres. Using an axonal marker, Fasciclin II, we show that the activities of the extradenticle (exd) and homothorax (hth) genes are essential to this axonal patterning in the embryonic brain. Both genes are expressed in the developing brain neurons, including many of the tract founder cluster cells. Consistent with their expression profiles, mutations of exd and hth strongly perturb the primary axonal scaffolds. Furthermore, we show that mutations of exd and hth result in profound patterning defects of the developing brain at the molecular level including stimulation of the orthodenticle gene and suppression of the empty spiracles and cervical homeotic genes. In addition, expression of a Drosophila Pax6 gene, eyeless, is significantly suppressed in the mutants except for the most anterior region. These results reveal that, in addition to their homeotic regulatory functions in trunk development, exd and hth have important roles in patterning the developing brain through coordinately regulating various nuclear regulatory genes, and imply molecular commonalities between the developmental mechanisms of the brain and trunk segments, which were conventionally considered to be largely independent.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical fibres ; temperature ; sensors ; tantalum pentoxide ; thermal optic ; thermal expansion
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fiber optic low-coherence sensor based on the spectral shift of tantalum pentoxide thin films for absolute temperature sensing up to 650°C is described. A tantalum pentoxide single layer was deposited directly onto the cleaved end-face of a single mode optical fibre and was illuminated with an super luminescence diode (SLD) source through a directional coupler. Interference fringes of the film on reflection were obtained within the optical bandwidth of the SLD using an optical spectrum analyser. The spectral shift versus temperature rise showed no turning points and the output was unambiguous, linear, monotonic and gave about 0.016 nm wavelength shift in the spectrum per°C. A semi-empirical calibration procedure based on the refractive index (n) and thickness (l) of the tantalum pentoxide film for absolute thermometric measurements is described.
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    Optical review 7 (2000), S. 555-560 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: lidar ; remote sensing ; Rayleigh scattering ; wind ; temperature
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method of simultaneous remote sensing of atmospheric wind and temperature by a ultraviolet Rayleigh lidar is described. This technique uses two narrowband filters located at either side of the wings of the Rayleigh backscatter spectrum to analyze Rayleigh backscattering signals. These filters are selected to be greatly sensitive to both velocity and temperature. By measuring the ratio and the sum of the two normalized filtered signals, the line-of-sight wind velocity and temperature profiles can be retrieved. A lidar system is proposed for the wind velocity and temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere, and the simulation results show that the accuracies of velocity and temperature are about 1 m/s and 2 K at the height of 30 km, respectively. The influence of aerosol component has been estimated for clear weather conditions, and with an uncertainty of aerosol component of 15% the errors are about 0.1 m/s and 2 K above the troposphere, respectively.
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    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Swallow ; bicoid ; Drosophila ; mRNA localization ; Oogenesis ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract  We analyzed a functional homologue of the swallow gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura. The swallow gene of D. melanogaster plays an essential role in localizing bicoid mRNA in oocytes, and swallow mutant embryos show anterior pattern defects that result from the lack of localization of the bicoid morphogen. The pseudoobscura homologue rescues the function of swallow mutants when introduced into the genome of D. melanogaster, and its expression is similar to that of the melanogaster gene. The predicted pseudoobscura and melanogaster proteins are 49% identical and 69% conserved. The coiled-coil domain previously identified in the melanogaster swallow protein is strongly conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue, but the weak similarity of the melanogaster swallow protein to the RNP class of RNA-binding proteins is not conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue. These and other observations suggest a structural role for swallow in localizing bicoid mRNA, perhaps as part of the egg cytoskeleton.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wound healing ; Regeneration ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When complementary fragments of an imaginal disc ofDrosophila are cultured for several days prior to metamorphosis, usually one fragment will regenerate while the other will duplicate. It has been proposed that wound healing plays an important part in disc regulation (French et al. 1976; Reinhardt et al. 1977) by initiating cell proliferation and determining the mode of regulation. We tried to delay the wound healing process by leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges. In “06” fragments (Bryant 1975a) wound healing has occurred after 1–2 days of culture and the regeneration of missing structures after 2–4 days of culture. We observed that leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges delays both wound healing and the regeneration of missing structures by 2 days. When disc fragments are cultured in female abdomens and then exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells, then the label is found to be localised around the wound. We observed that delaying wound healing does not delay this localisation of labelled nuclei indicating that wound healing may not be required to initiate DNA replication.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 156-160 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Transdetermination ; Homeosis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transdetermination capacities of leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by mechanically disrupting and kneading whole discs from late third instar larvae and by culturing the resulting tissue mass for 10–14 days in adult female abdomens where the cells continued to divide. The grown implants were then dissected from the abdomens and injected into third instar larvae to undergo metamorphosis. After this treatment, prothoracic leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster transdetermined with a high frequency (59% of all implants) to wing. Mesothoracic leg discs also transdetermined to wing, but at a very low frequency (4%). Metathoracic leg discs exhibited the same low frequency of transdetermination (4%), but in this case the direction of transdetermination was to haltere (Table 1,D. melanogaster). Very similar results were obtained with leg discs ofDrosophila nigromelanica (Table 1,D. nigromelanica), showing that the peculiar behavior of the three leg discs is not unique forDrosophila melanogaster. The homeotic mutation Polycomb (Pc 3) which partially transforms meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs did not significantly increase the frequencies of transdetermination in these leg dises and had clearly no effect on the direction of transdetermination (Table 1).
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; homoeosis ; Compartments ; Aldehyde oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The aldehyde oxidase staining pattern in wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster bearing the genotypesap blt /ap blt andap blt andap blt /ap 73n showns changes from the wild-type pattern. Extensive areas of the presumptive dorsal posterior wing blade, which are normally unstained, have enzyme activity in these mutants. In wings of these genotypes, dorsal posterior structures are replaced by dorsal anterior wing structures. A strong correlation has been found between the frequencies of various staining patterns in the discs and the extent of transformation in the cuticular structures of the wing, which is consistent with the idea that aldehyde oxidase activity can be used as an indicator in the wing disc of this transformation. Unlike the homoeotic mutationengrailed, apterous has not been interpreted as a selector gene yet the work reported here shows thatapterous alleles can cause changes resembling those of theengrailed phenotype both in aldehyde oxidase staining behaviour and in the cuticular transformation.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 264-269 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Sexcombless ; Foreleg basitarsus ; Genital disc
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromosome which carries the mutationsexcombless (In(1)sx) affects males and females ofD. melanogaster. In the male foreleg basitarsi the number of sexcomb teeth is dramatically reduced from 10 to 0.7 and the number of transverse rows of bristles is increased from 6 to 8. Females homozygous forIn(1)sx show a normal bristle pattern in the foreleg basitarsus. The genital disc derivatives of both male and femaleIn(1)sx flies are strongly affected. While the external genitalia show a duplicated or a reduced bristle pattern, the internal genitalia are mostly absent. However, the sexually dimorphic tergites and sternites of the abdomen remain unaffected. The male-specific effect on the basitarsus and the general effects on the genital disc derivatives are proposed to represent two different phenotypic effects ofIn(1)sx which may derive from mutations at different gene loci in the inverted chromosome.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Cell competition
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    Notes: Summary Imaginal wing discs from late third-instar larvae were gammairradiated to induce clones of rapidly growingMinute − cells in a background of slowly growingMinute cells and culturedin vivo for periods up to 18 days. Clones in discs cultured for 16 to 18 days did not grow significantly larger than clones in uncultured controls, indicating that competition between populations of cells having potentially different mitotic rates does not occur in imaginal discs after their growth is completed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 98-107 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Neoplasms ; Promotion ; Regeneration ; Temperature-sensitive ; Imaginal discs
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    Notes: Summary In this paper we present an analysis of the behavior ofl(2)gl tsimaginal wing discs during culture in adult hosts. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29° C contain two types of wing discs, those that are morphologically normal and those that are abnormal. When discs of both types are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C, the restrictive temperature, they give rise to transplantable neoplastic tissue. However, when the 29° C reared discs are cultured at 15° C, the permissive temperature, the morphologically normal discs maintain their morphology, but the morphologically abnormal discs give rise to neoplasms. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15° C contain only morphologically normal discs. When these discs are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C they give rise to neoplasms, however if the discs are cultured at 15° C they maintain their normal morphology. These results demonstrate: (1) that all wing imaginal discs obtained from 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are competent to undergo neoplastic development, (2) the morphologically abnormal discs obtained from the 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are committed to neoplastic development, (3) the neoplastic development of the morphologically normal discs is temperature dependent, (4) once the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tsdiscs has been initiated the process is not readily reversible. In addition, the ability ofl(2)gl tswing discs to perform epimorphic regulation was tested by amputating morphologically normal permissively rearedl(2)gl tswing discs and culturing both fragiments at the permissive temperature. Fragments of control wild-type discs maintained their morphology during culture at the permissive temperature. However, both fragments of txel(2)gl tsdiscs became neoplastic. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for thel(2)gl +function in epimorphic regulation and with respect to the phenomena of tumor promotion in vertebrates.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 103-111 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polytene Chromosomes ; Ecdysteroids ; Fat Body
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    Notes: Summary Changes in polytene chromosome 3 L puffing patterns in the fat body ofDrosophila melanogaster larvae and prepupae are compared to those in the salivary gland. While some general features are common to the two tissues, there are differences which reflect their different developmental roles. In vitro experiments with fat body chromosomes show that they have a distinct response to ecdysteroids which is different from that of salivary gland chromosomes, and which does not,in this culture system, reproduce the changes observed in normal development. In short term culture experiments, the fat body chromosomes appear more sensitive to ecdysteroids than the salivary gland chromosomes and, although 20-OH ecdysone is more active than ecdysone in these assays, the possibility is not excluded that ecdysone has a role in normal development as it appears to alter gene activity at physiological levels in these cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 293-300 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Positional information ; Homology ; Intercalary regeneration
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    Notes: Summary The regulative behavior of fragments of the imaginal discs of the wing and first leg was studied when these fragments were combined with fragments of other thoracic imaginal discs. A fragment of the wing disc which does not normally regenerate when cultured could be stimulated to regenerate by combination with certain fragments of the haltere disc. When combined with a haltere disc fragment thought to be homologous by the criteria of morphology and the pattern of homoeotic transformation, such stimulated intercalary regeneration was not observed. Combinations of first and second leg disc fragments showed that a lateral first leg fragment could be stimulated to regenerate medial structures when combined with a medial second leg disc fragment but not when combined with a lateral second leg disc fragment. Combinations of wing and second leg disc fragments showed that one fragment of the second leg disc is capable of stimulating regeneration from a wing disc fragment while another second leg disc fragment fails to stimulate such regeneration. It is suggested that absence of intercalary regeneration in combinations of fragments of different thoracic imaginal discs is a result of homology or identity of the positional information residing in the cells of the fragments. The pattern of correspondence of positional information revealed by this analysis is consistant with the pattern of homology determined by morphological observation and by analysis of the positional specificity of homoeotic transformation among serially homologous appendages. The implications of the existence of homologous positional information in wing and second leg discs which share a common cell lineage early in development are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 335-339 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Wing disc
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of gap junctions in mature larvalDrosophila melanogaster wing discs was analyzed by means of quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions are non-randomly distributed in the proximal-distal disc axis and in the apical-basal cell axis of the epithelium. In the epithelial cells, the surface density, number and length of gap junctions are greatest in the apical cell region and distal disc region. The average gap junction surface density is 0.0572 μm−1 and 2.77% of the lateral cell surface is composed of gap junctions. In the adepithelial cells, the gap junction surface density is 0.0005 μm−1 and 0.06% of the cell surface is composed of gap junctions. No gap junctions were observed between epithelial cells and adepithelial cells. The absolute area of gap junctions was estimated in a proximal-distal strip of cells in the disc and is considerably less in the folded regions of the epithelium compared to the flat notum and wing pouch regions. The results are discussed with respect to pattern formation and growth control in imaginal discs.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 57-67 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ecdysone deficient mutants ; Ecdysteroid titer ; Ring gland ; Fine structure
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes two ecdysone-deficient, recessive-lethal mutants,lethal(1)giant ring gland (grg) andlethal(1)suppressor of forked mad-ts (mad-ts: Jürgens and Gateff 1979) and compares their ecdysteroid titers with that of the wild-type. Mutant larvae show a much reduced ecdysteroid content, amounting to 1/10 to 1/30 of the wild-type values, but never a true titer peak. They fail to pupate and die after 1–3 weeks. Ecdysteroid feeding elicits different responses in the larvae of the two mutants.mad-ts larvae pupate within 24 h, thus showing that their low ecdysteroid titer is directly connected to their inability to pupate.mad-ts resembles the mutantlethal (3)ecdysone-1 ts (Garen et al. 1977). Thegrg mutant larvae, on the other hand, fail to pupate after 20-hydroxyecdysone feeding as well as injection. The primary defect of thegrg mutant is not entirely clear. Thegrg larval salivary gland cells appear to possess normal ecdysteroid receptors. Furthermore, the low ecdysteroid titer ingrg is not the result of an increased ecdysteroid catabolism. The primary defect in the mutant may lie in the malfunctioning neurosecretory cells which do not show neurosecretion in histological preparations. Further support for this notion comes from electronmicrographs of the enlargedgrg ring glands which, in contrast to the wild-type, do not possess nerve endings. In the wild-type three ecdysteroid peaks were found: one shortly before puparium formation, the second at approximately 12 h and the third at about 30 h after pupation. The ecdysteroid titer peak in late third instar, wild-type larvae is mainly due to the presence of 20-dydroxyecdysone as shown by radioimmunoassays after thin layer chromatography and derivatization followed by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In addition, a number of unidentified polar and apolar metabolites were also present.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 157-161 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Compartments ; Distal outgrowth
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    Notes: Summary Peripheral tissue of the imaginal wing disc gives rise to the proximal mesothoracic structures of the adult. Pieces of peripheral tissue, which have no regenerative capacity when cultured as intact fragments, are capable of distal outgrowth (regeneration) after dissociation and reaggregation. This ability depends on the region of the disc periphery from which the fragment is taken. Extensive distal outgrowth occurs in reaggreages of a fragment containing equal proportions of tissue from anterior and posterior developmental compartments. The extent of outgrowth decreases as the proportion of posterior tissue is reduced, so that a fragment containing only anterior tissue shows no regeneration after dissociation. Limited distal outgrowth occurs in reaggregates of a wholly posterior fragment, but the regenerative capacity is increased greatly when a small amount of anterior tissue is included. It is concluded that distal outgrowth in the wing disc requires an interaction between cells of the anterior and posterior compartments.
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Epimorphic regulation ; Drosophila ; Imaginal discs
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    Notes: Summary It has been known for many years that when a wing disc ofDrosophila is bisected, and the fragments cultured in adult females, regulation occurs and either a complete disc is regenerated or the fragment is duplicated. We have investigated how this regeneration process occurs. To establish which cells contribute to the regenerate, and thus determine if regeneration is the result of epimorphic regulation, fragments of discs, after culture in an adult for one to five days, were exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells. Imaginal discs, both whole and as regenerating fragments, undergo some DNA replication which is distributed throughout the disc, but cut discs frequently show clusters of labelled cells around the wound, indicating that regeneration is probably epimorphic.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Ecdysteroid ; Lethal mutant ; Morphogenesis
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    Notes: Summary Imaginal disc development in the non-pupariating lethall(1)npr-1, a mutant that maps to an ecdysone early puff site, is studied in situ, in vitro and in transplanted discs. Disc development is slightly abnormal from the middle of the third instar with severe abnormalities appearing after the rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone that triggers metamorphosis. The mutant discs only partly evaginate and do not undergo any of the detailed morphological changes characteristic of metamorphosis. Treatment of the mutant dises in vitro with colcemid and trypsin facilitates evagination but the appendages remain morphologically abnormal. A number of differentiative processes occur in mutant discs in situ and in discs transplanted into wild type hosts in spite of the absence of normal morphogenesis. Implications of the observations for normal disc development are discussed. Possible modes of action of thel(1)npr-1 gene are also discussed in light of the observation that the mutant gene maps to a locus which is thought to have a regulatory function in development.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 132-138 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Maternal effect mutant ; Homeotic-mutants ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The temperature sensitive mutationfs(l)h is characterized at the restrictive temperature of 29°C by both a maternal effect responsible for the early embryonic lethality and pupal zygotic lethality. The two phenotypes are inseparable and map at a short deletion in the X chromosome (7Dl, 7D5-6). At semipermissive temperatures, hemizygous mutant females produce adults with morphological defects, such as organ deficiencies and homeotic transformations of haltere to wing and third leg to second leg. These defects depend on the maternal genotype and are governed by an early temperature sensitive period, which covers the end of oogenesis and the first hours of embryogenesis. Furthermore, this maternal effect mutation interacts with some dominant mutations of the bithorax system. These properties suggest thatfs(l)h is somehow involved in segmental determination.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 1-10 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Grandchildless ; Pole cells ; ts-mutant ; Cytoplasmic determinant
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    Notes: Summary Two temperature-sensitive sex-linkedgrandchildless (gs)-like mutations (gs(1)N26 andgs(1)N441) were induced by ethylmethane sulphonate inDrosophila melanogaster. They complemented each other and mapped at two different loci (1−33.8±0.7 forgs(1)N26 and 1−39.6±1.7 forgs(1)N441), which were not identical to those of any of thegs-like mutants reported in earlier work. Homozygous females of the newly isolated mutants produced eggs that were unable to form pole cells and developed into agametic adults. Competence of the embryos to form pole cells was not restored by wild-type sperm in either mutant; that is, the sterility caused by these mutations is controlled by a maternal effect. Fecundity and fertility ofgs(1)N26 females were low, and their male offspring showed a higher mortality than that of female offspring, causing an abnormal sex ratio. The frequency of agametic progeny was 93.1% and 55.8%, when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In eggs produced by thegs(1)N26 females reared at 25° C, the migration of nuclei to the posterior pole was abnormal, and almost no pole cell formation occurred in these egg. Furthermore, half of these eggs failed to cellularize at the posterior pole. When the females were reared at 18° C, almost all of the eggs underwent complete blastoderm formation, and in half of these blastoderm embryos normal pole cells were formed. In the other mutant,gs(1)N441, the fecundity and fertility of the females were normal. The agametic frequency in the progeny was 70.8% and 18.6% when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In the eggs laid by females reared either at 25° C or at 18° C, the migration of nuclei to the periphery and cellularization proceeded normally; nevertheless, in the majority of the embryos no pole cell formation occured at the stage when nuclei penetrated into the periplasm. When the females were reared at 18° C, some of the embryos from these females formed some round blastoderm cells with cytologically recognizable polar granules and nuclear bodies, which are attributes of pole cells. The temperature sensitive period ofgs(1)N441 was estimated to extend from stage 9 to 13 of King's stages of oogenesis.
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 308-312 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; ts-Suppressor mutant ; Glue proteins ; Intermolt puffs ; Electrophoresis
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    Notes: Summary The l(1)su(f)ts67g mutation has been shown to suppress the developmentally regulated expression of glue protein genes at 30°C. Transferring mutant larvae to the restrictive temperature before the end of the second larval instar results in the absence or extreme reduction of glue protein synthesis while general protein synthesis is unaffected. At the same time, the three glue protein correlated chromosomal regions 3C, 25B, and 68C continue to show prominent puffs. The results suggest that the mutation may be affecting the processing or translatability of specific mRNAs rather than the translational machinery itself.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 28-36 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polarity ; Maternal effect ; Nurse cells ; Embryogenesis
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    Notes: Summary The mutationdicephalic (dic) affects follicle development and thereby alters the antero-posterior polarity of embryonic patterning. It maps at a single locus (3–46.0±1.0) and can be characterized as a semi-dominant maternal effect mutation with low penetrance. Indic follicles, the 15 nurse cells form two clusters located at opposite poles of the oocyte; the numerical distribution of the nurse cells among the clusters varies from 7:8 to 1:14. Thedic egg shell carries a micropyle (anterior marker) at either pole, but the misshapen respiratory appendages are restricted to one of the two poles in most eggs. The malformed eggs rarely yield larvae and these are always abnormal anteriorly and/or posteriorly. The segment pattern expressed in their cuticle may represent two anterior parts of opposite polarities (double head type), two posterior parts of opposite polarities (double abdomen type, rare) or show uniform polarity. Lability of organization at the cystocyte stage appears as the primary developmental defect of the mutant.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
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    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 270-274 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate map ; Repressed primordium ; Sex determination ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was cut into distinct fragments, and the prospective fates of the fragments were determined by putting them through metamorphosis in host larvae. The dorsal epithelium contains the anlagen for the anal plates and parovaria, as well as the repressed male genital primordium. The ventral epithelium gives rise to all of the female genital structures except for the parovaria. The results were compared with published fate maps and observations made in experiments with sex-transforming mutations. This allowed us to establish a detailed three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc, which shows a well-developed female genital primordium in the ventral epithelium, a repressed male genital primordium in the anterior part of the dorsal epithelium and an anal primordium in the posterior region of the dorsal disc epithelium.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
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    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Imaginal disc ; Pattern formation ; EM Stereology
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    Notes: Summary Developmental changes in the distribution of gap junctions in early, mid and late third larval stage wing discs and in pupariation+6 h and pupariation+24 h stage wing discs fromDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions occur in all 12 intradisc regions examined in each of the five developmental stages. Their distribution is non-random and changes during development which suggests that they are developmentally regulated. The gap junctions are not static structures, rather they grow and regress during development. The changes tend to be gradual ones without sudden increases or decreases. Gap junctions continuously form and grow in size throughout the third larval stage and during the first 6 h following pupariation. Their surface density, number, percent of the lateral plasma membrane area, and absolute area as well as the lateral plasma membrane surface density all increase during this time. Between pupariation+ 6 h and pupariation+24 h all but one of these parameters decrease indicative of gap junctional breakdown. Gap junctions are most numerous and change least during development in the apical cell regions where intercellular contacts are close and stable. They change most in the basal cell regions where intercellular contacts tend to be looser and change during development. The most dramatic change is in the absolute area which increases by a factor of 23 between the early third larval stage and pupariation+24 h. At pupariation the rate of gap junction growth undergoes a transient increase before the phase of disassembly begins. Developmental changes in gap junction surface density are closely coupled with changes in the lateral plasma membrane surface density which suggests that these may be coregulated. Evidence from mutants suggests that when the number and density of gap junctions fail to increase in proportion to lateral plasma membrane growth, wing disc development will be abnormal. Our results support the idea that some minimum gap junction density is required for normal development and that this must increase as development proceeds. The results are consistent with the notion that gap junctions are involved in pattern formation and growth control and are discussed with respect to the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis, disc growth, disc morphogenesis and changes in the hormonal environment.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutations ; Topological specificity ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary Neurogenic mutations have been found to cause the neuralization of certain regions of the ectoderm and yet to permit normal development of the remaining embryonic cells. Thus, it seems that the activity of the wild-type alleles of these genes is dispensable in a considerable fraction of the embryo during wild-type development. This effect might be a consequence of the cells' position within the embryo; alternatively, it might be independent of the position but be due rather to the genetic activity experienced by the cells previous to their commitment. The results described in this paper indicate that genes controlling patterning along the embryonic dorso-ventral perimeter (dorsal and Toll) are epistatic to genes controlling neurogenesis, their activity deciding which ectodermal cells are susceptible to neurogenesis. Using alleles with low expressivity, evidence was obtained showing that the tracheal placodes define the boundary of the territory which has neurogenic abilities at thoracic and abdominal levels.
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    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 190-199 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Ventral neuroectoderm ; Cell shape ; Achaete-scute complex ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Abstract  In the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm of Drosophila melanogaster the proneural genes achaete, scute, and lethal of scute are expressed in clusters of cells from which the neuroblasts delaminate in a stereotyped orthogonal array. Analyses of the ventral neuroectoderm before and during delamination of the first two populations of neuroblasts show that cells in all regions of proneural gene activity change their form prior to delamination. Furthermore, the form changes in the neuroectodermal cells of embryos lacking the achaete-scute complex, of embryos mutant for the neurogenic gene Delta, and of embryos overexpressing l’sc suggest that these genes are responsible for most of the morphological alterations observed.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Determination ; Germ-line ; Somatic cells ; Inhibitor gradient hypothesis ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary A hypothesis is presented which explains the segregation of germ cells from somatic cells, and the subsequent determination of both cell types with a single mechanism. This hypothesis is in part based on that of Meinhardt (1977) and can be summarized as follows: In the newly fertilized egg, the action of a sink in the pole plasm leads to the formation of an anterior-posterior gradient of an inhibitor. The concentration of this inhibitor in the posterior 20% of the egg is below that needed to repress synthesis of an activator. When, during the nuclear division stage, nuclei enter this posterior region, synthesis of the activator begins. As the activator is autocatalytic, this leads to the formation of a peak of activator in this region; and since the activator also catalyses the synthesis of the inhibitor, a peak of inhibitor is formed in the same place. The inhibitor then diffuses anteriorly through the periplasm, forming a posterior-anterior gradient. The presence of this inhibitor in the periplasm causes the nuclei that enter the periplasm to form blastoderm cells and to take up particular segmental states appropriate to their position, while those that remain in the yolk-containing plasm develop into vitellophages. The action of the sink in the pole plasm is postulated to result in the formation of the pole cells, and subsequently to direct some of these into forming cells of the germ-line.
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  • 62
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell line ; Drosophila ; Ecdysone ; Ecdysterone ; Hormones
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the line Kc, derived fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos, extend long processes when exposed to ecdysteroid hormones. We have devised a quantitative assay for this morphological response, using the subline Kc-H. The assay was used to characterize the conditions required for the response. A halfmaximal response is elicited by approximately 10−8M 20-hydroxyecdysone; the response is saturated by 10−7M 20-hydroxyecdysone, which causes detectable elongation within a few hours, and a maximal response after 2–3 days. The response occurs substantially normally in the absence of serum, during growth in suspension, and in over-crowded cultures. It is not elicited by cyclic nucleotides, vertebrate growth factors, or a variety of other non-ecdysteroid reagents. Of 60 ecdysteroid compounds tested, only those which were active in other insect test systems elicited the response, and the concentrations required were approximately proportional to the concentrations active in other in vitro systems. We conclude that the response of Kc cells to 20-hydroxyecdysone retains basic features of the ecdysteroid response of intact tissues and therefore that Kc cells are a useful model system for studying ecdysteroid action.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Eggshell ; Chorion ; Peroxidase ; Crosslinking ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary TheDrosophila chorion contains an endogenous peroxidase activity which remains inactive until late stage 14 when it catalyzes the crosslinking of the chorionic proteins. Using explanted follicles developing in vitro, premature, but otherwise normal crosslinking can be induced with hydrogen peroxide and normal crosslinking can be prevented with peroxidase inhibitors. Inhibition or premature activation of the shell peroxidase allows characterization of chorionic filament specific proteins and establishes new criteria for the identification of eggshell components.
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  • 64
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion genes ; Electrophoretic variants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Further IF screening ofDrosophila melanogaster geographic strains has revealed a variant of the s19 major chorion protein. Developmental analysis of F1 hybrids indicates that the source of the variation is found in the structural gene for this protein. The linkage group of the variant gene was determined to be the third, and the gene was localized by several methods of recombination analysis. The s19 gene was found to be tightly linked to thesepia locus, as had been previously found for the s18 gene (Yannoni and Petri 1980). Lack of recombination between the s19 and s18 genes in double heterozygotes suggested that these two genes are within 0.3 map units of each other. Although more precise localization of the s19 gene failed, the s18 gene could be more specifically located to the right ofsepia, betweensepia andhairy. Contrary to our prediction (ibid.), the s19 and s18 genes have been found to be tightly linked in spite of the fact that they display somewhat different developmental stage specificity.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutants ; Ventral cord
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    Notes: Summary We describe a set of cells in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo which are restricted to the thoracic ganglia in the wildtype. Taking these cells as indication of thoracic identity, we find that the ventral cord of embryos homozygous mutant for different bithorax functions and for Polycomb undergoes homoeotic transformations equivalent to those observed in the larval cuticle.
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  • 66
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 42-55 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Clonal analysis ; Growth ; Cell lineage ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InDrosophila, the terminalia (i.e. internal and external analia and genitalia, except the gonads) are formed by the genital disc. Comparative studies suggested that this disc may have evolved through fusion of the imaginal primordia of the last 3 or 4 abdominal segments. The present report describes the clonal relationships within the complex genital disc. Genetically marked cell clones were induced in male and female embryos and larvae heterozygous for cell marker mutations. 1) Frequencies and sizes of clones suggest that the embryonic disc anlage consists of 14–17 precursor cells: 4–6 for the analia, some 7 for the male genitalia, and 3–4 for the female genitalia. These cells grow exponentially during larval development. 2) In both sexes, the clones were confined to either analia or genitalia, suggesting two separate cell lineages already established at blastoderm. 3) Internal and external genitalia remain in the same compartment at least up to 60 h (end of first instar). 4) A clonal restriction appeared around 84 h (mid second instar), separating a dorsal from a ventral part in the male genitalia. The ventral compartment comprises the ventral part of the lateral plate and clasper, hypandrium, and all internal genitalia. No such boundary was detected in the female. 5) In the female, analia and parovaria originate from the same precursors; another cell lineage forms eighth tergites, vaginal plates, oviduct, receptacle, and spermathecae. 6) In female analia, dorsal and ventral plate share common precursors at least up to 84 h. A medio-lateral boundary may appear at 84 h in the ventral anal plate. No clonal restriction was found in the male analia. 7) At all times, clones could cross between left and right sides of the symmetrical terminalia; they consistently did so via ventral structures. 8) The results are discussed in a phylogenetic context, and we propose that the clonal relations reflect the evolution of the complex genital disc.
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  • 67
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutants ; Maternal effects ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the neurogenic region ofDrosophila melanogaster is under the control of several genes of zygotic expression. Lack of function from any of those genes produces an increase of the size of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermal anlage. However, differences exist in the extent of neuralisation achieved by each of the genetic loci upon mutation. The present results show that in the case ofN andmam phenotype differences are due to different contributions of maternal gene expression. This could be shown by studying the phenotype which appeared in mutant embryos when the oocytes developed from homozygous mutant precursor cells. Clones of mutant cells were induced in the germ line of females heterozygous for the neurogenic mutationin trans over germ line dependent, dominant female sterile mutations. After removing maternal information the phenotype ofN andmam mutants became identical in both cases. Furthermore maternal information fromN + was found to be necessary for viability of the wildtype.
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  • 68
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Clonal analysis ; Sex determination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationSxl f , located on the X-chromosome, is a sex-limited recessive lethal that specifically kills 2X; 2A flies while it does not affect X; 2A flies (Cline 1978). We have analyzed the role ofSxl f on sex determination by a clonal analysis of a new spontaneous allele,Sxl fLS . Female embryos and larvae heterozygous forSxl fLS were irradiated at different times of development to generate homozygousSxl fLS clones which were recognized by linked marker mutations. We have studied the phenotype of such clones on sexually dimorphic regions of the fly (foreleg basitarsus, 5th, 6th and 7th tergites, analia and external genitalia). Despite their female (2X; 2A) chromosomal constitution, clones homozygous forSxl fLS differentiated male structures. These results confirm and extend the preliminary report of Cline (1979). They show that the wildtype product ofSxl f is required for female development.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 70
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 296-307 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to identify X-chromosomal genes required inDrosophila for early patterning and morphogenesis, we examined embryos hemizygous for EMS-induced lethal mutations to determine which of those mutations cause gross morphological defects. Embryos from 2711 lethal lines, corresponding to 3255 lethal point mutations were studied. Only 21% caused death during embryogenesis and of these, only one-sixth, or 3% of the total lethals, were associated with defects visible in the final cuticle pattern. Of the 114 point mutants causing visible cuticle defects, 76 could be assigned to 14 complementation groups. An additional 25 mutations mapping to regions of the X-chromosome not covered by male fertile duplications were assigned to six complementation groups based on similarities of map position and phenotype. Thirteen mutations could not be assigned to complementation groups. All mutations allowed normal development through the cellular blastoderm stage, the first defects associated with the earliest acting loci being observed shortly after the onset of gastrulation. The phenotypes of the various loci range from alterations in segment pattern or early morphogenetic movements to defects in final pigmentation and denticle morphology. Cuticle preparations were also examined for 63 deletions spanning in total 74% of the X-chromosome, as well as for 8 deletions and point mutations derived in saturation mutagenesis screens of the fourth chromosome (Hochman 1976). With the exception of defects in head morphology and defects in cuticle differentiation, none of the hemizygous deletions showed phenotypes other than those predicted by point mutations known to lie in those regions. No deletion caused new or unknown alterations in gastrulation, segmentation or cuticle pattern.These results suggest that the number of genes required zygotically for normal embryonic patterning is small and that most, if not all such loci, are represented by point mutations in our collection.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Notes: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
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  • 72
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 263-265 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Biothorax complex ; Prothoracic transformation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If, early in development, theUbx + gene is removed by mitotic recombination from cells of the meso-and metathoracic leg primordia, theseUbx − cells develop as in the posterior prothoracic leg. We show that this transformation, termedpostprothorax, is a discrete genetic function that is independent of other homeotic transformations such asbx, pbx orbxd, which also result from the inactivation of theUbx gene.
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  • 73
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the recovery and genetic characterization of mutant alleles at zygotic loci on the third chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster which alter the morphology of the larval cuticle. We derived 12600 single lines from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedst e orrucuca chromosomes and assayed them for embryonic lethal mutations by estimating hatch rates of egg collections. About 7100 of these lines yielded at least a quarter of unhatched eggs and were then scored for embryonic phenotypes. Through microscopic examination of unhatched eggs 1772 lines corresponding to 24% of all lethal hits were classified as embryonic lethal. In 198 lines (2.7% of all lethal hits), mutant embryos showed distinct abnormalities of the larval cuticle. These embryonic visible mutants define 45 loci by complementation analysis. For 32 loci, more than one mutant allele was recovered, with an average of 5.8 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. The genes were localized on the genetic map by recombination analysis, as well as cytologically by complementation analysis with deficiencies. They appear to be randomly distributed along the chromosome. Allele frequencies and comparisons with deficiency phenotypes indicate that the 45 loci represent most, if not all, zygotic loci on the third chromosome, where lack of function recognizably affects the morphology of the larval cuticle.
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  • 74
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
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  • 75
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 388-393 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Ring canals ; Oocyte determination ; Polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.
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  • 76
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 406-413 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fusion of the eye-antennal discs during culturein vitro has been investigated, and the complex morphogenetic movements which occur during the formation of the head capsule of the insect are described. The initial contact between the eye anlagen is by means of cell processes spanning the gap between the two discs. Subsequently the two epithelia become firmly apposed, and then the integrity of the epithelium in the region of fusion breaks down, cells appearing to move to new positions in order to form an epithelium which unites the two discs. The epithelium eventually secretes a pattern of cuticular structures which is continuous between the derivatives of the two discs. Bristles on either side of the line of fusion are perfectly aligned, and structures such as the median ocellus, which are formed jointly by the cells of the two discs, differentiate normally. This is also found when left and right eye-antennal discs of different genotypes are placed side-by-side, indicating that processes of pattern regulation can occur in culture.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; mat (3) 1 mutation ; Two-dimensional gels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of a protein which has been detected in blastoderm cells but not in pole cells (Gutzeit and Gehring 1979) has been studied further by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This protein could not be detected at the nuclear multiplication stage. The protein is translated from mRNA which is transcribed at the blastoderm stage since it is not synthesized in detectable amounts when embryos are injected with α-amanitin prior to the blastoderm stage. Also the protein could not be detected when RNA from freshly laid eggs was translated in vitro. Embryos from females which are homozygous for the mutationmat (3) 1 form pole cells but no blastoderm cells (Rice and Garen 1975). Thesemat (3) 1 embryos, as we will call them in this report, express the protein if aged for a period of time sufficient for completion of blastoderm cell formation in control wild-type embryos.mat (3) 1 embryos and embryos injected with α-amanitin show the same syndrome of visible developmental anomalies; however, the studied protein could only be detected inmat (3) 1 embryos but not in α-amanitin injected embryos.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion proteins ; Electrophoretic variants ; Chorion gene linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster chorion proteins are characterized on one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IF) gels. The six major chorion components previously identified on SDS gels are shown to resolve into at least 11 components in our IF system. IF screening of 102 geographic strains ofDrosophila melanogaster revealed seven cases of variation in major chorion components. Two strains, Crimea and Falsterbo, which were monomorphic for a variant B1 protein and two strains, Skafto and Lausanne, which were monomorphic for a variant C1 protein, were chosen for further study. After IF developmental analysis of F1 hybrids had indicated that the sources of the variation resided in the structural genes for these proteins, each variant was crossed to a multiply marked and inverted strain (BLT) to determine the linkage group of the variant gene. To localize genes to more specific sites multiply marked 3rd (SKERO) or X-chromosomal (CB1) (X-PLE) mapping strains were used. In both Crimea and Falsterbo the gene for the B1 protein is located near map location 26 on the 3rd chromosome. In both Lausanne and Skafto the C1 gene is located on the X chromosome. Hence, for the first time, we have demonstrated genetically the non-linkage of two chorion genes, B1 and C1.
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Homeotic mutant ; Drosophila ; Clonal analysis ; Timing of gene action ; Determination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nasobemia (Ns) is a dominant homeotic mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster which converts parts or all of the antenna to mesothoracic leg.Ns has a temperature sensitive period between 48 and 60 h. The hypothesis thatNs acts during this period and is not required thereafter to maintain the homeotic transformation to leg was tested by removingNs fromNs/+ cells at different stages of development through X-ray induced somatic recombination. The expression of theNs homeotic transformation in recombinant wild type (+/+) cells increased sharply between 48 and 65 h. In clones induced after 65 h the expression of the leg transformation was equal in large and small +/+ clones. We interpret these results as supporting the hypothesis that transient action ofNs between 48 and 65 h switches antennal cells to a clonally stable leg determined state whose maintenance does not require futherNs action.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1369-1372 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Collembola ; snow ; activity ; temperature ; barometric pressure changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Temperature is limiting for the snow surface activity ofIsotoma hiemalis: values below a threshold of −2.5° to −3°C are avoided. Changing barometric pressure leads to increased surface activity, thus being responsible for mass appearances. These experiments provide the first evidence for sensitivity to and reaction to barometric pressure changes in insects.
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    Sciences of soils 5 (2000), S. 10-21 
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Stubble retention ; Nitrogen ; Early growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Early growth and development are often lower when wheat is sown into standing stubble. A study was conducted to determine whether this difference in early growth could be explained by the effects of stubble on soil temperature in the vicinity of the young plant. The roles of nitrogen nutrition and soil strength were also assessed. Three crops were monitored (1990–1992), with the wheat being sown into either standing wheat stubble after a no-till fallow (NT), or into no-tilled plots from which the stubble had been removed by burning (NB). Measurements were made of wheat growth and development, soil and plant N, soil temperature and penetration resistance. The site was on a black earth near Warialda in the northern wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia. In 1992 wheat was also grown under simulated stubble to isolate the shading and soil temperature effects of stubble from other factors. A significant (P〈0.05) relationship was found between average soil temperature and above ground dry matter (DM) at 65 days after sowing (DAS) but not at 107 DAS. This relationship accounted for differences in DM production at 65 DAS between NT and NB treatments in 1991 and 1992, but not in 1990. In that year the lower DM production in NT plots was associated with poorer N nutrition, and possibly disease. Laboratory incubations indicate that immobilisation of N as stubble decomposed could have contributed to this. Burning stubble produced no immediate increase in soil N availability, so that it is unlikely that N contained in stubble contributed to the difference. Soil strength differences between treatments and phytotoxic effects are unlikely to have contributed to growth differences in this soil.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Glutenin ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat storage proteins
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits consist mainly of two domains, one at the N- terminus which contains repeats of short amino-acid motifs, and a non-repetitive one rich in cysteine, at the C- terminal region. In previous reports, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis has been used to show that large size variation exists among LMW and HMW glutenin subunits, and it has been suggested that deletions and insertions within the repetitive region are responsible for these variations in length. In this study, PCR-amplification of genomic DNA (Triticum aestivum variety Chinese Spring) was used to isolate three full-length LMW glutenin genes: LMWG-MB1, LMWG-MB2 and LMWG-MB3. The deduced amino-acid sequences show a high similarity between these ORFs, and with those of other LMW glutenin genes. Comparisons indicate that LMWG-MB1 has probably lost a 12-bp fragment through deletion and that LMWG-MB1 and LMWG-MB2 have an insertion of 81 bp within the repetitive domain. The current study has shown direct evidence that insertions and/or deletions provide a mechanistic explanation for the allelic variation, and the resultant evolution, of prolamin genes. Single-base substitutions at identical sites generate stop codons in both LMWG-MB2 and LMWG-MB3 indicating that these clones are pseudogenes.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; High-molecular-weight glutenin ; AS-PCR ; Glu-A1 locus ; Null allele ; Triticum aestivum
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The present work reports new PCR markers that amplify the complete coding sequence of the specific alleles of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin genes. A set of AS-PCR molecular markers was designed which use primers from nucleotide sequences of the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 genes, making use of the minor diffeences between the sequences of the x1, x2* of Glu-A1, and the x5 and y10 of Glu-D1. These primers were able to distinguish between x2* and the x1 or xNull of Glu-A1. Also x5 was distinguishable from x2, and y10 from y12. The primers amplified the complete coding regions and corresponded to the upstream and downstream flanking positions of Glu-A1 and Glu-D1. Primers designed to amplify the Glu-A1 gene amplified a single product when used with genomic DNA of common wheats and the xNull allele of this gene. This work also describes the cloning and characterisation of the nucleotide sequence of this allele. It possesses the same general structure as x2* and x1 (previously determined) and differs from these alleles in the extension of the coding sequence for a presumptive mature protein with only 384 residues. This is due to the presence of a stop codon (TAA) 1215-bp downstream from the start codon. A further stop codon (TAG), 2280-bp downstream from the starting codon is also found. The open reading frame of xNull and x1 alleles has the same size in bp. Both are larger than x2* which shows two small deletions. The reduced size of the presumptive mature protein encoded by xNull could explain the negative effect of this allele on grain quality.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords AFLPs ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Marker-assisted selection ; Microsatellites ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Molecular markers were identified in common wheat for the Pm24 locus conferring resistance to different isolates of the powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe graminis DM f. sp. tritici (Em. Marchal). Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and microsatellite markers linked to the gene Pm24 in an F2 progeny from the cross Chinese Spring (susceptible)× Chiyacao (resistant). Two AFLP markers XACA/CTA-407 and XACA/CCG-420, and three microsatellite markers Xgwm106, Xgwm337 and Xgwm458, were mapped in coupling phase to the Pm24 locus. The AFLP marker locus XACA/CTA-407 co-segregated with the Pm24 gene, and XACA/CCG-420 mapped 4.5 cM from this gene. Another AFLP marker locus XAAT/CCA-346 co- segregated in repulsion phase with the Pm24 locus. Pm24 was mapped close to the centromere on the short arm of chromosome 1D, contrary to the previously reported location on chromosome 6D. Pm24 segregated independently of gene Pm22, also located on chromosome 1D. An allele of microsatellite locus Xgwm337 located 2.4±1.2 cM from Pm24 was shown to be diagnostic and therefore potentially useful for pyramiding two or more genes for powdery mildew resistance in a single genotype.
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  • 85
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Amylose content ; Starch ; Rapid Visco-Analyzer ; Swelling power ; Noodle quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Waxy (Wx) protein is a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) responsible for amylose production in cereal endosperm. Eight isolines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having different combinations of presence and absence of three Wx proteins, Wx-A1, -B1, and -D1, were produced in order to elucidate the effect of Wx protein deficiencies on the apparent amylose content and starch-pasting properties. An improved SDS gel electrophoresis showed that ’Bai Huo’ (a parental wheat) carried a variant Wx-B1 protein from an allele, Wx-B1e. Thus, wheat lines of types 1, 2, 4, and 6 examined in this study contained a variant Wx-B1 allele and not the standard allele, Wx-B1a. The results from 3 years of experiments using 176 lines derived from two cross-combinations showed that apparent amylose content increased the least in type 8 (waxy) having no Wx proteins and, in ascending order, increased in type 5 (only the Wx-A1 protein is present) 〈type 7 (Wx-D1) 〈type 6 (Wx-B1) 〈type 3 (Wx-A1 and -D1) 〈type 4 (Wx-A1 and -B1) 〈type 2 (Wx-B1 and -D1) 〈type 1 (three Wx proteins). However, Tukey’ s studentized range test did not detect significant differences in some cases. Densitometric analysis suggested that the amylose content was related to the amount of the Wx protein in the eight types. Parameters in the Rapid Visco-Analyzer test and swelling power were correlated to amylose content. Consequently, amylose content and pasting properties of starch were determined to be influenced the most by the lack of the Wx-B1 protein, followed by a lack of Wx-D1, and leastly by the Wx-A1 deficiency, which indicated the presence of differential effects of the three null alleles for the Wx protein.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords Composite populations ; Triticum aestivum ; Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis f. sp. tritici ; Residual resistance effects ; Quantitative resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The evolution of adult plant resistance towards powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) was investigated in 11 wheat populations cultivated for 10 years in a French network for dynamic management (DM) of wheat genetic resources. The aims of the study were to compare the evolution of resistance in sites submitted to different powdery mildew pressure and to investigate the implication of specific resistance gene action in adult plant resistance. For this, 7 of the 11 populations were characterized for their composition of specific resistance genes (results presented in a former paper). Even though no population differed significantly from the initial PA0 pool for mean adult plant resistance, divergence appeared among the final populations. The populations with the highest adult plant resistance level originated from sites where powdery mildew pressure is known to be high (Vervins, Le Rheu), whereas populations with the lowest adult plant resistance corresponded to areas with no, or very low, powdery mildew pressure (Toulouse, Montreuil-Bellay). A residual effect of defeated specific resistance genes was hypothesized, as lines accumulating at least two specific resistance genes appeared more resistant. Additional quantitative resistance seemed to be involved in adult plant resistance. DM lines appeared then as an interesting source of variability for resistance towards powdery mildew. Moreover, as these lines had been grown in mixed populations they may be appropriate as components of a composite cultivar.
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  • 87
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 519-527 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Physical mapping ; Deletion lines ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Extended physical maps of chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell., 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) were constructed with 107 DNA clones and 45 homoeologous group-6 deletion lines. Two-hundred and ten RFLP loci were mapped, including three orthologous loci with each of 34 clones, two orthologous loci with each of 31 clones, one locus with 40 clones, two paralogous loci with one clone, and four loci, including three orthologs and one paralog, with one clone. Fifty five, 74 and 81 loci were mapped in 6A, 6B and 6D, respectively. The linear orders of the mapped orthologous loci in 6A, 6B and 6D appear to be identical and 65 loci were placed on a group-6 consensus physical map. Comparison of the consensus physical map with eight linkage maps of homoeologous group-6 chromosomes from six Triticeaespecies disclosed that the linear orders of the loci on the maps are largely, if not entirely, conserved. The relative distributions of loci on the physical and linkage maps differ markedly, however. On most of the linkage maps, the loci are either distributed relatively evenly or clustered around the centromere. In contrast, approximately 90% of the loci on the three physical maps are located either in the distal one-half or the distal two-thirds of the six chromosome arms and most of the loci are clustered in two or three segments in each chromosome.
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  • 88
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    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: aggregation ; coexistence ; Drosophila ; parasitism ; patch size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We carried out field experiments to investigate the coexistence of Drosophila species in domestic and forest areas on the basis of the aggregation model. Three cosmopolitan species Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, and a native species, Drosophila auraria Peng, emerged abundantly from banana placed at the domestic station, while Drosophila immigrans and five native species, Drosophila lutescens Okada, Drosophila rufa Kikkawa and Peng, Drosophila bizonata Kikkawa and Peng, Drosophila sternopleuralis Okada and Kurokawa and Scaptodrosophila coracina (Kikkawa and Peng), were abundant at the forest station. The present analysis suggests that their coexistence was facilitated by the aggregation mechanism. In the cosmopolitan species, the density of individuals that emerged from patches increased with the increase of patch size, but the relationship between fly density and patch size was not clear in the native species. This difference in distribution patterns between the cosmopolitan and native species is likely to be due to the difference in the female visiting behavior. In the present analysis, however, it was not clear whether patch size diversity facilitated their coexistence or not. The effect of patch size diversity may have been masked, because the effect of aggregation was more prominent. The rate of parasitism by wasps was high in October at the domestic station, and in May and June at the forest station. The present result suggests that the rate of parasitism was density-dependent, at least at the domestic station, and therefore parasitism facilitates the coexistence of drosophilid species in domestic areas.
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  • 89
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 1081-1091 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: second law of thermodynamics ; temperature ; thermometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A brief outline of the history of development of the temperature concept in physics is given. Simultaneously, some persisting imperfections in the conceptual basis of classical thermodynamics closely related to the first and the second law of thermodynamics are discussed.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; pyridoxal oxidase ; tissue specificity ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The substrate specificities of aldehyde and pyridoxal oxidases in Drosophila melanogaster have been determined with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. This analysis has led to the discovery that 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzaldehyde is a specific substrate for pyridoxal oxidase, as based on the histochemical distribution of oxidase activity, the absence of enzymatic activity in the lpo 1strains, and the dosage dependence on the number of lpo +genes present. The tissue-specific localization of aldehyde oxidase (AO) and pyridoxal oxidase (PO) in the larval and adult structures showed that AO was present in all the major internal organs of the larvae and adults, including brain, imaginal discs, Malpighian tubules, digestive system, and reproductive structures. Pyridoxal oxidase is present in many of the same structures which possess AO, but is missing from the cardia, crop, imaginal discs, ovarian follicle cells, paragonia, pericardial cells, and wreath cells. The only structure which possesses PO but lacks AO is the larval salivary gland. These histochemical differences in AO and PO distribution were also confirmed by enzymatic analysis of the activities present in homogenates of ovaries, paragonia, and salivary glands. The general pattern of enzyme expression appears to be established during embryogenesis and maintained throughout the life of the individual.
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  • 91
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    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 461-474 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; allozymes ; α-Gpdh ; selection ; genetic background
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three sets of experiments have been conducted in order to evaluate the role of natural selection at the α-Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster. (1) The evolution of the F-allele frequency has been followed for many generations in 13 experimental populations having different genetic backgrounds. (2) Egg-to-adult viability has been measured in synthetic populations derived from one locality (Brouilly) and the results have been compared with those of a previous experiment involving a different local population (Tostes). (3) The effects of sodium octanoate on egg-to-adult viability have been measured on the genotypes FF, FS, SF, and SS. The results demonstrate that selection operates on a small block of genes which includes the α-Gpdh locus.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterase ; duplication ; gene expression ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An esterase duplication is described in the sibling species pair Drosophila mojavensis and Drosophila arizonensis. We present evidence for two separate structural loci mapping at a distance of less than 0.16 recombination units from each other. Alleles at the two loci have the same substrate specificities and form small amounts of interlocus heterodimers. One locus (Est-5) is functioning throughout the insect's life cycle and appears at high concentrations in the hemolymph and the fat body. Its duplicate (Est-4) functions only during the late larval stage and is concentrated mainly in the carcass. No null alleles at either locus were observed in population surveys. An examination of 12 other species from the repleta group, to which D. mojavensis and D. arizonesis belong, suggests that Est-5 is universally present, but the activity levels of Est-4 vary among species and may be totally absent in some species. Variation in the level of Est-4 activity does not closely follow the phylogenetic relationship.
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  • 93
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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  • 94
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 567-583 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene regulation ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At least four enzymes contribute to histochemically, electrophoretically, or spectrophotometrically detectable aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The one we designate AO-1 contributes the majority of activity measured in extracts of whole flies. Pyridoxal oxidase (PO) is also a broad range AO. It is prominent only in midgut and Malpighian tubules, where it apparently accounts for a substantial fraction of total AO activity. The tissue distributions of these enzymes are clearly disparate despite close linkage of their structural loci and parallel dependence on the mal, lxd, and cin loci. A similarly related enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is detected as an AO only in electrophoretic gels. A fourth broad range AO, not dependent on mal, lxd, and cin, is confined to the ejaculatory bulb. A similar array of AO isozymes is present in phylogenetically distant Drosophila species.
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  • 95
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    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 179-198 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; Drosophila ; malathion ; insecticide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the 50% survival time for flies feeding on a malathion-containing medium and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was determined for 15 isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster. A significant correlation was found (r=0.28, P〈0.05), with more resistant lines tending to have a lower level of AChE activity. An association between AChE and malathion resistance was also observed in a selection experiment. The AChE activity decreased in two of two populations selected for malathion resistance. AChE from these populations was altered in kinetic parameters (measured in crude head extracts) and electrophoretic mobility. Although the “resistant” AChE had a lower activity (V m) on either a per milligram protein or a per individual basis, its apparent K m for acetylthiocholine was lower than that of “susceptible” AChE. Recombination mapping of both low activity and fast electrophoretic mobility localized these traits to the region of the structural locus (Ace) on the third chromosome. The AChE activity of flies heterozygous for a variety of Ace lesions (kindly provided by Dr. W. M. Gelbart) was consistent with this location. The changes in AChE were suggested to have been caused by selection of alleles at the Ace locus.
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  • 96
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    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme polymorphisms, activity ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of five allozymic classes of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase have been compared with respect to their activity levels on two alcohol substrates, quantities of ADH protein, and stability in crude extracts. Within each allozymic class, strains from widely diverse geographic locations differ in their enzyme activity levels but are identical for a measure known as “activity ratio,” which is obtained by dividing the average activity reading on isopropanol by that obtained with ethanol. They are also similar in the rate at which ADH activity declines in crude extracts held at 25°C. For several of the fast-resistant and fast-moderate strains, differences in ADH activity are associated with differences in the amount of enzyme present. The catalytic efficiencies of the fast-resistant forms are considerably lower than those of the fast-moderate allozymes. The origin and persistence of the rare but ubiquitous fast-resistant allozyme is discussed.
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  • 98
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    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 153-168 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; activity ratio ; specific activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen Drosophila Adh variants have been characterized with respect to gene expression, substrate preference, thermostability, and specific activity. The results suggest that the variants may be grouped into two biochemical classes, typified by the properties of the two most common enzyme forms, ADH-F and ADH-S. Membership of these classes cannot be predicted from electrophoretic mobility, nor is any simple classification possible with regard to the characteristics of level of gene expression (in terms of ADH activity or ADH protein) or thermostability of the gene product.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ontogeny ; amylase ; α-glucosidases ; functional significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), maltase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), sucrase, and PNPGase activities in relation to changes in wet weight and protein content were studied during the development of larvae and adult flies from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, homozygous for different amylase alleles. All α-glucosidase activities increase exponentially during a large part of larval development, parallel to the increase in weight, and drop at the end of the third instar. Amylase activity of the Amy 1 strain follows the same pattern. In contrast, amylase activity of the Amy 4,6 strain continues its exponential increase longer. In the third larval instar amylase activity in the Amy 4,6 strain becomes much higher than in the Amy 1 strain. During the first hours of adult life amylase activity of the two strains does not differ. Then Amy 4,6 activity starts to rise and becomes much higher (4–5 times) than Amy 1 amylase activity, which remains approximately constant. All adult enzyme activities are much higher than in larvae. Comparison of enzyme activity of amylase and α-glucosidases in larvae and adults confirms that differences in amylase activities can become important only when starch is a limiting factor in the food.
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    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 439-454 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; acetylcholinesterase ; insecticide resistance ; electrophoretic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the Canton-S strain of Drosophila melanogaster for electrophoretic variation of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The pattern of bands obtained (stained with acetylthiocholine) depended on age, sex, and tissue (i.e., head vs. body part and hemolymph). However, through mixing experiments, it was concluded that most of these apparent differences were due to modification of the enzyme by unknown substances located in the fly's body. The electrophoretic pattern of head acetylcholinesterase was altered so that it became characteristic of the body which was present during extraction. For example, when heads of D. melanogaster were homogenized in an extract from D. lebanonensis bodies, the characteristic AChse bands of melanogaster were absent and instead the bands of lebanonensis were found. it was found that extraction of adult heads in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer alone or with a 2-min exposure to 1 mg/ml trypsin at 20 C gave the most reproducible results, independent of age and sex. Using these conditions, 25 strains of D. melanogaster and 30 strains of D. pseudoobscura were examined without finding any reproducible electrophoretic variant of acetylcholinesterase. In addition, 53 strains from 39 other Drosophila species produced a total of only six electrophoretic forms of the head enzyme. Additional electromorphs were found when whole flies were used, but these were not studied in detail because of the possibility that they could be due to postextraction modification.
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