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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the relation between genetic and environmental variability in animals (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Neutral mutation theory ; Natural selection ; Protein evolution ; Levene model ; Environmental variability ; Genetic variability ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If a phenotypic character is under stabilizing selection, the selective disadvantage of a nonoptimal genotype will decrease exponentially to zero as the proportion of phenotypic variation that is environmental in origin -V e /V p - increases. Under the modified mutation-drift hypothesis of genetic polymorphism, the proportion of mutations that are effectively neutral and average heterozygosity should increase with this ratio. Invertebrates, because of their small size, fast development, and low degree of homeostasis (relative to vertebrates), are expected to show a larger environmental component of phenotypic variation than vertebrates. This may help explain why invertebrates are in general more genetically variable than vertebrates and why, when laboratory populations ofDrosophila are maintained in heterogeneous environments, genetic variability is lost less rapidly than when they are kept in constant conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733897
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEX CHROMOSOME MEIOTIC DRIVE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 32 (2001), S. 25-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex chromosome drive refers to the unequal transmission of X and Y chromosomes from individuals of the heterogametic sex, resulting in biased sex ratios among progeny and within populations. The presence of driving sex chromosomes can reduce mean fitness within a population, bring about intragenomic conflict between the X chromosome, the Y, and the autosomes, and alter the intensity or mode of sexual selection within species. Sex chromosome drive, or its genetic equivalent, is known in plants, mammals, and flies. Many species harboring driving X chromosomes have evolved Y-linked and autosomal suppressors of drive. If a drive polymorphism is not stable, then driving chromosomes may spread to fixation and cause the extinction of a species. Certain characteristics of species, such as population density and female mating rate, may affect the probability of fixation of driving chromosomes. Thus, sex chromosome drive could be an agent of species-level selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.113958
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of island area on Drosophila population densities (1978)
    Springer
    Oecologia 36 (1978), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Species of the Drosophila affinis subgroup show a positive correlation between population density and island area on islands in the vicinity of Deer Isle, Maine. The low density of flies on small islands may be due to inbreeding depression, exposure to salt spray, desiccation, or decimation by violent storms. Mushroom-feeding species of Drosophila show great year to year fluctuations in abundance on these islands, probably due to changes in the level of their resource supply. Population fluctuations and non-linear correlations between island area and population size may have complicating effects on the probability of extinction of species on different sized islands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348058
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of host preference in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 58 (1983), S. 320-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Individuals of Drosophila melanogaster were maintained as larvae and/or as adults on media made from one of the following natural breeding sties: apple, tomato, banana, or squash. The oviposition site preference of adults was not affected by the type of food they had developed on as larvae. However, prior exposure to either apple or tomato enhanced their preference for that food when subsequently given a choice between apple and tomato for oviposition. In a second experiment, adult flies were kept on media made from either apples, oranges, grapes, tomatoes, or onions; their oviposition site preferences were subsequently tested in a 5-choice situation. Prior exposure to a particular food did in some cases increase the acceptability of that food to flies. More remarkably, it sometimes modified the flies' responses to other foods, a phenomenon referred to here as cross-induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385230
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host preference ; habitat selection ; experience ; learning ; Drosophila ; host races ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052500
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the question of host races in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (1980)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 27 (1980), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse de la variation génétique de huit loci codant des enzymes révèle un isolément reproductif complet entre des “races” sympatriques d'Hyphantria cunea. Comme cet isolément ne peut s'expliquer seulement à partir de différences dans le choix de l'hôte, les deux formes sont des espèces différentes et non des “races écologiques”. Les sous-ensembles de type à tête rouge récoltés sur Prunus serotina et Juglans nigra sont génétiquement presque identiques. Ainsi, la formation de races en fonction de l'hôte consommé avec ses potentialités pour la spéciation sympatrique, ne paraît pas se produire dans la population étudiée d'Hyphantria cunea.
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of genetic variation at eight enzyme-encoding loci indicates that reproductive isolation between sympatric “races” of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, is complete. Because this isolation cannot be accounted for solely on the basis of differences in host preference, the two forms are distinct species, not host races. Subsets of the red-headed form collected from black cherry and black walnut trees were nearly identical genetically. Hence, host-race formation, with its potential for sympatric speciation, does not appear to be occurring in the population of H. cunea studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377237
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid evolution of host specificity in a parasitic nematode (1993)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 7 (1993), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: host-parasite interactions ; coevolution ; host specificity ; Drosophila ; Howardula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In eastern North America, the nematodeHowardula aoronymphium parasitizes four species of mushroom-breedingDrosophila:D. falleni andD. recens of the quinaria species group, andD. putrida andD. testacea of the testacea group. One strain ofH. aoronymphium, designated Mendon-87, was initially capable of infecting all four of these host species. After less than 3 years in laboratory culture usingD. falleni as the sole host, this strain had completely lost the ability to infectD. putrida. Two other nematode strains parasitizedD. falleni andD. putrida at equal rates. These results demonstrate the existence of genetic variation for host specificity within this nematode species. More importantly, they show that host specificity can evolve rapidly when only one host is available for parasitization. Ecological conditions are such that natural populations ofH. aoronymphium may comprise numerous host races, lineages incapable of parasitizing the full range of host species. However, I argue that such host races are probably ephemeral and thus unlikely to persist long enough to undergo speciation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237736
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid evolution of parasitic nematodes: Not (1996)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 10 (1996), S. 565-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237886
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  • 9
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    Fighting back against male-killers (2007)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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    Genetics of oviposition-site preference in Drosophila tripunctata (1987)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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