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  • Climate
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (214)
  • Annual Reviews  (1)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2005-2009  (116)
  • 2000-2004  (93)
  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • 1980-1984  (2)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Role of carbon cycle observations and knowledge in carbon management (2005)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003): 521-558, doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163443.
    Description: Agriculture and industrial development have led to inadvertent changes in the natural carbon cycle. As a consequence, concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere and may lead to changes in climate. The current challenge facing society is to develop options for future management of the carbon cycle. A variety of approaches has been suggested: direct reduction of emissions, deliberate manipulation of the natural carbon cycle to enhance sequestration, and capture and isolation of carbon from fossil fuel use. Policy development to date has laid out some of the general principles to which carbon management should adhere. These are summarized as: how much carbon is stored, by what means, and for how long. To successfully manage carbon for climate purposes requires increased understanding of carbon cycle dynamics and improvement in the scientific capabilities available for measurement as well as for policy needs. The specific needs for scientific information to underpin carbon cycle management decisions are not yet broadly known. A stronger dialogue between decision makers and scientists must be developed to foster improved application of scientific knowledge to decisions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the carbon cycle, carbon measurement capabilities (with an emphasis on the continental scale) and the relevance of carbon cycle science to carbon sequestration goals.
    Description: The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Carbon sequestration ; Measurement techniques ; Climate ; Kyoto protocol
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 406392 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Evolution. Evolutionary danger for rainforest species (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roff, Derek -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):58-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. derek.roff@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Dehydration ; Drosophila/*genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Selection, Genetic ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Global food security: challenges and policies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because of declining investments in research and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity. Climate change and HIV/AIDS are also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions. Although agroecological approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in developing countries could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy reforms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosegrant, Mark W -- Cline, Sarah A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1917-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20006, USA. m.rosegrant@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology ; *Agriculture ; Biotechnology ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; Education ; *Food ; *Food Supply ; Global Health ; Humans ; Poverty ; *Public Policy ; Research ; Rural Population ; Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Molecular fossil record of elevated methane levels in late Pleistocene coastal waters (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: Accumulating evidence suggests that methane has been released episodically from hydrates trapped in sea floor sediments during many intervals of rapid climate warming. Here we show that sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin deposited during warm intervals in the last glacial period contain molecular fossils that are diagnostic of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs. Sediment intervals with high abundances of these compounds indicate episodes of vigorous methanotrophic activity in methane-laden water masses. Signals for anaerobic methanotrophy in 44,100-year-old sediment are evidence for particularly intense methane emissions and suggest that the basin's methane cycle can profoundly affect oxygen budgets in the water column.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe -- Hmelo, Laura R -- Sylva, Sean P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1214-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Archaea/*metabolism ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Bacteria, Aerobic/metabolism ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/*microbiology ; Methane/*analysis/*metabolism ; Methylococcaceae/metabolism ; Oxygen/analysis ; Plankton/physiology ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; Triterpenes/*analysis ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Paleobiology. Megafauna died from big kill, not big chill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ascomycota ; Charcoal ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; Madagascar ; *Mammals ; New York ; *Paleontology ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; *Spores, Fungal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daszak, P -- Cunningham, A A -- Hyatt, A D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):443-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. daszak@uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Zoonoses
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: The low O2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels approximately 10(2) to 10(3) parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant CH4 implies that hydrogen escapes to space (upward arrow space) orders of magnitude faster than today. Such reductant loss oxidizes the Earth. Photosynthesis splits water into O2 and H, and methanogenesis transfers the H into CH4. Hydrogen escape after CH4 photolysis, therefore, causes a net gain of oxygen [CO2 + 2H2O --〉 CH4 + 2O2 --〉 CO2 + O2 + 4H(upward arrow space)]. Expected irreversible oxidation (approximately 10(12) to 10(13) moles oxygen per year) may help explain how Earth's surface environment became irreversibly oxidized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catling, D C -- Zahnle, K J -- McKay, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):839-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mail Stop 245-3, Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. catling@humbabe.arc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Earth (Planet) ; Euryarchaeota/metabolism ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Hydrogen/metabolism ; Iron/analysis/metabolism ; *Methane/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Sulfur/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: All Australian land mammals, reptiles, and birds weighing more than 100 kilograms, and six of the seven genera with a body mass of 45 to 100 kilograms, perished in the late Quaternary. The timing and causes of these extinctions remain uncertain. We report burial ages for megafauna from 28 sites and infer extinction across the continent around 46,400 years ago (95% confidence interval, 51,200 to 39,800 years ago). Our results rule out extreme aridity at the Last Glacial Maximum as the cause of extinction, but not other climatic impacts; a "blitzkrieg" model of human-induced extinction; or an extended period of anthropogenic ecosystem disruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, R G -- Flannery, T F -- Ayliffe, L K -- Yoshida, H -- Olley, J M -- Prideaux, G J -- Laslett, G M -- Baynes, A -- Smith, M A -- Jones, R -- Smith, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. rgrobe@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Birds ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Optics and Photonics ; *Reptiles ; Thorium ; Time ; Uranium
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Global change. Sharing the garden (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Field, C B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2490-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. chris@globalecology.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Food ; Food Chain ; Forestry ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; Statistics as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Marine biology. Interest blooms in growing jellyfish boom (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Scyphozoa/*physiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: A computer simulation of North American end-Pleistocene human and large herbivore population dynamics correctly predicts the extinction or survival of 32 out of 41 prey species. Slow human population growth rates, random hunting, and low maximum hunting effort are assumed; additional parameters are based on published values. Predictions are close to observed values for overall extinction rates, human population densities, game consumption rates, and the temporal overlap of humans and extinct species. Results are robust to variation in unconstrained parameters. This fully mechanistic model accounts for megafaunal extinction without invoking climate change and secondary ecological effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alroy, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1893-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. alroy@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; *Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Mammals ; North America ; *Paleontology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Population Growth ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO(2) in modern Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO(2) reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO(2) remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO(2) are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royer, D L -- Wing, S L -- Beerling, D J -- Jolley, D W -- Koch, P L -- Hickey, L J -- Berner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. dana.royer@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Ginkgo biloba ; Gymnosperms/*cytology ; Partial Pressure ; Plant Leaves/cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Temperature ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    A late Triassic trove of fossil plants (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ash, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11764788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Fossils ; *Plants ; Utah
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Paleoclimate. Corals, chemistry, and climate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrag, Daniel P -- Linsley, Braddock K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):277-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Geochemical Oceanography, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. schrag@eps.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; Climate ; Cnidaria/*chemistry/growth & development/physiology ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Strontium/analysis ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Geographic range size and determinants of avian species richness (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: Geographic patterns in species richness are mainly based on wide-ranging species because their larger number of distribution records has a disproportionate contribution to the species richness counts. Here we demonstrate how this effect strongly influences our understanding of what determines species richness. Using both conventional and spatial regression models, we show that for sub-Saharan African birds, the apparent role of productivity diminishes with decreasing range size, whereas the significance of topographic heterogeneity increases. The relative importance of geometric constraints from the continental edge is moderate. Our findings highlight the failure of traditional species richness models to account for narrow-ranging species that frequently are also threatened.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jetz, Walter -- Rahbek, Carsten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. walter.jetz@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; *Birds/physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Homing Behavior ; Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary biology. Darwin's avian muses continue to evolve (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):633-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mammalian dispersal at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: A profound faunal reorganization occurred near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, when several groups of mammals abruptly appeared on the Holarctic continents. To test the hypothesis that this event featured the dispersal of groups from Asia to North America and Europe, we used isotope stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and quantitative biochronology to constrain the relative age of important Asian faunas. The extinct family Hyaenodontidae appeared in Asia before it did so in North America, and the modern orders Primates, Artiodactyla, and Perissodactyla first appeared in Asia at or before the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results are consistent with Asia being a center for early mammalian origination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowen, Gabriel J -- Clyde, William C -- Koch, Paul L -- Ting, Suyin -- Alroy, John -- Tsubamoto, Takehisa -- Wang, Yuanqing -- Wang, Yuan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2062-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. gbowen@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artiodactyla ; Asia ; Carbon Isotopes ; China ; Climate ; Europe ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mammals ; North America ; *Paleontology ; Perissodactyla ; Phylogeny ; Primates ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. And an icy patch at Mars's south pole (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, Dana -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1866-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471229" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Space Flight ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Looking beneath the surface (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, Jack A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1903-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources Research Unit, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. morgan@lamar.colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Soil ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Climate change. Carbonate mysteries (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elderfield, Henry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1618-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. he101@esc.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Bicarbonates/chemistry/metabolism ; Calcification, Physiologic ; *Calcium Carbonate/chemistry/metabolism ; *Carbon Dioxide/chemistry/metabolism ; *Carbonates/chemistry/metabolism ; Chemical Precipitation ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/*physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Solubility ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Restoration ecology. Returning America's forests to their 'natural' roots (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloor, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):573, 575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation biology. Combined insults spell trouble for rainforests (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-06
    Description: Scientists are now saying that a combination of interacting factors--including forest fragmentation, logging, and El Nino-driven drought--has altered the fire regimes of tropical forests and is changing regional climates and reconfiguring the landscape. These interactions are synergistic, they say--that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The concept provides a new paradigm for understanding the dynamics of fragmented rainforests and for approaching their conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):35-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Borneo ; Brazil ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Industry ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. The unbearable capriciousness of Bering (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saar, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1388-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Birds ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Food Chain ; Oceans and Seas
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    The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros mountains 10,000 years ago (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: Initial goat domestication is documented in the highlands of western Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago. Metrical analyses of patterns of sexual dimorphism in modern wild goat skeletons (Capra hircus aegagrus) allow sex-specific age curves to be computed for archaeofaunal assemblages. A distinct shift to selective harvesting of subadult males marks initial human management and the transition from hunting to herding of the species. Direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates on skeletal elements provide a tight temporal context for the transition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeder, M A -- Hesse, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Archaeobiology Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0112, USA. zeder.melinda@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animal Husbandry/*history ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology ; Archaeology ; Body Constitution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Climate ; Female ; *Goats/anatomy & histology/physiology ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Iran ; Iraq ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Sex Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for 〉95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Semino, O -- Passarino, G -- Oefner, P J -- Lin, A A -- Arbuzova, S -- Beckman, L E -- De Benedictis, G -- Francalacci, P -- Kouvatsi, A -- Limborska, S -- Marcikiae, M -- Mika, A -- Mika, B -- Primorac, D -- Santachiara-Benerecetti, A S -- Cavalli-Sforza, L L -- Underhill, P A -- GM 28428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 55273/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1155-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy. semino@ipvgen.univp.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Anthropology, Physical ; Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Female ; *Gene Pool ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Middle East ; *Y Chromosome
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    Regional 14CO2 offsets in the troposphere: magnitude, mechanisms, and consequences (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: Radiocarbon dating methods typically assume that there are no significant tropospheric (14)CO(2) gradients within the low- to mid-latitude zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of tree ring (14)C data from southern Germany and Anatolia supports this assumption in general but also documents episodes of significant short-term regional (14)CO(2) offsets. We suggest that the offset is caused by an enhanced seasonal (14)CO(2) cycle, with seasonally peaked flux of stratospheric (14)C into the troposphere during periods of low solar magnetic activity, coinciding with substantial atmospheric cooling. Short-term episodes of regional (14)CO(2) offsets are important to palaeoclimate studies and to high-resolution archaeological dating.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kromer, B -- Manning, S W -- Kuniholm, P I -- Newton, M W -- Spurk, M -- Levin, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2529-32. Epub 2001 Dec 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut fur Umweltphysik der Universitat Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bernd.kromer@iup.uni-heidelberg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; *Atmosphere ; Calibration ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Carbon Radioisotopes ; Climate ; Germany ; Mediterranean Region ; Oceans and Seas ; Seasons ; Time ; *Trees/growth & development ; Turkey ; Wood
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    Climate change. Where has all the carbon gone? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wofsy, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2261-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. scw@io.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; China ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Forestry ; Fossil Fuels ; Industry ; Public Policy ; Soil ; *Trees/metabolism ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The riddle of coexistence (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1725-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Culture ; Emigration and Immigration/history ; Europe ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Paleontology
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    Noisy clockwork: time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Both biotic interactions and abiotic random forcing are crucial influences on population dynamics. This frequently leads to roughly equal importance of deterministic and stochastic forces. The resulting tension between noise and determinism makes ecological dynamics unique, with conceptual and methodological challenges distinctive from those in other dynamical systems. The theory for stochastic, nonlinear ecological dynamics has been developed alongside methods to test models. A range of dynamical components has been considered-density dependence, environmental and demographic stochasticity, and climatic forcing-as well as their often complex interactions. We discuss recent advances in understanding ecological dynamics and testing theory using long-term data and review how dynamical forces interact to generate some central field and laboratory time series.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjornstad, O N -- Grenfell, B T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):638-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. onb1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild/physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
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    Climate change. Greenhouse gas mitigation in U.S. agriculture and forestry (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCarl, B A -- Schneider, U A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2481-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture/economics ; Animals ; *Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Crops, Agricultural/economics ; Fertilizers ; *Forestry/economics ; Greenhouse Effect ; Models, Theoretical ; Soil ; Trees ; United States
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    Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: By integrating a wide range of experimental, comparative, and theoretical approaches, ecologists are starting to gain a detailed understanding of the long-term dynamics of vegetation. We explore how patterns of variation in demographic traits among species have provided insight into the processes that structure plant communities. We find a common set of mechanisms, derived from ecological and evolutionary principles, that underlie the main forces shaping systems as diverse as annual plant communities and tropical forests. Trait variation between species maintains diversity and has important implications for ecosystem processes. Hence, greater understanding of how Earth's vegetation functions will likely require integration of ecosystem science with ideas from plant evolutionary, population, and community ecology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, M -- Condit, R -- Crawley, M -- Pacala, S -- Tilman, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):650-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imperial College and NERC Centre for Population Biology, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK. mrees@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; Poaceae/growth & development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2443-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Axons/physiology ; Benzamides ; Carbon ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Electronics ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Piperazines/therapeutic use ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use ; Rna ; *Research ; *Science
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    Critical challenges for sustainability science (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swart, Rob -- Raskin, Paul -- Robinson, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):1994-5; author reply 1994-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Policy Making ; *Research ; Social Conditions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Peter R -- Grant, B Rosemary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):707-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA. prgrantprinceton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sampling Studies ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Creatures of our own making (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Budiansky, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):80-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission ; Biological Evolution ; Blood ; Climate ; Culex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Culicidae/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Malaria/epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Oviposition ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw, M Rebecca -- Zavaleta, Erika S -- Chiariello, Nona R -- Cleland, Elsa E -- Mooney, Harold A -- Field, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. shaw@globalecology.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geraniaceae/*growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Coral reef biodiversity and conservation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baird, Andrew H -- Bellwood, David R -- Connell, Joseph H -- Cornell, Howard V -- Hughes, Terry P -- Karlson, Ronald H -- Rosen, Brian R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1026-8; author reply 1026-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Cnidaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Nephropidae ; Seawater ; Snails
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sala, O E -- Chapin, F S 3rd -- Armesto, J J -- Berlow, E -- Bloomfield, J -- Dirzo, R -- Huber-Sanwald, E -- Huenneke, L F -- Jackson, R B -- Kinzig, A -- Leemans, R -- Lodge, D M -- Mooney, H A -- Oesterheld, M -- Poff, N L -- Sykes, M T -- Walker, B H -- Walker, M -- Wall, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1770-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiologicas y Ecologicas vinculadas a la Agricultura, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina. sala@ifeva.edu.ar〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Hurricane disturbance and tropical tree species diversity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The debate over the maintenance of high diversity of tree species in tropical forests centers on the role of tree-fall gaps as a primary source of disturbance. Using a 10-year data series accumulated since Hurricane Joan struck the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua in 1988, we examined the pattern of species accumulation over time and with increased sampling of individuals. Our analysis shows that the pattern after a hurricane differs from the pattern after a simple tree-fall disturbance, and we conclude that pioneers are limited in large disturbances and thus do not suppress other species the way they do in smaller disturbances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vandermeer, J -- Granzow de la Cerda, I -- Boucher, D -- Perfecto, I -- Ruiz, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):788-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University Herbarium, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. jvander@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees
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    Paleoanthropology. What--or who--did in the Neandertals? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):1980-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Genetics, Population ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Skeleton
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    Paleoanthropology. Tools show humans reached Asia early (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2368-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; China ; Climate ; Emigration and Immigration ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Hominidae ; Humans
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    Influence of carbonic anhydrase activity in terrestrial vegetation on the 18O content of atmospheric CO2 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-03
    Description: The oxygen-18 (18O) content of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important indicator of CO2 uptake on land. It has generally been assumed that during photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 reaches isotopic equilibrium with oxygen in 18O-enriched water in leaves. We show, however, large differences in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (which catalyzes CO2 hydration and 18O exchange in leaves) among major plant groups that cause variations in the extent of 18O equilibrium (theta(eq)). A clear distinction in theta(eq) between C3 trees and shrubs, and C4 grasses makes atmospheric C18OO a potentially sensitive indicator to changes in C3 and C4 productivity. We estimate a global mean theta(eq) value of approximately 0.8, which reasonably reconciles inconsistencies between 18O budgets of atmospheric O2 (Dole effect) and CO2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gillon, J -- Yakir, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2584-7. Epub 2001 Mar 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/*metabolism ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*metabolism ; Climate ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/enzymology/metabolism ; Plants/enzymology/*metabolism ; Poaceae/enzymology/metabolism ; Seawater ; Soil ; Water/metabolism
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    Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: Net uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) measured by eddy covariance in a 60- to 80-year-old forest averaged 2.0 +/- 0.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year during 1993 to 2000, with interannual variations exceeding 50%. Biometry indicated storage of 1.6 +/- 0.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year over 8 years, 60% in live biomass and the balance in coarse woody debris and soils, confirming eddy-covariance results. Weather and seasonal climate (e.g., variations in growing-season length or cloudiness) regulated seasonal and interannual fluctuations of carbon uptake. Legacies of prior disturbance and management, especially stand age and composition, controlled carbon uptake on the decadal time scale, implying that eastern forests could be managed for sequestration of carbon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barford, C C -- Wofsy, S C -- Goulden, M L -- Munger, J W -- Pyle, E H -- Urbanski, S P -- Hutyra, L -- Saleska, S R -- Fitzjarrald, D -- Moore, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1688-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; *Atmosphere/analysis ; Biomass ; Biometry ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; New England ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Probability ; Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Energetic and fitness costs of mismatching resource supply and demand in seasonally breeding birds (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-03
    Description: By advancing spring leaf flush and ensuing food availability, climatic warming results in a mismatch between the timing of peak food supply and nestling demand, shifting the optimal time for reproduction in birds. Two populations of blue tits (Parus caeruleus) that breed at different dates in similar, but spatially distinct, habitat types in Corsica and southern France provide a unique opportunity to quantify the energetic and fitness consequences when breeding is mismatched with local productivity. As food supply and demand become progressively mismatched, the increased cost of rearing young pushes the metabolic effort of adults beyond their apparent sustainable limit, drastically reducing the persistence of adults in the breeding population. We provide evidence that the economics of parental foraging and limits to sustainable metabolic effort are key selective forces underlying synchronized seasonal breeding and long-term shifts in breeding date in response to climatic change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D W -- Blondel, J -- Perret, P -- Lambrechts, M M -- Speakman, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2598-600.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie, Nutrition et Energetique, Departement de Biologie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada. d.thomas@courrier.usherb.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Climate ; *Energy Metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food ; France ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/*physiology
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    Carbon sinks and conserving biodiversity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Wesemael, B -- Lambin, B F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2094-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11764790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carbon ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; International Cooperation ; Trees
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    Sustainable development. World summit adopts voluntary action plan (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1785.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *International Cooperation
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    Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: The North Atlantic is believed to represent the largest ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere, yet little is known about its temporal variability. We report an 18-year time series of upper-ocean inorganic carbon observations from the northwestern subtropical North Atlantic near Bermuda that indicates substantial variability in this sink. We deduce that the carbon variability at this site is largely driven by variations in winter mixed-layer depths and by sea surface temperature anomalies. Because these variations tend to occur in a basinwide coordinated pattern associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, it is plausible that the entire North Atlantic Ocean may vary in concert, resulting in a variability of the strength of the North Atlantic carbon sink of about +/-0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (1 petagram = 10(15) grams) or nearly +/-50%. This extrapolation is supported by basin-wide estimates from atmospheric carbon dioxide inversions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gruber, Nicolas -- Keeling, Charles D -- Bates, Nicholas R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2374-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ngruber@igpp.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere ; Bermuda ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Climate ; Models, Theoretical ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
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    Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Amazonian rain forest-savanna boundaries are highly sensitive to climatic change and may also play an important role in rain forest speciation. However, their dynamics over millennial time scales are poorly understood. Here, we present late Quaternary pollen records from the southern margin of Amazonia, which show that the humid evergreen rain forests of eastern Bolivia have been expanding southward over the past 3000 years and that their present-day limit represents the southernmost extent of Amazonian rain forest over at least the past 50,000 years. This rain forest expansion is attributed to increased seasonal latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which can in turn be explained by Milankovitch astronomic forcing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayle, F E -- Burbridge, R -- Killeen, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. fem1@leicester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Pollen ; Rain ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    An unfortunate U-turn on carbon (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2515.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Fossil Fuels ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Politics ; Public Policy ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Geological Society of America. Life--potential, slow, or long dead (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1820-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/cytology/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Biological Science Disciplines/*trends ; Caribbean Region ; Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Geology/*trends ; Ice ; Marine Biology/trends ; Mars ; Mollusca/physiology ; *Societies, Scientific ; Starvation ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: We describe a giant titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur discovered in coastal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt, a unit that has produced three Tyrannosaurus-sized theropods and numerous other vertebrate taxa. Paralititan stromeri is the first tetrapod reported from Bahariya since 1935. Its 1.69-meter-long humerus is longer than that of any known Cretaceous sauropod. The autochthonous scavenged skeleton was preserved in mangrove deposits, raising the possibility that titanosaurids and their predators habitually entered such environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, J B -- Lamanna, M C -- Lacovara, K J -- Dodson, P -- Smith, J R -- Poole, J C -- Giegengack, R -- Attia, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1704-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA. smithjb@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Egypt ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; Humerus/anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; *Reptiles/anatomy & histology/classification ; Spine/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Areas to watch in 2003 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Budgets ; Climate ; Elementary Particles ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Science/economics/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Berresheim, H -- Borrmann, S -- Crutzen, P J -- Dentener, F J -- Fischer, H -- Feichter, J -- Flatau, P J -- Heland, J -- Holzinger, R -- Korrmann, R -- Lawrence, M G -- Levin, Z -- Markowicz, K M -- Mihalopoulos, N -- Minikin, A -- Ramanathan, V -- De Reus, M -- Roelofs, G J -- Scheeren, H A -- Sciare, J -- Schlager, H -- Schultz, M -- Siegmund, P -- Steil, B -- Stephanou, E G -- Stier, P -- Traub, M -- Warneke, C -- Williams, J -- Ziereis, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):794-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Air Pollutants ; *Air Pollution ; Asia ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Monoxide ; Climate ; Europe ; Mediterranean Region ; North America ; Ozone ; Weather
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    Side effects of oceanic iron fertilization (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawrence, Mark G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):1993.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/metabolism ; *Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; *Seawater ; Sulfides/metabolism ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Isotopic evidence for dietary variability in the early hominin Paranthropus robustus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the delta13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sponheimer, Matt -- Passey, Benjamin H -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie -- Cerling, Thure E -- Lee-Thorp, Julia A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):980-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Climate ; Dental Enamel/*chemistry ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Lasers ; *Paleodontology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Rain ; Seasons ; South Africa
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    Ecology. Photosymbiosis and the evolution of modern coral reefs (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stanley, George D Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):857-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Montana Paleontology Center, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. george.stanley@umontana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development/*physiology ; Fossils ; Photosynthesis ; Sunlight ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Group competition, reproductive leveling, and the evolution of human altruism (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Humans behave altruistically in natural settings and experiments. A possible explanation-that groups with more altruists survive when groups compete-has long been judged untenable on empirical grounds for most species. But there have been no empirical tests of this explanation for humans. My empirical estimates show that genetic differences between early human groups are likely to have been great enough so that lethal intergroup competition could account for the evolution of altruism. Crucial to this process were distinctive human practices such as sharing food beyond the immediate family, monogamy, and other forms of reproductive leveling. These culturally transmitted practices presuppose advanced cognitive and linguistic capacities, possibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA, and Universita di Siena, 17 Piazza San Francesco, Siena, Italy. bowles@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Violence ; Warfare
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    Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: Coral reefs are generally associated with shallow tropical seas; however, recent deep-ocean exploration using advanced acoustics and submersibles has revealed unexpectedly widespread and diverse coral ecosystems in deep waters on continental shelves, slopes, seamounts, and ridge systems around the world. Advances reviewed here include the use of corals as paleoclimatic archives and their biogeological functioning, biodiversity, and biogeography. Threats to these fragile, long-lived, and rich ecosystems are mounting: The impacts of deep-water trawling are already widespread, and effects of ocean acidification are potentially devastating.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, J Murray -- Wheeler, Andrew J -- Freiwald, Andre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):543-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/growth & development ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Genetics, Population ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Seawater ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Back to the people (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Hydroengineering. Going against the flow (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- Jia, Hawk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Engineering/economics ; Humans ; *Rivers ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control ; Seasons ; Snails/parasitology ; Water Movements ; Water Pollution ; *Water Supply
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global hydrological cycles and world water resources (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: Water is a naturally circulating resource that is constantly recharged. Therefore, even though the stocks of water in natural and artificial reservoirs are helpful to increase the available water resources for human society, the flow of water should be the main focus in water resources assessments. The climate system puts an upper limit on the circulation rate of available renewable freshwater resources (RFWR). Although current global withdrawals are well below the upper limit, more than two billion people live in highly water-stressed areas because of the uneven distribution of RFWR in time and space. Climate change is expected to accelerate water cycles and thereby increase the available RFWR. This would slow down the increase of people living under water stress; however, changes in seasonal patterns and increasing probability of extreme events may offset this effect. Reducing current vulnerability will be the first step to prepare for such anticipated changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oki, Taikan -- Kanae, Shinjiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1068-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Climate ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Industry ; Rivers ; Water Purification ; *Water Supply ; Weather
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    Climate science. U.S. Supreme Court gets arguments for EPA to regulate CO2 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Plant science. Seeking agriculture's ancient roots (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1830-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; *Archaeology ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Plants/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Time
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    Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-20
    Description: Litter decomposition provides the primary source of mineral nitrogen (N) for biological activity in most terrestrial ecosystems. A 10-year decomposition experiment in 21 sites from seven biomes found that net N release from leaf litter is dominantly driven by the initial tissue N concentration and mass remaining regardless of climate, edaphic conditions, or biota. Arid grasslands exposed to high ultraviolet radiation were an exception, where net N release was insensitive to initial N. Roots released N linearly with decomposition and exhibited little net N immobilization. We suggest that fundamental constraints on decomposer physiologies lead to predictable global-scale patterns in net N release during decomposition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parton, William -- Silver, Whendee L -- Burke, Ingrid C -- Grassens, Leo -- Harmon, Mark E -- Currie, William S -- King, Jennifer Y -- Adair, E Carol -- Brandt, Leslie A -- Hart, Stephen C -- Fasth, Becky -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):361-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake, Campus Mail 1499, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Humidity ; Mathematics ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Poaceae ; Regression Analysis ; Seasons ; Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: It is difficult to obtain fossil data from the 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface that is covered by thick glaciers and ice sheets, and hence, knowledge of the paleoenvironments of these regions has remained limited. We show that DNA and amino acids from buried organisms can be recovered from the basal sections of deep ice cores, enabling reconstructions of past flora and fauna. We show that high-altitude southern Greenland, currently lying below more than 2 kilometers of ice, was inhabited by a diverse array of conifer trees and insects within the past million years. The results provide direct evidence in support of a forested southern Greenland and suggest that many deep ice cores may contain genetic records of paleoenvironments in their basal sections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willerslev, Eske -- Cappellini, Enrico -- Boomsma, Wouter -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Hebsgaard, Martin B -- Brand, Tina B -- Hofreiter, Michael -- Bunce, Michael -- Poinar, Hendrik N -- Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe -- Johnsen, Sigfus -- Steffensen, Jorgen Peder -- Bennike, Ole -- Schwenninger, Jean-Luc -- Nathan, Roger -- Armitage, Simon -- de Hoog, Cees-Jan -- Alfimov, Vasily -- Christl, Marcus -- Beer, Juerg -- Muscheler, Raimund -- Barker, Joel -- Sharp, Martin -- Penkman, Kirsty E H -- Haile, James -- Taberlet, Pierre -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Casoli, Antonella -- Campani, Elisa -- Collins, Matthew J -- 076905/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):111-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@bi.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; DNA/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geography ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time ; *Trees
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    A sustainable future, if we pay up front (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):782-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Energy Resources ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Europe ; Fossil Fuels ; *Research ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution and development of inflorescence architectures (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: To understand the constraints on biological diversity, we analyzed how selection and development interact to control the evolution of inflorescences, the branching structures that bear flowers. We show that a single developmental model accounts for the restricted range of inflorescence types observed in nature and that this model is supported by molecular genetic studies. The model predicts associations between inflorescence architecture, climate, and life history, which we validated empirically. Paths, or evolutionary wormholes, link different architectures in a multidimensional fitness space, but the rate of evolution along these paths is constrained by genetic and environmental factors, which explains why some evolutionary transitions are rare between closely related plant taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw -- Erasmus, Yvette -- Lane, Brendan -- Harder, Lawrence D -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 8;316(5830):1452-6. Epub 2007 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Mathematics ; Meristem/growth & development ; *Models, Biological ; Selection, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Entomology. The case of the empty hives (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):970-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; *Bees/microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Climate ; Diet ; Fungi/isolation & purification ; Mites ; Pesticides ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; Viruses/isolation & purification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Global warming is changing the world (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):188-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Disasters ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: Tilman et al. (Reports, 8 December 2006, p. 1598) argued that low-input high-diversity grasslands can provide a substantial proportion of global energy needs. We contend that their conclusions are not substantiated by their experimental protocol. The authors understated the management inputs required to establish prairies, extrapolated globally from site-specific results, and presented potentially misleading energy accounting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russelle, Michael P -- Morey, R Vance -- Baker, John M -- Porter, Paul M -- Jung, Hans-Joachim G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1567; author reply 1567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. michael.russelle@ars.usda.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Fabaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A molecular basis for natural selection at the timeless locus in Drosophila melanogaster (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-30
    Description: Diapause is a protective response to unfavorable environments that results in a suspension of insect development and is most often associated with the onset of winter. The ls-tim mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster clock gene timeless has spread in Europe over the past 10,000 years, possibly because it enhances diapause. We show that the mutant allele attenuates the photosensitivity of the circadian clock and causes decreased dimerization of the mutant TIMELESS protein isoform to CRYPTOCHROME, the circadian photoreceptor. This interaction results in a more stable TIMELESS product. These findings reveal a molecular link between diapause and circadian photoreception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandrelli, Federica -- Tauber, Eran -- Pegoraro, Mirko -- Mazzotta, Gabriella -- Cisotto, Paola -- Landskron, Johannes -- Stanewsky, Ralf -- Piccin, Alberto -- Rosato, Ezio -- Zordan, Mauro -- Costa, Rodolfo -- Kyriacou, Charalambos P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1898-900.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; Climate ; Cryptochromes ; Dimerization ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Europe ; Female ; Flavoproteins/*metabolism ; Light ; Motor Activity ; Mutation ; *Photoperiod ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Seasons ; *Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Transgenes ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-15
    Description: The dispersal unit of wild wheat bears two pronounced awns that balance the unit as it falls. We discovered that the awns are also able to propel the seeds on and into the ground. The arrangement of cellulose fibrils causes bending of the awns with changes in humidity. Silicified hairs that cover the awns allow propulsion of the unit only in the direction of the seeds. This suggests that the dead tissue is analogous to a motor. Fueled by the daily humidity cycle, the awns induce the motility required for seed dispersal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elbaum, Rivka -- Zaltzman, Liron -- Burgert, Ingo -- Fratzl, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):884-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm, Germany. elbaum@mpikg.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cellulose/analysis ; Climate ; Humidity ; Lignin/analysis/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Plant Epidermis/physiology/ultrastructure ; Seeds/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Soil ; Stress, Mechanical ; Triticum/*physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests?" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-24
    Description: Novotny et al. (Reports, 25 August 2006, p. 1115) argued that higher herbivore diversity in tropical forests results from greater phylogenetic diversity of host plants, not from higher host specificity. However, if host specificity is related to host abundance, differences in relative host abundance between tropical and temperate regions may limit any general conclusion that herbivore diversity scales directly with host-plant diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norton, David A -- Didham, Raphael K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1666; author reply 1666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Insects ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Nuclear war. Consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toon, Owen B -- Robock, Alan -- Turco, Richard P -- Bardeen, Charles -- Oman, Luke -- Stenchikov, Georgiy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. toon@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Mortality ; *Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Smoke
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    Evolution. Dynamics of body size evolution (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Kaustuv -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1451-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1163097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. kroy@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. Layers within layers hint at a wobbly Martian climate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):867. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5878.867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A dynamic marine calcium cycle during the past 28 million years (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Multiple lines of evidence have shown that the isotopic composition and concentration of calcium in seawater have changed over the past 28 million years. A high-resolution, continuous seawater calcium isotope ratio curve from marine (pelagic) barite reveals distinct features in the evolution of the seawater calcium isotopic ratio suggesting changes in seawater calcium concentrations. The most pronounced increase in the delta44/40Ca value of seawater (of 0.3 per mil) occurred over roughly 4 million years following a period of low values around 13 million years ago. The major change in marine calcium corresponds to a climatic transition and global change in the carbon cycle and suggests a reorganization of the global biogeochemical system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffith, Elizabeth M -- Paytan, Adina -- Caldeira, Ken -- Bullen, Thomas D -- Thomas, Ellen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1671-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Building 320, Room 118, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. egriffith@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Barium Sulfate/chemistry ; Calcium/*analysis/metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Calcium Isotopes/analysis ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time
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    Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. What was a 'wet and warm' early Mars really like? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1757. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1757b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Time ; *Water
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    A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- Walbridge, Shaun -- Selkoe, Kimberly A -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Micheli, Fiorenza -- D'Agrosa, Caterina -- Bruno, John F -- Casey, Kenneth S -- Ebert, Colin -- Fox, Helen E -- Fujita, Rod -- Heinemann, Dennis -- Lenihan, Hunter S -- Madin, Elizabeth M P -- Perry, Matthew T -- Selig, Elizabeth R -- Spalding, Mark -- Steneck, Robert -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):948-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1149345.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas
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    China's energy policy comes at a price (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1156-7; author reply 1156-7. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5893.1156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Climate ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; Energy-Generating Resources/*economics ; *Public Policy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Oceans. On phytoplankton trends (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smetacek, Victor -- Cloern, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1346-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1151330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research of the Helmholtz Foundation, 27570 Bremerhaven, and the University of Bremen, FB 2, 28334 Bremen, Germany. Victor.Smetacek@awi.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Climate ; Diatoms/growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature
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    John Beddington interview. U.K. science adviser makes his U.S. debut. Interview by Daniel Clery (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beddington, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1756-7. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5897.1756a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Energy-Generating Resources ; Food Supply ; *Government ; Great Britain ; Public Policy ; *Science/education ; United States
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    Virology. Coming out of Asia--year in, year out (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):311. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5874.311.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Climate ; Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Conservation with caveats (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coetzee, Bernard W T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):340-2; author reply 340-2. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5887.340b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Madagascar
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Hopping hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: Hotspots of high species diversity are a prominent feature of modern global biodiversity patterns. Fossil and molecular evidence is starting to reveal the history of these hotspots. There have been at least three marine biodiversity hotspots during the past 50 million years. They have moved across almost half the globe, with their timing and locations coinciding with major tectonic events. The birth and death of successive hotspots highlights the link between environmental change and biodiversity patterns. The antiquity of the taxa in the modern Indo-Australian Archipelago hotspot emphasizes the role of pre-Pleistocene events in shaping modern diversity patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renema, W -- Bellwood, D R -- Braga, J C -- Bromfield, K -- Hall, R -- Johnson, K G -- Lunt, P -- Meyer, C P -- McMonagle, L B -- Morley, R J -- O'Dea, A -- Todd, J A -- Wesselingh, F P -- Wilson, M E J -- Pandolfi, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):654-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155674.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Naturalis, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands. Renema@naturalis.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/classification ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Marine Biology ; Mollusca/classification ; Phylogeny ; Rhizophoraceae/classification ; *Seawater ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Unmasking the Indus. Indus collapse: the end or the beginning of an Asian culture? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1281-3. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5881.1281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Asia ; Cities/history ; Civilization/*history ; Climate ; *Culture ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; India ; Pakistan
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Animal versus wind dispersal and the robustness of tree species to deforestation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: Studies suggest that populations of different species do not decline equally after habitat loss. However, empirical tests have been confined to fine spatiotemporal scales and have rarely included plants. Using data from 89,365 forest survey plots covering peninsular Spain, we explored, for each of 34 common tree species, the relationship between probability of occurrence and the local cover of remaining forest. Twenty-four species showed a significant negative response to forest loss, so that decreased forest cover had a negative effect on tree diversity, but the responses of individual species were highly variable. Animal-dispersed species were less vulnerable to forest loss, with six showing positive responses to decreased forest cover. The results imply that plant-animal interactions help prevent the collapse of forest communities that suffer habitat destruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montoya, Daniel -- Zavala, Miguel A -- Rodriguez, Miguel A -- Purves, Drew W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1502-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158404. Epub 2008 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alcala, 28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. daniel.montoya@alu.uah.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Logistic Models ; Phylogeny ; *Seeds ; Soil ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; *Trees/classification/growth & development ; *Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galloway, James N -- Townsend, Alan R -- Erisman, Jan Willem -- Bekunda, Mateete -- Cai, Zucong -- Freney, John R -- Martinelli, Luiz A -- Seitzinger, Sybil P -- Sutton, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):889-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1136674.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. jng@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/trends ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Commerce/trends ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fossil Fuels ; Human Activities/trends ; Humans ; Industry/trends ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Reactive Nitrogen Species/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The future of forests (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugden, Andrew -- Smith, Jesse -- Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1435. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5882.1435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Forestry ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Polymorphic Y chromosomes harbor cryptic variation with manifold functional consequences (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness. We show that the Y chromosome of D. melanogaster harbors substantial genetic diversity in the form of polymorphisms for genetic elements that differentially affect the expression of hundreds of X-linked and autosomal genes. The affected genes are more highly expressed in males, more meagerly expressed in females, and more highly divergent between species. Functionally, they affect microtubule stability, lipid and mitochondrial metabolism, and the thermal sensitivity of spermatogenesis. Our findings provide a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic variation associated with the Y chromosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lemos, Bernardo -- Araripe, Luciana O -- Hartl, Daniel L -- GM065169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM068465/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):91-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1148861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. blemos@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Variation ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Spermatogenesis ; Temperature ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Basin-scale coherence in phenology of shrimps and phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: Climate change could lead to mismatches between the reproductive cycles of marine organisms and their planktonic food. We tested this hypothesis by comparing shrimp (Pandalus borealis) egg hatching times and satellite-derived phytoplankton bloom dynamics throughout the North Atlantic. At large spatial and long temporal (10 years or longer) scales, hatching was correlated with the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Annual egg development and hatching times were determined locally by bottom water temperature. We conclude that different populations of P. borealis have adapted to local temperatures and bloom timing, matching egg hatching to food availability under average conditions. This strategy is vulnerable to interannual oceanographic variability and long-term climatic changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koeller, P -- Fuentes-Yaco, C -- Platt, T -- Sathyendranath, S -- Richards, A -- Ouellet, P -- Orr, D -- Skuladottir, U -- Wieland, K -- Savard, L -- Aschan, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):791-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1170987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Post Office Box 1006, Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 Nova Scotia, Canada. koellerp@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Ovum/growth & development/physiology ; Pandalidae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Seawater
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    The transition. Can an ecologist push NOAA up the food chain? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 16;323(5912):321. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5912.321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Climate ; Ecology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    History of science. Alexander von Humboldt and the general physics of the Earth (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, Stephen T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):596-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1171659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Botany Department and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. jackson@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biology/history ; Climate ; Ecology/history ; Geography/history ; Geology/history ; Germany ; History, 19th Century ; Natural Science Disciplines/*history
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  • 96
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    Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 x 10(15) to 1.6 x 10(15) grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Oliver L -- Aragao, Luiz E O C -- Lewis, Simon L -- Fisher, Joshua B -- Lloyd, Jon -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Peacock, Julie -- Quesada, Carlos A -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Almeida, Samuel -- Amaral, Ieda -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Aymard, Gerardo -- Baker, Tim R -- Banki, Olaf -- Blanc, Lilian -- Bonal, Damien -- Brando, Paulo -- Chave, Jerome -- de Oliveira, Atila Cristina Alves -- Cardozo, Nallaret Davila -- Czimczik, Claudia I -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Freitas, Maria Aparecida -- Gloor, Emanuel -- Higuchi, Niro -- Jimenez, Eliana -- Lloyd, Gareth -- Meir, Patrick -- Mendoza, Casimiro -- Morel, Alexandra -- Neill, David A -- Nepstad, Daniel -- Patino, Sandra -- Penuela, Maria Cristina -- Prieto, Adriana -- Ramirez, Fredy -- Schwarz, Michael -- Silva, Javier -- Silveira, Marcos -- Thomas, Anne Sota -- Steege, Hans Ter -- Stropp, Juliana -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Zelazowski, Przemyslaw -- Alvarez Davila, Esteban -- Andelman, Sandy -- Andrade, Ana -- Chao, Kuo-Jung -- Erwin, Terry -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Honorio C, Euridice -- Keeling, Helen -- Killeen, Tim J -- Laurance, William F -- Pena Cruz, Antonio -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Rudas, Agustin -- Salamao, Rafael -- Silva, Natalino -- Terborgh, John -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1164033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. o.phillips@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; South America ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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  • 97
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    The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Evolution may be dominated by biotic factors, as in the Red Queen model, or abiotic factors, as in the Court Jester model, or a mixture of both. The two models appear to operate predominantly over different geographic and temporal scales: Competition, predation, and other biotic factors shape ecosystems locally and over short time spans, but extrinsic factors such as climate and oceanographic and tectonic events shape larger-scale patterns regionally and globally, and through thousands and millions of years. Paleobiological studies suggest that species diversity is driven largely by abiotic factors such as climate, landscape, or food supply, and comparative phylogenetic approaches offer new insights into clade dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):728-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1157719.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. mike.benton@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Time
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  • 98
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    Fire in the Earth system (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowman, David M J S -- Balch, Jennifer K -- Artaxo, Paulo -- Bond, William J -- Carlson, Jean M -- Cochrane, Mark A -- D'Antonio, Carla M -- Defries, Ruth S -- Doyle, John C -- Harrison, Sandy P -- Johnston, Fay H -- Keeley, Jon E -- Krawchuk, Meg A -- Kull, Christian A -- Marston, J Brad -- Moritz, Max A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Roos, Christopher I -- Scott, Andrew C -- Swetnam, Thomas W -- van der Werf, Guido R -- Pyne, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163886.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Carbon ; Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humans ; Plants
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    Environmental science. Digital soil map of the world (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- Ahamed, Sonya -- Carre, Florence -- Hartemink, Alfred E -- Hempel, Jonathan -- Huising, Jeroen -- Lagacherie, Philippe -- McBratney, Alex B -- McKenzie, Neil J -- Mendonca-Santos, Maria de Lourdes -- Minasny, Budiman -- Montanarella, Luca -- Okoth, Peter -- Palm, Cheryl A -- Sachs, Jeffrey D -- Shepherd, Keith D -- Vagen, Tor-Gunnar -- Vanlauwe, Bernard -- Walsh, Markus G -- Winowiecki, Leigh A -- Zhang, Gan-Lin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1175084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Institute at Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. psanchez@ei.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; *Soil/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Good genes and good luck: ammonoid diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: The end-Permian mass extinction removed more than 80% of marine genera. Ammonoid cephalopods were among the organisms most affected by this crisis. The analysis of a global diversity data set of ammonoid genera covering about 106 million years centered on the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) shows that Triassic ammonoids actually reached levels of diversity higher than in the Permian less than 2 million years after the PTB. The data favor a hierarchical rather than logistic model of diversification coupled with a niche incumbency hypothesis. This explosive and nondelayed diversification contrasts with the slow and delayed character of the Triassic biotic recovery as currently illustrated for other, mainly benthic groups such as bivalves and gastropods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brayard, Arnaud -- Escarguel, Gilles -- Bucher, Hugo -- Monnet, Claude -- Bruhwiler, Thomas -- Goudemand, Nicolas -- Galfetti, Thomas -- Guex, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1118-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1174638.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR-CNRS 5561 Biogeosciences, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France. arnaud.brayard@u-bourgogne.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Cephalopoda/classification/genetics ; Climate ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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