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  • Articles  (478)
  • Adult  (293)
  • Time Factors
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (478)
  • 2010-2014  (214)
  • 1980-1984  (264)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
  • Natural Sciences in General  (478)
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  • Articles  (478)
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  • 1
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    Ecology. The Seven Ages of Pan (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Sheldon, Ben C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1207-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1187796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Male ; *Mammals/physiology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; *Primates/physiology ; Reproduction ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    HIV/AIDS. At last, vaginal gel scores victory against HIV (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):374-5. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5990.374. Epub 2010 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; *HIV-1/drug effects ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Organophosphonates/*administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; South Africa ; Tenofovir ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-04
    Description: Optical imaging in vivo with molecular specificity is important in biomedicine because of its high spatial resolution and sensitivity compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows highly sensitive optical imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy without adding toxic or perturbative labels. However, SRS imaging in living animals and humans has not been feasible because light cannot be collected through thick tissues, and motion-blur arises from slow imaging based on backscattered light. In this work, we enable in vivo SRS imaging by substantially enhancing the collection of the backscattered signal and increasing the imaging speed by three orders of magnitude to video rate. This approach allows label-free in vivo imaging of water, lipid, and protein in skin and mapping of penetration pathways of topically applied drugs in mice and humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462359/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462359/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saar, Brian G -- Freudiger, Christian W -- Reichman, Jay -- Stanley, C Michael -- Holtom, Gary R -- Xie, X Sunney -- 1R01EB010244-01/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB010244/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB010244-02/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1368-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1197236.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Capillaries ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Epidermis/chemistry/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/physiology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Light ; Lipids ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Molecular Imaging/*methods ; Skin/blood supply/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/*methods ; Time Factors ; Vitamin A/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Cancer research. Childhood's cures haunted by adulthood's 'late effects' (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marder, Jenny -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1474-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5985.1474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/metabolism ; Child ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*radiotherapy ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology ; Radiation Injuries/*etiology ; Radiotherapy/adverse effects ; Survivors ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Eppendorf winner. Parental control over the brain (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregg, Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):770-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1199054.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cgregg@MCB.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Awards and Prizes ; *Fathers ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Interleukin-18 ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Mothers ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prefrontal Cortex/embryology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Preoptic Area/embryology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Sex Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: Soil acidification is a major problem in soils of intensive Chinese agricultural systems. We used two nationwide surveys, paired comparisons in numerous individual sites, and several long-term monitoring-field data sets to evaluate changes in soil acidity. Soil pH declined significantly (P 〈 0.001) from the 1980s to the 2000s in the major Chinese crop-production areas. Processes related to nitrogen cycling released 20 to 221 kilomoles of hydrogen ion (H+) per hectare per year, and base cations uptake contributed a further 15 to 20 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year to soil acidification in four widespread cropping systems. In comparison, acid deposition (0.4 to 2.0 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year) made a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils across China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, J H -- Liu, X J -- Zhang, Y -- Shen, J L -- Han, W X -- Zhang, W F -- Christie, P -- Goulding, K W T -- Vitousek, P M -- Zhang, F S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):1008-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1182570. Epub 2010 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Cations ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development/metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nitrogen ; *Soil ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Group functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) studies have documented reliable changes in human functional brain maturity over development. Here we show that support vector machine-based multivariate pattern analysis extracts sufficient information from fcMRI data to make accurate predictions about individuals' brain maturity across development. The use of only 5 minutes of resting-state fcMRI data from 238 scans of typically developing volunteers (ages 7 to 30 years) allowed prediction of individual brain maturity as a functional connectivity maturation index. The resultant functional maturation curve accounted for 55% of the sample variance and followed a nonlinear asymptotic growth curve shape. The greatest relative contribution to predicting individual brain maturity was made by the weakening of short-range functional connections between the adult brain's major functional networks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135376/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135376/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dosenbach, Nico U F -- Nardos, Binyam -- Cohen, Alexander L -- Fair, Damien A -- Power, Jonathan D -- Church, Jessica A -- Nelson, Steven M -- Wig, Gagan S -- Vogel, Alecia C -- Lessov-Schlaggar, Christina N -- Barnes, Kelly Anne -- Dubis, Joseph W -- Feczko, Eric -- Coalson, Rebecca S -- Pruett, John R Jr -- Barch, Deanna M -- Petersen, Steven E -- Schlaggar, Bradley L -- DA027046/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- EY16336/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD057076/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- MH62130/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS00169011/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS053425/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS32979/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS41255/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS46424/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS51281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS55582/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD057076/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD057076-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1358-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1194144.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ndosenbach@wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aging ; Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Brain/*growth & development/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/growth & development/physiology ; Child ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neural Pathways ; Occipital Lobe/growth & development/physiology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Food safety. Genetically modified salmon and full impact assessment (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Martin D -- Asche, Frank -- Guttormsen, Atle G -- Wiener, Jonathan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1052-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1197769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. marsmith@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Animals, Wild ; Dietary Proteins ; Environment ; Fisheries/economics ; *Food, Genetically Modified/economics ; Humans ; Legislation, Food ; Marketing ; Perciformes/genetics ; Public Health ; *Risk Assessment/methods/standards ; Salmo salar/*genetics ; Salmon/genetics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-21
    Description: The Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) 004 trial assessed the effectiveness and safety of a 1% vaginal gel formulation of tenofovir, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, for the prevention of HIV acquisition in women. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing tenofovir gel (n = 445 women) with placebo gel (n = 444 women) in sexually active, HIV-uninfected 18- to 40-year-old women in urban and rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. HIV serostatus, safety, sexual behavior, and gel and condom use were assessed at monthly follow-up visits for 30 months. HIV incidence in the tenofovir gel arm was 5.6 per 100 women-years (person time of study observation) (38 out of 680.6 women-years) compared with 9.1 per 100 women-years (60 out of 660.7 women-years) in the placebo gel arm (incidence rate ratio = 0.61; P = 0.017). In high adherers (gel adherence 〉 80%), HIV incidence was 54% lower (P = 0.025) in the tenofovir gel arm. In intermediate adherers (gel adherence 50 to 80%) and low adherers (gel adherence 〈 50%), the HIV incidence reduction was 38 and 28%, respectively. Tenofovir gel reduced HIV acquisition by an estimated 39% overall, and by 54% in women with high gel adherence. No increase in the overall adverse event rates was observed. There were no changes in viral load and no tenofovir resistance in HIV seroconverters. Tenofovir gel could potentially fill an important HIV prevention gap, especially for women unable to successfully negotiate mutual monogamy or condom use.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001187/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001187/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdool Karim, Quarraisha -- Abdool Karim, Salim S -- Frohlich, Janet A -- Grobler, Anneke C -- Baxter, Cheryl -- Mansoor, Leila E -- Kharsany, Ayesha B M -- Sibeko, Sengeziwe -- Mlisana, Koleka P -- Omar, Zaheen -- Gengiah, Tanuja N -- Maarschalk, Silvia -- Arulappan, Natasha -- Mlotshwa, Mukelisiwe -- Morris, Lynn -- Taylor, Douglas -- CAPRISA 004 Trial Group -- AI51794/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- D43 TW000231/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- D43 TW000231-17/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- D43TW00231/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI068619/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01AI068633/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01AI46749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI051794/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI051794-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1168-74. doi: 10.1126/science.1193748. Epub 2010 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa. caprisa@ukzn.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & ; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Administration, Intravaginal ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic ; use ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; HIV-1/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Organophosphonates/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Patient Compliance ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Tenofovir ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies ; Viral Load ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: Dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in impulsivity, but the precise mechanisms linking human variability in DA signaling to differences in impulsive traits remain largely unknown. By using a dual-scan positron emission tomography approach in healthy human volunteers with amphetamine and the D2/D3 ligand [18F]fallypride, we found that higher levels of trait impulsivity were predicted by diminished midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor binding and greater amphetamine-induced DA release in the striatum, which was in turn associated with stimulant craving. Path analysis confirmed that the impact of decreased midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor availability on trait impulsivity is mediated in part through its effect on stimulated striatal DA release.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161413/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161413/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckholtz, Joshua W -- Treadway, Michael T -- Cowan, Ronald L -- Woodward, Neil D -- Li, Rui -- Ansari, M Sib -- Baldwin, Ronald M -- Schwartzman, Ashley N -- Shelby, Evan S -- Smith, Clarence E -- Kessler, Robert M -- Zald, David H -- R01 DA019670/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019670-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01DA019670-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH018921/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH018921-22/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):532. doi: 10.1126/science.1185778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. joshua.buckholtz@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Amphetamine-Related Disorders/etiology/metabolism ; Autoreceptors/metabolism ; Benzamides/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Dextroamphetamine/*administration & dosage ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Male ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Pyrrolidines/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D3/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism ; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*metabolism ; Ventral Tegmental Area/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Evolution of MRSA during hospital transmission and intercontinental spread (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: Current methods for differentiating isolates of predominant lineages of pathogenic bacteria often do not provide sufficient resolution to define precise relationships. Here, we describe a high-throughput genomics approach that provides a high-resolution view of the epidemiology and microevolution of a dominant strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This approach reveals the global geographic structure within the lineage, its intercontinental transmission through four decades, and the potential to trace person-to-person transmission within a hospital environment. The ability to interrogate and resolve bacterial populations is applicable to a range of infectious diseases, as well as microbial ecology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821690/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821690/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Simon R -- Feil, Edward J -- Holden, Matthew T G -- Quail, Michael A -- Nickerson, Emma K -- Chantratita, Narisara -- Gardete, Susana -- Tavares, Ana -- Day, Nick -- Lindsay, Jodi A -- Edgeworth, Jonathan D -- de Lencastre, Herminia -- Parkhill, Julian -- Peacock, Sharon J -- Bentley, Stephen D -- 076964/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):469-74. doi: 10.1126/science.1182395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 15A, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Cross Infection/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Europe/epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/methods ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/*classification/*genetics/isolation & ; purification ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America/epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Studies support probable long-term safety of MRI (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holland, Scott K -- Byars, Anna W -- Plante, Elena -- Szaflarski, Jerzy P -- Dietrich, Kim -- Altaye, Mekibib -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):512-3. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5991.512-e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*adverse effects ; Risk ; Time Factors
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    Peripherally applied Abeta-containing inoculates induce cerebral beta-amyloidosis (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: The intracerebral injection of beta-amyloid-containing brain extracts can induce cerebral beta-amyloidosis and associated pathologies in susceptible hosts. We found that intraperitoneal inoculation with beta-amyloid-rich extracts induced beta-amyloidosis in the brains of beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice after prolonged incubation times.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233904/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233904/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisele, Yvonne S -- Obermuller, Ulrike -- Heilbronner, Gotz -- Baumann, Frank -- Kaeser, Stephan A -- Wolburg, Hartwig -- Walker, Lary C -- Staufenbiel, Matthias -- Heikenwalder, Mathias -- Jucker, Mathias -- P51 RR000165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR000165-51/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR-00165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 12;330(6006):980-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1194516. Epub 2010 Oct 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/blood supply/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Plaque, Amyloid/pathology ; Prions/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Time Factors
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  • 14
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    Divided representation of concurrent goals in the human frontal lobes (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-17
    Description: The anterior prefrontal cortex (APC) confers on humans the ability to simultaneously pursue several goals. How does the brain's motivational system, including the medial frontal cortex (MFC), drive the pursuit of concurrent goals? Using brain imaging, we observed that the left and right MFC, which jointly drive single-task performance according to expected rewards, divide under dual-task conditions: While the left MFC encodes the rewards driving one task, the right MFC concurrently encodes those driving the other task. The same dichotomy was observed in the lateral frontal cortex, whereas the APC combined the rewards driving both tasks. The two frontal lobes thus divide for representing simultaneously two concurrent goals coordinated by the APC. The human frontal function seems limited to driving the pursuit of two concurrent goals simultaneously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charron, Sylvain -- Koechlin, Etienne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):360-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1183614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris F-75654 Cedex 13, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; *Goals ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Reward ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Ventral Tegmental Area/physiology ; Young Adult
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  • 15
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    New genes in Drosophila quickly become essential (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: To investigate the origin and evolution of essential genes, we identified and phenotyped 195 young protein-coding genes, which originated 3 to 35 million years ago in Drosophila. Knocking down expression with RNA interference showed that 30% of newly arisen genes are essential for viability. The proportion of genes that are essential is similar in every evolutionary age group that we examined. Under constitutive silencing of these young essential genes, lethality was high in the pupal stage and also found in the larval stages. Lethality was attributed to diverse cellular and developmental defects, such as organ formation and patterning defects. These data suggest that new genes frequently and rapidly evolve essential functions and participate in development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Sidi -- Zhang, Yong E -- Long, Manyuan -- R01GM065429-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM078070-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 17;330(6011):1682-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1196380.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Drosophila/classification/*genetics/growth & development ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/classification/*genetics/growth & development ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Insect ; Larva/genetics/growth & development ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pupa/genetics/growth & development ; RNA Interference ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/abnormalities/growth & development
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  • 16
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    Oscillating gene expression determines competence for periodic Arabidopsis root branching (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Plants and animals produce modular developmental units in a periodic fashion. In plants, lateral roots form as repeating units along the root primary axis; however, the developmental mechanism regulating this process is unknown. We found that cyclic expression pulses of a reporter gene mark the position of future lateral roots by establishing prebranch sites and that prebranch site production and root bending are periodic. Microarray and promoter-luciferase studies revealed two sets of genes oscillating in opposite phases at the root tip. Genetic studies show that some oscillating transcriptional regulators are required for periodicity in one or both developmental processes. This molecular mechanism has characteristics that resemble molecular clock-driven activities in animal species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976612/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976612/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moreno-Risueno, Miguel A -- Van Norman, Jaimie M -- Moreno, Antonio -- Zhang, Jingyuan -- Ahnert, Sebastian E -- Benfey, Philip N -- R01 GM043778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM043778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1306-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1191937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/cytology/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Genes, Plant ; Genes, Reporter ; Gravitation ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology ; Meristem/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phthalimides/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/cytology/genetics/*growth & development ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Optimally interacting minds (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: In everyday life, many people believe that two heads are better than one. Our ability to solve problems together appears to be fundamental to the current dominance and future survival of the human species. But are two heads really better than one? We addressed this question in the context of a collective low-level perceptual decision-making task. For two observers of nearly equal visual sensitivity, two heads were definitely better than one, provided they were given the opportunity to communicate freely, even in the absence of any feedback about decision outcomes. But for observers with very different visual sensitivities, two heads were actually worse than the better one. These seemingly discrepant patterns of group behavior can be explained by a model in which two heads are Bayes optimal under the assumption that individuals accurately communicate their level of confidence on every trial.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bahrami, Bahador -- Olsen, Karsten -- Latham, Peter E -- Roepstorff, Andreas -- Rees, Geraint -- Frith, Chris D -- 082334/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1185718.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. bbahrami@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Feedback, Psychological ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Probability ; Psychometrics ; Uncertainty ; *Visual Perception
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    Thought for food: imagined consumption reduces actual consumption (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: The consumption of a food typically leads to a decrease in its subsequent intake through habituation--a decrease in one's responsiveness to the food and motivation to obtain it. We demonstrated that habituation to a food item can occur even when its consumption is merely imagined. Five experiments showed that people who repeatedly imagined eating a food (such as cheese) many times subsequently consumed less of the imagined food than did people who repeatedly imagined eating that food fewer times, imagined eating a different food (such as candy), or did not imagine eating a food. They did so because they desired to eat it less, not because they considered it less palatable. These results suggest that mental representation alone can engender habituation to a stimulus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morewedge, Carey K -- Huh, Young Eun -- Vosgerau, Joachim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1530-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1195701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Porter Hall 208, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. morewedge@cmu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Appetite ; Candy ; Cheese ; *Eating ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Preferences ; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Humans ; *Imagination ; Male ; Motivation ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Young Adult
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  • 19
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    Lab experiments for the study of social-ecological systems (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: Governance of social-ecological systems is a major policy problem of the contemporary era. Field studies of fisheries, forests, and pastoral and water resources have identified many variables that influence the outcomes of governance efforts. We introduce an experimental environment that involves spatial and temporal resource dynamics in order to capture these two critical variables identified in field research. Previous behavioral experiments of commons dilemmas have found that people are willing to engage in costly punishment, frequently generating increases in gross benefits, contrary to game-theoretical predictions based on a static pay-off function. Results in our experimental environment find that costly punishment is again used but lacks a gross positive effect on resource harvesting unless combined with communication. These findings illustrate the importance of careful generalization from the laboratory to the world of policy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Janssen, Marco A -- Holahan, Robert -- Lee, Allen -- Ostrom, Elinor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 30;328(5978):613-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1183532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arizona State University, Post Office Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA. Marco.Janssen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Game Theory ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Public Policy ; *Punishment ; *Social Behavior ; Time Factors
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    Following the crowd: brain substrates of long-term memory conformity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: Human memory is strikingly susceptible to social influences, yet we know little about the underlying mechanisms. We examined how socially induced memory errors are generated in the brain by studying the memory of individuals exposed to recollections of others. Participants exhibited a strong tendency to conform to erroneous recollections of the group, producing both long-lasting and temporary errors, even when their initial memory was strong and accurate. Functional brain imaging revealed that social influence modified the neuronal representation of memory. Specifically, a particular brain signature of enhanced amygdala activity and enhanced amygdala-hippocampus connectivity predicted long-lasting but not temporary memory alterations. Our findings reveal how social manipulation can alter memory and extend the known functions of the amygdala to encompass socially mediated memory distortions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edelson, Micah -- Sharot, Tali -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Dudai, Yadin -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):108-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1203557.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. micah.edelson@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; *Group Processes ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity
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    Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: structural evidence in Drosophila (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: The functions of sleep remain elusive, but a strong link exists between sleep need and neuronal plasticity. We tested the hypothesis that plastic processes during wake lead to a net increase in synaptic strength and sleep is necessary for synaptic renormalization. We found that, in three Drosophila neuronal circuits, synapse size or number increases after a few hours of wake and decreases only if flies are allowed to sleep. A richer wake experience resulted in both larger synaptic growth and greater sleep need. Finally, we demonstrate that the gene Fmr1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) plays an important role in sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bushey, Daniel -- Tononi, Giulio -- Cirelli, Chiara -- DP1 OD000579/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000579-05/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1576-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1202839.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/*genetics/physiology ; *Homeostasis ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/cytology/physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep Deprivation ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
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    The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has been implicated in embryonic development, tissue repair, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, but its receptors remain unidentified. We report that PGRN bound directly to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and disturbed the TNFalpha-TNFR interaction. PGRN-deficient mice were susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, and administration of PGRN reversed inflammatory arthritis. Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three PGRN fragments, exhibited selective TNFR binding. PGRN and Atsttrin prevented inflammation in multiple arthritis mouse models and inhibited TNFalpha-activated intracellular signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGRN is a ligand of TNFR, an antagonist of TNFalpha signaling, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis in mice. They also suggest new potential therapeutic interventions for various TNFalpha-mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Wei -- Lu, Yi -- Tian, Qing-Yun -- Zhang, Yan -- Guo, Feng-Jin -- Liu, Guang-Yi -- Syed, Nabeel Muzaffar -- Lai, Yongjie -- Lin, Edward Alan -- Kong, Li -- Su, Jeffrey -- Yin, Fangfang -- Ding, Ai-Hao -- Zanin-Zhorov, Alexandra -- Dustin, Michael L -- Tao, Jian -- Craft, Joseph -- Yin, Zhinan -- Feng, Jian Q -- Abramson, Steven B -- Yu, Xiu-Ping -- Liu, Chuan-ju -- AI43542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR040072/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR050620/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR053210/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165-20/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):478-84. doi: 10.1126/science.1199214. Epub 2011 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Experimental/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    Relationship between clinical signs and transmission of an infectious disease and the implications for control (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: Control of many infectious diseases relies on the detection of clinical cases and the isolation, removal, or treatment of cases and their contacts. The success of such "reactive" strategies is influenced by the fraction of transmission occurring before signs appear. We performed experimental studies of foot-and-mouth disease transmission in cattle and estimated this fraction at less than half the value expected from detecting virus in body fluids, the standard proxy measure of infectiousness. This is because the infectious period is shorter (mean 1.7 days) than currently realized, and animals are not infectious until, on average, 0.5 days after clinical signs appear. These results imply that controversial preemptive control measures may be unnecessary; instead, efforts should be directed at early detection of infection and rapid intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charleston, Bryan -- Bankowski, Bartlomies M -- Gubbins, Simon -- Chase-Topping, Margo E -- Schley, David -- Howey, Richard -- Barnett, Paul V -- Gibson, Debi -- Juleff, Nicholas D -- Woolhouse, Mark E J -- BBSB00549/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBSEI00001444/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 6;332(6030):726-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK. bryan.charleston@bbsrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bayes Theorem ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; *Communicable Disease Control ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/*physiopathology/prevention & ; control/*transmission/virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology/isolation & purification/physiology ; Time Factors ; Viremia/diagnosis/veterinary ; Virus Latency
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    Widespread RNA and DNA sequence differences in the human transcriptome (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: The transmission of information from DNA to RNA is a critical process. We compared RNA sequences from human B cells of 27 individuals to the corresponding DNA sequences from the same individuals and uncovered more than 10,000 exonic sites where the RNA sequences do not match that of the DNA. All 12 possible categories of discordances were observed. These differences were nonrandom as many sites were found in multiple individuals and in different cell types, including primary skin cells and brain tissues. Using mass spectrometry, we detected peptides that are translated from the discordant RNA sequences and thus do not correspond exactly to the DNA sequences. These widespread RNA-DNA differences in the human transcriptome provide a yet unexplored aspect of genome variation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204392/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204392/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Mingyao -- Wang, Isabel X -- Li, Yun -- Bruzel, Alan -- Richards, Allison L -- Toung, Jonathan M -- Cheung, Vivian G -- R01 HG005854/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG005854-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):53-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1207018. Epub 2011 May 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; B-Lymphocytes ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/chemistry ; Proteome/chemistry ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Skin/cytology ; Untranslated Regions
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    Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30 degrees to 36 degrees C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toien, Oivind -- Blake, John -- Edgar, Dale M -- Grahn, Dennis A -- Heller, H Craig -- Barnes, Brian M -- HD-00973/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):906-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. otoien@alaska.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; *Body Temperature ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Heart Rate ; *Hibernation ; Humans ; Male ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/metabolism/*physiology
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    Longer trips possible for human missions (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christou, Apostolos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 1;332(6025):37. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6025.37.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Minor Planets ; *Space Flight ; Time Factors
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    Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelfand, Michele J -- Raver, Jana L -- Nishii, Lisa -- Leslie, Lisa M -- Lun, Janetta -- Lim, Beng Chong -- Duan, Lili -- Almaliach, Assaf -- Ang, Soon -- Arnadottir, Jakobina -- Aycan, Zeynep -- Boehnke, Klaus -- Boski, Pawel -- Cabecinhas, Rosa -- Chan, Darius -- Chhokar, Jagdeep -- D'Amato, Alessia -- Ferrer, Montse -- Fischlmayr, Iris C -- Fischer, Ronald -- Fulop, Marta -- Georgas, James -- Kashima, Emiko S -- Kashima, Yoshishima -- Kim, Kibum -- Lempereur, Alain -- Marquez, Patricia -- Othman, Rozhan -- Overlaet, Bert -- Panagiotopoulou, Penny -- Peltzer, Karl -- Perez-Florizno, Lorena R -- Ponomarenko, Larisa -- Realo, Anu -- Schei, Vidar -- Schmitt, Manfred -- Smith, Peter B -- Soomro, Nazar -- Szabo, Erna -- Taveesin, Nalinee -- Toyama, Midori -- Van de Vliert, Evert -- Vohra, Naharika -- Ward, Colleen -- Yamaguchi, Susumu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. mgelfand@psyc.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Behavior ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Government ; Humans ; Male ; Permissiveness ; Political Systems ; Population Density ; *Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity ; Social Control, Formal ; *Social Values ; Young Adult
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    Human tears contain a chemosignal (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Emotional tearing is a poorly understood behavior that is considered uniquely human. In mice, tears serve as a chemosignal. We therefore hypothesized that human tears may similarly serve a chemosignaling function. We found that merely sniffing negative-emotion-related odorless tears obtained from women donors induced reductions in sexual appeal attributed by men to pictures of women's faces. Moreover, after sniffing such tears, men experienced reduced self-rated sexual arousal, reduced physiological measures of arousal, and reduced levels of testosterone. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that sniffing women's tears selectively reduced activity in brain substrates of sexual arousal in men.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelstein, Shani -- Yeshurun, Yaara -- Rozenkrantz, Liron -- Shushan, Sagit -- Frumin, Idan -- Roth, Yehudah -- Sobel, Noam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 14;331(6014):226-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1198331. Epub 2011 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affect ; *Arousal ; Brain/*physiology ; Double-Blind Method ; *Emotions ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Odors ; Pheromones, Human/*analysis ; Saliva/chemistry ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior ; Smell ; Tears/*chemistry ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Testosterone/*analysis ; Young Adult
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    Radiology. Second thoughts about CT imaging (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schenkman, Lauren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1002-4. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6020.1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology/*etiology/mortality ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Radiation Dosage ; Risk Factors ; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed/*standards ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*adverse effects/standards ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Updating of working memory has been associated with striato-frontal brain regions and phasic dopaminergic neurotransmission. We assessed raclopride binding to striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors during a letter-updating task and a control condition before and after 5 weeks of updating training. Results showed that updating affected DA activity before training and that training further increased striatal DA release during updating. These findings highlight the pivotal role of transient neural processes associated with D2 receptor activity in working memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Backman, Lars -- Nyberg, Lars -- Soveri, Anna -- Johansson, Jarkko -- Andersson, Micael -- Dahlin, Erika -- Neely, Anna S -- Virta, Jere -- Laine, Matti -- Rinne, Juha O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):718. doi: 10.1126/science.1204978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. lars.backman.1@ki.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Raclopride/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of children. To identify the genetic alterations in this tumor type, we searched for copy number alterations using high-density microarrays and sequenced all known protein-coding genes and microRNA genes using Sanger sequencing in a set of 22 MBs. We found that, on average, each tumor had 11 gene alterations, fewer by a factor of 5 to 10 than in the adult solid tumors that have been sequenced to date. In addition to alterations in the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, our analysis led to the discovery of genes not previously known to be altered in MBs. Most notably, inactivating mutations of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase genes MLL2 or MLL3 were identified in 16% of MB patients. These results demonstrate key differences between the genetic landscapes of adult and childhood cancers, highlight dysregulation of developmental pathways as an important mechanism underlying MBs, and identify a role for a specific type of histone methylation in human tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110744/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110744/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parsons, D Williams -- Li, Meng -- Zhang, Xiaosong -- Jones, Sian -- Leary, Rebecca J -- Lin, Jimmy Cheng-Ho -- Boca, Simina M -- Carter, Hannah -- Samayoa, Josue -- Bettegowda, Chetan -- Gallia, Gary L -- Jallo, George I -- Binder, Zev A -- Nikolsky, Yuri -- Hartigan, James -- Smith, Doug R -- Gerhard, Daniela S -- Fults, Daniel W -- VandenBerg, Scott -- Berger, Mitchel S -- Marie, Suely Kazue Nagahashi -- Shinjo, Sueli Mieko Oba -- Clara, Carlos -- Phillips, Peter C -- Minturn, Jane E -- Biegel, Jaclyn A -- Judkins, Alexander R -- Resnick, Adam C -- Storm, Phillip B -- Curran, Tom -- He, Yiping -- Rasheed, B Ahmed -- Friedman, Henry S -- Keir, Stephen T -- McLendon, Roger -- Northcott, Paul A -- Taylor, Michael D -- Burger, Peter C -- Riggins, Gregory J -- Karchin, Rachel -- Parmigiani, Giovanni -- Bigner, Darell D -- Yan, Hai -- Papadopoulos, Nick -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Velculescu, Victor E -- CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA118822/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA135877/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM074906-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- P01 CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA108622/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-20/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 28;331(6016):435-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1198056. Epub 2010 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cerebellar Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Child ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Genes, Neoplasm ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Medulloblastoma/*genetics/metabolism ; Methylation ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; *Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Point Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction
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    Population and development (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Osotimehin, Babatunde -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):499. doi: 10.1126/science.1210732.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Contraception ; *Developing Countries ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Humans ; Population Control ; *Population Growth ; Reproductive Medicine ; *Women's Health ; *Women's Rights
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    Attention but not awareness modulates the BOLD signal in the human V1 during binocular suppression (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Although recent psychophysical studies indicate that visual awareness and top-down attention are two distinct processes, it is not clear how they are neurally dissociated in the visual system. Using a two-by-two factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging design with binocular suppression, we found that the visibility or invisibility of a visual target led to only nonsignificant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effects in the human primary visual cortex (V1). Directing attention toward and away from the target had much larger and robust effects across all study participants. The difference in the lower-level limit of BOLD activation between attention and awareness illustrates dissociated neural correlates of the two processes. Our results agree with previously reported V1 BOLD effects on attention, while they invite a reconsideration of the functional role of V1 in visual awareness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Masataka -- Cheng, Kang -- Murayama, Yusuke -- Ueno, Kenichi -- Asamizuya, Takeshi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Logothetis, Nikos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):829-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1203161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. watanabe@tuebingen.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; *Awareness ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Oxygen/blood ; Photic Stimulation ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult
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    Microbiology. Going viral: exploring the role of viruses in our bodies (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1513. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6024.1513.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Bacteriophages/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diet ; Fever/virology ; Humans ; *Metagenome ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; *Viruses/classification/isolation & purification
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    Perceptual learning incepted by decoded fMRI neurofeedback without stimulus presentation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: It is controversial whether the adult primate early visual cortex is sufficiently plastic to cause visual perceptual learning (VPL). The controversy occurs partially because most VPL studies have examined correlations between behavioral and neural activity changes rather than cause-and-effect relationships. With an online-feedback method that uses decoded functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, we induced activity patterns only in early visual cortex corresponding to an orientation without stimulus presentation or participants' awareness of what was to be learned. The induced activation caused VPL specific to the orientation. These results suggest that early visual areas are so plastic that mere inductions of activity patterns are sufficient to cause VPL. This technique can induce plasticity in a highly selective manner, potentially leading to powerful training and rehabilitative protocols.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Kazuhisa -- Watanabe, Takeo -- Sasaki, Yuka -- Kawato, Mitsuo -- R01 AG031941/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG031941-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-04A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-06/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091801/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1413-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1212003.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurofeedback ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Size Perception ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
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    Human voice recognition depends on language ability (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: The ability to recognize people by their voice is an important social behavior. Individuals differ in how they pronounce words, and listeners may take advantage of language-specific knowledge of speech phonology to facilitate recognizing voices. Impaired phonological processing is characteristic of dyslexia and thought to be a basis for difficulty in learning to read. We tested voice-recognition abilities of dyslexic and control listeners for voices speaking listeners' native language or an unfamiliar language. Individuals with dyslexia exhibited impaired voice-recognition abilities compared with controls only for voices speaking their native language. These results demonstrate the importance of linguistic representations for voice recognition. Humans appear to identify voices by making comparisons between talkers' pronunciations of words and listeners' stored abstract representations of the sounds in those words.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrachione, Tyler K -- Del Tufo, Stephanie N -- Gabrieli, John D E -- UL1 RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):595. doi: 10.1126/science.1207327.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. tkp@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Dyslexia/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Physiological ; *Phonetics ; Speech Perception ; *Voice ; Young Adult
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    Time-critical social mobilization (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: The World Wide Web is commonly seen as a platform that can harness the collective abilities of large numbers of people to accomplish tasks with unprecedented speed, accuracy, and scale. To explore the Web's ability for social mobilization, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) held the DARPA Network Challenge, in which competing teams were asked to locate 10 red weather balloons placed at locations around the continental United States. Using a recursive incentive mechanism that both spread information about the task and incentivized individuals to act, our team was able to find all 10 balloons in less than 9 hours, thus winning the Challenge. We analyzed the theoretical and practical properties of this mechanism and compared it with other approaches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickard, Galen -- Pan, Wei -- Rahwan, Iyad -- Cebrian, Manuel -- Crane, Riley -- Madan, Anmol -- Pentland, Alex -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):509-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1205869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; *Internet ; *Motivation ; *Social Facilitation ; Time Factors
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    Infectious disease. Taking a new shot at a TB vaccine (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 16;334(6062):1488-90. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6062.1488.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; BCG Vaccine ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/economics ; Humans ; *Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage/economics ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/economics/*prevention & control
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    Coping with chaos: how disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Being the victim of discrimination can have serious negative health- and quality-of-life-related consequences. Yet, could being discriminated against depend on such seemingly trivial matters as garbage on the streets? In this study, we show, in two field experiments, that disordered contexts (such as litter or a broken-up sidewalk and an abandoned bicycle) indeed promote stereotyping and discrimination in real-world situations and, in three lab experiments, that it is a heightened need for structure that mediates these effects (number of subjects: between 40 and 70 per experiment). These findings considerably advance our knowledge of the impact of the physical environment on stereotyping and discrimination and have clear policy implications: Diagnose environmental disorder early and intervene immediately.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stapel, Diederik A -- Lindenberg, Siegwart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):251-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1201068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Post Office Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. d.a.stapel@uvt.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; *Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Prejudice ; *Stereotyping ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
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    Germany. Scientists rush to study genome of lethal E. coli (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1249-50. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6035.1249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/microbiology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Germany/epidemiology ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Shiga Toxins/genetics
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    No evidence of murine-like gammaretroviruses in CFS patients previously identified as XMRV-infected (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-02
    Description: Members of the gammaretroviruses--such as murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), most notably XMRV [xenotropic murine leukemia virus (X-MLV)-related virus--have been reported to be present in the blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We evaluated blood samples from 61 patients with CFS from a single clinical practice, 43 of whom had previously been identified as XMRV-positive. Our analysis included polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedures for detection of viral nucleic acids and assays for detection of infectious virus and virus-specific antibodies. We found no evidence of XMRV or other MLVs in these blood samples. In addition, we found that these gammaretroviruses were strongly (X-MLV) or partially (XMRV) susceptible to inactivation by sera from CFS patients and healthy controls, which suggested that establishment of a successful MLV infection in humans would be unlikely. Consistent with previous reports, we detected MLV sequences in commercial laboratory reagents. Our results indicate that previous evidence linking XMRV and MLVs to CFS is likely attributable to laboratory contamination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knox, Konstance -- Carrigan, Donald -- Simmons, Graham -- Teque, Fernando -- Zhou, Yanchen -- Hackett, John Jr -- Qiu, Xiaoxing -- Luk, Ka-Cheung -- Schochetman, Gerald -- Knox, Allyn -- Kogelnik, Andreas M -- Levy, Jay A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):94-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1204963. Epub 2011 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wisconsin Viral Research Group, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Base Sequence ; Blood/*virology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Complement System Proteins/immunology ; DNA Contamination ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Drug Contamination ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/blood/immunology/*virology ; Female ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics/isolation & purification ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*virology ; Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/genetics/immunology/*isolation & ; purification ; Young Adult
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    Peruvian highlands, fume-free (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bodereau, Pilar Nores -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):157. doi: 10.1126/science.1212526.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Air Pollution, Indoor/*prevention & control ; Child, Preschool ; Cooking/*instrumentation ; *Developing Countries ; Female ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Malnutrition/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Organizations ; Peru ; Poverty ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; Smoke/*adverse effects ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Alzheimer's research. Stopping Alzheimer's before it starts (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):790-2. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6096.790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age of Onset ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/*genetics/*prevention & control ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Apolipoprotein E4/genetics ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Heterozygote Detection ; Humans ; Information Services ; Male ; Pedigree ; Primary Prevention/*methods ; Risk
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    Impacts of biodiversity loss escalate through time as redundancy fades (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Plant diversity generally promotes biomass production, but how the shape of the response curve changes with time remains unclear. This is a critical knowledge gap because the shape of this relationship indicates the extent to which loss of the first few species will influence biomass production. Using two long-term (〉/=13 years) biodiversity experiments, we show that the effects of diversity on biomass productivity increased and became less saturating over time. Our analyses suggest that effects of diversity-dependent ecosystem feedbacks and interspecific complementarity accumulate over time, causing high-diversity species combinations that appeared functionally redundant during early years to become more functionally unique through time. Consequently, simplification of diverse ecosystems will likely have greater negative impacts on ecosystem functioning than has been suggested by short-term experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reich, Peter B -- Tilman, David -- Isbell, Forest -- Mueller, Kevin -- Hobbie, Sarah E -- Flynn, Dan F B -- Eisenhauer, Nico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):589-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1217909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; Minnesota ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; *Poaceae/growth & development ; Soil/chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Neuropathology. Blast injuries linked to neurodegeneration in veterans (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):790-1. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6083.790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22605724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Axons/pathology ; Blast Injuries/metabolism/*pathology ; Brain/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Brain Injury, Chronic/metabolism/*pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; *Military Personnel ; *Veterans ; Young Adult ; tau Proteins/analysis
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    Lab exposure. Death of California researcher spurs investigation (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):659. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Humans ; *Laboratory Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Male ; *Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology/microbiology ; *Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/isolation & purification ; San Francisco ; United States/epidemiology
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    Extremely long-lived nuclear pore proteins in the rat brain (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-04
    Description: To combat the functional decline of the proteome, cells use the process of protein turnover to replace potentially impaired polypeptides with new functional copies. We found that extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) did not turn over in postmitotic cells of the rat central nervous system. These ELLPs were associated with chromatin and the nuclear pore complex, the central transport channels that mediate all molecular trafficking in and out of the nucleus. The longevity of these proteins would be expected to expose them to potentially harmful metabolites, putting them at risk of accumulating damage over extended periods of time. Thus, it is possible that failure to maintain proper levels and functional integrity of ELLPs in nonproliferative cells might contribute to age-related deterioration in cell and tissue function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296478/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296478/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Savas, Jeffrey N -- Toyama, Brandon H -- Xu, Tao -- Yates, John R 3rd -- Hetzer, Martin W -- F32 AG039127/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG039127-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32AG039127/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201000035C/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AG031097/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG031097-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014195/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014195-35/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823-14/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067880-08/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):942. doi: 10.1126/science.1217421. Epub 2012 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Aging ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Female ; Half-Life ; Liver/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Nuclear Pore/*metabolism ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*metabolism ; Proteome/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors
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    Public health. Korea tackles a mushrooming problem (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 23;338(6110):1026-7. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6110.1026.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Factors ; Suicide/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Toward peace: foreign arms and indigenous institutions in a Papua New Guinea society (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: In 1990, shotguns and M-16s were adopted into Enga warfare, setting off some 15 years of devastation as youths (~17 to 28) took charge of interclan warfare. In response, people called on elder leaders to adapt customary institutions to restore peace; subsequently, war deaths and the frequency of war declined radically. Data from precolonial warfare, 501 recent wars, and 129 customary court sessions allow us to consider (i) the principles and values behind customary institutions for peace, (ii) their effectiveness, (iii) how they interact with and compare to state institutions of today, and (iv) how such institutions might have shaped our human behavioral repertoire to make life in state societies possible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiessner, Polly -- Pupu, Nitze -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1651-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. wiessner@soft-link.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Behavior ; Firearms/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Mortality/*trends ; Papua New Guinea ; *Violence ; *Warfare ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Niche and neutral effects of acquired immunity permit coexistence of pneumococcal serotypes (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Over 90 capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common nasopharyngeal colonizer and major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, are known. It is unclear why some serotypes can persist at all: They are more easily cleared from carriage and compete poorly in vivo. Serotype-specific immune responses, which could promote diversity in principle, are weak enough to allow repeated colonizations by the same type. We show that weak serotype-specific immunity and an acquired response not specific to the capsule can together reproduce observed diversity. Serotype-specific immunity stabilizes competition, and acquired immunity to noncapsular antigens reduces fitness differences. Our model can be used to explain the effects of pneumococcal vaccination and indicates general factors that regulate the diversity of pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cobey, Sarah -- Lipsitch, Marc -- 1F32GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01AI048935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 16;335(6074):1376-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1215947. Epub 2012 Mar 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. scobey@hsph.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptive Immunity ; Adult ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology ; Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; Carrier State/immunology/*microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Infant ; Models, Biological ; Nasopharynx/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/immunology/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification/*immunology/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cancer. Heterogeneity and tumor history (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Darryl -- R21 CA149990/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):304-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1222361.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, NOR2424, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. dshibata@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy/pathology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Clonal Evolution ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics/pathology ; *Mutation ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology/therapy ; Time Factors
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    Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: Scientific interest in the cognitive underpinnings of religious belief has grown in recent years. However, to date, little experimental research has focused on the cognitive processes that may promote religious disbelief. The present studies apply a dual-process model of cognitive processing to this problem, testing the hypothesis that analytic processing promotes religious disbelief. Individual differences in the tendency to analytically override initially flawed intuitions in reasoning were associated with increased religious disbelief. Four additional experiments provided evidence of causation, as subtle manipulations known to trigger analytic processing also encouraged religious disbelief. Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief. Although these findings do not speak directly to conversations about the inherent rationality, value, or truth of religious beliefs, they illuminate one cognitive factor that may influence such discussions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gervais, Will M -- Norenzayan, Ara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):493-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1215647.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. will@psych.ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Intuition ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; *Religion ; *Thinking ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Secreted peptide Dilp8 coordinates Drosophila tissue growth with developmental timing (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Little is known about how organ growth is monitored and coordinated with the developmental timing in complex organisms. In insects, impairment of larval tissue growth delays growth and morphogenesis, revealing a coupling mechanism. We carried out a genetic screen in Drosophila to identify molecules expressed by growing tissues participating in this coupling and identified dilp8 as a gene whose silencing rescues the developmental delay induced by abnormally growing tissues. dilp8 is highly induced in conditions where growth impairment produces a developmental delay. dilp8 encodes a peptide for which expression and secretion are sufficient to delay metamorphosis without affecting tissue integrity. We propose that Dilp8 peptide is a secreted signal that coordinates the growth status of tissues with developmental timing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colombani, Julien -- Andersen, Ditte S -- Leopold, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):582-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1216689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Nice, INSERM 1091, CNRS 7277, and France Institute of Biology, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Ecdysone/biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Imaginal Discs/*growth & development ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; RNA Interference ; Sequence Deletion ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
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    Preference by association: how memory mechanisms in the hippocampus bias decisions (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: Every day people make new choices between alternatives that they have never directly experienced. Yet, such decisions are often made rapidly and confidently. Here, we show that the hippocampus, traditionally known for its role in building long-term declarative memories, enables the spread of value across memories, thereby guiding decisions between new choice options. Using functional brain imaging in humans, we discovered that giving people monetary rewards led to activation of a preestablished network of memories, spreading the positive value of reward to nonrewarded items stored in memory. Later, people were biased to choose these nonrewarded items. This decision bias was predicted by activity in the hippocampus, reactivation of associated memories, and connectivity between memory and reward regions in the brain. These findings explain how choices among new alternatives emerge automatically from the associative mechanisms by which the brain builds memories. Further, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for the hippocampus in value-based decisions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, G Elliott -- Shohamy, Daphna -- R03-DA026957/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):270-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1223252.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Association ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Neuroimaging ; *Reward ; Social Values ; Young Adult
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    Human evolution. Turning back the clock: slowing the pace of prehistory (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):189-91. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6104.189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Humans ; Mutagenesis ; *Mutation ; Time Factors
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    A memory retrieval-extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-14
    Description: Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned responses to drug cues, but the extinguished responses typically reemerge after exposure to the drug itself (reinstatement), the drug-associated environment (renewal), or the passage of time (spontaneous recovery). We describe a memory retrieval-extinction procedure that decreases conditioned drug effects and drug seeking in rat models of relapse, and drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. In rats, daily retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes or 1 hour but not 6 hours before extinction sessions attenuated drug-induced reinstatement, spontaneous recovery, and renewal of conditioned drug effects and drug seeking. In heroin addicts, retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes before extinction sessions attenuated cue-induced heroin craving 1, 30, and 180 days later. The memory retrieval-extinction procedure is a promising nonpharmacological method for decreasing drug craving and relapse during abstinence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695463/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695463/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, Yan-Xue -- Luo, Yi-Xiao -- Wu, Ping -- Shi, Hai-Shui -- Xue, Li-Fen -- Chen, Chen -- Zhu, Wei-Li -- Ding, Zeng-Bo -- Bao, Yan-ping -- Shi, Jie -- Epstein, David H -- Shaham, Yavin -- Lu, Lin -- Z99 DA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DA000434-12/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 13;336(6078):241-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1215070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/enzymology ; Animals ; Behavior, Addictive/*prevention & control ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*psychology/therapy ; Conditioning, Classical ; Conditioning, Operant ; Cues ; *Extinction, Psychological ; Heroin/administration & dosage ; Heroin Dependence/*psychology/therapy ; Humans ; Male ; *Memory ; Mental Recall ; Models, Animal ; Prefrontal Cortex/enzymology ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recurrence ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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    Little emperors: behavioral impacts of China's One-Child Policy (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: We document that China's One-Child Policy (OCP), one of the most radical approaches to limiting population growth, has produced significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals. Our data were collected from economics experiments conducted with 421 individuals born just before and just after the OCP's introduction in 1979. Surveys to elicit personality traits were also used. We used the exogenous imposition of the OCP to identify the causal impact of being an only child, net of family background effects. The OCP thus has significant ramifications for Chinese society.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cameron, L -- Erkal, N -- Gangadharan, L -- Meng, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):953-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1230221. Epub 2013 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Econometrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. lisa.cameron@monash.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Altruism ; Anxiety Disorders ; *Attitude ; *Behavior ; China ; Competitive Behavior ; Family ; *Family Planning Policy ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Only Child/*psychology ; *Personality ; Risk-Taking ; Trust ; Urban Population
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    Neural mechanisms of foraging (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-12
    Description: Behavioral economic studies involving limited numbers of choices have provided key insights into neural decision-making mechanisms. By contrast, animals' foraging choices arise in the context of sequences of encounters with prey or food. On each encounter, the animal chooses whether to engage or, if the environment is sufficiently rich, to search elsewhere. The cost of foraging is also critical. We demonstrate that humans can alternate between two modes of choice, comparative decision-making and foraging, depending on distinct neural mechanisms in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using distinct reference frames; in ACC, choice variables are represented in invariant reference to foraging or searching for alternatives. Whereas vmPFC encodes values of specific well-defined options, ACC encodes the average value of the foraging environment and cost of foraging.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440844/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440844/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolling, Nils -- Behrens, Timothy E J -- Mars, Rogier B -- Rushworth, Matthew F S -- 088312/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089280/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0600994/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600994(79113)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700399/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802146/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802146(89549)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 6;336(6077):95-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1216930.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK. nils.kolling@psy.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Choice Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reward ; Young Adult
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    Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lister, Ryan -- Mukamel, Eran A -- Nery, Joseph R -- Urich, Mark -- Puddifoot, Clare A -- Johnson, Nicholas D -- Lucero, Jacinta -- Huang, Yun -- Dwork, Andrew J -- Schultz, Matthew D -- Yu, Miao -- Tonti-Filippini, Julian -- Heyn, Holger -- Hu, Shijun -- Wu, Joseph C -- Rao, Anjana -- Esteller, Manel -- He, Chuan -- Haghighi, Fatemeh G -- Sejnowski, Terrence J -- Behrens, M Margarita -- Ecker, Joseph R -- AI44432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- K99NS080911/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094774/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):1237905. doi: 10.1126/science.1237905. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ryan.lister@uwa.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/metabolism ; Adult ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Frontal Lobe/*growth & development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Longevity ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
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    Real-time dynamics of RNA polymerase II clustering in live human cells (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: Transcription is reported to be spatially compartmentalized in nuclear transcription factories with clusters of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, little is known about when these foci assemble or their relative stability. We developed a quantitative single-cell approach to characterize protein spatiotemporal organization, with single-molecule sensitivity in live eukaryotic cells. We observed that Pol II clusters form transiently, with an average lifetime of 5.1 (+/- 0.4) seconds, which refutes the notion that they are statically assembled substructures. Stimuli affecting transcription yielded orders-of-magnitude changes in the dynamics of Pol II clusters, which implies that clustering is regulated and plays a role in the cell's ability to effect rapid response to external signals. Our results suggest that transient crowding of enzymes may aid in rate-limiting steps of gene regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cisse, Ibrahim I -- Izeddin, Ignacio -- Causse, Sebastien Z -- Boudarene, Lydia -- Senecal, Adrien -- Muresan, Leila -- Dugast-Darzacq, Claire -- Hajj, Bassam -- Dahan, Maxime -- Darzacq, Xavier -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):664-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1239053. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging of Transcription, CNRS UMR8197, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, 75005 France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line, Tumor ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; Time Factors ; Transcription Elongation, Genetic/drug effects ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    IBI series winner. Exploring the evolution of human mate preference (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foster, Valerie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 29;342(6162):1060-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1230005.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Sciences Division, Pasadena City College, 1570 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Courtship/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage/*psychology ; Personality ; Problem-Based Learning/*methods ; Selection, Genetic ; Voice Quality ; Young Adult
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    Poverty impedes cognitive function (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The poor often behave in less capable ways, which can further perpetuate poverty. We hypothesize that poverty directly impedes cognitive function and present two studies that test this hypothesis. First, we experimentally induced thoughts about finances and found that this reduces cognitive performance among poor but not in well-off participants. Second, we examined the cognitive function of farmers over the planting cycle. We found that the same farmer shows diminished cognitive performance before harvest, when poor, as compared with after harvest, when rich. This cannot be explained by differences in time available, nutrition, or work effort. Nor can it be explained with stress: Although farmers do show more stress before harvest, that does not account for diminished cognitive performance. Instead, it appears that poverty itself reduces cognitive capacity. We suggest that this is because poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks. These data provide a previously unexamined perspective and help explain a spectrum of behaviors among the poor. We discuss some implications for poverty policy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mani, Anandi -- Mullainathan, Sendhil -- Shafir, Eldar -- Zhao, Jiaying -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):976-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Agriculture ; *Cognition ; Female ; Financial Management ; Humans ; Male ; Poverty/*psychology ; Public Policy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics. Initiative aims to minister to Mexico's unique genetic heritage (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):788. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6160.788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alleles ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Pedigree ; Population/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. What role for short-lived climate pollutants in mitigation policy? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoemaker, J K -- Schrag, D P -- Molina, M J -- Ramanathan, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1323-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; *Environmental Policy ; Environmental Pollutants/*standards ; Fluorocarbons/standards ; Methane/standards ; Ozone/standards ; Soot/standards ; Time Factors
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    Plant biology. Evolution heresy? Epigenetics underlies heritable plant traits (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1055. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6150.1055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Congresses as Topic ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Flowers/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Portugal ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Time Factors
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    Standing up for GMOs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- Beachy, Roger -- Baulcombe, David -- Blobel, Gunter -- Datta, Swapan -- Fedoroff, Nina -- Kennedy, Donald -- Khush, Gurdev S -- Peacock, Jim -- Rees, Martin -- Sharp, Phillip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1320. doi: 10.1126/science.1245017.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Carotenoids/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Oryza ; Philippines ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Seeds/chemistry/genetics ; Violence/*prevention & control ; Vitamin A/metabolism ; Vitamin A Deficiency/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Consistent, high-level, vaccine-induced protection against human malaria has only been achieved by inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) by mosquito bites. We report that the PfSPZ Vaccine--composed of attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ--was safe and well tolerated when administered four to six times intravenously (IV) to 40 adults. Zero of six subjects receiving five doses and three of nine subjects receiving four doses of 1.35 x 10(5) PfSPZ Vaccine and five of six nonvaccinated controls developed malaria after controlled human malaria infection (P = 0.015 in the five-dose group and P = 0.028 for overall, both versus controls). PfSPZ-specific antibody and T cell responses were dose-dependent. These data indicate that there is a dose-dependent immunological threshold for establishing high-level protection against malaria that can be achieved with IV administration of a vaccine that is safe and meets regulatory standards.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seder, Robert A -- Chang, Lee-Jah -- Enama, Mary E -- Zephir, Kathryn L -- Sarwar, Uzma N -- Gordon, Ingelise J -- Holman, LaSonji A -- James, Eric R -- Billingsley, Peter F -- Gunasekera, Anusha -- Richman, Adam -- Chakravarty, Sumana -- Manoj, Anita -- Velmurugan, Soundarapandian -- Li, MingLin -- Ruben, Adam J -- Li, Tao -- Eappen, Abraham G -- Stafford, Richard E -- Plummer, Sarah H -- Hendel, Cynthia S -- Novik, Laura -- Costner, Pamela J M -- Mendoza, Floreliz H -- Saunders, Jamie G -- Nason, Martha C -- Richardson, Jason H -- Murphy, Jittawadee -- Davidson, Silas A -- Richie, Thomas L -- Sedegah, Martha -- Sutamihardja, Awalludin -- Fahle, Gary A -- Lyke, Kirsten E -- Laurens, Matthew B -- Roederer, Mario -- Tewari, Kavita -- Epstein, Judith E -- Sim, B Kim Lee -- Ledgerwood, Julie E -- Graham, Barney S -- Hoffman, Stephen L -- VRC 312 Study Team -- 3R44AI055229-06S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 4R44AI055229-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058499-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01-AI-40096/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1359-65. doi: 10.1126/science.1241800. Epub 2013 Aug 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. rseder@mail.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Malaria Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Sporozoites/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccination/adverse effects/methods
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    Point-counterpoint. Ethics and genomic incidental findings (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGuire, Amy L -- Joffe, Steven -- Koenig, Barbara A -- Biesecker, Barbara B -- McCullough, Laurence B -- Blumenthal-Barby, Jennifer S -- Caulfield, Timothy -- Terry, Sharon F -- Green, Robert C -- CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HG003178/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG005092/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006485/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006492/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006500/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006612-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006615/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG02213/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P20 HG007243/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002213/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003178/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG005092/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006485/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006492/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006500/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1047-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1240156. Epub 2013 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. amcguire@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Disease/*genetics ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Testing/ethics/standards ; Genome-Wide Association Study/ethics/standards ; Genomics/*ethics/*standards ; Humans ; *Incidental Findings ; Laboratories/ethics/standards/statistics & numerical data ; Mutation/ethics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/ethics
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    Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-06
    Description: Visual imagery during sleep has long been a topic of persistent speculation, but its private nature has hampered objective analysis. Here we present a neural decoding approach in which machine-learning models predict the contents of visual imagery during the sleep-onset period, given measured brain activity, by discovering links between human functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns and verbal reports with the assistance of lexical and image databases. Decoding models trained on stimulus-induced brain activity in visual cortical areas showed accurate classification, detection, and identification of contents. Our findings demonstrate that specific visual experience during sleep is represented by brain activity patterns shared by stimulus perception, providing a means to uncover subjective contents of dreaming using objective neural measurement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horikawa, T -- Tamaki, M -- Miyawaki, Y -- Kamitani, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):639-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1234330. Epub 2013 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Artificial Intelligence ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Databases, Factual ; Dreams/*physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep Stages ; *Support Vector Machine ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception ; Wakefulness
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis as an off-target of sulfa drugs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-25
    Description: The introduction of sulfa drugs for the chemotherapy of bacterial infections in 1935 revolutionized medicine. Although their mechanism of action is understood, the molecular bases for most of their side effects remain obscure. Here, we report that sulfamethoxazole and other sulfa drugs interfere with tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis through inhibition of sepiapterin reductase. Crystal structures of sepiapterin reductase with bound sulfa drugs reveal how structurally diverse sulfa drugs achieve specific inhibition of the enzyme. The effect of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent neurotransmitter biosynthesis in cell-based assays provides a rationale for some of their central nervous system-related side effects, particularly in high-dose sulfamethoxazole therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Our findings reveal an unexpected aspect of the pharmacology of sulfa drugs and might translate into their improved medical use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haruki, Hirohito -- Pedersen, Miriam Gronlund -- Gorska, Katarzyna Irena -- Pojer, Florence -- Johnsson, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):987-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1232972.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉EPFL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan/biosynthesis ; Adult ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis ; Cell Line ; Central Nervous System/drug effects ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fibroblasts/drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Levodopa/biosynthesis ; NADP/chemistry ; Nausea/chemically induced ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfamethoxazole/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Vomiting/chemically induced
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    High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: The landmark HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial in HIV-discordant couples demonstrated unequivocally that treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) substantially lowers the probability of HIV transmission to the HIV-uninfected partner. However, it has been vigorously debated whether substantial population-level reductions in the rate of new HIV infections could be achieved in "real-world" sub-Saharan African settings where stable, cohabiting couples are often not the norm and where considerable operational challenges exist to the successful and sustainable delivery of treatment and care to large numbers of patients. We used data from one of Africa's largest population-based prospective cohort studies (in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) to follow up a total of 16,667 individuals who were HIV-uninfected at baseline, observing individual HIV seroconversions over the period 2004 to 2011. Holding other key HIV risk factors constant, individual HIV acquisition risk declined significantly with increasing ART coverage in the surrounding local community. For example, an HIV-uninfected individual living in a community with high ART coverage (30 to 40% of all HIV-infected individuals on ART) was 38% less likely to acquire HIV than someone living in a community where ART coverage was low (〈10% of all HIV-infected individuals on ART).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255272/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255272/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanser, Frank -- Barnighausen, Till -- Grapsa, Erofili -- Zaidi, Jaffer -- Newell, Marie-Louise -- 082384/Z/07/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097410/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01-HD058482-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058482/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):966-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1228160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. tanserf@africacentre.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Rural Health ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Young Adult
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    Mechanisms of age-dependent response to winter temperature in perennial flowering of Arabis alpina (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Perennial plants live for more than 1 year and flower only after an extended vegetative phase. We used Arabis alpina, a perennial relative of annual Arabidopsis thaliana, to study how increasing age and exposure to winter cold (vernalization) coordinate to establish competence to flower. We show that the APETALA2 transcription factor, a target of microRNA miR172, prevents flowering before vernalization. Additionally, miR156 levels decline as A. alpina ages, causing increased production of SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE) transcription factors and ensuring that flowering occurs in response to cold. The age at which plants respond to vernalization can be altered by manipulating miR156 levels. Although miR156 and miR172 levels are uncoupled in A. alpina, miR156 abundance represents the timer controlling age-dependent flowering responses to cold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergonzi, Sara -- Albani, Maria C -- Ver Loren van Themaat, Emiel -- Nordstrom, Karl J V -- Wang, Renhou -- Schneeberger, Korbinian -- Moerland, Perry D -- Coupland, George -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1094-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1234116.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabis/genetics/*physiology ; *Cold Temperature ; Flowers/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Seasons ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/classification/metabolism
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    Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is expected to raise adult life expectancy in populations with high HIV prevalence. Using data from a population cohort of over 101,000 individuals in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, we measured changes in adult life expectancy for 2000-2011. In 2003, the year before ART became available in the public-sector health system, adult life expectancy was 49.2 years; by 2011, adult life expectancy had increased to 60.5 years--an 11.3-year gain. Based on standard monetary valuation of life, the survival benefits of ART far outweigh the costs of providing treatment in this community. These gains in adult life expectancy signify the social value of ART and have implications for the investment decisions of individuals, governments, and donors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860268/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860268/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bor, Jacob -- Herbst, Abraham J -- Newell, Marie-Louise -- Barnighausen, Till -- 097410/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01MH083539-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058482-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH083539/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):961-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230413.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Office Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa. jbor@hsph.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/economics/*therapeutic use ; *Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/economics ; Cohort Studies ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*mortality ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; *Life Expectancy/trends ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mortality ; Prevalence ; Public Sector ; *Rural Health ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Value of Life ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The end of history illusion (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: We measured the personalities, values, and preferences of more than 19,000 people who ranged in age from 18 to 68 and asked them to report how much they had changed in the past decade and/or to predict how much they would change in the next decade. Young people, middle-aged people, and older people all believed they had changed a lot in the past but would change relatively little in the future. People, it seems, regard the present as a watershed moment at which they have finally become the person they will be for the rest of their lives. This "end of history illusion" had practical consequences, leading people to overpay for future opportunities to indulge their current preferences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quoidbach, Jordi -- Gilbert, Daniel T -- Wilson, Timothy D -- P01 AG020166/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):96-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1229294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Fund for Scientific Research, Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; *Forecasting ; History ; Humans ; *Illusions ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Personality ; Self Report ; *Time Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-23
    Description: The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in both terrestrial and marine diversity, setting the stage for dinosaurs to dominate Earth for the next 136 million years. Despite the approximate coincidence between this extinction and flood basalt volcanism, existing geochronologic dates have insufficient resolution to confirm eruptive rates required to induce major climate perturbations. Here, we present new zircon uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronologic constraints on the age and duration of flood basalt volcanism within the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. This chronology demonstrates synchroneity between the earliest volcanism and extinction, tests and corroborates the existing astrochronologic time scale, and shows that the release of magma and associated atmospheric flux occurred in four pulses over about 600,000 years, indicating expansive volcanism even as the biologic recovery was under way.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackburn, Terrence J -- Olsen, Paul E -- Bowring, Samuel A -- McLean, Noah M -- Kent, Dennis V -- Puffer, John -- McHone, Greg -- Rasbury, E Troy -- Et-Touhami, Mohammed -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):941-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1234204. Epub 2013 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. tblackburn@ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate Change ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Lead ; *Silicates ; Time Factors ; *Uranium ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; *Zirconium
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    China. Making a selfish generation by fiat (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hvistendahl, Mara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):131. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6116.131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; China ; Family Characteristics ; *Family Planning Policy ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Only Child/*psychology ; *Personality ; *Social Behavior ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A lonely crusade (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):793-7. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6186.793.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; *Bioethical Issues ; Conflict of Interest/*economics ; Dibenzothiazepines/therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/economics/ethics ; Ethicists/*psychology ; *Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Male ; Minnesota ; Quetiapine Fumarate ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Suicide/*ethics ; Truth Disclosure/*ethics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Social psychology. Just think: the challenges of the disengaged mind (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: In 11 studies, we found that participants typically did not enjoy spending 6 to 15 minutes in a room by themselves with nothing to do but think, that they enjoyed doing mundane external activities much more, and that many preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts. Most people seem to prefer to be doing something rather than nothing, even if that something is negative.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330241/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330241/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Timothy D -- Reinhard, David A -- Westgate, Erin C -- Gilbert, Daniel T -- Ellerbeck, Nicole -- Hahn, Cheryl -- Brown, Casey L -- Shaked, Adi -- T32 MH020006/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):75-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1250830.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. tdw@virginia.edu. ; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Attention ; Electroshock/psychology ; Humans ; Loneliness/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; *Pleasure ; *Thinking ; Young Adult
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    Plasticity of the aging brain: new directions in cognitive neuroscience (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-02
    Description: Cognitive neuroscience has revealed aging of the human brain to be rich in reorganization and change. Neuroimaging results have recast our framework around cognitive aging from one of decline to one emphasizing plasticity. Current methods use neurostimulation approaches to manipulate brain function, providing a direct test of the ways that the brain differently contributes to task performance for younger and older adults. Emerging research into emotional, social, and motivational domains provides some evidence for preservation with age, suggesting potential avenues of plasticity, alongside additional evidence for reorganization. Thus, we begin to see that aging of the brain, amidst interrelated behavioral and biological changes, is as complex and idiosyncratic as the brain itself, qualitatively changing over the life span.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gutchess, Angela -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):579-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1254604.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA. Massachussetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA. gutchess@brandeis.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Brain/*growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Cognition ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Neuroimaging ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurosciences/trends ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rapid evolution of a native species following invasion by a congener (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: In recent years, biologists have increasingly recognized that evolutionary change can occur rapidly when natural selection is strong; thus, real-time studies of evolution can be used to test classic evolutionary hypotheses directly. One such hypothesis is that negative interactions between closely related species can drive phenotypic divergence. Such divergence is thought to be ubiquitous, though well-documented cases are surprisingly rare. On small islands in Florida, we found that the lizard Anolis carolinensis moved to higher perches following invasion by Anolis sagrei and, in response, adaptively evolved larger toepads after only 20 generations. These results illustrate that interspecific interactions between closely related species can drive evolutionary change on observable time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stuart, Y E -- Campbell, T S -- Hohenlohe, P A -- Reynolds, R G -- Revell, L J -- Losos, J B -- P30GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):463-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1257008.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. yestuart@utexas.edu. ; Department of Biology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA. ; Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA. ; Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Florida ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
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    Neural mechanisms of object-based attention (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: How we attend to objects and their features that cannot be separated by location is not understood. We presented two temporally and spatially overlapping streams of objects, faces versus houses, and used magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to separate neuronal responses to attended and unattended objects. Attention to faces versus houses enhanced the sensory responses in the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), respectively. The increases in sensory responses were accompanied by induced gamma synchrony between the inferior frontal junction, IFJ, and either FFA or PPA, depending on which object was attended. The IFJ appeared to be the driver of the synchrony, as gamma phases were advanced by 20 ms in IFJ compared to FFA or PPA. Thus, the IFJ may direct the flow of visual processing during object-based attention, at least in part through coupled oscillations with specialized areas such as FFA and PPA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldauf, Daniel -- Desimone, Robert -- P30EY2621/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):424-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1247003. Epub 2014 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography ; Male ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Antibodies to PfSEA-1 block parasite egress from RBCs and protect against malaria infection (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: Novel vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of severe malaria. Using a differential whole-proteome screening method, we identified Plasmodium falciparum schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), a 244-kilodalton parasite antigen expressed in schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Antibodies to PfSEA-1 decreased parasite replication by arresting schizont rupture, and conditional disruption of PfSEA-1 resulted in a profound parasite replication defect. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Plasmodium berghei PbSEA-1 significantly reduced parasitemia and delayed mortality after lethal challenge with the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Tanzanian children with antibodies to recombinant PfSEA-1A (rPfSEA-1A) did not experience severe malaria, and Kenyan adolescents and adults with antibodies to rPfSEA-1A had significantly lower parasite densities than individuals without these antibodies. By blocking schizont egress, PfSEA-1 may synergize with other vaccines targeting hepatocyte and RBC invasion.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184151/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184151/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raj, Dipak K -- Nixon, Christian P -- Nixon, Christina E -- Dvorin, Jeffrey D -- DiPetrillo, Christen G -- Pond-Tor, Sunthorn -- Wu, Hai-Wei -- Jolly, Grant -- Pischel, Lauren -- Lu, Ailin -- Michelow, Ian C -- Cheng, Ling -- Conteh, Solomon -- McDonald, Emily A -- Absalon, Sabrina -- Holte, Sarah E -- Friedman, Jennifer F -- Fried, Michal -- Duffy, Patrick E -- Kurtis, Jonathan D -- 1K08AI100997-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 AI112219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2-AI112219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI100997/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P20GM103421/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI042853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30AI042853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI102907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI076353/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI102907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI52059/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32-DA013911/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):871-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1254417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. ; Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Department of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. ; Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. jonathan_kurtis@brown.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood/*immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; Child ; Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Hepatocytes/immunology/parasitology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology ; Kenya ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Malaria Vaccines/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Plasmodium berghei/immunology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*growth & development/immunology ; Protozoan Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Schizonts/*growth & development ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human cognitive aging: corriger la fortune? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-02
    Description: Human cognitive aging differs between and is malleable within individuals. In the absence of a strong genetic program, it is open to a host of hazards, such as vascular conditions, metabolic syndrome, and chronic stress, but also open to protective and enhancing factors, such as experience-dependent cognitive plasticity. Longitudinal studies suggest that leading an intellectually challenging, physically active, and socially engaged life may mitigate losses and consolidate gains. Interventions help to identify contexts and mechanisms of successful cognitive aging and give science and society a hint about what would be possible if conditions were different.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindenberger, Ulman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):572-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1254403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age Factors ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Behavior ; Brain/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; Cognition/*physiology ; Humans ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: Humans can discriminate several million different colors and almost half a million different tones, but the number of discriminable olfactory stimuli remains unknown. The lay and scientific literature typically claims that humans can discriminate 10,000 odors, but this number has never been empirically validated. We determined the resolution of the human sense of smell by testing the capacity of humans to discriminate odor mixtures with varying numbers of shared components. On the basis of the results of psychophysical testing, we calculated that humans can discriminate at least 1 trillion olfactory stimuli. This is far more than previous estimates of distinguishable olfactory stimuli. It demonstrates that the human olfactory system, with its hundreds of different olfactory receptors, far outperforms the other senses in the number of physically different stimuli it can discriminate.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483192/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483192/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bushdid, C -- Magnasco, M O -- Vosshall, L B -- Keller, A -- UL1 TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1370-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1249168.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Odors ; *Olfactory Perception ; Smell/*physiology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cognitive psychology. Forgetting the presidents (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Two studies examined how U.S. presidents are forgotten. A total of 415 undergraduates in 1974, 1991, and 2009 recalled as many presidents as possible and attempted to place them in their correct ordinal positions. All showed roughly linear forgetting of the eight or nine presidents prior to the president holding office at the time, and recall of presidents without respect to ordinal position also showed a regular pattern of forgetting. Similar outcomes occurred with 497 adults (ages 18 to 69) tested in 2014. We fit forgetting functions to the data to predict when six relatively recent presidents will recede in memory to the level of most middle presidents (e.g., we predict that Truman will be forgotten to the same extent as McKinley by about 2040). These studies show that forgetting from collective memory can be studied empirically, as with forgetting in other forms of memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roediger, H L 3rd -- DeSoto, K A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1106-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1259627.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. roediger@wustl.edu. ; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Cognition ; Humans ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
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    The cultural evolution of mind reading (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-21
    Description: It is not just a manner of speaking: "Mind reading," or working out what others are thinking and feeling, is markedly similar to print reading. Both of these distinctly human skills recover meaning from signs, depend on dedicated cortical areas, are subject to genetically heritable disorders, show cultural variation around a universal core, and regulate how people behave. But when it comes to development, the evidence is conflicting. Some studies show that, like learning to read print, learning to read minds is a long, hard process that depends on tuition. Others indicate that even very young, nonliterate infants are already capable of mind reading. Here, we propose a resolution to this conflict. We suggest that infants are equipped with neurocognitive mechanisms that yield accurate expectations about behavior ("automatic" or "implicit" mind reading), whereas "explicit" mind reading, like literacy, is a culturally inherited skill; it is passed from one generation to the next by verbal instruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heyes, Cecilia M -- Frith, Chris D -- 091593/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 20;344(6190):1243091. doi: 10.1126/science.1243091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK. cecilia.heyes@all-souls.ox.ac.uk. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Brain/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; *Cultural Evolution ; Dyslexia/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Telepathy ; *Theory of Mind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    High-resolution genomic analysis of human mitochondrial RNA sequence variation (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Mutations in the mitochondrial genome are associated with multiple diseases and biological processes; however, little is known about the extent of sequence variation in the mitochondrial transcriptome. By ultra-deeply sequencing mitochondrial RNA (〉6000x) from the whole blood of ~1000 individuals from the CARTaGENE project, we identified remarkable levels of sequence variation within and across individuals, as well as sites that show consistent patterns of posttranscriptional modification. Using a genome-wide association study, we find that posttranscriptional modification of functionally important sites in mitochondrial transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is under strong genetic control, largely driven by a missense mutation in MRPP3 that explains ~22% of the variance. These results reveal a major nuclear genetic determinant of posttranscriptional modification in mitochondria and suggest that tRNA posttranscriptional modification may affect cellular energy production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hodgkinson, Alan -- Idaghdour, Youssef -- Gbeha, Elias -- Grenier, Jean-Christophe -- Hip-Ki, Elodie -- Bruat, Vanessa -- Goulet, Jean-Philippe -- de Malliard, Thibault -- Awadalla, Philip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):413-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1251110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; Methylation ; Middle Aged ; Mutation, Missense ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Ribonuclease P/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Morality in everyday life (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The science of morality has drawn heavily on well-controlled but artificial laboratory settings. To study everyday morality, we repeatedly assessed moral or immoral acts and experiences in a large (N = 1252) sample using ecological momentary assessment. Moral experiences were surprisingly frequent and manifold. Liberals and conservatives emphasized somewhat different moral dimensions. Religious and nonreligious participants did not differ in the likelihood or quality of committed moral and immoral acts. Being the target of moral or immoral deeds had the strongest impact on happiness, whereas committing moral or immoral deeds had the strongest impact on sense of purpose. Analyses of daily dynamics revealed evidence for both moral contagion and moral licensing. In sum, morality science may benefit from a closer look at the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of everyday moral experience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hofmann, Wilhelm -- Wisneski, Daniel C -- Brandt, Mark J -- Skitka, Linda J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1340-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1251560. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. wilhelm.hofmann@uni-koeln.de. ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000, Tilburg, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Employee Discipline ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Morals ; Personnel Loyalty ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ultrafast electron dynamics in phenylalanine initiated by attosecond pulses (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-18
    Description: In the past decade, attosecond technology has opened up the investigation of ultrafast electronic processes in atoms, simple molecules, and solids. Here, we report the application of isolated attosecond pulses to prompt ionization of the amino acid phenylalanine and the subsequent detection of ultrafast dynamics on a sub-4.5-femtosecond temporal scale, which is shorter than the vibrational response of the molecule. The ability to initiate and observe such electronic dynamics in polyatomic molecules represents a crucial step forward in attosecond science, which is progressively moving toward the investigation of more and more complex systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Calegari, F -- Ayuso, D -- Trabattoni, A -- Belshaw, L -- De Camillis, S -- Anumula, S -- Frassetto, F -- Poletto, L -- Palacios, A -- Decleva, P -- Greenwood, J B -- Martin, F -- Nisoli, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):336-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1254061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. ; Departamento de Quimica, Modulo 13, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain. ; Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. ; Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. ; IFN-CNR, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universita di Trieste and CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, 34127 Trieste, Italy. ; Departamento de Quimica, Modulo 13, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain. Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. fernando.martin@uam.es mauro.nisoli@polimi.it. ; Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. fernando.martin@uam.es mauro.nisoli@polimi.it.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Electrons ; Ions/chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Phenylalanine/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: To systematically investigate the impact of immune stimulation upon regulatory variant activity, we exposed primary monocytes from 432 healthy Europeans to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or differing durations of lipopolysaccharide and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). More than half of cis-eQTLs identified, involving hundreds of genes and associated pathways, are detected specifically in stimulated monocytes. Induced innate immune activity reveals multiple master regulatory trans-eQTLs including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), coding variants altering enzyme and receptor function, an IFN-beta cytokine network showing temporal specificity, and an interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) transcription factor-modulated network. Induced eQTL are significantly enriched for genome-wide association study loci, identifying context-specific associations to putative causal genes including CARD9, ATM, and IRF8. Thus, applying pathophysiologically relevant immune stimuli assists resolution of functional genetic variants.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064786/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064786/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairfax, Benjamin P -- Humburg, Peter -- Makino, Seiko -- Naranbhai, Vivek -- Wong, Daniel -- Lau, Evelyn -- Jostins, Luke -- Plant, Katharine -- Andrews, Robert -- McGee, Chris -- Knight, Julian C -- 074318/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088891/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 281824/European Research Council/International -- 98082/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1001708/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1246949. doi: 10.1126/science.1246949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antigens, CD14/immunology ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes/drug effects/*immunology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Scientific community. Psychologist's defense challenged (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Kolfschooten, Frank -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):957-8. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6187.957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electronic Mail ; Germany ; Humans ; Netherlands ; Psychology, Social/*ethics ; Research Design ; *Scientific Misconduct ; Time Factors ; Universities
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    Newsmaker interview: Richard Carmona. A former surgeon general lends his support to e-cigarettes. Interview by Charles Schmidt (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carmona, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):589. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6171.589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Inhalation ; Adult ; Child ; *Device Approval ; Humans ; Nicotine/*administration & dosage ; Smoking/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Common genetic variants modulate pathogen-sensing responses in human dendritic cells (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: Little is known about how human genetic variation affects the responses to environmental stimuli in the context of complex diseases. Experimental and computational approaches were applied to determine the effects of genetic variation on the induction of pathogen-responsive genes in human dendritic cells. We identified 121 common genetic variants associated in cis with variation in expression responses to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, influenza, or interferon-beta (IFN-beta). We localized and validated causal variants to binding sites of pathogen-activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and IRF (IFN-regulatory factor) transcription factors. We also identified a common variant in IRF7 that is associated in trans with type I IFN induction in response to influenza infection. Our results reveal common alleles that explain interindividual variation in pathogen sensing and provide functional annotation for genetic variants that alter susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124741/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124741/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Mark N -- Ye, Chun -- Villani, Alexandra-Chloe -- Raj, Towfique -- Li, Weibo -- Eisenhaure, Thomas M -- Imboywa, Selina H -- Chipendo, Portia I -- Ran, F Ann -- Slowikowski, Kamil -- Ward, Lucas D -- Raddassi, Khadir -- McCabe, Cristin -- Lee, Michelle H -- Frohlich, Irene Y -- Hafler, David A -- Kellis, Manolis -- Raychaudhuri, Soumya -- Zhang, Feng -- Stranger, Barbara E -- Benoist, Christophe O -- De Jager, Philip L -- Regev, Aviv -- Hacohen, Nir -- DP1 CA174427/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD002230/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG043267/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG006193/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI091568/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR063759/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK097768/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 GM093080/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG002295/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1246980. doi: 10.1126/science.1246980.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autoimmune Diseases/genetics ; Communicable Diseases/genetics ; Dendritic Cells/drug effects/*immunology ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Loci ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; HEK293 Cells ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/*genetics ; Interferon-beta/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; STAT Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Transcriptome ; Young Adult
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    Can Down syndrome be treated? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Underwood, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 28;343(6174):964-7. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6174.964.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Child ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cognition Disorders/*drug therapy ; Down Syndrome/drug therapy/genetics/*therapy ; *Early Medical Intervention ; Female ; GABA Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Picrotoxin/therapeutic use ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: High-quality early childhood programs have been shown to have substantial benefits in reducing crime, raising earnings, and promoting education. Much less is known about their benefits for adult health. We report on the long-term health effects of one of the oldest and most heavily cited early childhood interventions with long-term follow-up evaluated by the method of randomization: the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). Using recently collected biomedical data, we find that disadvantaged children randomly assigned to treatment have significantly lower prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s. The evidence is especially strong for males. The mean systolic blood pressure among the control males is 143 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), whereas it is only 126 mm Hg among the treated. One in four males in the control group is affected by metabolic syndrome, whereas none in the treatment group are affected. To reach these conclusions, we address several statistical challenges. We use exact permutation tests to account for small sample sizes and conduct a parallel bootstrap confidence interval analysis to confirm the permutation analysis. We adjust inference to account for the multiple hypotheses tested and for nonrandom attrition. Our evidence shows the potential of early life interventions for preventing disease and promoting health.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028126/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028126/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Frances -- Conti, Gabriella -- Heckman, James J -- Moon, Seong Hyeok -- Pinto, Rodrigo -- Pungello, Elizabeth -- Pan, Yi -- 1R01HD54702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- 5R37HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- 5RC1MD004344/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ -- R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1478-85. doi: 10.1126/science.1248429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Biomarkers/blood ; Blood Preservation ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control ; Child ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Diet ; Early Medical Intervention/*methods ; Female ; Health ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control
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    A memory of errors in sensorimotor learning (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-16
    Description: The current view of motor learning suggests that when we revisit a task, the brain recalls the motor commands it previously learned. In this view, motor memory is a memory of motor commands, acquired through trial-and-error and reinforcement. Here we show that the brain controls how much it is willing to learn from the current error through a principled mechanism that depends on the history of past errors. This suggests that the brain stores a previously unknown form of memory, a memory of errors. A mathematical formulation of this idea provides insights into a host of puzzling experimental data, including savings and meta-learning, demonstrating that when we are better at a motor task, it is partly because the brain recognizes the errors it experienced before.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506639/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506639/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzfeld, David J -- Vaswani, Pavan A -- Marko, Mollie K -- Shadmehr, Reza -- 1F31NS079121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- F31 NS090860/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078311/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS078311/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007309/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32EB003383/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007057/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1349-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1253138. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dherzfe1@jhmi.edu. ; Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 97
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    Funding should come to those who wait (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swaisgood, Ronald R -- Terborgh, John W -- Blumstein, Daniel T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):276. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5989.276-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavioral Research/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: The rapid antidepressant response after ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depressed patients suggests a possible new approach for treating mood disorders compared to the weeks or months required for standard medications. However, the mechanisms underlying this action of ketamine [a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist] have not been identified. We observed that ketamine rapidly activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to increased synaptic signaling proteins and increased number and function of new spine synapses in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Moreover, blockade of mTOR signaling completely blocked ketamine induction of synaptogenesis and behavioral responses in models of depression. Our results demonstrate that these effects of ketamine are opposite to the synaptic deficits that result from exposure to stress and could contribute to the fast antidepressant actions of ketamine.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116441/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116441/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Nanxin -- Lee, Boyoung -- Liu, Rong-Jian -- Banasr, Mounira -- Dwyer, Jason M -- Iwata, Masaaki -- Li, Xiao-Yuan -- Aghajanian, George -- Duman, Ronald S -- 2P01 MH25642/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH45481/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-30/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-31/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-32/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-13/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-14/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-15/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 20;329(5994):959-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1190287.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Center for Genes and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Dendritic Spines/drug effects/metabolism ; Depression/drug therapy/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/agonists ; Ketamine/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Phenols/pharmacology ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; Synapses/*drug effects/metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Relating introspective accuracy to individual differences in brain structure (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: The ability to introspect about self-performance is key to human subjective experience, but the neuroanatomical basis of this ability is unknown. Such accurate introspection requires discriminating correct decisions from incorrect ones, a capacity that varies substantially across individuals. We dissociated variation in introspective ability from objective performance in a simple perceptual-decision task, allowing us to determine whether this interindividual variability was associated with a distinct neural basis. We show that introspective ability is correlated with gray matter volume in the anterior prefrontal cortex, a region that shows marked evolutionary development in humans. Moreover, interindividual variation in introspective ability is also correlated with white-matter microstructure connected with this area of the prefrontal cortex. Our findings point to a focal neuroanatomical substrate for introspective ability, a substrate distinct from that supporting primary perception.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173849/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173849/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleming, Stephen M -- Weil, Rimona S -- Nagy, Zoltan -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Rees, Geraint -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 082334/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0500743/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1541-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1191883.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. s.fleming@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Corpus Callosum/*anatomy & histology ; *Decision Making ; Humans ; *Judgment ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; ROC Curve ; *Thinking ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-10
    Description: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an aggressive human cancer that is generally resistant to therapy. To explore the genetic origin of OCCC, we determined the exomic sequences of eight tumors after immunoaffinity purification of cancer cells. Through comparative analyses of normal cells from the same patients, we identified four genes that were mutated in at least two tumors. PIK3CA, which encodes a subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and KRAS, which encodes a well-known oncoprotein, had previously been implicated in OCCC. The other two mutated genes were previously unknown to be involved in OCCC: PPP2R1A encodes a regulatory subunit of serine/threonine phosphatase 2, and ARID1A encodes adenine-thymine (AT)-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A, which participates in chromatin remodeling. The nature and pattern of the mutations suggest that PPP2R1A functions as an oncogene and ARID1A as a tumor-suppressor gene. In a total of 42 OCCCs, 7% had mutations in PPP2R1A and 57% had mutations in ARID1A. These results suggest that aberrant chromatin remodeling contributes to the pathogenesis of OCCC.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076894/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076894/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Sian -- Wang, Tian-Li -- Shih, Ie-Ming -- Mao, Tsui-Lien -- Nakayama, Kentaro -- Roden, Richard -- Glas, Ruth -- Slamon, Dennis -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Velculescu, Victor E -- Papadopoulos, Nickolas -- CA103937/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA122581/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA129080/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-20/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):228-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1196333. Epub 2010 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20826764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/*genetics ; Adult ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Oncogenes ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics ; Protein Phosphatase 2/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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