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  • Animals  (4,802)
  • Cell Line  (607)
  • *Ecosystem
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (5,181)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1995-1999  (3,157)
  • 1985-1989  (2,024)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (5,181)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Springer  (4)
Years
Year
  • 101
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    C. elegans as a model (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silverman, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):262.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 102
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    Prions: a lone killer or a vital accomplice? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):660-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/chemistry/physiology ; Dendritic Cells, Follicular/chemistry/physiology ; Gene Targeting ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neurons/chemistry ; Prion Diseases/*etiology/genetics/therapy ; Prions/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 103
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    Threat to U.S. mouse colonies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lipman, N S -- Nguyen, H -- Perkins, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1123.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10366341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/virology ; Blood/*virology ; China ; *Ectromelia virus ; Ectromelia, Infectious/epidemiology/*transmission ; Mice/*virology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*transmission ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 104
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    Gene sequencers target malaria mosquito (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):508-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10447478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Anopheles/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; Malaria/transmission ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 105
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    Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardeche, France (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: The cave site of Moula-Guercy, 80 meters above the modern Rhone River, was occupied by Neanderthals approximately 100,000 years ago. Excavations since 1991 have yielded rich paleontological, paleobotanical, and archaeological assemblages, including parts of six Neanderthals. The Neanderthals are contemporary with stone tools and faunal remains in the same tightly controlled stratigraphic and spatial contexts. The inference of Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy is based on comparative analysis of hominid and ungulate bone spatial distributions, modifications by stone tools, and skeletal part representations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Defleur, A -- White, T -- Valensi, P -- Slimak, L -- Cregut-Bonnoure, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):128-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR 6569 du CNRS, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Faculte de Medecine, Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramart, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France. defleur@voltaire.timone.univ-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Cannibalism/*history ; Deer ; *Fossils ; France ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 106
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    Crystallographic evidence for preformed dimers of erythropoietin receptor before ligand activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is thought to be activated by ligand-induced homodimerization. However, structures of agonist and antagonist peptide complexes of EPOR, as well as an EPO-EPOR complex, have shown that the actual dimer configuration is critical for the biological response and signal efficiency. The crystal structure of the extracellular domain of EPOR in its unliganded form at 2.4 angstrom resolution has revealed a dimer in which the individual membrane-spanning and intracellular domains would be too far apart to permit phosphorylation by JAK2. This unliganded EPOR dimer is formed from self-association of the same key binding site residues that interact with EPO-mimetic peptide and EPO ligands. This model for a preformed dimer on the cell surface provides insights into the organization, activation, and plasticity of recognition of hematopoietic cell surface receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livnah, O -- Stura, E A -- Middleton, S A -- Johnson, D L -- Jolliffe, L K -- Wilson, I A -- GM49497/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Erythropoietin/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Fragments/*chemistry/metabolism ; Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/*chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    Switching on the infant brain (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sireteanu, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):59, 61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany. sireteanu@mph-frankfurt.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cataract/congenital ; Cataract Extraction ; Cats ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Photic Stimulation ; Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Acuity ; Visual Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    Regulated delivery of therapeutic proteins after in vivo somatic cell gene transfer (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: Stable delivery of a therapeutic protein under pharmacologic control was achieved through in vivo somatic gene transfer. This system was based on the expression of two chimeric, human-derived proteins that were reconstituted by rapamycin into a transcription factor complex. A mixture of two adeno-associated virus vectors, one expressing the transcription factor chimeras and one containing erythropoietin (Epo) under the control of a promoter responsive to the transcription factor, was injected into skeletal muscle of immune-competent mice. Administration of rapamycin resulted in 200-fold induction of plasma Epo. Stable engraftment of this humanized system in immune-competent mice was achieved for 6 months with similar results for at least 3 months in a rhesus monkey.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, X -- Rivera, V M -- Zoltick, P -- Cerasoli, F Jr -- Schnell, M A -- Gao, G -- Hughes, J V -- Gilman, M -- Wilson, J M -- P01 AR/NS43648-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK47757-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Erythropoietin/administration & dosage/blood/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematocrit ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    Positive and negative regulation of IkappaB kinase activity through IKKbeta subunit phosphorylation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: IkappaB [inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)] kinase (IKK) phosphorylates IkappaB inhibitory proteins, causing their degradation and activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, a master activator of inflammatory responses. IKK is composed of three subunits-IKKalpha and IKKbeta, which are highly similar protein kinases, and IKKgamma, a regulatory subunit. In mammalian cells, phosphorylation of two sites at the activation loop of IKKbeta was essential for activation of IKK by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Elimination of equivalent sites in IKKalpha, however, did not interfere with IKK activation. Thus, IKKbeta, not IKKalpha, is the target for proinflammatory stimuli. Once activated, IKKbeta autophosphorylated at a carboxyl-terminal serine cluster. Such phosphorylation decreased IKK activity and may prevent prolonged activation of the inflammatory response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delhase, M -- Hayakawa, M -- Chen, Y -- Karin, M -- R01 AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 ES04151/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):309-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Leucine Zippers ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    Requirement for B cell linker protein (BLNK) in B cell development (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Linker proteins function as molecular scaffolds to localize enzymes with substrates. In B cells, B cell linker protein (BLNK) links the B cell receptor (BCR)-activated Syk kinase to the phosphoinositide and mitogen-activated kinase pathways. To examine the in vivo role of BLNK, mice deficient in BLNK were generated. B cell development in BLNK-/- mice was blocked at the transition from B220+CD43+ progenitor B to B220+CD43- precursor B cells. Only a small percentage of immunoglobulin M++ (IgM++), but not mature IgMloIgDhi, B cells were detected in the periphery. Hence, BLNK is an essential component of BCR signaling pathways and is required to promote B cell development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pappu, R -- Cheng, A M -- Li, B -- Gong, Q -- Chiu, C -- Griffin, N -- White, M -- Sleckman, B P -- Chan, A C -- AI42787/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA71516/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1949-54.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Aging ; Animals ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/immunology/*metabolism ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/immunology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Separation ; Cell Size ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Targeting ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin M/analysis ; Leukopoiesis ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Phosphoproteins ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/*metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue. The XEN 111 Study Group (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: Pig organs may offer a solution to the shortage of human donor organs for transplantation, but concerns remain about possible cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Samples were collected from 160 patients who had been treated with various living pig tissues up to 12 years earlier. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein immunoblot analyses were performed on serum from all 160 patients. No viremia was detected in any patient. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 159 of the patients were analyzed by PCR using PERV-specific primers. No PERV infection was detected in any of the patients from whom sufficient DNA was extracted to allow complete PCR analysis (97 percent of the patients). Persistent microchimerism (presence of donor cells in the recipient) was observed in 23 patients for up to 8.5 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paradis, K -- Langford, G -- Long, Z -- Heneine, W -- Sandstrom, P -- Switzer, W M -- Chapman, L E -- Lockey, C -- Onions, D -- Otto, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1236-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imutran Ltd. (a Novartis Pharma AG company), Post Office Box 399, Cambridge CB2 2YP, UK. khazal.paradis@pharma.novartis.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chimera ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Extracorporeal Circulation ; Female ; *Gammaretrovirus/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Skin Transplantation ; Swine ; *Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects ; Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; Viremia/diagnosis ; *Zoonoses
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    Scientific cross-claims fly in continuing beef war (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1453, 1455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Carcinogens/*analysis ; Cattle ; Drug Residues/adverse effects/*analysis ; Estradiol/adverse effects/*analysis ; European Union ; *Food Contamination ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/adverse effects/*analysis ; Humans ; Meat/adverse effects/*analysis ; Mutagens/analysis ; Neoplasms/chemically induced ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    Structure of the VHL-ElonginC-ElonginB complex: implications for VHL tumor suppressor function (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-16
    Description: Mutation of the VHL tumor suppressor is associated with the inherited von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) cancer syndrome and the majority of kidney cancers. VHL binds the ElonginC-ElonginB complex and regulates levels of hypoxia-inducible proteins. The structure of the ternary complex at 2.7 angstrom resolution shows two interfaces, one between VHL and ElonginC and another between ElonginC and ElonginB. Tumorigenic mutations frequently occur in a 35-residue domain of VHL responsible for ElonginC binding. A mutational patch on a separate domain of VHL indicates a second macromolecular binding site. The structure extends the similarities to the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) complex that targets proteins for degradation, supporting the hypothesis that VHL may function in an analogous pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stebbins, C E -- Kaelin, W G Jr -- Pavletich, N P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 16;284(5413):455-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10205047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Ligases ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins ; Surface Properties ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein ; von Hippel-Lindau Disease/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 114
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    Reach plans in eye-centered coordinates (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: The neural events associated with visually guided reaching begin with an image on the retina and end with impulses to the muscles. In between, a reaching plan is formed. This plan could be in the coordinates of the arm, specifying the direction and amplitude of the movement, or it could be in the coordinates of the eye because visual information is initially gathered in this reference frame. In a reach-planning area of the posterior parietal cortex, neural activity was found to be more consistent with an eye-centered than an arm-centered coding of reach targets. Coding of arm movements in an eye-centered reference frame is advantageous because obstacles that affect planning as well as errors in reaching are registered in this reference frame. Also, eye movements are planned in eye coordinates, and the use of similar coordinates for reaching may facilitate hand-eye coordination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Batista, A P -- Buneo, C A -- Snyder, L H -- Andersen, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):257-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and the Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/physiology ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca mulatta ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades ; Visual Pathways/physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 115
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    Focal adhesion motility revealed in stationary fibroblasts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Focal adhesions (FAs) are clustered integrins and associated proteins that mediate cell adhesion and signaling. A green fluorescent protein-beta1 integrin chimera was used to label FAs in living cells. In stationary cells, FAs were highly motile, moving linearly for several plaque lengths toward the cell center. FA motility was independent of cell density and resulted from contraction of associated actin fibers. In migrating cells, FAs were stationary and only moved in the tail. FA motility in stationary cells suggests that cell movement may be regulated by a clutch-like mechanism by which the affinity of integrins to substrate may be altered in response to migratory cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smilenov, L B -- Mikhailov, A -- Pelham, R J -- Marcantonio, E E -- Gundersen, G G -- GM42026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM44585/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1172-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD29/*metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins ; Mice ; Microscopy, Interference ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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    Separate signals for target selection and movement specification in the superior colliculus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: At any given instant, multiple potential targets for saccades are present in the visual world, implying that a "selection process" within the brain determines the target of the next eye movement. Some superior colliculus (SC) neurons begin discharging seconds before saccade initiation, suggesting involvement in target selection or, alternatively, in postselectional saccade preparation. SC neurons were recorded in monkeys who selected saccade targets on the basis of motion direction in a visual display. Some neurons carried a direction-selective visual signal, consistent with a role in target selection in this task, whereas other SC neurons appeared to be more involved in postselection specification of saccade parameters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horwitz, G D -- Newsome, W T -- 5T32NH17047-17/NH/NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1158-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Macaca mulatta ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Saccades/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
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    Setting the standards: quality control in the secretory pathway (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: A variety of quality control mechanisms operate in the endoplasmic reticulum and in downstream compartments of the secretory pathway to ensure the fidelity and regulation of protein expression during cell life and differentiation. As a rule, only proteins that pass a stringent selection process are transported to their target organelles and compartments. If proper maturation fails, the aberrant products are degraded. Quality control improves folding efficiency by retaining proteins in the special folding environment of the endoplasmic reticulum, and it prevents harmful effects that could be caused by the deployment of incompletely folded or assembled proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ellgaard, L -- Molinari, M -- Helenius, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1882-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitatstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Organelles/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/secretion
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    Cell migration--movin' on (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horwitz, A R -- Parsons, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1102-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. horwitz@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; *Cell Movement ; Cytoskeleton/physiology ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/physiology ; Integrins/metabolism ; Microtubules/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Myosin Light Chains/metabolism ; Myosins/metabolism ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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    Space-grown neuraminidase crystals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeLucas, L J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryopreservation ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Design ; Drug Industry ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; *Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Weightlessness
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    A cell's sense of direction (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: In eukaryotic cells directional sensing is mediated by heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-linked signaling pathways. In Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae and mammalian leukocytes, the receptors and G-protein subunits are uniformly distributed around the cell perimeter. Chemoattractants induce the transient appearance of binding sites for several pleckstrin homology domain-containing proteins on the inner face of the membrane. In gradients of attractant these sites are persistently present on the side of the cell facing the higher concentration, even in the absence of a functional actin cytoskeleton or cell movement. Thus, the cell senses direction by spatially regulating the activity of the signal transduction pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parent, C A -- Devreotes, P N -- GM28007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM47874/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):765-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Chemotactic Factors/*physiology ; *Chemotaxis ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Dictyostelium/physiology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Humans ; Leukocytes/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction
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    The path to specificity (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuker, C S -- Ranganathan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):650-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0649, USA. charles@flyeye.ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestin/genetics/*metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/*metabolism ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; src Homology Domains
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    Increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance in mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-05
    Description: Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) has been implicated in the negative regulation of insulin signaling. Disruption of the mouse homolog of the gene encoding PTP-1B yielded healthy mice that, in the fed state, had blood glucose concentrations that were slightly lower and concentrations of circulating insulin that were one-half those of their PTP-1B+/+ littermates. The enhanced insulin sensitivity of the PTP-1B-/- mice was also evident in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The PTP-1B-/- mice showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in liver and muscle tissue after insulin injection in comparison to PTP-1B+/+ mice. On a high-fat diet, the PTP-1B-/- and PTP-1B+/- mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive, whereas the PTP-1B+/+ mice rapidly gained weight and became insulin resistant. These results demonstrate that PTP-1B has a major role in modulating both insulin sensitivity and fuel metabolism, thereby establishing it as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elchebly, M -- Payette, P -- Michaliszyn, E -- Cromlish, W -- Collins, S -- Loy, A L -- Normandin, D -- Cheng, A -- Himms-Hagen, J -- Chan, C C -- Ramachandran, C -- Gresser, M J -- Tremblay, M L -- Kennedy, B P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1544-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Obesity/*metabolism/therapy ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Bile acids regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis through molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Physiological concentrations of free and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), an orphan nuclear receptor. As ligands, these bile acids and their conjugates modulated interaction of FXR with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1. These results provide evidence for a nuclear bile acid signaling pathway that may regulate cholesterol homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parks, D J -- Blanchard, S G -- Bledsoe, R K -- Chandra, G -- Consler, T G -- Kliewer, S A -- Stimmel, J B -- Willson, T M -- Zavacki, A M -- Moore, D D -- Lehmann, J M -- F32 DK09793/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK53366/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1365-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park NC, 27709, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Deoxycholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lithocholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; *Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Symporters ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Control of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by GAD expression or suppression in beta cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a pancreatic beta cell autoantigen in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. beta Cell-specific suppression of GAD expression in two lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice prevented autoimmune diabetes, whereas persistent GAD expression in the beta cells in the other four lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice resulted in diabetes, similar to that seen in transgene-negative NOD mice. Complete suppression of beta cell GAD expression blocked the generation of diabetogenic T cells and protected islet grafts from autoimmune injury. Thus, beta cell-specific GAD expression is required for the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, and modulation of GAD might, therefore, have therapeutic value in type 1 diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoon, J W -- Yoon, C S -- Lim, H W -- Huang, Q Q -- Kang, Y -- Pyun, K H -- Hirasawa, K -- Sherwin, R S -- Jun, H S -- DK 45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 53015-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1183-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral and Immunopathogenesis of Diabetes, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. yoon@ucalgary.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Autoantigens/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Autoimmunity ; DNA, Antisense ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*enzymology/*immunology/pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/*enzymology/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Mice, Transgenic ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transgenes
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    Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: To study the nuclear organization and dynamics of nucleotide excision repair (NER), the endonuclease ERCC1/XPF (for excision repair cross complementation group 1/xeroderma pigmentosum group F) was tagged with green fluorescent protein and its mobility was monitored in living Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the absence of DNA damage, the complex moved freely through the nucleus, with a diffusion coefficient (15 +/- 5 square micrometers per second) consistent with its molecular size. Ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage caused a transient dose-dependent immobilization of ERCC1/XPF, likely due to engagement of the complex in a single repair event. After 4 minutes, the complex regained mobility. These results suggest (i) that NER operates by assembly of individual NER factors at sites of DNA damage rather than by preassembly of holocomplexes and (ii) that ERCC1/XPF participates in repair of DNA damage in a distributive fashion rather than by processive scanning of large genome segments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houtsmuller, A B -- Rademakers, S -- Nigg, A L -- Hoogstraten, D -- Hoeijmakers, J H -- Vermeulen, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):958-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology (Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University, Post Office Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Diffusion ; Endonucleases/*metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Abnormal morphogenesis but intact IKK activation in mice lacking the IKKalpha subunit of IkappaB kinase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: The oligomeric IkappaB kinase (IKK) is composed of three polypeptides: IKKalpha and IKKbeta, the catalytic subunits, and IKKgamma, a regulatory subunit. IKKalpha and IKKbeta are similar in structure and thought to have similar function-phosphorylation of the IkappaB inhibitors in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Such phosphorylation leads to degradation of IkappaB and activation of nuclear factor kappaB transcription factors. The physiological function of these protein kinases was explored by analysis of IKKalpha-deficient mice. IKKalpha was not required for activation of IKK and degradation of IkappaB by proinflammatory stimuli. Instead, loss of IKKalpha interfered with multiple morphogenetic events, including limb and skeletal patterning and proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, Y -- Baud, V -- Delhase, M -- Zhang, P -- Deerinck, T -- Ellisman, M -- Johnson, R -- Karin, M -- R01 AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 ES04151/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- RR04050/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):316-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Multiple/enzymology/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Body Patterning ; Bone and Bones/abnormalities/embryology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Enzyme Activation ; Epidermis/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins ; Keratinocytes ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/enzymology ; Male ; Mice ; *Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Skin/embryology ; Skin Abnormalities/enzymology
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    Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: One of the most striking patterns in biology is the formation of animal aggregations. Classically, aggregation has been viewed as an evolutionarily advantageous state, in which members derive the benefits of protection, mate choice, and centralized information, balanced by the costs of limiting resources. Consisting of individual members, aggregations nevertheless function as an integrated whole, displaying a complex set of behaviors not possible at the level of the individual organism. Complexity theory indicates that large populations of units can self-organize into aggregations that generate pattern, store information, and engage in collective decision-making. This begs the question, are all emergent properties of animal aggregations functional or are some simply pattern? Solutions to this dilemma will necessitate a closer marriage of theoretical and modeling studies linked to empirical work addressing the choices, and trajectories, of individuals constrained by membership in the group.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parrish, J K -- Edelstein-Keshet, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):99-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. jparrish@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological
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    Apoptosis of T cells mediated by Ca2+-induced release of the transcription factor MEF2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: T cell receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis of thymocytes is mediated by calcium-dependent expression of the steroid receptors Nur77 and Nor1. Nur77 expression is controlled by the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), but how MEF2 is activated by calcium signaling is still obscure. Cabin1, a calcineurin inhibitor, was found to regulate MEF2. MEF2 was normally sequestered by Cabin1 in a transcriptionally inactive state. TCR engagement led to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and the dissociation of MEF2 from Cabin1, as a result of competitive binding of activated calmodulin to Cabin1. The interplay between Cabin1, MEF2, and calmodulin defines a distinct signaling pathway from the TCR to the Nur77 promoter during T cell apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Youn, H D -- Sun, L -- Prywes, R -- Liu, J O -- GM55783/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):790-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; *Apoptosis ; Calcineurin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Steroid ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement inhibitory protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-27
    Description: Glycoprotein adhesion receptors such as selectins contribute to tissue injury in stroke. Ischemic neurons strongly expressed C1q, which may target them for complement-mediated attack or C1qRp-mediated clearance. A hybrid molecule was used to simultaneously inhibit both complement activation and selectin-mediated adhesion. The extracellular domain of soluble complement receptor-1 (sCR1) was sialyl Lewis x glycosylated (sCR1sLex) to inhibit complement activation and endothelial-platelet-leukocyte interactions. sCR1 and sCR1sLex colocalized to ischemic cerebral microvessels and C1q-expressing neurons, inhibited neutrophil and platelet accumulation, and reduced cerebral infarct volumes. Additional benefit was conferred by sialyl Lewis x glycosylation of the unmodified parent sCR1 molecule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, J -- Kim, L J -- Mealey, R -- Marsh, H C Jr -- Zhang, Y -- Tenner, A J -- Connolly, E S Jr -- Pinsky, D J -- R01 HL55397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL59488/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS35144/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):595-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Platelets/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/immunology/metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Complement Activation ; Complement C1q/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Ischemic Attack, Transient/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Leukocytes/physiology ; Mice ; Neurons/immunology/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Neutrophils/physiology ; Oligosaccharides/administration & dosage/adverse effects/metabolism/*therapeutic ; use ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Receptors, Complement/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Selectins/metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Behavioral genetics. Fickle mice highlight test problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1599-600.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Anxiety ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Environment ; Genetics, Behavioral/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Psychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Molecular architecture of the rotary motor in ATP synthase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase contains a rotary motor involved in biological energy conversion. Its membrane-embedded F0 sector has a rotation generator fueled by the proton-motive force, which provides the energy required for the synthesis of ATP by the F1 domain. An electron density map obtained from crystals of a subcomplex of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase shows a ring of 10 c subunits. Each c subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin. The interhelical loops of six to seven of the c subunits are in close contact with the gamma and delta subunits of the central stalk. The extensive contact between the c ring and the stalk suggests that they may rotate as an ensemble during catalysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stock, D -- Leslie, A G -- Walker, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1700-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton-Motive Force ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protons ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
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    Monkey numeration (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stocklin, P L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1851-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/*psychology ; *Mathematics ; *Mental Processes
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    Requirement of Cdk2-cyclin E activity for repeated centrosome reproduction in Xenopus egg extracts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: The abnormally high number of centrosomes found in many human tumor cells can lead directly to aneuploidy and genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. To facilitate investigation of the mechanisms that control centrosome reproduction, a frog egg extract arrested in S phase of the cell cycle that supported repeated assembly of daughter centrosomes was developed. Multiple rounds of centrosome reproduction were blocked by selective inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin E (Cdk2-E) and were restored by addition of purified Cdk2-E. Confocal immunomicroscopy revealed that cyclin E was localized at the centrosome. These results demonstrate that Cdk2-E activity is required for centrosome duplication during S phase and suggest a mechanism that could coordinate centrosome reproduction with cycles of DNA synthesis and mitosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hinchcliffe, E H -- Li, C -- Thompson, E A -- Maller, J L -- Sluder, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):851-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphidicolin/pharmacology ; Blastomeres/chemistry ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Extracts ; Centrosome/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cyclin E/analysis/*metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Video ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/pharmacology ; Ovum ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proteins ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; *S Phase ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins
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    Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: The human frontal cortex helps mediate working memory, a system that is used for temporary storage and manipulation of information and that is involved in many higher cognitive functions. Working memory includes two components: short-term storage (on the order of seconds) and executive processes that operate on the contents of storage. Recently, these two components have been investigated in functional neuroimaging studies. Studies of storage indicate that different frontal regions are activated for different kinds of information: storage for verbal materials activates Broca's area and left-hemisphere supplementary and premotor areas; storage of spatial information activates the right-hemisphere premotor cortex; and storage of object information activates other areas of the prefrontal cortex. Two of the fundamental executive processes are selective attention and task management. Both processes activate the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, E E -- Jonides, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA. eesmith@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory/*physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    Communication goes multimodal (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Partan, S -- Marler, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1272-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Animal Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. srpartan@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Communication ; Cues ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pheromones/physiology ; Speech Perception ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Climate and health (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epstein, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 16;285(5426):347-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. paul_epstein@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10438299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern/epidemiology ; Animals ; *Climate ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; *Global Health ; Humans ; Rift Valley Fever/*epidemiology/etiology/veterinary ; *Weather
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    Reciprocal inhibitory connections and network synchrony in the mammalian thalamus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: Neuronal rhythmic activities within thalamocortical circuits range from partially synchronous oscillations during normal sleep to hypersynchrony associated with absence epilepsy. It has been proposed that recurrent inhibition within the thalamic reticular nucleus serves to reduce synchrony and thus prevents seizures. Inhibition and synchrony in slices from mice devoid of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) receptor beta3 subunit were examined, because in rodent thalamus, beta3 is largely restricted to reticular nucleus. In beta3 knockout mice, GABAA-mediated inhibition was nearly abolished in reticular nucleus, but was unaffected in relay cells. In addition, oscillatory synchrony was dramatically intensified. Thus, recurrent inhibitory connections within reticular nucleus act as "desynchronizers."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huntsman, M M -- Porcello, D M -- Homanics, G E -- DeLorey, T M -- Huguenard, J R -- AA10422/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- NS06477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34774/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):541-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-A/genetics/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Thalamic Nuclei/physiology ; Thalamus/*physiology
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    Field primatology and biomedical research (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips-Conroy, J E -- Jolly, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology ; Animals ; Ape Diseases/virology ; Cercopithecus aethiops/*virology ; Ethiopia ; Pan troglodytes/virology ; Papio/*virology ; Research ; Sampling Studies ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/*virology ; Tanzania
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    Spatiotemporal dynamics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate that underlies complex Ca2+ mobilization patterns (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that elicits complex spatiotemporal patterns of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization and has essential roles in the regulation of many cellular functions. In Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, green fluorescent protein-tagged pleckstrin homology domain translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm in response to increased concentration of IP3. The detection of translocation enabled monitoring of IP3 concentration changes within single cells and revealed spatiotemporal dynamics in the concentration of IP3 synchronous with Ca2+ oscillations and intracellular and intercellular IP3 waves that accompanied Ca2+ waves. Such changes in IP3 concentration may be fundamental to Ca2+ signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirose, K -- Kadowaki, S -- Tanabe, M -- Takeshima, H -- Iino, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan. hirose@calcium.cmp.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dogs ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism ; Phospholipase C delta ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Type C Phospholipases/chemistry/metabolism
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    NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux and neuronal apoptosis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: Neuronal death induced by activating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been linked to Ca2+ and Na+ influx through associated channels. Whole-cell recording from cultured mouse cortical neurons revealed a NMDA-evoked outward current, INMDA-K, carried by K+ efflux at membrane potentials positive to -86 millivolts. Cortical neurons exposed to NMDA in medium containing reduced Na+ and Ca2+ (as found in ischemic brain tissue) lost substantial intracellular K+ and underwent apoptosis. Both K+ loss and apoptosis were attenuated by increasing extracellular K+, even when voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were blocked. Thus NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux may contribute to neuronal apoptosis after brain ischemia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, S P -- Yeh, C -- Strasser, U -- Tian, M -- Choi, D W -- NS 30337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 32636/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):336-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/metabolism ; Culture Techniques ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Transport ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Neocortex/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism/pharmacology
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    Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs during normal development of the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms that determine which neurons will succumb to apoptosis are poorly understood. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors for only a few hours during late fetal or early neonatal life triggered widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain, suggesting that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, acting at NMDA receptors, controls neuronal survival. These findings may have relevance to human neurodevelopmental disorders involving prenatal (drug-abusing mothers) or postnatal (pediatric anesthesia) exposure to drugs that block NMDA receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ikonomidou, C -- Bosch, F -- Miksa, M -- Bittigau, P -- Vockler, J -- Dikranian, K -- Tenkova, T I -- Stefovska, V -- Turski, L -- Olney, J W -- AG 11355/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- DA 05072/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH 38894/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):70-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charite-Virchow Clinics, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. hrissanthi.ikonomidou@charite.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain/*cytology/drug effects/embryology/growth & development ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Fetus ; Haloperidol/pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Microscopy, Electron ; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; *Nerve Degeneration ; Neurons/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide/pharmacology
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    X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Norwalk virus, a noncultivatable human calicivirus, is the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The first x-ray structure of a calicivirus capsid, which consists of 180 copies of a single protein, has been determined by phase extension from a low-resolution electron microscopy structure. The capsid protein has a protruding (P) domain connected by a flexible hinge to a shell (S) domain that has a classical eight-stranded beta-sandwich motif. The structure of the P domain is unlike that of any other viral protein with a subdomain exhibiting a fold similar to that of the second domain in the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-Tu. This subdomain, located at the exterior of the capsid, has the largest sequence variation among Norwalk-like human caliciviruses and is likely to contain the determinants of strain specificity and cell binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prasad, B V -- Hardy, M E -- Dokland, T -- Bella, J -- Rossmann, M G -- Estes, M K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):287-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. bprasad@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Capsid/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Capsid Proteins ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Norwalk virus/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Virus Assembly
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    The mammalian gene collection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project is a new effort by the NIH to generate full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) resources. This project will provide publicly accessible resources to the full research community. The MGC project entails the production of libraries, sequencing, and database and repository development, as well as the support of library construction, sequencing, and analytic technologies dedicated to the goal of obtaining a full set of human and other mammalian full-length (open reading frame) sequences and clones of expressed genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strausberg, R L -- Feingold, E A -- Klausner, R D -- Collins, F S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Complementary ; Databases, Factual ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mice ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    Nota bene: development. Whirling dervishes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1311.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cilia/*physiology ; Dyneins/genetics/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; *Morphogenesis ; Movement ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 145
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    A glial-neuronal signaling pathway revealed by mutations in a neurexin-related protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-26
    Description: In the nervous system, glial cells greatly outnumber neurons but the full extent of their role in determining neural activity remains unknown. Here the axotactin (axo) gene of Drosophila was shown to encode a member of the neurexin protein superfamily secreted by glia and subsequently localized to axonal tracts. Null mutations of axo caused temperature-sensitive paralysis and a corresponding blockade of axonal conduction. Thus, the AXO protein appears to be a component of a glial-neuronal signaling mechanism that helps to determine the membrane electrical properties of target axons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, L L -- Ganetzky, B -- GM43100/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS15390/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1343-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Training Program and Laboratory of Genetics, 445 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10037607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; DNA, Complementary ; Drosophila/embryology/genetics/*physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Mutation ; Neuroglia/*physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission ; Temperature
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  • 146
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    Requirement for type 2 NO synthase for IL-12 signaling in innate immunity (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and type 2 NO synthase (NOS2) are crucial for defense against bacterial and parasitic pathogens, but their relationship in innate immunity is unknown. In the absence of NOS2 activity, IL-12 was unable to prevent spreading of Leishmania parasites, did not stimulate natural killer (NK) cells for cytotoxicity or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release, and failed to activate Tyk2 kinase and to tyrosine phosphorylate Stat4 (the central signal transducer of IL-12) in NK cells. Activation of Tyk2 in NK cells by IFN-alpha/beta also required NOS2. Thus, NOS2-derived NO is a prerequisite for cytokine signaling and function in innate immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diefenbach, A -- Schindler, H -- Rollinghoff, M -- Yokoyama, W M -- Bogdan, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):951-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitat Erlangen, Wasserturmstrasse 3, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic GMP/metabolism ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis/genetics ; Interferons/pharmacology ; Interleukin-12/pharmacology/*physiology ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology/metabolism ; *Leishmania major ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*immunology/metabolism ; Lysine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; STAT4 Transcription Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; TYK2 Kinase ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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  • 147
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    Brain, heal thyself (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lowenstein, D H -- Parent, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1126-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and the Epilepsy Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA. dhl@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Growth Substances/physiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/cytology/physiology ; Neuroglia/cytology/*physiology ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; *Regeneration ; Spinal Cord/cytology/*physiology ; Stem Cells/*physiology
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    For the latest information, tune to channel KcsA (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zagrovic, B -- Aldrich, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):59, 61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. zagrovic@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Potassium/chemistry/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels ; Spin Labels ; Static Electricity ; Streptomyces/chemistry/physiology
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  • 149
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    Phosphorylation and sequestration of serotonin transporters differentially modulated by psychostimulants (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Many psychotropic drugs interfere with the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Transport capacity is regulated by kinase-linked pathways, particularly those involving protein kinase C (PKC), resulting in transporter phosphorylation and sequestration. Phosphorylation and sequestration of the serotonin transporter (SERT) were substantially impacted by ligand occupancy. Ligands that can permeate the transporter, such as serotonin or the amphetamines, prevented PKC-dependent SERT phosphorylation. Nontransported SERT antagonists such as cocaine and antidepressants were permissive for SERT phosphorylation but blocked serotonin effects. PKC-dependent SERT sequestration was also blocked by serotonin. These findings reveal activity-dependent modulation of neurotransmitter reuptake and identify previously unknown consequences of amphetamine, cocaine, and antidepressant action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramamoorthy, S -- Blakely, R D -- DA07390/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):763-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6420, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10427004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antidepressive Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biotinylation ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Central Nervous System Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cocaine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Dextroamphetamine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Models, Biological ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Serotonin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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    Nota bene: biomedicine. Pain-killer genes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1634.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Enkephalin, Methionine/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Enkephalins/*genetics ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Mice ; *Pain Management ; Protein Precursors/*genetics ; Simplexvirus/genetics/physiology ; Spinal Cord/virology ; beta-Endorphin/biosynthesis/cerebrospinal fluid/*genetics
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    The tyrosine kinase negative regulator c-Cbl as a RING-type, E2-dependent ubiquitin-protein ligase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Ubiquitination of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) terminates signaling by marking active receptors for degradation. c-Cbl, an adapter protein for RPTKs, positively regulates RPTK ubiquitination in a manner dependent on its variant SRC homology 2 (SH2) and RING finger domains. Ubiquitin-protein ligases (or E3s) are the components of ubiquitination pathways that recognize target substrates and promote their ligation to ubiquitin. The c-Cbl protein acted as an E3 that can recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates, such as the activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor, through its SH2 domain and that recruits and allosterically activates an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme through its RING domain. These results reveal an SH2-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase and thus provide a distinct mechanism for substrate targeting in the ubiquitin system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joazeiro, C A -- Wing, S S -- Huang, H -- Leverson, J D -- Hunter, T -- Liu, Y C -- CA39780/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK56558/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32CA09523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Salk Institute, Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Ligases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; *Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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    Building neural representations of habits (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Memories for habits and skills ("implicit or procedural memory") and memories for facts ("explicit or episodic memory") are built up in different brain systems and are vulnerable to different neurodegenerative disorders in humans. So that the striatum-based mechanisms underlying habit formation could be studied, chronic recordings from ensembles of striatal neurons were made with multiple tetrodes as rats learned a T-maze procedural task. Large and widely distributed changes in the neuronal activity patterns occurred in the sensorimotor striatum during behavioral acquisition, culminating in task-related activity emphasizing the beginning and end of the automatized procedure. The new ensemble patterns remained stable during weeks of subsequent performance of the same task. These results suggest that the encoding of action in the sensorimotor striatum undergoes dynamic reorganization as habit learning proceeds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jog, M S -- Kubota, Y -- Connolly, C I -- Hillegaart, V -- Graybiel, A M -- R03 MH57878/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1745-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; Corpus Striatum/*physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Evoked Potentials ; *Habits ; Locomotion ; *Maze Learning ; Memory/physiology ; Motor Activity ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Reaction Time
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  • 153
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    Importance of AMPA receptors for hippocampal synaptic plasticity but not for spatial learning (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: Gene-targeted mice lacking the L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR-A exhibited normal development, life expectancy, and fine structure of neuronal dendrites and synapses. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, GluR-A-/- mice showed a reduction in functional AMPA receptors, with the remaining receptors preferentially targeted to synapses. Thus, the CA1 soma-patch currents were strongly reduced, but glutamatergic synaptic currents were unaltered; and evoked dendritic and spinous Ca2+ transients, Ca2+-dependent gene activation, and hippocampal field potentials were as in the wild type. In adult GluR-A-/- mice, associative long-term potentiation (LTP) was absent in CA3 to CA1 synapses, but spatial learning in the water maze was not impaired. The results suggest that CA1 hippocampal LTP is controlled by the number or subunit composition of AMPA receptors and show a dichotomy between LTP in CA1 and acquisition of spatial memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zamanillo, D -- Sprengel, R -- Hvalby, O -- Jensen, V -- Burnashev, N -- Rozov, A -- Kaiser, K M -- Koster, H J -- Borchardt, T -- Worley, P -- Lubke, J -- Frotscher, M -- Kelly, P H -- Sommer, B -- Andersen, P -- Seeburg, P H -- Sakmann, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1805-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology ; *Maze Learning ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Receptors, AMPA/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 154
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    Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Stem cell homing and repopulation are not well understood. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 were found to be critical for murine bone marrow engraftment by human severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) repopulating stem cells. Treatment of human cells with antibodies to CXCR4 prevented engraftment. In vitro CXCR4-dependent migration to SDF-1 of CD34+CD38-/low cells correlated with in vivo engraftment and stem cell function. Stem cell factor and interleukin-6 induced CXCR4 expression on CD34+ cells, which potentiated migration to SDF-1 and engraftment in primary and secondary transplanted mice. Thus, up-regulation of CXCR4 expression may be useful for improving engraftment of repopulating stem cells in clinical transplantation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peled, A -- Petit, I -- Kollet, O -- Magid, M -- Ponomaryov, T -- Byk, T -- Nagler, A -- Ben-Hur, H -- Many, A -- Shultz, L -- Lider, O -- Alon, R -- Zipori, D -- Lapidot, T -- A130389/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):845-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP-ribosyl Cyclase ; Animals ; Antibodies ; *Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD34/analysis/immunology ; Antigens, CD38 ; Antigens, Differentiation/analysis ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology/*physiology ; Chemotaxis ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; Fetal Blood ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/pharmacology ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, SCID ; NAD+ Nucleosidase/analysis ; Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis/immunology/*physiology ; Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Up-Regulation
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    Nota bene: medicine. Fear of flying! (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2S Albumins, Plant ; Allergens/genetics/*immunology ; Anaphylaxis/*prevention & control/therapy ; Animals ; Antigens, Plant ; Arachis/*adverse effects/immunology ; Food Hypersensitivity/*prevention & control/therapy ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Mice ; Plant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; *Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Prospects for in utero human gene therapy (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Gene therapy for the treatment of disease in children and adults is being actively pursued at many medical centers. However, a number of genetic disorders result in irreversible damage to the fetus before birth. In these cases, as well as for those with genetic diseases who may benefit from therapy before symptoms are manifested, in utero gene therapy (IUGT) could be beneficial. Although some successes with in utero gene transfer have been reported in animals, significant questions remain to be answered before IUGT clinical trials would be acceptable. This review analyzes the state of the art and delineates the studies that still need to be performed before it would be appropriate to consider human IUGT.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanjani, E D -- Anderson, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2084-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89520, USA. zanjani@scs.unr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Fetal Diseases/*therapy ; *Fetus ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*therapy ; *Genetic Therapy/adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors ; Germ Cells ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Pregnancy
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  • 157
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    Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: The concept of innate immunity refers to the first-line host defense that serves to limit infection in the early hours after exposure to microorganisms. Recent data have highlighted similarities between pathogen recognition, signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms of innate immunity in Drosophila and mammals, pointing to a common ancestry of these defenses. In addition to its role in the early phase of defense, innate immunity in mammals appears to play a key role in stimulating the subsequent, clonal response of adaptive immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, J A -- Kafatos, F C -- Janeway, C A -- Ezekowitz, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1313-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67084, France. jhoff@ibmc.u-strasbg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Culicidae/immunology/microbiology ; Drosophila/immunology/microbiology ; Humans ; Immunity, Active ; *Immunity, Innate ; Infection/*immunology ; Insect Vectors/immunology/microbiology ; Mammals/immunology ; Models, Immunological ; Phagocytosis ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/metabolism
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  • 158
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    Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: A mechanism by which the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway mediates growth factor-dependent cell survival was characterized. The MAPK-activated kinases, the Rsks, catalyzed the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD at serine 112 both in vitro and in vivo. The Rsk-induced phosphorylation of BAD at serine 112 suppressed BAD-mediated apoptosis in neurons. Rsks also are known to phosphorylate the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) at serine 133. Activated CREB promoted cell survival, and inhibition of CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 triggered apoptosis. These findings suggest that the MAPK signaling pathway promotes cell survival by a dual mechanism comprising the posttranslational modification and inactivation of a component of the cell death machinery and the increased transcription of pro-survival genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonni, A -- Brunet, A -- West, A E -- Datta, S R -- Takasu, M A -- Greenberg, M E -- NIHP30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD 24926/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1358-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; bcl-Associated Death Protein ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    Gating of BDNF-induced synaptic potentiation by cAMP (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-18
    Description: Neurotrophins have been implicated in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, but the underlying intracellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Synaptic potentiation induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not neurotrophin 3, was prevented by blockers of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Activators of cAMP signaling alone were ineffective in modifying synaptic efficacy but greatly enhanced the potentiation effect of BDNF. Blocking cAMP signaling abolished the facilitation of BDNF-induced potentiation by presynaptic activity. Thus synaptic actions of BDNF are gated by cAMP. Activity and other coincident signals that modulate cAMP concentrations may specify the action of secreted neurotrophins on developing nerve terminals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boulanger, L -- Poo, M M -- NS 37831/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1982-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*pharmacology ; *Carbazoles ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/*physiology ; Cycloleucine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Neurotrophin 3 ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology ; Xenopus
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    Cancer research. A new way to combat therapy side effects (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1651, 1653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Benzothiazoles ; Cell Division/drug effects/radiation effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Gamma Rays/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Tolerance/*drug effects ; Thiazoles/*pharmacology ; Toluene/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*antagonists & inhibitors/physiology
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  • 161
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    A molecular mechanism for electrical tuning of cochlear hair cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-08
    Description: Cochlear frequency selectivity in lower vertebrates arises in part from electrical tuning intrinsic to the sensory hair cells. The resonant frequency is determined largely by the gating kinetics of calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels encoded by the slo gene. Alternative splicing of slo from chick cochlea generated kinetically distinct BK channels. Combination with accessory beta subunits slowed the gating kinetics of alpha splice variants but preserved relative differences between them. In situ hybridization showed that the beta subunit is preferentially expressed by low-frequency (apical) hair cells in the avian cochlea. Interaction of beta with alpha splice variants could provide the kinetic range needed for electrical tuning of cochlear hair cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramanathan, K -- Michael, T H -- Jiang, G J -- Hiel, H -- Fuchs, P A -- DC00276/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Hearing Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Expression ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*physiology ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Membrane Potentials ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium Channels/genetics/*physiology ; *Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Quail ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transfection
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  • 162
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    The evolution of species interactions (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Interactions between species are as evolutionarily malleable as the species themselves and have played a central role in the diversification and organization of life. This malleability creates complex geographic mosaics in interspecific interactions that can evolve rapidly over decades, blurring the distinction between evolutionary time and ecological time and making the study of coevolution crucial for human health and welfare.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2116-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. jnt@wsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/pathogenicity ; *Selection, Genetic ; Virulence/genetics
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    Dissecting dendrite dynamics (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1860-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. sjsmith@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neurons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Pseudopodia/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Membranes/physiology
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  • 164
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    Prolonged activation of mitochondrial conductances during synaptic transmission (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: Although ion channels have been detected in mitochondria, scientists have not been able to record ion transport in mitochondria of intact cells. A variation of the patch clamp technique was used to record ion channel activity from intracellular organelles in the presynaptic terminal of the squid. Electron microscopy indicated that mitochondria are numerous in this terminal and are the only organelles compatible with the tips of the pipettes. Before synaptic stimulation, channel activity was infrequent and its conductance was small, although large conductances ( approximately 0.5 to 2.5 nanosiemens) could be detected occasionally. During a train of action potentials, the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane increased up to 60-fold. The conductance increased after a delay of several hundred milliseconds and continued to increase after stimulation had stopped. Recovery occurred over tens of seconds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jonas, E A -- Buchanan, J -- Kaczmarek, L K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1347-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Decapodiformes ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Stimulation ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Porins/metabolism ; Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
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  • 165
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    Erythropoietin receptor activation by a ligand-induced conformation change (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: Erythropoietin and other cytokine receptors are thought to be activated through hormone-induced dimerization and autophosphorylation of JAK kinases associated with the receptor intracellular domains. An in vivo protein fragment complementation assay was used to obtain evidence for an alternative mechanism in which unliganded erythropoietin receptor dimers exist in a conformation that prevents activation of JAK2 but then undergo a ligand-induced conformation change that allows JAK2 to be activated. These results are consistent with crystallographic evidence of distinct dimeric configurations for unliganded and ligand-bound forms of the erythropoietin receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Remy, I -- Wilson, I A -- Michnick, S W -- GM49497/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):990-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departement de Biochimie, Universite de Montreal, Casier Postal 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; COS Cells ; Cricetinae ; Dimerization ; Erythropoietin/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Ligands ; Methotrexate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 166
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    A nucleoside transporter from Trypanosoma brucei involved in drug resistance (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Drug resistance of pathogens is an increasing problem whose underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Cellular uptake of the major drugs against Trypanosoma brucei spp., the causative agents of sleeping sickness, is thought to occur through an unusual, so far unidentified adenosine transporter. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used in a functional screen to clone a gene (TbAT1) from Trypanosoma brucei brucei that encodes a nucleoside transporter. When expressed in yeast, TbAT1 enabled adenosine uptake and conferred susceptibility to melaminophenyl arsenicals. Drug-resistant trypanosomes harbor a defective TbAT1 variant. The molecular identification of the entry route of trypanocides opens the way to approaches for diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant sleeping sickness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maser, P -- Sutterlin, C -- Kralli, A -- Kaminsky, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arsenicals/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Genes, Protozoan ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleoside Transport Proteins ; Nucleosides/metabolism ; Purines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Substrate Specificity ; Trypanocidal Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Trypanosomiasis, African/drug therapy/parasitology
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  • 167
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    The role of local actin instability in axon formation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: The role of localized instability of the actin network in specifying axonal fate was examined with the use of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. During normal neuronal development, actin dynamics and instability polarized to a single growth cone before axon formation. Consistently, global application of actin-depolymerizing drugs and of the Rho-signaling inactivator toxin B to nonpolarized cells produced neurons with multiple axons. Moreover, disruption of the actin network in one individual growth cone induced its neurite to become the axon. Thus, local instability of the actin network restricted to a single growth cone is a physiological signal specifying neuronal polarization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradke, F -- Dotti, C G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1931-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism/*physiology ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochalasin D/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Growth Cones/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Hippocampus ; Microtubules/physiology/ultrastructure ; Neurites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Pseudopodia/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Thiazolidines
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  • 168
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    Apaf-1 and caspase-9 in p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor inhibition (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: The ability of p53 to promote apoptosis in response to mitogenic oncogenes appears to be critical for its tumor suppressor function. Caspase-9 and its cofactor Apaf-1 were found to be essential downstream components of p53 in Myc-induced apoptosis. Like p53 null cells, mouse embryo fibroblast cells deficient in Apaf-1 and caspase-9, and expressing c-Myc, were resistant to apoptotic stimuli that mimic conditions in developing tumors. Inactivation of Apaf-1 or caspase-9 substituted for p53 loss in promoting the oncogenic transformation of Myc-expressing cells. These results imply a role for Apaf-1 and caspase-9 in controlling tumor development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soengas, M S -- Alarcon, R M -- Yoshida, H -- Giaccia, A J -- Hakem, R -- Mak, T W -- Lowe, S W -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA64489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):156-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochrome c Group/metabolism ; Genes, myc ; *Genes, p53 ; Genes, ras ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Precisely localized LTD in the neocortex revealed by infrared-guided laser stimulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: In a direct approach to elucidate the origin of long-term depression (LTD), glutamate was applied onto dendrites of neurons in rat neocortical slices. An infrared-guided laser stimulation was used to release glutamate from caged glutamate in the focal spot of an ultraviolet laser. A burst of light flashes caused an LTD-like depression of glutamate receptor responses, which was highly confined to the region of "tetanic" stimulation (〈10 micrometers). A similar depression of glutamate receptor responses was observed during LTD of synaptic transmission. A spatially highly specific postsynaptic mechanism can account for the LTD induced by glutamate release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dodt, H -- Eder, M -- Frick, A -- Zieglgansberger, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):110-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany. dodt@mpipsykl.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Infrared Rays ; Lasers ; Microscopy, Video ; Neocortex/cytology/*physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photolysis ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Glutamate/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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    Putting stem cells to work (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solter, D -- Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1468-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute of Immunology, Freiburg, Germany. solter@immunbio.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bioethics ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Organism ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Humans ; Mice ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/*cytology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 171
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    A cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced in primate leukocytes by the ligation of two truncated alpha-defensins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Analysis of rhesus macaque leukocytes disclosed the presence of an 18-residue macrocyclic, tridisulfide antibiotic peptide in granules of neutrophils and monocytes. The peptide, termed rhesus theta defensin-1 (RTD-1), is microbicidal for bacteria and fungi at low micromolar concentrations. Antibacterial activity of the cyclic peptide was threefold greater than that of an open-chain analog, and the cyclic conformation was required for antimicrobial activity in the presence of 150 millimolar sodium chloride. Biosynthesis of RTD-1 involves the head-to-tail ligation of two alpha-defensin-related nonapeptides, requiring the formation of two new peptide bonds. Thus, host defense cells possess mechanisms for synthesis and granular packaging of macrocyclic antibiotic peptides that are components of the phagocyte antimicrobial armamentarium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Y Q -- Yuan, J -- Osapay, G -- Osapay, K -- Tran, D -- Miller, C J -- Ouellette, A J -- Selsted, M E -- AI22931/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK33506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK44632/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):498-502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Cloning, Molecular ; Defensins ; Disulfides/chemistry ; Fungi/drug effects ; Humans ; Leukopoiesis ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/*metabolism ; Neutrophils/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Osmolar Concentration ; Peptides, Cyclic/*biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology
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  • 172
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    RNA, whither goest thou? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tiedge, H -- Bloom, F E -- Richter, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):186-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State Univeristy of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. tiedge@hscbklyn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 173
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    Artiodactyl nuclear DNA study (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matthee, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1356-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artiodactyla/classification/*genetics ; Cetacea/*classification/genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 174
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    Testing the genetics of behavior in mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tordoff, M G -- Bachmanov, A A -- Friedman, M I -- Beauchamp, G K -- R01 DC000882/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2069; author reply 2069-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Diet ; Mice
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 175
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    Genomes reveal kin connections for whales and pumas (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2081.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artiodactyla/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/classification/*genetics ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Whales/*genetics
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  • 176
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    Evolution flies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dusenbery, D B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):413-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Variation
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  • 177
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    Paleoanthropology. Kenyan skeleton shakes ape family tree (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1335, 1337.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Kenya ; Paleodontology ; Skeleton ; Terminology as Topic
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  • 178
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    Nuclear transport protein does double duty in mitosis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1260-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Centrosome/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism ; Xenopus ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
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  • 179
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    New date for the dawn of dream time (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1243, 1245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Burial ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Oceanic Ancestry Group/history ; *Paleontology ; Skeleton
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  • 180
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    From embryos and fossils, new clues to vertebrate evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):575, 577.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Fishes/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Jaw/*anatomy & histology ; Neural Crest/cytology/physiology ; *Vertebrates/anatomy & histology
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  • 181
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    Rapid infection of oral mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue with simian immunodeficiency virus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: The early events during infection with an immunodeficiency virus were followed by application of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus atraumatically to the tonsils of macaques. Analyses by virologic assays and in situ hybridization revealed that the infection started locally in the tonsils, a mucosal-associated lymphoid organ, and quickly spread to other lymphoid tissues. At day 3, there were few infected cells, but then the number increased rapidly, reaching a high plateau between days 4 and 7. The infection was not detected in the dendritic cell-rich squamous epithelium to which the virus was applied; instead, it was primarily in CD4+ tonsillar T cells, close to the specialized antigen-transporting epithelium of the tonsillar crypts. Transport of the virus and immune-activating stimuli across this epithelium would allow mucosal lymphoid tissue to function in the atraumatic transmission of immunodeficiency viruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stahl-Hennig, C -- Steinman, R M -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Pope, M -- Stolte, N -- Matz-Rensing, K -- Grobschupff, G -- Raschdorff, B -- Hunsmann, G -- Racz, P -- AI 40874/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 40877/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 42129/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1261-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉German Primate Center, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Epithelium/virology ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/*virology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa/*virology ; Palatine Tonsil/*virology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Viral Load ; Virus Replication
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  • 182
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    Horizontal propagation of visual activity in the synaptic integration field of area 17 neurons (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-29
    Description: The receptive field of a visual neuron is classically defined as the region of space (or retina) where a visual stimulus evokes a change in its firing activity. At the cortical level, a challenging issue concerns the roles of feedforward, local recurrent, intracortical, and cortico-cortical feedback connectivity in receptive field properties. Intracellular recordings in cat area 17 showed that the visually evoked synaptic integration field extends over a much larger area than that established on the basis of spike activity. Synaptic depolarizing responses to stimuli flashed at increasing distances from the center of the receptive field decreased in strength, whereas their onset latency increased. These findings suggest that subthreshold responses in the unresponsive region surrounding the classical discharge field result from the integration of visual activation waves spread by slowly conducting horizontal axons within primary visual cortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bringuier, V -- Chavane, F -- Glaeser, L -- Fregnac, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):695-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Equipe Cognisciences, Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cats ; *Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photic Stimulation ; Synapses/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Fields ; *Visual Pathways
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  • 183
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    Requirement of type III TGF-beta receptor for endocardial cell transformation in the heart (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling is mediated by a complex of type I (TBRI) and type II (TBRII) receptors. The type III receptor (TBRIII) lacks a recognizable signaling domain and has no clearly defined role in TGF-beta signaling. Cardiac endothelial cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation express TBRIII, and here TBRIII-specific antisera were found to inhibit mesenchyme formation and migration in atrioventricular cushion explants. Misexpression of TBRIII in nontransforming ventricular endothelial cells conferred transformation in response to TGF-beta2. These results support a model where TBRIII localizes transformation in the heart and plays an essential, nonredundant role in TGF-beta signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, C B -- Boyer, A S -- Runyan, R B -- Barnett, J V -- 38649/PHS HHS/ -- 42266/PHS HHS/ -- HL52922/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL052922/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL052922-05/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2080-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Movement ; Chick Embryo ; Culture Techniques ; Endocardium/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Endothelium/*cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Atria/cytology/embryology ; Heart Ventricles/cytology/embryology/virology ; Immune Sera ; Ligands ; Mesoderm/*cytology/metabolism ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteoglycans/immunology/*physiology ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology/*physiology ; Retroviridae/genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism/pharmacology
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    Planting the seeds of new antimalarial drugs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ridley, R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1502-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Drug Discovery Research and the New Medicines for Malaria Venture, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldose-Ketose Isomerases/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Antimalarials/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Drug Design ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Fosfomycin/analogs & derivatives/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; *Hemiterpenes ; Humans ; Malaria/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy ; Mice ; Multienzyme Complexes/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Organelles/drug effects/metabolism ; Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism ; Oxidoreductases/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects/metabolism ; Steroids/metabolism ; Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
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    Requirement for diverse, low-abundance peptides in positive selection of T cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: Whether a single major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptide can drive the positive selection of large numbers of T cells has been a controversial issue. A diverse population of self peptides was shown to be essential for the in vivo development of CD4 T cells. Mice in which all but 5 percent of MHC class II molecules were bound by a single peptide had wild-type numbers of CD4 T cells. However, when the diversity within this 5 percent was lost, CD4 T cell development was impaired. Blocking the major peptide-MHC complex in thymus organ culture had no effect on T cell development, indicating that positive selection occurred on the diverse peptides present at low levels. This requirement for peptide diversity indicates that the interaction between self peptides and T cell receptors during positive selection is highly specific.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barton, G M -- Rudensky, A Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):67-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology Program of the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*immunology/metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Peptides/*immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Spleen/immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structural basis of Smad2 recognition by the Smad anchor for receptor activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: The Smad proteins mediate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling from the transmembrane serine-threonine receptor kinases to the nucleus. The Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptors for phosphorylation. The crystal structure of a Smad2 MH2 domain in complex with the Smad-binding domain (SBD) of SARA has been determined at 2.2 angstrom resolution. SARA SBD, in an extended conformation comprising a rigid coil, an alpha helix, and a beta strand, interacts with the beta sheet and the three-helix bundle of Smad2. Recognition between the SARA rigid coil and the Smad2 beta sheet is essential for specificity, whereas interactions between the SARA beta strand and the Smad2 three-helix bundle contribute significantly to binding affinity. Comparison of the structures between Smad2 and a comediator Smad suggests a model for how receptor-regulated Smads are recognized by the type I receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, G -- Chen, Y G -- Ozdamar, B -- Gyuricza, C A -- Chong, P A -- Wrana, J L -- Massague, J -- Shi, Y -- CA85171/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):92-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activin Receptors, Type I ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Smad2 Protein ; Trans-Activators/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 187
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    Brain transplants? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Humans ; Mice ; Neuroglia/cytology ; Neurons/cytology ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology/enzymology ; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 188
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    Neandertals: not so fast (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolpoff, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1991.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 189
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2157-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases/etiology ; Bioethics ; Biological Clocks ; Biotechnology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Drug Design ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Genome ; Humans ; Neoplasms/prevention & control/therapy ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; *Research ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stem Cells
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 190
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    New insights into cystic fibrosis ion channel (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):388-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Surface/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance ; Regulator/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Biological ; Mutagenesis ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Syntaxin 1 ; Xenopus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 191
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    Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: The circadian clock consists of a feedback loop in which clock genes are rhythmically expressed, giving rise to cycling levels of RNA and proteins. Four of the five circadian genes identified to date influence responsiveness to freebase cocaine in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Sensitization to repeated cocaine exposures, a phenomenon also seen in humans and animal models and associated with enhanced drug craving, is eliminated in flies mutant for period, clock, cycle, and doubletime, but not in flies lacking the gene timeless. Flies that do not sensitize owing to lack of these genes do not show the induction of tyrosine decarboxylase normally seen after cocaine exposure. These findings indicate unexpected roles for these genes in regulating cocaine sensitization and indicate that they function as regulators of tyrosine decarboxylase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andretic, R -- Chaney, S -- Hirsh, J -- DA05942/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- GM/DA 27318/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1066-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Biological Clocks/genetics ; CLOCK Proteins ; *Casein Kinase Iepsilon ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Cocaine/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/*drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Protein Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Quinpirole/pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/physiology ; Trans-Activators/genetics/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Tyramine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Tyrosine Decarboxylase/metabolism
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  • 192
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    Negative regulation of Wingless signaling by D-axin, a Drosophila homolog of axin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: Wnt/Wingless directs many cell fates during development. Wnt/Wingless signaling increases the amount of beta-catenin/Armadillo, which in turn activates gene transcription. Here the Drosophila protein D-Axin was shown to interact with Armadillo and D-APC. Mutation of d-axin resulted in the accumulation of cytoplasmic Armadillo and one of the Wingless target gene products, Distal-less. Ectopic expression of d-axin inhibited Wingless signaling. Hence, D-Axin negatively regulates Wingless signaling by down-regulating the level of Armadillo. These results establish the importance of the Axin family of proteins in Wnt/Wingless signaling in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamada, F -- Tomoyasu, Y -- Takatsu, Y -- Nakamura, M -- Nagai, S -- Suzuki, A -- Fujita, F -- Shibuya, H -- Toyoshima, K -- Ueno, N -- Akiyama, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1739-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Animals ; Armadillo Domain Proteins ; Axin Protein ; Body Patterning ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Extremities/embryology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors ; Wings, Animal/embryology/metabolism ; Wnt1 Protein
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  • 193
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    Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing spinal neurons were ablated with the selective cytotoxin substance P-saporin. Loss of these neurons resulted in a reduction of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia associated with persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. This loss appeared to be permanent. Responses to mildly painful stimuli and morphine analgesia were unaffected by this treatment. These results identify a target for treating persistent pain and suggest that the small population of SPR-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nichols, M L -- Allen, B J -- Rogers, S D -- Ghilardi, J R -- Honore, P -- Luger, N M -- Finke, M P -- Li, J -- Lappi, D A -- Simone, D A -- Mantyh, P W -- 23970/PHS HHS/ -- 31223/PHS HHS/ -- DEO 7288/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects/physiology ; *Immunotoxins ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Ligation ; *N-Glycosyl Hydrolases ; Neuralgia/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pain/*drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Plant Proteins/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/*metabolism ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 ; Spinal Nerves ; Substance P/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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  • 194
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    Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: The function of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) was investigated by invalidating its gene. Mutant mice did not respond to cannabinoid drugs, demonstrating the exclusive role of the CB1 receptor in mediating analgesia, reinforcement, hypothermia, hypolocomotion, and hypotension. The acute effects of opiates were unaffected, but the reinforcing properties of morphine and the severity of the withdrawal syndrome were strongly reduced. These observations suggest that the CB1 receptor is involved in the motivational properties of opiates and in the development of physical dependence and extend the concept of an interconnected role of CB1 and opiate receptors in the brain areas mediating addictive behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledent, C -- Valverde, O -- Cossu, G -- Petitet, F -- Aubert, J F -- Beslot, F -- Bohme, G A -- Imperato, A -- Pedrazzini, T -- Roques, B P -- Vassart, G -- Fratta, W -- Parmentier, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):401-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IRIBHN, Universite libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Cannabinoids/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Dronabinol/*pharmacology ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Morphine/pharmacology ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Narcotics/*pharmacology ; Opioid-Related Disorders/*physiopathology ; Pain Threshold/drug effects ; Receptors, Cannabinoid ; Receptors, Drug/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists/physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
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  • 195
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    MaRX: an approach to genetics in mammalian cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hannon, G J -- Sun, P -- Carnero, A -- Xie, L Y -- Maestro, R -- Conklin, D S -- Beach, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1129-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular/*methods ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, ras ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Mammals ; Phenotype ; Proviruses/genetics ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 196
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    Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: Strains of mice that show characteristic patterns of behavior are critical for research in neurobehavioral genetics. Possible confounding influences of the laboratory environment were studied in several inbred strains and one null mutant by simultaneous testing in three laboratories on a battery of six behaviors. Apparatus, test protocols, and many environmental variables were rigorously equated. Strains differed markedly in all behaviors, and despite standardization, there were systematic differences in behavior across labs. For some tests, the magnitude of genetic differences depended upon the specific testing lab. Thus, experiments characterizing mutants may yield results that are idiosyncratic to a particular laboratory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabbe, J C -- Wahlsten, D -- Dudek, B C -- AA00170/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA10760/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- DA10731/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1670-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201, USA. crabbe@ohsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/genetics ; Anxiety ; *Behavior, Animal ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Drinking Behavior ; *Environment ; Female ; Genetics, Behavioral/*methods ; Genotype ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics ; Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics ; Motor Activity ; Psychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
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  • 197
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    Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: The gene expression profile of the aging process was analyzed in skeletal muscle of mice. Use of high-density oligonucleotide arrays representing 6347 genes revealed that aging resulted in a differential gene expression pattern indicative of a marked stress response and lower expression of metabolic and biosynthetic genes. Most alterations were either completely or partially prevented by caloric restriction, the only intervention known to retard aging in mammals. Transcriptional patterns of calorie-restricted animals suggest that caloric restriction retards the aging process by causing a metabolic shift toward increased protein turnover and decreased macromolecular damage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, C K -- Klopp, R G -- Weindruch, R -- Prolla, T A -- P01 AG11915/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA78723/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1390-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Toxicology Center, Institute on Aging, Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA Damage/genetics ; DNA Repair/genetics ; *Diet ; *Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oxidative Stress/genetics ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
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  • 198
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    First components found for new kidney filter (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):225-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Humans ; Intercellular Junctions/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Kidney Glomerulus/blood supply/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mutation ; Nephrotic Syndrome/congenital/genetics/pathology ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 199
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    Contact-dependent inhibition of cortical neurite growth mediated by notch signaling (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: The exuberant growth of neurites during development becomes markedly reduced as cortical neurons mature. In vitro studies of neurons from mouse cerebral cortex revealed that contact-mediated Notch signaling regulates the capacity of neurons to extend and elaborate neurites. Up-regulation of Notch activity was concomitant with an increase in the number of interneuronal contacts and cessation of neurite growth. In neurons with low Notch activity, which readily extend neurites, up-regulation of Notch activity either inhibited extension or caused retraction of neurites. Conversely, in more mature neurons that had ceased their growth after establishing numerous connections and displayed high Notch activity, inhibition of Notch signaling promoted neurite extension. Thus, the formation of neuronal contacts results in activation of Notch receptors, leading to restriction of neuronal growth and a subsequent arrest in maturity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sestan, N -- Artavanis-Tsakonas, S -- Rakic, P -- NS14841/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS26084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):741-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Communication ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; Contact Inhibition ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Neurites/chemistry/*physiology ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor, Notch1 ; Receptor, Notch2 ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Transcriptional Activation ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 200
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    Crystal structure of the ectodomain of human transferrin receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: The transferrin receptor (TfR) undergoes multiple rounds of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reemergence at the cell surface, importing iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) and recycling apotransferrin after discharge of iron in the endosome. The crystal structure of the dimeric ectodomain of the human TfR, determined here to 3.2 angstroms resolution, reveals a three-domain subunit. One domain closely resembles carboxy- and aminopeptidases, and features of membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase can be deduced from the TfR structure. A model is proposed for Tf binding to the receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawrence, C M -- Ray, S -- Babyonyshev, M -- Galluser, R -- Borhani, D W -- Harrison, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Hospital Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Carboxypeptidases/chemistry ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Conserved Sequence ; Cricetinae ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Ferric Compounds/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Transferrin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Transferrin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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