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  • 1
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    A summary of the late Cenozoic stratigraphic and tectonic history of the Santa Clara Valley, California (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-29
    Description: The late Cenozoic stratigraphic and tectonic history of the Santa Clara Valley illustrates the dynamic nature of the North American–Pacific plate boundary and its effect on basin and landscape development. Prior to early Miocene time, the area that became Santa Clara Valley consisted of eroding Franciscan complex basement structurally interleaved in places with Coast Range ophiolite and Mesozoic Great Valley sequence, and locally overlapped by Paleogene strata. During early to middle Miocene time, this landscape was flooded by the sea and was deformed locally into deeper depressions such as the Cupertino Basin in the southwestern part of the valley. Marine deposition during the middle and late Miocene laid down thin deposits in shallow water and thick deeper-water deposits in the Cupertino Basin. During this sedimentation, the San Andreas fault system encroached into the valley, with most offset partitioned onto the San Andreas fault southwest of the valley and the southern Calaveras–Silver Creek–Hayward fault system in the northeastern part of the valley. A 6-km-wide right step between the Hayward and Silver Creek faults formed the 40-km-long Evergreen pull-apart basin along the northeastern margin of the valley, leaving a basement ridge between it and the Cupertino Basin. The Silver Creek fault was largely abandoned ca. 2.5 Ma in favor of a compressional left step between the Calaveras and Hayward fault, although some slip continued to at least mid-Quaternary time. Gravity, seismic, stratigraphic, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data indicate no other major San Andreas system faults within the central block between the present-day range-front faults bounding the valley and the Silver Creek fault. Sometime between 9 and 4 Ma (9 and 1 Ma for the central block), the area rose above sea level, and a regional surface of erosion was carved into the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks. Alluvial gravels were deposited on this surface along the margins of the valley beginning ca. 4 Ma, but they may not have prograded onto the central block until ca. 1 Ma, because no older equivalents of the Pliocene–Quaternary Santa Clara gravels have been found there. Thus, either the central block was high enough relative to the surrounding areas that Santa Clara gravels were never deposited on it, or any Santa Clara gravels deposited there were stripped away before ca. 1 Ma. Analysis of alluvium on the central block implies a remarkably uniform, piston-like, subsidence of the valley of ~0.4 mm/yr since ca. 0.8 Ma, possibly extending north to northern San Francisco Bay. Today, the central block continues to subside, the range-front reverse faults are active, and the major active faults of the San Andreas system are mostly outside the valley.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    Brain-machine interface for eye movements [Neuroscience] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: A number of studies in tetraplegic humans and healthy nonhuman primates (NHPs) have shown that neuronal activity from reach-related cortical areas can be used to predict reach intentions using brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) and therefore assist tetraplegic patients by controlling external devices (e.g., robotic limbs and computer cursors). However, to our...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Reach plans in eye-centered coordinates (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: The neural events associated with visually guided reaching begin with an image on the retina and end with impulses to the muscles. In between, a reaching plan is formed. This plan could be in the coordinates of the arm, specifying the direction and amplitude of the movement, or it could be in the coordinates of the eye because visual information is initially gathered in this reference frame. In a reach-planning area of the posterior parietal cortex, neural activity was found to be more consistent with an eye-centered than an arm-centered coding of reach targets. Coding of arm movements in an eye-centered reference frame is advantageous because obstacles that affect planning as well as errors in reaching are registered in this reference frame. Also, eye movements are planned in eye coordinates, and the use of similar coordinates for reaching may facilitate hand-eye coordination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Batista, A P -- Buneo, C A -- Snyder, L H -- Andersen, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):257-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and the Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/physiology ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca mulatta ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades ; Visual Pathways/physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Free choice activates a decision circuit between frontal and parietal cortex (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-18
    Description: We often face alternatives that we are free to choose between. Planning movements to select an alternative involves several areas in frontal and parietal cortex that are anatomically connected into long-range circuits. These areas must coordinate their activity to select a common movement goal, but how neural circuits make decisions remains poorly understood. Here we simultaneously record from the dorsal premotor area (PMd) in frontal cortex and the parietal reach region (PRR) in parietal cortex to investigate neural circuit mechanisms for decision making. We find that correlations in spike and local field potential (LFP) activity between these areas are greater when monkeys are freely making choices than when they are following instructions. We propose that a decision circuit featuring a sub-population of cells in frontal and parietal cortex may exchange information to coordinate activity between these areas. Cells participating in this decision circuit may influence movement choices by providing a common bias to the selection of movement goals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728060/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728060/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pesaran, Bijan -- Nelson, Matthew J -- Andersen, Richard A -- R01 EY007492/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY007492-19/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):406-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06849. Epub 2008 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. bijan@nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18418380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Choice Behavior/*physiology ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; Male ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Probability ; ROC Curve ; Reward ; Saccades/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: Recent development of neural prosthetics for assisting paralyzed patients has focused on decoding intended hand trajectories from motor cortical neurons and using this signal to control external devices. In this study, higher level signals related to the goals of movements were decoded from three monkeys and used to position cursors on a computer screen without the animals emitting any behavior. Their performance in this task improved over a period of weeks. Expected value signals related to fluid preference, the expected magnitude, or probability of reward were decoded simultaneously with the intended goal. For neural prosthetic applications, the goal signals can be used to operate computers, robots, and vehicles, whereas the expected value signals can be used to continuously monitor a paralyzed patient's preferences and motivation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Musallam, S -- Corneil, B D -- Greger, B -- Scherberger, H -- Andersen, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):258-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/physiology ; *Cognition ; Cues ; Databases as Topic ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Goals ; *Intention ; Macaca mulatta ; Memory ; Motivation ; *Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; Paralysis/physiopathology/psychology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; Reward ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Approaches for characterizing threshold dose-response relationships for DNA-damage pathways involved in carcinogenicity in vivo and micronuclei formation in vitro (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Assessing the shape of dose–response curves for DNA-damage in cellular systems and for the consequences of DNA damage in intact animals remains a controversial topic. This overview looks at aspects of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of cellular DNA-damage/repair and their role in defining the shape of dose–response curves using an in vivo example with formaldehyde and in vitro examples for micronuclei (MN) formation with several test compounds. Formaldehyde is both strongly mutagenic and an endogenous metabolite in cells. With increasing inhaled concentrations, there were transitions in gene changes, from activation of selective stress pathway genes at low concentrations, to activation of pathways for cell-cycle control, p53-DNA damage, and stem cell niche pathways at higher exposures. These gene expression changes were more consistent with dose-dependent transitions in the PD responses to formaldehyde in epithelial cells in the intact rat rather than the low-dose linear extrapolation methods currently used for carcinogens. However, more complete PD explanations of non-linear dose response for creation of fixed damage in cells require detailed examination of cellular responses in vitro using measures of DNA damage and repair that are not easily accessible in the intact animal. In the second section of the article, we illustrate an approach from our laboratory that develops fit-for-purpose, in vitro assays and evaluates the PD of DNA damage and repair through studies using prototypical DNA-damaging agents. Examination of a broad range of responses in these cells showed that transcriptional upregulation of cell cycle control and DNA repair pathways only occurred at doses higher than those causing overt damage fixed damage—measured as MN formation. Lower levels of damage appear to be handled by post-translational repair process using pre-existing proteins. In depth evaluation of the PD properties of one such post-translational process (formation of DNA repair centers; DRCs) has indicated that the formation of DRCs and their ability to complete repair before replication are consistent with threshold behaviours for mutagenesis and, by extension, with chemical carcinogenesis.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8357
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3804
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Mechanisms of heading perception in primate visual cortex (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-09-13
    Description: When we move forward while walking or driving, what we see appears to expand. The center or focus of this expansion tells us our direction of self-motion, or heading, as long as our eyes are still. However, if our eyes move, as when tracking a nearby object on the ground, the retinal image is disrupted and the focus is shifted away from the heading. Neurons in primate dorso-medial superior temporal area responded selectively to an expansion focus in a certain part of the visual field, and this selective region shifted during tracking eye movements in a way that compensated for the retinal focus shift. Therefore, these neurons account for the effect of eye movements on what we see as we travel forward through the world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradley, D C -- Maxwell, M -- Andersen, R A -- Banks, M S -- Shenoy, K V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Sep 13;273(5281):1544-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8703215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Macaca mulatta ; *Motion Perception ; Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Pursuit, Smooth ; Retina/*physiology ; Rotation ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Pathways/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Neurophysiology. Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic human (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Nonhuman primate and human studies have suggested that populations of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may represent high-level aspects of action planning that can be used to control external devices as part of a brain-machine interface. However, there is no direct neuron-recording evidence that human PPC is involved in action planning, and the suitability of these signals for neuroprosthetic control has not been tested. We recorded neural population activity with arrays of microelectrodes implanted in the PPC of a tetraplegic subject. Motor imagery could be decoded from these neural populations, including imagined goals, trajectories, and types of movement. These findings indicate that the PPC of humans represents high-level, cognitive aspects of action and that the PPC can be a rich source for cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics that assist paralyzed patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aflalo, Tyson -- Kellis, Spencer -- Klaes, Christian -- Lee, Brian -- Shi, Ying -- Pejsa, Kelsie -- Shanfield, Kathleen -- Hayes-Jackson, Stephanie -- Aisen, Mindy -- Heck, Christi -- Liu, Charles -- Andersen, Richard A -- EY013337/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY015545/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH942581A/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):906-10. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa5417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; USC Neurorestoration Center and the Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. ; Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA. ; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. andersen@vis.caltech.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Cognition ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Functional Neuroimaging/*methods ; Humans ; Microelectrodes ; Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Neural Prostheses ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology ; Quadriplegia/*physiopathology/*therapy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-10-25
    Description: The cortex of the inferior parietal lobule in primates is important for spatial perception and spatially oriented behavior. Recordings of single neurons in this area in behaving monkeys showed that the visual sensitivity of the retinotopic receptive fields changes systematically with the angle of gaze. The activity of many of the neurons can be largely described by the product of a gain factor that is a function of the eye position and the response profile of the visual receptive field. This operation produces an eye position-dependent tuning for locations in head-centered coordinate space.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andersen, R A -- Essick, G K -- Siegel, R M -- EY 05522/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS 07457/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Oct 25;230(4724):456-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4048942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eye Movements ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*cytology/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Retina/physiology ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Visual Fields
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Ocolomotor adaptation: adaptive mehans in gaze control (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andersen, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Dec 20;230(4732):1371-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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