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  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)  (43,394)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2020-2024  (21)
  • 1995-1999  (12,344)
  • 1990-1994  (32,577)
  • 1980-1984  (31,471)
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  • 1
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    Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years (2024)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 383(6685), pp. 884-890, ISSN: 0036-8075
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. 〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Hotspots of Floating Plastic Particles across the North Pacific Ocean (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 58(9), pp. 4302-4313, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The pollution of the marine environment with plastic debris is expected to increase, where ocean currents and winds cause their accumulation in convergence zones like the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Surface-floating plastic (〉330 μm) was collected in the North Pacific Ocean between Vancouver (Canada) and Singapore using a neuston catamaran and identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Baseline concentrations of 41,600–102,700 items km–2 were found, dominated by polyethylene and polypropylene. Higher concentrations (factors 4–10) of plastic items occurred not only in the NPSG (452,800 items km–2) but also in a second area, the Papaha̅naumokua̅kea Marine National Monument (PMNM, 285,200 items km–2). This second maximum was neither reported previously nor predicted by the applied ocean current model. Visual observations of floating debris (〉5 cm; 8–2565 items km–2 and 34–4941 items km–2 including smaller “white bits”) yielded similar patterns of baseline pollution (34–3265 items km–2) and elevated concentrations of plastic debris in the NPSG (67–4941 items km–2) and the PMNM (295–3748 items km–2). These findings suggest that ocean currents are not the only factor provoking plastic debris accumulation in the ocean. Visual observations may be useful to increase our knowledge of large-scale (micro)plastic pollution in the global oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 3
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    Significant turning point: common buzzard (Buteo buteo) exposure to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in the United Kingdom (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology vol. 2024 no. 3c09052
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodent populations, resulting in the serious secondary exposure of predators to these contaminants. In the United Kingdom (UK), professional use and purchase of SGARs were revised in the 2010s. Certain highly toxic SGARs have been authorized since then to be used outdoors around buildings as resistance-breaking chemicals under risk mitigation procedures. However, it is still uncertain whether and how these regulatory changes have influenced the secondary exposure of birds of prey to SGARs. Based on biomonitoring of the UK Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) collected from 2001 to 2019, we assessed the temporal trend of exposure to SGARs and statistically determined potential turning points. The magnitude of difenacoum decreased over time with a seasonal fluctuation, while the magnitude and prevalence of more toxic brodifacoum, authorized to be used outdoors around buildings after the regulatory changes, increased. The summer of 2016 was statistically identified as a turning point for exposure to brodifacoum and summed SGARs that increased after this point. This time point coincided with the aforementioned regulatory changes. Our findings suggest a possible shift in SGAR use to brodifacoum from difenacoum over the decades, which may pose higher risks of impacts on wildlife.
    Keywords: apex predator ; conditional inference trees ; effectiveness evaluation ; regulatory changes ; seasonal fluctuation
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Direct Analysis of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Using LC-FT-ICR MS (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 58(10), pp. 4637-4647, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle, yet its intricate composition and the sea salt matrix pose major challenges for chemical analysis. We introduce a direct injection, reversed-phase liquid chromatography ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry approach to analyze marine DOM without the need for solid-phase extraction. Effective separation of salt and DOM is achieved with a large chromatographic column and an extended isocratic aqueous step. Postcolumn dilution of the sample flow with buffer-free solvents and implementing a counter gradient reduced salt buildup in the ion source and resulted in excellent repeatability. With this method, over 5,500 unique molecular formulas were detected from just 5.5 nmol carbon in 100 μL of filtered Arctic Ocean seawater. We observed a highly linear detector response for variable sample carbon concentrations and a high robustness against the salt matrix. Compared to solid-phase extracted DOM, our direct injection method demonstrated superior sensitivity for heteroatom-containing DOM. The direct analysis of seawater offers fast and simple sample preparation and avoids fractionation introduced by extraction. The method facilitates studies in environments, where only minimal sample volume is available e.g. in marine sediment pore water, ice cores, or permafrost soil solution. The small volume requirement also supports higher spatial (e.g., in soils) or temporal sample resolution (e.g., in culture experiments). Chromatographic separation adds further chemical information to molecular formulas, enhancing our understanding of marine biogeochemistry, chemodiversity, and ecological processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Iron Promotes the Retention of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter in Subtidal Permeable Sediments (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Marine permeable sediments are important sites for organic matter turnover in the coastal ocean. However, little is known about their role in trapping dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here, we examined DOM abundance and molecular compositions (9804 formulas identified) in subtidal permeable sediments along a near- to offshore gradient in the German North Sea. With the salinity increasing from 30.1 to 34.6 PSU, the DOM composition in bottom water shifts from relatively higher abundances of aromatic compounds to more highly unsaturated compounds. In the bulk sediment, DOM leached by ultrapure water (UPW) from the solid phase is 54 ± 20 times more abundant than DOM in porewater, with higher H/C ratios and a more terrigenous signature. With 0.5 M HCl, the amount of leached DOM (enriched in aromatic and oxygen-rich compounds) is doubled compared to UPW, mainly due to the dissolution of poorly crystalline Fe phases (e.g., ferrihydrite and Fe monosulfides). This suggests that poorly crystalline Fe phases promote DOM retention in permeable sediments, preferentially terrigenous, and aromatic fractions. Given the intense filtration of seawater through the permeable sediments, we posit that Fe can serve as an important intermediate storage for terrigenous organic matter and potentially accelerate organic matter burial in the coastal ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Heatwave responses of Arctic phytoplankton communities are driven by combined impacts of warming and cooling. (2024)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Sci Adv, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 10(20), pp. eadl5904-eadl5904, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Marine heatwaves are increasing in frequency and intensity as climate change progresses, especially in the highly productive Arctic regions. Although their effects on primary producers will largely determine the impacts on ecosystem services, mechanistic understanding on phytoplankton responses to these extreme events is still very limited. We experimentally exposed Arctic phytoplankton assemblages to stable warming, as well as to repeated heatwaves, and measured temporally resolved productivity, physiology, and composition. Our results show that even extreme stable warming increases productivity, while the response to heatwaves depends on the specific scenario applied and is not predictable from stable warming responses. This appears to be largely due to the underestimated impact of the cool phase following a heatwave, which can be at least as important as the warm phase for the overall response. We show that physiological and compositional adjustments to both warm and cool phases drive overall phytoplankton productivity and need to be considered mechanistically to predict overall ecosystem impacts.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Driving forces of Antarctic krill abundance (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(50), ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Antarctic krill, crucial to the Southern Ocean ecosystem and a vital fisheries resource, is endangered by climate change. Identifying drivers of krill biomass is therefore essential for determining catch limits and designating protection zones. We present a modeling approach to pinpointing effects of sea surface temperature, ice cover, chlorophyll levels, climate indices, and intraspecific competition. Our study reveals that larval recruitment is driven by both competition among age classes and chlorophyll levels. In addition, while milder ice and temperature in spring and summer favor reproduction and early larval survival, both larvae and juveniles strongly benefit from heavier ice and colder temperatures in winter. We conclude that omitting top-down control of resources by krill is only acceptable for retrospective or single-year prognostic models that use field chlorophyll data but that incorporating intraspecific competition is essential for longer-term forecasts. Our findings can guide future krill modeling strategies, reinforcing the sustainability of this keystone species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems. We reviewed past studies on Arctic–Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their changes and driving mechanisms. Our review highlights that radical changes occurred in the inflows and outflows of the Arctic Ocean during the 2010s. Specifically, the Pacific inflow temperature in the Bering Strait and Atlantic inflow temperature in the Fram Strait hit record highs, while the Pacific inflow salinity in the Bering Strait and Arctic outflow salinity in the Davis and Fram straits hit record lows. Both the ocean heat convergence from lower latitudes to the Arctic and the hydrological cycle connecting the Arctic with Subarctic seas were stronger in 2000–2020 than in 1980–2000. CMIP6 models project a continuing increase in poleward ocean heat convergence in the 21st century, mainly due to warming of inflow waters. They also predict an increase in freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean, with the largest increase in freshwater export expected to occur in the Fram Strait due to both increased ocean volume export and decreased salinity. Fram Strait sea ice volume export hit a record low in the 2010s and is projected to continue to decrease along with Arctic sea ice decline. We quantitatively attribute the variability of the volume, heat, and freshwater transports in the Arctic gateways to forcing within and outside the Arctic based on dedicated numerical simulations and emphasize the importance of both origins in driving the variability.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    High Levels of Microplastics in the Arctic Sea Ice Alga 〈i〉Melosira arctica〈/i〉, a Vector to Ice-Associated and Benthic Food Webs (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(17), pp. 6799-6807, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-16
    Description: Plastic pollution has become ubiquitous with very high quantities detected even in ecosystems as remote as arctic sea ice and deepsea sediments. Ice algae growing underneath sea ice are released upon melting and can form fast-sinking aggregates. In this pilot study, we sampled and analyzed the ice algaeMelosira arcticaand ambient sea water from three locations in the Fram Strait to assess their microplastic content and potential as a temporary sink and pathway to the deep seafloor. Analysis by μ-Raman and fluorescence microscopy detected microplastics (≥2.2 μm) in all samples at concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 5.7 × 104 microplastics (MP) m−3 in ice algae and from 1.4 to 4.5 × 103 MP m−3 in sea water, indicating magnitude higher concentrations in algae. On average, 94% of the total microplastic particles were identified as 10 μm or smaller in size and comprised 16 polymer types without a clear dominance. The high concentrations of microplastics found in our pilot study suggest thatM. arctica could trap microplastics from melting ice and ambient sea water. The algae appear to be a temporary sink and could act as a key vector to food webs near the sea surface and on the deep seafloor, to which its fast-sinking aggregates could facilitate an important mechanism of transport.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Erratum to “A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections” (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(8), pp. eabq4632-eabq4632, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Comprehensive sampling of natural genetic diversity with metagenomics enables highly resolved insights into the interplay between ecology and evolution. However, resolving adaptive, neutral, or purifying processes of evolution from intrapopulation genomic variation remains a challenge, partly due to the sole reliance on gene sequences to interpret variants. Here, we describe an approach to analyze genetic variation in the context of predicted protein structures and apply it to a marine microbial population within the SAR11 subclade 1a.3.V, which dominates low-latitude surface oceans. Our analyses reveal a tight association between genetic variation and protein structure. In a central gene in nitrogen metabolism, we observe decreased occurrence of nonsynonymous variants from ligand-binding sites as a function of nitrate concentrations, revealing genetic targets of distinct evolutionary pressures maintained by nutrient availability. Our work yields insights into the governing principles of evolution and enables structure-aware investigations of microbial population genetics.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Finding the Balance between Research and Monitoring: When Are Methods Good Enough to Understand Plastic Pollution? (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(15), pp. 6033-6039, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Plastic pollution is an international environmental problem. Desire to act is shared from the public to policymakers, yet motivation and approaches are diverging. Public attention is directed to reducing plastic consumption, cleaning local environments, and engaging in citizen science initiatives. Policymakers and regulators are working on prevention and mitigation measures, while international, regional, and national bodies are defining monitoring recommendations. Research activities are focused on validating approaches to address goals and comparing methods. Policy and regulation are eager to act on plastic pollution, often asking questions researchers cannot answer with available methods. The purpose of monitoring will define which method is implemented. A clear and open dialogue between all actors is essential to facilitate communication on what is feasible with current methods, further research, and development needs. For example, some methods can already be used for international monitoring, yet limitations including target plastic types and sizes, sampling strategy, available infrastructure and analytical capacity, and harmonization of generated data remain. Time and resources to advance scientific understanding must be balanced against the need to answer pressing policy issues.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Chasing iron bioavailability in the Southern Ocean: Insights from Phaeocystis antarctica and iron speciation (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(26), pp. eadf9696-eadf9696, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Dissolved iron (dFe) availability limits the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the Southern Ocean (SO) biological pump. Hence, any change in bioavailable dFe in this region can directly influence climate. On the basis of Fe uptake experiments with Phaeocystis antarctica, we show that the range of dFe bioavailability in natural samples is wider (〈1 to ~200% compared to free inorganic Fe′) than previously thought, with higher bioavailability found near glacial sources. The degree of bioavailability varied regardless of in situ dFe concentration and depth, challenging the consensus that sole dFe concentrations can be used to predict Fe uptake in modeling studies. Further, our data suggest a disproportionately major role of biologically mediated ligands and encourage revisiting the role of humic substances in influencing marine Fe biogeochemical cycling in the SO. Last, we describe a linkage between in situ dFe bioavailability and isotopic signatures that, we anticipate, will stimulate future research.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Improving Arctic sea-ice thickness estimates with the assimilation of CryoSat-2 summer observations (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-13
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Rapidly shrinking Arctic sea ice has had substantial impacts on the Earth system. Therefore, reliably estimating the Arctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) using a combination of available observations and numerical modeling is urgently needed. Here, for the first time, we assimilate the latest CryoSat-2 summer SIT data into a coupled ice-ocean model. In particular, an incremental analysis update scheme is implemented to overcome the discontinuity resulting from the combined assimilation of biweekly SIT and daily sea-ice concentration (SIC) data. Along with improved estimates of sea-ice volume, our SIT estimates corrected the overestimation of SIT produced by the reanalysis that assimilates only SIC in summer in areas where the sea ice is roughest and experiences strong deformation, e.g., around the Fram Strait and Greenland. This study suggests that the newly developed CryoSat-2 SIT product, when assimilated properly using our approach, has great potential for Arctic sea-ice simulation and prediction.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 382(6677), pp. 1384-1389, ISSN: 0036-8075
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: The marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is considered vulnerable to irreversible collapse under future climate trajectories, and its tipping point may lie within the mitigated warming scenarios of 1.5° to 2°C of the United Nations Paris Agreement. Knowledge of ice loss during similarly warm past climates could resolve this uncertainty, including the Last Interglacial when global sea levels were 5 to 10 meters higher than today and global average temperatures were 0.5° to 1.5°C warmer than preindustrial levels. Using a panel of genome-wide, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of a circum-Antarctic octopus, we show persistent, historic signals of gene flow only possible with complete WAIS collapse. Our results provide the first empirical evidence that the tipping point of WAIS loss could be reached even under stringent climate mitigation scenarios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Caribbean salinity anomalies contributed to variable North Atlantic circulation and climate during the Common Era (2023)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(44), pp. eadg2639-eadg2639, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Paleoceanographic reconstructions show that the strength of North Atlantic currents decreased during the Little Ice Age. In contrast, the role of ocean circulation in climate regulation during earlier historical epochs of the Common Era (C.E.) remains unclear. Here, we reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity in the Caribbean Basin for the past 1700 years using the isotopic and elemental composition of planktic foraminifera tests. Centennial-scale SST and salinity variations in the Caribbean co-occur with (hydro)climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere and are linked to a North Atlantic SST forcing. Cold phases around 600, 800, and 1400 to 1600 C.E. are characterized by Caribbean salinification and Gulf of Mexico freshening that implies reductions in the strength of North Atlantic surface circulation. We suggest that the associated changes in the meridional salt advection contributed to the historical climate variability of the C.E.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    A Call to Include Plastics in the Global Environment in the Class of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Pollutants (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(22), pp. 8185-8188, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Antarctic marine life under pressure (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 378(6617), pp. 230-230, ISSN: 0036-8075
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: 〈jats:p〉 Next week, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) convenes in Hobart, Tasmania, to examine the state of marine life in the Southern Ocean. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System, this convention entered into force in 1982, and its focus on the region’s environmental integrity has never been more important, given the increasing effects of climate change and commercial fishing. An important focus over the past 40 years has been Antarctic krill, 〈jats:italic〉Euphausia superba〈/jats:italic〉 (hereafter krill), a keystone species that helps to hold this marine ecosystem together. Climate and fishing stresses should prompt the CCAMLR to address whether management of krill fishing is at a level that protects the Southern Ocean from losing its overall balance of marine life and the oceanic processes that regulate global climate. 〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Spatial heterogeneity and environmental predictors of permafrost region soil organic carbon stocks (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) have accumulated in the northern hemisphere permafrost region, but their current mounts and future fate remain uncertain. By analyzing an unprecedented dataset combining 〉2,700 soil profiles with environmental variables in a geospatial framework, we generated spatially explicit estimates of permafrost-region SOC stocks, quantified spatial heterogeneity, and identified key environmental predictors. We estimated 1014−175+194 Pg C are stored in the top 3 m of permafrost region soils. The greatest uncertainties occurred in circumpolar toe-slope positions and in flat areas of the Tibetan region. We found that soil wetness index and elevation are the dominant topographic controllers and surface air temperature (circumpolar region) and precipitation (Tibetan region) are significant climatic controllers of SOC stocks. Our results provide the first high-resolution geospatial assessment of permafrost region SOC stocks and their relationships with environmental factors, which are crucial for modeling the response of permafrost affected soils to changing climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    A global environmental crisis 42,000 years ago (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth’s magnetic poles, but the global impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited investigation of the potential effects of the last major magnetic inversion, known as the Laschamps Excursion [41 to 42 thousand years ago (ka)]. We use ancient New Zealand kauri trees (Agathis australis) to develop a detailed record of atmospheric radiocarbon levels across the Laschamps Excursion. We precisely characterize the geomagnetic reversal and perform global chemistry-climate modeling and detailed radiocarbon dating of paleoenvironmental records to investigate impacts. We find that geomagnetic field minima ~42 ka, in combination with Grand Solar Minima, caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration and circulation, driving synchronous global climate shifts that caused major environmental changes, extinction events, and transformations in the archaeological record.
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  • 21
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    Post-2020 goals overlook genetic diversity (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
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  • 22
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    Bid for better beef gives Japan a leg up on cattle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1975-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cattle/embryology/*genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer/veterinary ; Fallopian Tubes/cytology ; Female ; Japan ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology ; Pregnancy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lead regulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1825-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Lead/adverse effects ; Lead Poisoning/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A welcome mat for leprosy and Lassa fever (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spear, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1999-2000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. p-spear@nwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Dystroglycans ; Humans ; Laminin/metabolism ; Lassa Fever/*virology ; Lassa virus/*metabolism ; Leprosy/*microbiology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mycobacterium leprae/*metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Schwann Cells/microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Freedom of information requests (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The handy-dandy kitchen device (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abramson, P R -- Pinkerton, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1993-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/*genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Vocalization, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biological hydrogen production: not so elementary (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, M W -- Stiefel, E I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1842-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. adams@bmb.uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Clostridium/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyanides/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Iron/chemistry ; Ligands ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The context of molecular data (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penney, B K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1992-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Insect ; Longevity ; Nematoda/*genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*genetics ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Worming secrets from the C. elegans genome (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1972-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Lineage ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Helminth ; Genetic Techniques ; *Genome ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Heat shock protein mutes genetic changes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Male ; *Mutation ; Temperature
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    Protein data bank deposits (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sussman, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1993.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Databases, Factual ; Periodicals as Topic ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Publishing
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    How chromatin changes its shape (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1200-1, 1203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Acetyltransferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/*metabolism ; Methylation ; *Mitosis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; p300-CBP Transcription Factors
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    Drug industry looks to the lab instead of rainforest and reef (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Products/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drug Design ; *Drug Industry ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical
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    Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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    Chemical diversity in RNA cleavage (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Westhof, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):61-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France. westhof@ibmc.u-strasbg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Catalysis ; Cytosine/chemistry/metabolism ; Hepatitis Delta Virus/*enzymology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Imidazoles/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mutagenesis ; Point Mutation ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Beefed-up NIH center probes unconventional therapies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2175-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Cartilage ; *Complementary Therapies/economics/organization & administration ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; Tissue Extracts/therapeutic use ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Peptide bond formation: retraction (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nitta, I -- Kamada, Y -- Noda, H -- Ueda, T -- Watanabe, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The man who would spin genes into gold (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/history ; Genetics, Medical/history ; Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; United States
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    40 steps to a chemical synthesis summit (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1598-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Maleic Anhydrides/*chemical synthesis/chemistry
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    Digital logic gate using quantum-Dot cellular automata (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: A functioning logic gate based on quantum-dot cellular automata is presented, where digital data are encoded in the positions of only two electrons. The logic gate consists of a cell, composed of four dots connected in a ring by tunnel junctions, and two single-dot electrometers. The device is operated by applying inputs to the gates of the cell. The logic AND and OR operations are verified using the electrometer outputs. Theoretical simulations of the logic gate output characteristics are in excellent agreement with experiment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amlani I -- Orlov -- Toth -- Bernstein -- Lent -- Snider -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):289-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Neuromorphic Information Technology Graduate Center, Budapest, Kende-u.13, H-1111, Hungary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Race for molecular summits (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):184-5, 187.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Products/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Chemistry, Organic ; *Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drug Design ; Drug Industry ; Organic Chemicals/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Organic Chemistry Phenomena ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*chemical synthesis/chemistry
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    Transplants from pigs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collignon, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1855-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; *Gammaretrovirus/immunology ; Humans ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; *Swine/virology ; *Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects
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    Neurons and silicon get intimate (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Electrodes, Implanted ; *Electronics ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Nervous System Diseases/*therapy ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Silicon ; *Transistors, Electronic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Mutator genotypes with increased mutation rates may be especially important in microbial evolution if genetic adaptation is generally limited by the supply of mutations. In experimental populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli, the rate of evolutionary adaptation was proportional to the mutation supply rate only in particular circumstances of small or initially well-adapted populations. These experiments also demonstrate a "speed limit" on adaptive evolution in asexual populations, one that is independent of the mutation supply rate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arjan, J A -- Visser, M -- Zeyl, C W -- Gerrish, P J -- Blanchard, J L -- Lenski, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):404-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. arjan.devisser@algemeen.micr.wau.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/physiology ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; *Mutation
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    Watching DNA at work (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1668-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/physiology ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Replication ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/metabolism ; Exodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Lasers ; Molecular Motor Proteins ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viral Proteins
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    Need for neutron diffraction instruments (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Langan, P -- Schoenborn, B P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography/*instrumentation ; *Neutrons ; Proteins/*chemistry ; United States
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    Genetic disease. Sweden takes steps to protect tissue banks (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nilsson, A -- Rose, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Specimen Banks/legislation & jurisprudence ; Biotechnology ; Ethics Committees ; *Ethics, Research ; *Genetic Privacy ; *Genetic Research ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; *Privacy/legislation & jurisprudence ; Public Policy ; Sweden
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    An elusive blind-thrust fault beneath metropolitan los angeles (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-05
    Description: Seismic reflection profiles, petroleum wells, and relocated earthquakes reveal the presence of an active blind-thrust fault beneath metropolitan Los Angeles. A segment of this fault likely caused the 1987 Whittier Narrows (magnitude 6.0) earthquake. Mapped sizes of other fault segments suggest that the system is capable of much larger (magnitude 6.5 to 7) and more destructive earthquakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw -- Shearer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1516-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Imaging magma transport during the 1997 seismic swarm off the izu peninsula, japan (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The spatio-temporal evolution of a propagating magma-filled crack was estimated from inversion of Global Positioning System (GPS) data, tiltmeters, and leveling. The dike opened at a maximum rate of 50 millimeters per day and had a peak magma flux of 2 x 10(6) cubic meters per day. Although the spatial resolution was limited, slow upward propagation was resolved during the 9-day-long intrusion. In contrast, the earthquakes migrated rapidly upward during the first 12 hours of the swarm, and nearly all of the seismic energy was released in the first 2 days. Comparison of inversion results with accurate hypocenter locations will lead to improved understanding of magma transport through the brittle crust and of the causes of volcanic seismicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aoki -- Segall -- Kato -- Cervelli -- Shimada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2215, USA. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Preve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Test tube evolution catches time in a bottle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Appenzeller, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2108-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Culture Media ; *Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/physiology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Maltose/metabolism ; *Mutation ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/*genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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    Evolution of a protein fold in vitro (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: A "switch" mutant of the Arc repressor homodimer was constructed by interchanging the sequence positions of a hydrophobic core residue, leucine 12, and an adjacent surface polar residue, asparagine 11, in each strand of an intersubunit beta sheet. The mutant protein adopts a fold in which each beta strand is replaced by a right-handed helix and side chains in this region undergo significant repacking. The observed structural changes allow the protein to maintain solvent exposure of polar side chains and optimal burial of hydrophobic side chains. These results suggest that new protein folds can evolve from existing folds without drastic or large-scale mutagenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cordes, M H -- Walsh, N P -- McKnight, C J -- Sauer, R T -- AI-15706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Asparagine/chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Leucine/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
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    Drug development in space? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laver, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallization ; Neuraminidase/*chemistry ; *Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Weightlessness
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    Crystal structure of invasin: a bacterial integrin-binding protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein promotes bacterial entry by binding to host cell integrins with higher affinity than natural substrates such as fibronectin. The 2.3 angstrom crystal structure of the invasin extracellular region reveals five domains that form a 180 angstrom rod with structural similarities to tandem fibronectin type III domains. The integrin-binding surfaces of invasin and fibronectin include similarly located key residues, but in the context of different folds and surface shapes. The structures of invasin and fibronectin provide an example of convergent evolution, in which invasin presents an optimized surface for integrin binding, in comparison with host substrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamburger, Z A -- Brown, M S -- Isberg, R R -- Bjorkman, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):291-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adhesins, Bacterial ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fibronectins/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Integrins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Affinity-driven peptide selection of an NFAT inhibitor more selective than cyclosporin A (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: The flow of information from calcium-mobilizing receptors to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent genes is critically dependent on interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and the transcription factor NFAT. A high-affinity calcineurin-binding peptide was selected from combinatorial peptide libraries based on the calcineurin docking motif of NFAT. This peptide potently inhibited NFAT activation and NFAT-dependent expression of endogenous cytokine genes in T cells, without affecting the expression of other cytokines that require calcineurin but not NFAT. Substitution of the optimized peptide sequence into the natural calcineurin docking site increased the calcineurin responsiveness of NFAT. Compounds that interfere selectively with the calcineurin-NFAT interaction without affecting calcineurin phosphatase activity may be useful as therapeutic agents that are less toxic than current drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aramburu, J -- Yaffe, M B -- Lopez-Rodriguez, C -- Cantley, L C -- Hogan, P G -- Rao, A -- R01 AI 40127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL 03601/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI 43726/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2129-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcineurin/*metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytokines/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Jurkat Cells ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects/immunology ; Transcription Factors/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
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    From mice to maize (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, C -- Erbisch, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):33-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biotechnology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Patents as Topic ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; United States
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    Ethical dilemmas and stem cell research (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shapiro, H T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Bioethical Issues ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Ethics Committees ; Financing, Government ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Private Sector ; *Public Policy ; Research/*standards ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999) (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colvin, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. colvi003@mc.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history ; Drug Design ; History, 20th Century ; Nobel Prize ; United States
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    Shifting RNA polymerase into overdrive (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landick, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):598-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. landick@macc.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/metabolism
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    Human genome. A good SNP may be hard to find (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):21-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Genetic Techniques ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
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    Heart failure simulated (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):33-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Cardiac Output, Low/*physiopathology ; Chronic Disease ; *Computer Simulation ; Heart/*physiopathology ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; *Myocardial Contraction ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism
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    New model for hereditary breast cancer (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):723, 725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation
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    Science and scripture (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitehead, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Education/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Kansas ; *Politics ; Religion and Science ; Science/*education
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    Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Notch signaling defines an evolutionarily ancient cell interaction mechanism, which plays a fundamental role in metazoan development. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch receptor can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Thus, Notch signals control how cells respond to intrinsic or extrinsic developmental cues that are necessary to unfold specific developmental programs. Notch activity affects the implementation of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptotic programs, providing a general developmental tool to influence organ formation and morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Artavanis-Tsakonas, S -- Rand, M D -- Lake, R J -- NS26084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):770-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Communication ; Cell Division ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; Receptors, Notch ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Single-Mode Photonic Band Gap Guidance of Light in Air (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: The confinement of light within a hollow core (a large air hole) in a silica-air photonic crystal fiber is demonstrated. Only certain wavelength bands are confined and guided down the fiber, each band corresponding to the presence of a full two-dimensional band gap in the photonic crystal cladding. Single-mode vacuum waveguides have a multitude of potential applications from ultrahigh-power transmission to the guiding of cold atoms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cregan -- Mangan -- Knight -- Birks -- Russell -- Roberts -- Allan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1537-1539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Optoelectronics Group, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. Defence Evaluation and Research Agency Malvern, St. Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcs WR14 7HR, UK. Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Unmasking a cheating gene (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crow, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1651-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. jfcrow@facstaff.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *GTPase-Activating Proteins ; *Genes, Insect ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Sperm Maturation ; Spermatozoa/*physiology
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    Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asfaw, B -- White, T -- Lovejoy, O -- Latimer, B -- Simpson, S -- Suwa, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):629-35.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rift Valley Research Service, Post Office Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Leg Bones/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Terminology as Topic ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Stem cells. Rat spinal cord function partially restored (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1826-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Survival ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Mice ; Neurons/cytology ; Oligodendroglia/cytology ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/cytology/*physiology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/*therapy ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology
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    Key brain receptor gets an unusual regulator (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1265-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*enzymology ; Brain/*enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Racemases and Epimerases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Serine/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism ; Synapses/metabolism
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    Evidence for One-Dimensional Charge Transport in La(2-x-y)Nd(y)Sr(x)CuO(4) (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Doping dependences of the resistivity and the Hall coefficient are presented for neodymium-doped lanthanum strontium cuprate (La(1.4-x)Nd(0.6)Sr(x)CuO(4)) in the static spin-charge stripe ordered phase. For doping concentration x 〈/= 1/8, a rapid decrease in the magnitude of the Hall coefficient at low temperatures provides evidence for one-dimensional charge transport, whereas for x 〉 1/8, the Hall coefficient remains relatively large in the ordered phase. The results indicate a crossover from one- to two-dimensional charge transport taking place at x = 1/8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noda -- Eisaki -- Uchida -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):265-268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Superconductivity, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514365" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar Ice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The last glacial period was terminated by an abrupt warming event in the North Atlantic approximately 15,000 years before the present, and warming events of similar age have been reported from low latitudes. Understanding the mechanism of this termination requires that the precise relative timing of abrupt climate warming in the tropics versus the North Atlantic be known. Nitrogen and argon isotopes in trapped air in Greenland ice show that the Greenland Summit warmed 9 +/- 3 degrees C over a period of several decades, beginning 14,672 years ago. Atmospheric methane concentrations rose abruptly over a approximately 50-year period and began their increase 20 to 30 years after the onset of the abrupt Greenland warming. These data suggest that tropical climate became warmer or wetter (or both) approximately 20 to 80 years after the onset of Greenland warming, supporting a North Atlantic rather than a tropical trigger for the climate event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Severinghaus -- Brook -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):930-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Geology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The Brca1 (breast cancer gene 1) tumor suppressor protein is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Results from this study indicate that the checkpoint protein kinase ATM (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia) was required for phosphorylation of Brca1 in response to ionizing radiation. ATM resides in a complex with Brca1 and phosphorylated Brca1 in vivo and in vitro in a region that contains clusters of serine-glutamine residues. Phosphorylation of this domain appears to be functionally important because a mutated Brca1 protein lacking two phosphorylation sites failed to rescue the radiation hypersensitivity of a Brca1-deficient cell line. Thus, phosphorylation of Brca1 by the checkpoint kinase ATM may be critical for proper responses to DNA double-strand breaks and may provide a molecular explanation for the role of ATM in breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cortez, D -- Wang, Y -- Qin, J -- Elledge, S J -- GM44664/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1162-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; BRCA1 Protein/*metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HeLa Cells ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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    Iceland's central database of health records (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haraldsdottir, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):487.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Databases, Factual/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Genetic Privacy ; *Genetic Research ; Humans ; Iceland ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Patient Advocacy
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    Role of fluids in faulting inferred from stress field signatures (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: The stress orientation signature of weak faults containing high-pressure fluids has been observed for segments of the San Andreas fault system in southern California. The inferred lithostatic fluid pressures extend into the surrounding relatively intact rock in a zone scaling with the width of the interseismic strain accumulation. Repeated strain-related fracturing and crack sealing may have created low-permeability barriers that seal fluids into the network of currently active fractures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardebeck -- Hauksson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):236-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Stimulation of microtubule aster formation and spindle assembly by the small GTPase Ran (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Ran, a small guanosine triphosphatase, is suggested to have additional functions beyond its well-characterized role in nuclear trafficking. Guanosine triphosphate-bound Ran, but not guanosine diphosphate-bound Ran, stimulated polymerization of astral microtubules from centrosomes assembled on Xenopus sperm. Moreover, a Ran allele with a mutation in the effector domain (RanL43E) induced the formation of microtubule asters and spindle assembly, in the absence of sperm nuclei, in a gammaTuRC (gamma-tubulin ring complex)- and XMAP215 (Xenopus microtubule associated protein)-dependent manner. Therefore, Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilde, A -- Zheng, Y -- GM56312-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1359-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Extracts ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Centrosome/physiology ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology ; Dyneins/physiology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics/*metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Ovum ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Sperm Head/physiology ; Spindle Apparatus/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Tubulin/analysis/metabolism ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
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    Posttranslational quality control: folding, refolding, and degrading proteins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Polypeptides emerging from the ribosome must fold into stable three-dimensional structures and maintain that structure throughout their functional lifetimes. Maintaining quality control over protein structure and function depends on molecular chaperones and proteases, both of which can recognize hydrophobic regions exposed on unfolded polypeptides. Molecular chaperones promote proper protein folding and prevent aggregation, and energy-dependent proteases eliminate irreversibly damaged proteins. The kinetics of partitioning between chaperones and proteases determines whether a protein will be destroyed before it folds properly. When both quality control options fail, damaged proteins accumulate as aggregates, a process associated with amyloid diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickner, S -- Maurizi, M R -- Gottesman, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1888-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Animals ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Prions/metabolism ; Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; *Protein Folding ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism
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    Hafnium isotope stratigraphy of ferromanganese crusts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: A Cenozoic record of hafnium isotopic compositions of central Pacific deep water has been obtained from two ferromanganese crusts. The crusts are separated by more than 3000 kilometers but display similar secular variations. Significant fluctuations in hafnium isotopic composition occurred in the Eocene and Oligocene, possibly related to direct advection from the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Hafnium isotopic compositions have remained approximately uniform for the past 20 million years, probably reflecting increased isolation of the central Pacific. The mechanisms responsible for the increase in (87)Sr/(86)Sr in seawater through the Cenozoic apparently had no effect on central Pacific deep-water hafnium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee -- Halliday -- Hein -- Burton -- Christensen -- Gunther -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1052-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Institut fur Isotopengeologie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, Department fur Erdwissenschaften, ETH-Zentrum, NO C61, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Filling in the blanks of the GABAB receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):14-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimerization ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, GABA-B/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Building working cells 'in silico' (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):80-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10215534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; *Computer Simulation ; *Genes ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Models, Biological ; Mycoplasma/*genetics/physiology ; Software
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    Infants learning algebraic rules (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shastri, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1673-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Infant ; *Learning ; *Mathematics ; *Neural Networks (Computer)
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    Requirement of yeast SGS1 and SRS2 genes for replication and transcription (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: The SGS1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a DNA helicase with homology to the human Bloom's syndrome gene BLM and the Werner's syndrome gene WRN. The SRS2 gene of yeast also encodes a DNA helicase. Simultaneous deletion of SGS1 and SRS2 is lethal in yeast. Here, using a conditional mutation of SGS1, it is shown that DNA replication and RNA polymerase I transcription are drastically inhibited in the srs2Delta sgs1-ts strain at the restrictive temperature. Thus, SGS1 and SRS2 function in DNA replication and RNA polymerase I transcription. These functions may contribute to the various defects observed in Werner's and Bloom's syndromes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, S K -- Johnson, R E -- Yu, S L -- Prakash, L -- Prakash, S -- CA80882/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM19261/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2339-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sealy Center for Molecular Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 6.104 Medical Research Building, 11th and Mechanic Streets, Galveston, TX 77555-1061, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bloom Syndrome/genetics ; Codon ; DNA Helicases/genetics/*physiology ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/biosynthesis ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Fungal ; Humans ; Mutation ; RNA Polymerase I/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase III/metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/biosynthesis ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/biosynthesis ; RecQ Helicases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Werner Syndrome/genetics
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    Team wrapping up sequence of first human chromosome (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2038-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/*genetics ; Contig Mapping ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Distinct pathogenic sequela in rhesus macaques infected with CCR5 or CXCR4 utilizing SHIVs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) provides an excellent in vivo model for examining the influence of envelope on HIV-1 pathogenesis. Infection with a pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-specific enveloped virus, SHIVSF162P, was compared with infection with the CXCR4 (X4)-specific SHIVSF33A.2. Despite comparable levels of viral replication, animals infected with the R5 and X4 SHIV had distinct pathogenic outcomes. SHIVSF162P caused a dramatic loss of CD4+ intestinal T cells followed by a gradual depletion in peripheral CD4+ T cells, whereas infection with SHIVSF33A.2 caused a profound loss in peripheral T cells that was not paralleled in the intestine. These results suggest a critical role of co-receptor utilization in viral pathogenesis and provide a reliable in vivo model for preclinical examination of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutic agents in the context of the HIV-1 envelope protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harouse, J M -- Gettie, A -- Tan, R C -- Blanchard, J -- Cheng-Mayer, C -- AI41945/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA72822/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI041945/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA072822/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):816-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/*virology ; Animals ; *CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; Chimera ; Colon/immunology ; HIV-1/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; Jejunum/immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Reassortant Viruses ; Receptors, CCR5/*metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR4/*metabolism ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
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  • 83
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    Visualization of dioxygen bound to copper during enzyme catalysis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: X-ray crystal structures of three species related to the oxidative half of the reaction of the copper-containing quinoprotein amine oxidase from Escherichia coli have been determined. Crystals were freeze-trapped either anaerobically or aerobically after exposure to substrate, and structures were determined to resolutions between 2.1 and 2.4 angstroms. The oxidation state of the quinone cofactor was investigated by single-crystal spectrophotometry. The structures reveal the site of bound dioxygen and the proton transfer pathways involved in oxygen reduction. The quinone cofactor is regenerated from the iminoquinone intermediate by hydrolysis involving Asp383, the catalytic base in the reductive half-reaction. Product aldehyde inhibits the hydrolysis, making release of product the rate-determining step of the reaction in the crystal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilmot, C M -- Hajdu, J -- McPherson, M J -- Knowles, P F -- Phillips, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1724-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Aspartic Acid/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Copper/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Electrons ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Phenethylamines/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protons ; Spectrum Analysis
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    Electron solvation in finite systems: femtosecond dynamics of iodide. (Water)n anion clusters (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: Electron solvation dynamics in photoexcited anion clusters of I-(D2O)n=4-6 and I-(H2O)4-6 were probed by using femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy (FPES). An ultrafast pump pulse excited the anion to the cluster analog of the charge-transfer-to-solvent state seen for I- in aqueous solution. Evolution of this state was monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using an ultrafast probe pulse. The excited n = 4 clusters showed simple population decay, but in the n = 5 and 6 clusters the solvent molecules rearranged to stabilize and localize the excess electron, showing characteristics associated with electron solvation dynamics in bulk water. Comparison of the FPES of I-(D2O)n with I-(H2O)n indicates more rapid solvation in the H2O clusters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehr -- Zanni -- Frischkorn -- Weinkauf -- Neumark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):635-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Overlooked control (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherley, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1676-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Operator Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; *Research Design ; Tetracycline/*pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism
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  • 86
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    Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: Precursors of alpha-defensin peptides require activation for bactericidal activity. In mouse small intestine, matrilysin colocalized with alpha-defensins (cryptdins) in Paneth cell granules, and in vitro it cleaved the pro segment from cryptdin precursors. Matrilysin-deficient (MAT-/-) mice lacked mature cryptdins and accumulated precursor molecules. Intestinal peptide preparations from MAT-/- mice had decreased antimicrobial activity. Orally administered bacteria survived in greater numbers and were more virulent in MAT-/- mice than in MAT+/+ mice. Thus, matrilysin functions in intestinal mucosal defense by regulating the activity of defensins, which may be a common role for this metalloproteinase in its numerous epithelial sites of expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, C L -- Ouellette, A J -- Satchell, D P -- Ayabe, T -- Lopez-Boado, Y S -- Stratman, J L -- Hultgren, S J -- Matrisian, L M -- Parks, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):113-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. wilson_c@kids.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cytoplasmic Granules/enzymology ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology/immunology/microbiology ; Intestine, Small/enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paneth Cells/enzymology ; Protein Precursors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology
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    Uncontrolled release of harmful microorganisms (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Av-Gay, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*genetics/pathogenicity ; *Biotechnology ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Engineering ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; United States ; Viruses/*genetics/pathogenicity
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    A new human ancestor? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):572-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Paleodontology ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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  • 89
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    Self-similarity in the distribution and abundance of species (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: If the fraction of species in area A that are also found in one-half of that area is independent of A, the distribution of species is self-similar and a number of observed patterns in ecology, including the widely cited species-area relationship connecting species richness to censused area, follow. Self-similarity also leads to a species-abundance distribution, which deviates considerably from the commonly assumed lognormal distribution and predicts considerably more rare species than the latter. Because the abundance distribution is derived under the condition of self-similarity, it may be widely applicable beyond ecology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harte -- Kinzig -- Green -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):334-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 90
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    The Gelation of CO(2): A Sustainable Route to the Creation of Microcellular Materials (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Compounds with strong thermodynamic affinity for carbon dioxide (CO(2)) have been designed and synthesized that dissolve in CO(2), then associate to form gels. Upon removal of the CO(2), these gels produced free-standing foams with cells with an average diameter smaller than 1 micrometer and a bulk density reduction of 97 percent relative to the parent material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi -- Huang -- Kilic -- Xu -- Enick -- Beckman -- Carr -- Melendez -- Hamilton -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1540-1543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 91
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    Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: The antifungal defense of Drosophila is controlled by the spaetzle/Toll/cactus gene cassette. Here, a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding a blood serine protease inhibitor, Spn43Ac, was shown to lead to constitutive expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin, and this effect was mediated by the spaetzle and Toll gene products. Spaetzle was cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to its active ligand form shortly after immune challenge, and cleaved Spaetzle was constitutively present in Spn43Ac-deficient flies. Hence, Spn43Ac negatively regulates the Toll signaling pathway, and Toll does not function as a pattern recognition receptor in the Drosophila host defense.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levashina, E A -- Langley, E -- Green, C -- Gubb, D -- Ashburner, M -- Hoffmann, J A -- Reichhart, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1917-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UPR 9022 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Rene Descartes, Strasbourg 67084, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*metabolism ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Body Patterning ; Drosophila/embryology/genetics/*immunology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics/immunology ; Genes, Insect ; Hemolymph/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Micrococcus luteus/immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Peptides/genetics/metabolism ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Serpins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Up-Regulation
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    The promise of comparative genomics in mammals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Dense genetic maps of human, mouse, and rat genomes that are based on coding genes and on microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers have been complemented by precise gene homolog alignment with moderate-resolution maps of livestock, companion animals, and additional mammal species. Comparative genetic assessment expands the utility of these maps in gene discovery, in functional genomics, and in tracking the evolutionary forces that sculpted the genome organization of modern mammalian species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Menotti-Raymond, M -- Murphy, W J -- Nash, W G -- Wienberg, J -- Stanyon, R -- Copeland, N G -- Jenkins, N A -- Womack, J E -- Marshall Graves, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):458-62, 479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Rodentia/genetics
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    Identification of an RNA-protein bridge spanning the ribosomal subunit interface (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: The 7.8 angstrom crystal structure of the 70S ribosome reveals a discrete double-helical bridge (B4) that projects from the 50S subunit, making contact with the 30S subunit. Preliminary modeling studies localized its contact site, near the bottom of the platform, to the binding site for ribosomal protein S15. Directed hydroxyl radical probing from iron(II) tethered to S15 specifically cleaved nucleotides in the 715 loop of domain II of 23S ribosomal RNA, one of the known sites in 23S ribosomal RNA that are footprinted by the 30S subunit. Reconstitution studies show that protection of the 715 loop, but none of the other 30S-dependent protections, is correlated with the presence of S15 in the 30S subunit. The 715 loop is specifically protected by binding free S15 to 50S subunits. Moreover, the previously determined structure of a homologous stem-loop from U2 small nuclear RNA fits closely to the electron density of the bridge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culver, G M -- Cate, J H -- Yusupova, G Z -- Yusupov, M M -- Noller, H F -- 1F32GM18065-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-17129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-59140/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2133-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Thermus thermophilus/chemistry
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    Microtubule disassembly by ATP-dependent oligomerization of the AAA enzyme katanin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Katanin, a member of the AAA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) superfamily, uses nucleotide hydrolysis energy to sever and disassemble microtubules. Many AAA enzymes disassemble stable protein-protein complexes, but their mechanisms are not well understood. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay demonstrated that the p60 subunit of katanin oligomerized in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and microtubule-dependent manner. Oligomerization increased the affinity of katanin for microtubules and stimulated its ATPase activity. After hydrolysis of ATP, microtubule-bound katanin oligomers disassembled microtubules and then dissociated into free katanin monomers. Coupling a nucleotide-dependent oligomerization cycle to the disassembly of a target protein complex may be a general feature of ATP-hydrolyzing AAA domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartman, J J -- Vale, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):782-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient ; Fluorescence ; Hydrolysis ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymers ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tubulin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Rapid spine delivery and redistribution of AMPA receptors after synaptic NMDA receptor activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: To monitor changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor distribution in living neurons, the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). This protein (GluR1-GFP) was functional and was transiently expressed in hippocampal CA1 neurons. In dendrites visualized with two-photon laser scanning microscopy or electron microscopy, most of the GluR1-GFP was intracellular, mimicking endogenous GluR1 distribution. Tetanic synaptic stimulation induced a rapid delivery of tagged receptors into dendritic spines as well as clusters in dendrites. These postsynaptic trafficking events required synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and may contribute to the enhanced AMPA receptor-mediatedtransmission observed during long-term potentiation and activity-dependent synaptic maturation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, S H -- Hayashi, Y -- Petralia, R S -- Zaman, S H -- Wenthold, R J -- Svoboda, K -- Malinow, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1811-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendrites/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Long-Term Potentiation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Rats ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Tetany
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Religion and science (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ayala, F J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1773.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10391790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Religion and Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    The Density of Hydrous Magmatic Liquids (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-26
    Description: Density measurements on several hydrous (〈/=19 mole percent of H2O) silicate melts demonstrate that dissolved water has a partial molar volume (V&cjs1171;H2O) that is independent of the silicate melt composition, the total water concentration, and the speciation of water. The derived value for V&cjs1171;H2O is 22.9 +/- 0.6 cubic centimeters per mole at 1000 degrees C and 1 bar of pressure, whereas the partial molar thermal expansivity ( partial differentialV&cjs1171;H2O/ partial differentialT) and compressibility ( partial differentialV&cjs1171;H2O/ partial differentialP) are 9.5 +/- 0.8 x 10(-3) cubic centimeters per mole per kelvin and -3.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4) cubic centimeters per mole per bar, respectively. The effect of 1 weight percent dissolved H2O on the density of a basaltic melt is equivalent to increasing the temperature of the melt by approximately 400 degrees C or decreasing the pressure of the melt by approximately 500 megapascals. These measurements are used to illustrate the viability of plagioclase sinking in iron-rich basaltic liquids and the dominance of compositional convection in hydrous magma chambers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ochs 3rd -- Lange -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1314-1317.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10037599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Perspectives: protein structure. Class-conscious TCR? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, I A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1867-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. wilson@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Peptides/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Population biology, evolution, and infectious disease: convergence and synthesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Traditionally, the interest of population and evolutionary biologists in infectious diseases has been almost exclusively in their role as agents of natural selection in higher organisms. Recently, this interest has expanded to include the genetic structure and evolution of microparasite populations, the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the immune response, and the population biology, ecology, and evolutionary consequences of medical and public health interventions. This article describes recent work in these areas, emphasizing the ways in which quantitative, population-biological approaches have been contributing to the understanding of infectious disease and the design and evaluation of interventions for their treatment and prevention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levin, B R -- Lipsitch, M -- Bonhoeffer, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):806-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Infection/immunology/*microbiology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Parasites/genetics/physiology ; Parasitic Diseases/immunology/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Vaccination ; Virus Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-07
    Description: The functions of many open reading frames (ORFs) identified in genome-sequencing projects are unknown. New, whole-genome approaches are required to systematically determine their function. A total of 6925 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were constructed, by a high-throughput strategy, each with a precise deletion of one of 2026 ORFs (more than one-third of the ORFs in the genome). Of the deleted ORFs, 17 percent were essential for viability in rich medium. The phenotypes of more than 500 deletion strains were assayed in parallel. Of the deletion strains, 40 percent showed quantitative growth defects in either rich or minimal medium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winzeler, E A -- Shoemaker, D D -- Astromoff, A -- Liang, H -- Anderson, K -- Andre, B -- Bangham, R -- Benito, R -- Boeke, J D -- Bussey, H -- Chu, A M -- Connelly, C -- Davis, K -- Dietrich, F -- Dow, S W -- El Bakkoury, M -- Foury, F -- Friend, S H -- Gentalen, E -- Giaever, G -- Hegemann, J H -- Jones, T -- Laub, M -- Liao, H -- Liebundguth, N -- Lockhart, D J -- Lucau-Danila, A -- Lussier, M -- M'Rabet, N -- Menard, P -- Mittmann, M -- Pai, C -- Rebischung, C -- Revuelta, J L -- Riles, L -- Roberts, C J -- Ross-MacDonald, P -- Scherens, B -- Snyder, M -- Sookhai-Mahadeo, S -- Storms, R K -- Veronneau, S -- Voet, M -- Volckaert, G -- Ward, T R -- Wysocki, R -- Yen, G S -- Yu, K -- Zimmermann, K -- Philippsen, P -- Johnston, M -- Davis, R W -- HG00185-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG01627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG01633/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 6;285(5429):901-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10436161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Culture Media ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes, Essential ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; *Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/growth & development
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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