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  • 1
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    Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asfaw, B -- White, T -- Lovejoy, O -- Latimer, B -- Simpson, S -- Suwa, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):629-35.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rift Valley Research Service, Post Office Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Leg Bones/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Terminology as Topic ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary. The evolution of our lineage after the last common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees has therefore remained unclear. Ardipithecus ramidus, recovered in ecologically and temporally resolved contexts in Ethiopia's Afar Rift, now illuminates earlier hominid paleobiology and aspects of extant African ape evolution. More than 110 specimens recovered from 4.4-million-year-old sediments include a partial skeleton with much of the skull, hands, feet, limbs, and pelvis. This hominid combined arboreal palmigrade clambering and careful climbing with a form of terrestrial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus. Ar. ramidus had a reduced canine/premolar complex and a little-derived cranial morphology and consumed a predominantly C3 plant-based diet (plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway). Its ecological habitat appears to have been largely woodland-focused. Ar. ramidus lacks any characters typical of suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle-walking. Ar. ramidus indicates that despite the genetic similarities of living humans and chimpanzees, the ancestor we last shared probably differed substantially from any extant African ape. Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized through very different evolutionary pathways. This evidence also illuminates the origins of orthogrady, bipedality, ecology, diet, and social behavior in earliest Hominidae and helps to define the basal hominid adaptation, thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Beyene, Yonas -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- WoldeGabriel, Giday -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):75-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. timwhite@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Social Behavior ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The femur and pelvis of Ardipithecus ramidus have characters indicative of both upright bipedal walking and movement in trees. Consequently, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was more primitive than in later Australopithecus. Compared with monkeys and Early Miocene apes such as Proconsul, the ilium in Ar. ramidus is mediolaterally expanded, and its sacroiliac joint is located more posteriorly. These changes are shared with some Middle and Late Miocene apes as well as with African apes and later hominids. However, in contrast to extant apes, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was facilitated by craniocaudal shortening of the ilium and enhanced lordotic recurvature of the lower spine. Given the predominant absence of derived traits in other skeletal regions of Ar. ramidus, including the forelimb, these adaptations were probably acquired shortly after divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees. They therefore bear little or no functional relationship to the highly derived suspension, vertical climbing, knuckle-walking, and facultative bipedality of extant African apes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- Spurlock, Linda -- Asfaw, Berhane -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):71e1-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. olovejoy@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Femur/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Ischium/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Posture ; Pubic Bone/anatomy & histology ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Thorax/anatomy & histology ; *Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Questions About Orrorin Femur (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohman, James C -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- Eckhardt, Robert B -- Galik, Karol -- Kuperavage, Adam J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):845b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Questions about Orrorin femur (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohman, James C -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):845; author reply 845.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Femoral Neck Fractures/pathology ; Femur/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Femur Neck/anatomy & histology/radiography ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    The Ardipithecus ramidus skull and its implications for hominid origins (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The highly fragmented and distorted skull of the adult skeleton ARA-VP-6/500 includes most of the dentition and preserves substantial parts of the face, vault, and base. Anatomical comparisons and micro-computed tomography-based analysis of this and other remains reveal pre-Australopithecus hominid craniofacial morphology and structure. The Ardipithecus ramidus skull exhibits a small endocranial capacity (300 to 350 cubic centimeters), small cranial size relative to body size, considerable midfacial projection, and a lack of modern African ape-like extreme lower facial prognathism. Its short posterior cranial base differs from that of both Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus. Ar. ramidus lacks the broad, anteriorly situated zygomaxillary facial skeleton developed in later Australopithecus. This combination of features is apparently shared by Sahelanthropus, showing that the Mio-Pliocene hominid cranium differed substantially from those of both extant apes and Australopithecus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suwa, Gen -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Kono, Reiko T -- Kubo, Daisuke -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):68e1-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. suwa@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Dentition ; Ethiopia ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Pan paniscus/anatomy & histology ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology ; Skull/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Species Specificity ; X-Ray Microtomography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. Ar. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus. Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin occlusal enamel associated with ripe-fruit frugivory. The Ar. ramidus dental morphology and wear pattern are consistent with a partially terrestrial, omnivorous/frugivorous niche. Analyses show that the ARA-VP-6/500 skeleton is female and that Ar. ramidus was nearly monomorphic in canine size and shape. The canine/lower third premolar complex indicates a reduction of canine size and honing capacity early in hominid evolution, possibly driven by selection targeted on the male upper canine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suwa, Gen -- Kono, Reiko T -- Simpson, Scott W -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):94-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan. suwa@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; *Dentition ; Diet ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Incisor/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Odontometry ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Sex Characteristics ; Tooth/*anatomy & histology ; Tooth Crown/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
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    Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Referential models based on extant African apes have dominated reconstructions of early human evolution since Darwin's time. These models visualize fundamental human behaviors as intensifications of behaviors observed in living chimpanzees and/or gorillas (for instance, upright feeding, male dominance displays, tool use, culture, hunting, and warfare). Ardipithecus essentially falsifies such models, because extant apes are highly derived relative to our last common ancestors. Moreover, uniquely derived hominid characters, especially those of locomotion and canine reduction, appear to have emerged shortly after the hominid/chimpanzee divergence. Hence, Ardipithecus provides a new window through which to view our clade's earliest evolution and its ecological context. Early hominids and extant apes are remarkably divergent in many cardinal characters. We can no longer rely on homologies with African apes for accounts of our origins and must turn instead to general evolutionary theory. A proposed adaptive suite for the emergence of Ardipithecus from the last common ancestor that we shared with chimpanzees accounts for these principal ape/human differences, as well as the marked demographic success and cognitive efflorescence of later Plio-Pleistocene hominids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):74e1-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. olovejoy@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Posture ; Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Several elements of the Ardipithecus ramidus foot are preserved, primarily in the ARA-VP-6/500 partial skeleton. The foot has a widely abducent hallux, which was not propulsive during terrestrial bipedality. However, it lacks the highly derived tarsometatarsal laxity and inversion in extant African apes that provide maximum conformity to substrates during vertical climbing. Instead, it exhibits primitive characters that maintain plantar rigidity from foot-flat through toe-off, reminiscent of some Miocene apes and Old World monkeys. Moreover, the action of the fibularis longus muscle was more like its homolog in Old World monkeys than in African apes. Phalangeal lengths were most similar to those of Gorilla. The Ardipithecus gait pattern would thus have been unique among known primates. The last common ancestor of hominids and chimpanzees was therefore a careful climber that retained adaptations to above-branch plantigrady.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Latimer, Bruce -- Suwa, Gen -- Asfaw, Berhane -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):72e1-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Foot/*anatomy & histology ; Foot Bones/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Gait ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Locomotion ; Metatarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Talus/anatomy & histology ; Tarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Tendons/anatomy & histology ; Toe Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Careful climbing in the Miocene: the forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The Ardipithecus ramidus hand and wrist exhibit none of the derived mechanisms that restrict motion in extant great apes and are reminiscent of those of Miocene apes, such as Proconsul. The capitate head is more palmar than in all other known hominoids, permitting extreme midcarpal dorsiflexion. Ar. ramidus and all later hominids lack the carpometacarpal articular and ligamentous specializations of extant apes. Manual proportions are unlike those of any extant ape. Metacarpals 2 through 5 are relatively short, lacking any morphological traits associable with knuckle-walking. Humeral and ulnar characters are primitive and like those of later hominids. The Ar. ramidus forelimb complex implies palmigrady during bridging and careful climbing and exhibits none of the adaptations to vertical climbing, forelimb suspension, and knuckle-walking that are seen in extant African apes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Simpson, Scott W -- White, Tim D -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Suwa, Gen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):70e1-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240-0001, USA. olovejoy@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Carpal Joints/anatomy & histology ; Finger Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; Forelimb/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hand Joints/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Humans ; Humerus/anatomy & histology ; *Locomotion ; Metacarpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Radius/anatomy & histology ; Ulna/anatomy & histology ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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