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  • Male  (822)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (822)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2000-2004  (822)
Collection
Keywords
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (822)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Reproductive effort, molting latitude, and feather color in a migratory songbird (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Toward the end of the breeding season, migratory songbirds face crucial tradeoffs between the timing of reproduction, molt, and migration. Using stable hydrogen isotopes, we show that male American redstarts investing in high levels of reproduction late in the season adopt a unique strategy of combining molt and migration. Tail feathers molted during migration also reflect less orange-red light, indicating reduced carotenoid concentration. Thus, we show how reproduction in a migratory animal can influence both life history strategies (location of molt) and social signals (feather color) during subsequent periods of the annual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norris, D Ryan -- Marra, Peter P -- Montgomerie, Robert -- Kyser, T Kurt -- Ratcliffe, Laurene M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2249-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ryann@biology.queensu.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Breeding ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry ; Female ; Hydrogen/analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; *Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 102
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    Evolutionary dynamics of biological games (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: Darwinian dynamics based on mutation and selection form the core of mathematical models for adaptation and coevolution of biological populations. The evolutionary outcome is often not a fitness-maximizing equilibrium but can include oscillations and chaos. For studying frequency-dependent selection, game-theoretic arguments are more appropriate than optimization algorithms. Replicator and adaptive dynamics describe short- and long-term evolution in phenotype space and have found applications ranging from animal behavior and ecology to speciation, macroevolution, and human language. Evolutionary game theory is an essential component of a mathematical and computational approach to biology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nowak, Martin A -- Sigmund, Karl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):793-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 1 Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. martin_nowak@harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Algorithms ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Game Theory ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Male ; Mathematics ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 103
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    Cognition. Life without numbers in the Amazon (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; *Cognition ; Culture ; *Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; *Mathematics ; *Vocabulary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 104
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    Large-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: The extent to which large duplications and deletions contribute to human genetic variation and diversity is unknown. Here, we show that large-scale copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) (about 100 kilobases and greater) contribute substantially to genomic variation between normal humans. Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis of 20 individuals revealed a total of 221 copy number differences representing 76 unique CNPs. On average, individuals differed by 11 CNPs, and the average length of a CNP interval was 465 kilobases. We observed copy number variation of 70 different genes within CNP intervals, including genes involved in neurological function, regulation of cell growth, regulation of metabolism, and several genes known to be associated with disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sebat, Jonathan -- Lakshmi, B -- Troge, Jennifer -- Alexander, Joan -- Young, Janet -- Lundin, Par -- Maner, Susanne -- Massa, Hillary -- Walker, Megan -- Chi, Maoyen -- Navin, Nicholas -- Lucito, Robert -- Healy, John -- Hicks, James -- Ye, Kenny -- Reiner, Andrew -- Gilliam, T Conrad -- Trask, Barbara -- Patterson, Nick -- Zetterberg, Anders -- Wigler, Michael -- 5T32 CA069311/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA078544/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA81674/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DC004209/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- GM057070/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG02606/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):525-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Deoxyribonuclease HindIII/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Dosage ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Markov Chains ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 105
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    EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Receptor tyrosine kinase genes were sequenced in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and matched normal tissue. Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene EGFR were found in 15of 58 unselected tumors from Japan and 1 of 61 from the United States. Treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) causes tumor regression in some patients with NSCLC, more frequently in Japan. EGFR mutations were found in additional lung cancer samples from U.S. patients who responded to gefitinib therapy and in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line that was hypersensitive to growth inhibition by gefitinib, but not in gefitinib-insensitive tumors or cell lines. These results suggest that EGFR mutations may predict sensitivity to gefitinib.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paez, J Guillermo -- Janne, Pasi A -- Lee, Jeffrey C -- Tracy, Sean -- Greulich, Heidi -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Herman, Paula -- Kaye, Frederic J -- Lindeman, Neal -- Boggon, Titus J -- Naoki, Katsuhiko -- Sasaki, Hidefumi -- Fujii, Yoshitaka -- Eck, Michael J -- Sellers, William R -- Johnson, Bruce E -- Meyerson, Matthew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1497-500. Epub 2004 Apr 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; *Genes, erbB-1 ; Humans ; Japan ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Quinazolines/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Treatment Outcome ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
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    Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: The association between obesity and diabetes supports an endocrine role for the adipocyte in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Here we report that mice lacking the adipocyte hormone resistin exhibit low blood glucose levels after fasting, due to reduced hepatic glucose production. This is partly mediated by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and decreased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver. The data thus support a physiological function for resistin in the maintenance of blood glucose during fasting. Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banerjee, Ronadip R -- Rangwala, Shamina M -- Shapiro, Jennifer S -- Rich, A Sophie -- Rhoades, Ben -- Qi, Yong -- Wang, Juan -- Rajala, Michael W -- Pocai, Alessandro -- Scherer, Phillipp E -- Steppan, Claire M -- Ahima, Rexford S -- Obici, Silvana -- Rossetti, Luciano -- Lazar, Mitchell A -- NIH T32-GM008216/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK49210/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK20541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1195-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Penn Diabetes Center, 611 CRB, 415 Curie Boulevard, Universityof Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/*metabolism ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; *Fasting ; Gene Targeting ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Hormones, Ectopic/administration & dosage/blood/genetics/*physiology ; Insulin/blood ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage ; Resistin ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    Systems biology and new technologies enable predictive and preventative medicine (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: Systems approaches to disease are grounded in the idea that disease-perturbed protein and gene regulatory networks differ from their normal counterparts; we have been pursuing the possibility that these differences may be reflected by multiparameter measurements of the blood. Such concepts are transforming current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to medicine and, together with new technologies, will enable a predictive and preventive medicine that will lead to personalized medicine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hood, Leroy -- Heath, James R -- Phelps, Michael E -- Lin, Biaoyang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA. lhood@systemsbiology.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers/blood ; *Computational Biology ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Diagnosis ; *Disease ; Disease Progression ; Forecasting ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Male ; Microfluidics ; Nanotechnology ; *Preventive Medicine ; Prostate/physiology ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism ; Systems Analysis ; Systems Theory ; Therapeutics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: A major cause of aging is thought to result from the cumulative effects of cell loss over time. In yeast, caloric restriction (CR) delays aging by activating the Sir2 deacetylase. Here we show that expression of mammalian Sir2 (SIRT1) is induced in CR rats as well as in human cells that are treated with serum from these animals. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) attenuated this response. SIRT1 deacetylates the DNA repair factor Ku70, causing it to sequester the proapoptotic factor Bax away from mitochondria, thereby inhibiting stress-induced apoptotic cell death. Thus, CR could extend life-span by inducing SIRT1 expression and promoting the long-term survival of irreplaceable cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Haim Y -- Miller, Christine -- Bitterman, Kevin J -- Wall, Nathan R -- Hekking, Brian -- Kessler, Benedikt -- Howitz, Konrad T -- Gorospe, Myriam -- de Cabo, Rafael -- Sinclair, David A -- AG19719-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG19972-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32 CA097802/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG027916/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG019719/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG019972/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG028730/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 AG028730/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):390-2. Epub 2004 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Alleles ; Animals ; Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; *Caloric Restriction ; Cell Line ; *Cell Survival ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism/pharmacology ; Kidney/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/genetics/*metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 109
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    A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: The incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing substantially on a worldwide basis over the past decade, but no tuberculosis-specific drugs have been discovered in 40 years. We identified a diarylquinoline, R207910, that potently inhibits both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.06 mug/ml). In mice, R207910 exceeded the bactericidal activities of isoniazid and rifampin by at least 1 log unit. Substitution of drugs included in the World Health Organization's first-line tuberculosis treatment regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide) with R207910 accelerated bactericidal activity, leading to complete culture conversion after 2 months of treatment in some combinations. A single dose of R207910 inhibited mycobacterial growth for 1 week. Plasma levels associated with efficacy in mice were well tolerated in healthy human volunteers. Mutants selected in vitro suggest that the drug targets the proton pump of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andries, Koen -- Verhasselt, Peter -- Guillemont, Jerome -- Gohlmann, Hinrich W H -- Neefs, Jean-Marc -- Winkler, Hans -- Van Gestel, Jef -- Timmerman, Philip -- Zhu, Min -- Lee, Ennis -- Williams, Peter -- de Chaffoy, Didier -- Huitric, Emma -- Hoffner, Sven -- Cambau, Emmanuelle -- Truffot-Pernot, Chantal -- Lounis, Nacer -- Jarlier, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):223-7. Epub 2004 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium. kandries@prdbe.jnj.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antitubercular Agents/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Diarylquinolines ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Point Mutation ; Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; Quinolines/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy/microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    Coming to grips with bone loss (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1420-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alendronate/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Bone Density ; Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones/*physiology ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Estrenes/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Estrogens/metabolism ; Etidronic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Osteoblasts/physiology ; Osteoclasts/physiology ; Osteoporosis/*drug therapy/*physiopathology/prevention & control ; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy/physiopathology/prevention & control ; Parathyroid Hormone/physiology/therapeutic use ; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; RANK Ligand ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Risedronate Sodium ; Signal Transduction ; Teriparatide/therapeutic use/toxicity ; Vitamin D/administration & dosage/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: Compulsive drug use in the face of adverse consequences is a hallmark feature of addiction, yet there is little preclinical evidence demonstrating the actual progression from casual to compulsive drug use. Presentation of an aversive conditioned stimulus suppressed drug seeking in rats with limited cocaine self-administration experience, but no longer did so after an extended cocaine-taking history. In contrast, after equivalent extended sucrose experience, sucrose seeking was still suppressed by an aversive conditioned stimulus. Persistent cocaine seeking in the presence of signals of environmental adversity after a prolonged cocaine-taking history was not due to impaired fear conditioning, nor to an increase in the incentive value of cocaine, and may reflect the establishment of compulsive behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vanderschuren, Louk J M J -- Everitt, Barry J -- G9537855/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):1017-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. l.j.m.j.vanderschuren@med.uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Electroshock ; Fear ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Sucrose/administration & dosage ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    HIV/AIDS in China. Poised for takeoff? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1430-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution/therapeutic use ; Blood Donors ; China/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Forecasting ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; Harm Reduction ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Prostitution ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    Conditional use of sex and parthenogenesis for worker and queen production in ants (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in animal species has long been considered a paradox because sexually reproducing individuals transmit only half of their genome to their progeny. Here, we show that the ant Cataglyphis cursor circumvents this cost by using alternative modes of reproduction for the production of reproductive and nonreproductive offspring. New queens are almost exclusively produced by parthenogenesis, whereas workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction. By selectively using sex for somatic growth and parthenogenesis for germline production, C. cursor has taken advantage of the ant caste system to benefit from the advantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearcy, Morgan -- Aron, Serge -- Doums, Claudie -- Keller, Laurent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1780-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology, CP 160/12, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Diploidy ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Haploidy ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV/AIDS in India. Till death do us part (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):513.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; *HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Male ; *Marriage ; *Prejudice ; *Women ; Women's Rights
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Do pool sharks swim faster? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krieger, Kim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):636-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Clothing ; Female ; Friction ; Humans ; Male ; Pressure ; Sharks/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Swimming
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    Multiple rare alleles contribute to low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Heritable variation in complex traits is generally considered to be conferred by common DNA sequence polymorphisms. We tested whether rare DNA sequence variants collectively contribute to variation in plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). We sequenced three candidate genes (ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT) that cause Mendelian forms of low HDL-C levels in individuals from a population-based study. Nonsynonymous sequence variants were significantly more common (16% versus 2%) in individuals with low HDL-C (〈fifth percentile) than in those with high HDL-C (〉95th percentile). Similar findings were obtained in an independent population, and biochemical studies indicated that most sequence variants in the low HDL-C group were functionally important. Thus, rare alleles with major phenotypic effects contribute significantly to low plasma HDL-C levels in the general population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jonathan C -- Kiss, Robert S -- Pertsemlidis, Alexander -- Marcel, Yves L -- McPherson, Ruth -- Hobbs, Helen H -- HL53917/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- UO1-HL66880/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):869-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center and McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. jonathan.cohen@utsouthwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Adult ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Aged ; *Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Apolipoprotein A-I/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Cholesterol, HDL/*blood ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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    Layer-specific somatosensory cortical activation during active tactile discrimination (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: Ensemble neuronal activity was recorded in each layer of the whisker area of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) while rats performed a whisker-dependent tactile discrimination task. Comparison of this activity with SI activity evoked by similar passive whisker stimulation revealed fundamental differences in tactile signal processing during active and passive stimulation. Moreover, significant layer-specific functional differences in SI activity were observed during active discrimination. These differences could not be explained solely by variations in ascending thalamocortical input to SI. Instead, these results suggest that top-down influences during active discrimination may alter the overall functional nature of SI as well as layer-specific mechanisms of tactile processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krupa, David J -- Wiest, Michael C -- Shuler, Marshall G -- Laubach, Mark -- Nicolelis, Miguel A L -- 5RO1DE11451/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- 5RO1DE13810/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1989-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. krupa@neuro.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Discrimination Learning/physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electrophysiology ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Physical Stimulation ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Touch/*physiology ; Vibrissae/*innervation/*physiology
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    Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: As the interface between hippocampus and neocortex, the entorhinal cortex is likely to play a pivotal role in memory. To determine how information is represented in this area, we measured spatial modulation of neural activity in layers of medial entorhinal cortex projecting to the hippocampus. Close to the postrhinal-entorhinal border, entorhinal neurons had stable and discrete multipeaked place fields, predicting the rat's location as accurately as place cells in the hippocampus. Precise positional modulation was not observed more ventromedially in the entorhinal cortex or upstream in the postrhinal cortex, suggesting that sensory input is transformed into durable allocentric spatial representations internally in the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fyhn, Marianne -- Molden, Sturla -- Witter, Menno P -- Moser, Edvard I -- Moser, May-Britt -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1258-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the Biology of Memory, Medical-Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Entorhinal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Male ; *Memory ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; *Space Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Characterization of a common susceptibility locus for asthma-related traits (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: Susceptibility to asthma depends on variation at an unknown number of genetic loci. To identify susceptibility genes on chromosome 7p, we adopted a hierarchical genotyping design, leading to the identification of a 133-kilobase risk-conferring segment containing two genes. One of these coded for an orphan G protein-coupled receptor named GPRA (G protein-coupled receptor for asthma susceptibility), which showed distinct distribution of protein isoforms between bronchial biopsies from healthy and asthmatic individuals. In three cohorts from Finland and Canada, single nucleotide polymorphism-tagged haplotypes associated with high serum immunoglobulin E or asthma. The murine ortholog of GPRA was up-regulated in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced inflammation. Together, these data implicate GPRA in the pathogenesis of atopy and asthma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laitinen, Tarja -- Polvi, Anne -- Rydman, Pia -- Vendelin, Johanna -- Pulkkinen, Ville -- Salmikangas, Paula -- Makela, Siru -- Rehn, Marko -- Pirskanen, Asta -- Rautanen, Anna -- Zucchelli, Marco -- Gullsten, Harriet -- Leino, Marina -- Alenius, Harri -- Petays, Tuula -- Haahtela, Tari -- Laitinen, Annika -- Laprise, Catherine -- Hudson, Thomas J -- Laitinen, Lauri A -- Kere, Juha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):300-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GeneOS Limited, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Asthma/*genetics/metabolism ; Bronchi/chemistry/cytology ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/*genetics ; Epithelial Cells/chemistry ; Female ; Finland ; Gene Expression ; Genes ; Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/genetics/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Inflammation/genetics ; Lung/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/chemistry ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quebec ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis/*genetics
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    The fine-scale structure of recombination rate variation in the human genome (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The nature and scale of recombination rate variation are largely unknown for most species. In humans, pedigree analysis has documented variation at the chromosomal level, and sperm studies have identified specific hotspots in which crossing-over events cluster. To address whether this picture is representative of the genome as a whole, we have developed and validated a method for estimating recombination rates from patterns of genetic variation. From extensive single-nucleotide polymorphism surveys in European and African populations, we find evidence for extreme local rate variation spanning four orders in magnitude, in which 50% of all recombination events take place in less than 10% of the sequence. We demonstrate that recombination hotspots are a ubiquitous feature of the human genome, occurring on average every 200 kilobases or less, but recombination occurs preferentially outside genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McVean, Gilean A T -- Myers, Simon R -- Hunt, Sarah -- Deloukas, Panos -- Bentley, David R -- Donnelly, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):581-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK. mcvean@stats.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Base Composition ; Bayes Theorem ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics ; Computational Biology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; Genes ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Medicine. Sperm-targeting vaccine blocks male fertility in monkeys (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1117.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; *Contraception, Immunologic ; Female ; Haplorhini ; Immunization, Secondary ; Male ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ; Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; *Vaccines, Contraceptive
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    A race to the starting line (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):632-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anabolic Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis/pharmacology ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; *Doping in Sports ; Erythropoietin/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis/pharmacology ; Female ; Genetic Therapy ; Human Growth Hormone/administration & dosage/analysis/pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Myostatin ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/analysis/pharmacology ; *Sports ; Steroids/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis/pharmacology ; *Substance Abuse Detection ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Spite among siblings (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gardner, Andy -- West, Stuart A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1413-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. andy.gardner@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; Larva/growth & development ; Male ; Social Behavior ; Wasps/genetics/growth & development/*physiology
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    National Institutes of Health. Male sweep of new award raises questions of bias (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15498985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Prejudice ; United States ; *Women
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    A family with severe insulin resistance and diabetes due to a mutation in AKT2 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: Inherited defects in signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor have long been suggested to contribute to human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we describe a mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase AKT2/PKBbeta in a family that shows autosomal dominant inheritance of severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Expression of the mutant kinase in cultured cells disrupted insulin signaling to metabolic end points and inhibited the function of coexpressed, wild-type AKT. These findings demonstrate the central importance of AKT signaling to insulin sensitivity in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉George, Stella -- Rochford, Justin J -- Wolfrum, Christian -- Gray, Sarah L -- Schinner, Sven -- Wilson, Jenny C -- Soos, Maria A -- Murgatroyd, Peter R -- Williams, Rachel M -- Acerini, Carlo L -- Dunger, David B -- Barford, David -- Umpleby, A Margot -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Davies, Huw Alban -- Schafer, Alan J -- Stoffel, Markus -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Barroso, Ines -- 078986/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adipocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta ; Humans ; Hyperinsulinism/genetics/metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance/*genetics ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Pedigree ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Genetic dissection of complex traits with chromosome substitution strains of mice (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: Chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) have been proposed as a simple and powerful way to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes. Here, we report the construction of a complete CSS panel for a vertebrate species. The CSS panel consists of 22 mouse strains, each of which carries a single chromosome substituted from a donor strain (A/J) onto a common host background (C57BL/6J). A survey of 53 traits revealed evidence for 150 QTLs affecting serum levels of sterols and amino acids, diet-induced obesity, and anxiety. These results demonstrate that CSSs greatly facilitate the detection and identification of genes that control the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenotypic variation in the A/J and C57BL/6J inbred strains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, Jonathan B -- Hill, Annie E -- Burrage, Lindsay C -- Olszens, Keith R -- Song, Junghan -- Justice, Monica -- O'Brien, William E -- Conti, David V -- Witte, John S -- Lander, Eric S -- Nadeau, Joseph H -- GM07250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD07518/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR12305/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):445-8. Epub 2004 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/blood ; Animals ; Anxiety/genetics ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diet ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Obesity/genetics/physiopathology ; Phenotype ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Sterols/blood ; Weight Gain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Asymmetric cochlear processing mimics hemispheric specialization (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: Otoacoustic emissions or OAEs (reflections of cochlear energy produced during the processing of sound) were measured in response to two types of stimuli, rapid clicks and sustained tones, in each ear of neonates. OAEs were larger to tones when elicited in the left ear and to clicks when elicited in the right. This finding is similar to those of enhanced processing of tones in right auditory cortical areas and of rapid stimuli on the left, given strong crossed connections from ear to brain. These findings indicate that processing at the level of the ear may facilitate lateralization of auditory function in the brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sininger, Y S -- Cone-Wesson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1581.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, 62-132 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA. ysininger@mednet.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Analysis of Variance ; Auditory Cortex/physiology ; Auditory Perception ; Cochlea/*physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Female ; *Functional Laterality ; Hearing/*physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; *Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous
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    Long-lived Drosophila with overexpressed dFOXO in adult fat body (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: Reduced activity of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway increases life-span in diverse organisms. We investigated the timing of the effect of reduced IIS on life-span and the role of a potential target tissue, the fat body. We overexpressed dFOXO, a downstream effector of IIS, in the adult Drosophila fat body, which increased life-span and reduced fecundity of females but had no effect on male life-span. The role of FOXO transcription factors and the adipose tissue are therefore evolutionarily conserved in the regulation of aging, and reduction of IIS in the adult is sufficient to mediate its effects on life-span and fecundity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giannakou, Maria E -- Goss, Martin -- Junger, Martin A -- Hafen, Ernst -- Leevers, Sally J -- Partridge, Linda -- SF19106/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):361. Epub 2004 Jun 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Fat Body/*metabolism ; Female ; Fertility ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression ; *Longevity ; Male ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Chimpanzee gang warfare (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):818-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Grooming ; Male ; *Mass Behavior ; Object Attachment ; *Pan troglodytes ; Uganda
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    Revisiting the Bhopal tragedy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabb, Charlene -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1670-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; *Accidents, Occupational ; Antidotes/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; *Chemical Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Cohort Studies ; *Disasters ; Female ; Gas Poisoning/*complications ; Hospitals ; Humans ; India ; Isocyanates/*poisoning ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology ; Publishing ; Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis ; Thiosulfates/therapeutic use
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Tracking the evolutionary history of a "warrior" gene (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Cebidae/genetics ; Cercopithecidae/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Monoamine Oxidase/*genetics/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Primates/*genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Selection, Genetic ; X Chromosome/genetics
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    Nanos maintains germline stem cell self-renewal by preventing differentiation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Despite much progress in understanding how extrinsic signaling regulates stem cell self-renewal, little is known about how cell-autonomous gene regulation controls this process. In Drosophila ovaries, germline stem cells (GSCs) divide asymmetrically to produce daughter GSCs and cystoblasts, the latter of which develop into germline cysts. Here, we show that removing the translational repressor Nanos from either GSCs or their precursors, the primordial germ cells (PGCs), causes both cell types to differentiate into germline cysts. Thus, Nanos is essential for both establishing and maintaining GSCs by preventing their precocious entry into oogenesis. These functions are likely achieved by repressing the translation of differentiation factors in PGCs and GSCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Zhong -- Lin, Haifan -- HD33760/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):2016-9. Epub 2004 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Drosophila/*cytology/embryology/genetics/growth & development ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Germ Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Larva/cytology/growth & development ; Male ; Mutation ; Oocytes/cytology/physiology ; Oogenesis ; Ovary/cytology/embryology/growth & development ; Phenotype ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Transgenes
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    Numerical cognition without words: evidence from Amazonia (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-21
    Description: Members of the Piraha tribe use a "one-two-many" system of counting. I ask whether speakers of this innumerate language can appreciate larger numerosities without the benefit of words to encode them. This addresses the classic Whorfian question about whether language can determine thought. Results of numerical tasks with varying cognitive demands show that numerical cognition is clearly affected by the lack of a counting system in the language. Performance with quantities greater than three was remarkably poor, but showed a constant coefficient of variation, which is suggestive of an analog estimation process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gordon, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):496-9. Epub 2004 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA. pgordon@tc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brazil ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Language ; Linguistics ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Thinking ; *Vocabulary
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    Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: Aberrant alpha-synuclein degradation is implicated in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis because the protein accumulates in the Lewy inclusion bodies associated with the disease. Little is known, however, about the pathways by which wild-type alpha-synuclein is normally degraded. We found that wild-type alpha-synuclein was selectively translocated into lysosomes for degradation by the chaperone-mediated autophagy pathway. The pathogenic A53T and A30P alpha-synuclein mutants bound to the receptor for this pathway on the lysosomal membrane, but appeared to act as uptake blockers, inhibiting both their own degradation and that of other substrates. These findings may underlie the toxic gain-of-function by the mutants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cuervo, Ana Maria -- Stefanis, Leonidas -- Fredenburg, Ross -- Lansbury, Peter T -- Sulzer, David -- AG021904/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. amcuervo@aecom.yu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; *Autophagy ; Cells, Cultured ; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/metabolism/pharmacology ; Half-Life ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; Lysosomes/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Protein Binding ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synucleins ; alpha-Synuclein
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    Reduction of particulate air pollution lowers the risk of heritable mutations in mice (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: Urban and industrial air pollution can cause elevated heritable mutation rates in birds and rodents. The relative importance of airborne particulate matter versus gas-phase substances in causing these genetic effects under ambient conditions has been unclear. Here we show that high-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filtration of ambient air significantly reduced heritable mutation rates at repetitive DNA loci in laboratory mice housed outdoors near a major highway and two integrated steel mills. These findings implicate exposure to airborne particulate matter as a principal factor contributing to elevated mutation rates in sentinel mice and add to accumulating evidence that air pollution may pose genetic risks to humans and wildlife.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Somers, Christopher M -- McCarry, Brian E -- Malek, Farideh -- Quinn, James S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):1008-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/*toxicity ; Air Pollution/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Fathers ; Female ; Filtration/instrumentation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Industry ; Male ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Mutagens/*toxicity ; Ontario ; Particle Size ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis/toxicity ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/drug effects/physiology ; Steel ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The amygdala was more responsive to fearful (larger) eye whites than to happy (smaller) eye whites presented in a masking paradigm that mitigated subjects' awareness of their presence and aberrant nature. These data demonstrate that the amygdala is responsive to elements of.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whalen, Paul J -- Kagan, Jerome -- Cook, Robert G -- Davis, F Caroline -- Kim, Hackjin -- Polis, Sara -- McLaren, Donald G -- Somerville, Leah H -- McLean, Ashly A -- Maxwell, Jeffrey S -- Johnstone, Tom -- 01866/PHS HHS/ -- 069315/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. pwhalen@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; *Facial Expression ; *Fear ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Perceptual Masking ; *Sclera
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    Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: Although the voluntary intake of drugs of abuse is a behavior largely preserved throughout phylogeny, it is currently unclear whether pathological drug use ("addiction") can be observed in species other than humans. Here, we report that behaviors that resemble three of the essential diagnostic criteria for addiction appear over time in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. As in humans, this addiction-like behavior is present only in a small proportion of subjects using cocaine and is highly predictive of relapse after withdrawal. These findings provide a new basis for developing a true understanding and treatment of addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deroche-Gamonet, Veronique -- Belin, David -- Piazza, Pier Vincenzo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):1014-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U588, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Comportements, Bordeaux Institute for Neurosciences, University Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders ; Cues ; Electroshock ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Motivation ; Motor Activity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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    Dietary restriction in Drosophila (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rauser, Casandra L -- Mueller, Laurence D -- Rose, Michael R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1610-2; author reply 1610-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; *Diet ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Starvation ; Time Factors
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    Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: Although the sentences that we hear or read have meaning, this does not necessarily mean that they are also true. Relatively little is known about the critical brain structures for, and the relative time course of, establishing the meaning and truth of linguistic expressions. We present electroencephalogram data that show the rapid parallel integration of both semantic and world knowledge during the interpretation of a sentence. Data from functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the left inferior prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of both meaning and world knowledge. Finally, oscillatory brain responses indicate that the brain keeps a record of what makes a sentence hard to interpret.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagoort, Peter -- Hald, Lea -- Bastiaansen, Marcel -- Petersson, Karl Magnus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):438-41. Epub 2004 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. peter.hagoort@fcdonders.kun.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Comprehension ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Humans ; *Knowledge ; *Language ; *Linguistics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Semantics
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    The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Facing the consequence of a decision we made can trigger emotions like satisfaction, relief, or regret, which reflect our assessment of what was gained as compared to what would have been gained by making a different decision. These emotions are mediated by a cognitive process known as counterfactual thinking. By manipulating a simple gambling task, we characterized a subject's choices in terms of their anticipated and actual emotional impact. Normal subjects reported emotional responses consistent with counterfactual thinking; they chose to minimize future regret and learned from their emotional experience. Patients with orbitofrontal cortical lesions, however, did not report regret or anticipate negative consequences of their choices. The orbitofrontal cortex has a fundamental role in mediating the experience of regret.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Camille, Nathalie -- Coricelli, Giorgio -- Sallet, Jerome -- Pradat-Diehl, Pascale -- Duhamel, Jean-Rene -- Sirigu, Angela -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1167-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, 67, Boulevard Pinel 69675 Bron, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Diseases/physiopathology/psychology ; Choice Behavior ; Decision Making ; *Emotions ; Feedback, Psychological ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Gambling ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological ; *Thinking
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    Roles of the two Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME structural domains in circadian photoreception (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) is the primary circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. We show that CRY binding to TIMELESS (TIM) is light-dependent in flies and irreversibly commits TIM to proteasomal degradation. In contrast, CRY degradation is dependent on continuous light exposure, indicating that the CRY-TIM interaction is transient. A novel cry mutation (cry(m)) reveals that CRY's photolyase homology domain is sufficient for light detection and phototransduction, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain regulates CRY stability, CRY-TIM interaction, and circadian photosensitivity. This contrasts with the function of Arabidopsis CRY domains and demonstrates that insect and plant cryptochromes use different mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Busza, Ania -- Emery-Le, Myai -- Rosbash, Michael -- Emery, Patrick -- 5 T32 NS07366-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- GM66777-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM33205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS44232/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1503-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Line ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cryptochromes ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Darkness ; Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Eye Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; *Light ; Light Signal Transduction ; Male ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
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    Foxg1 suppresses early cortical cell fate (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: During mammalian cerebral corticogenesis, progenitor cells become progressively restricted in the types of neurons they can produce. The molecular mechanism that determines earlier versus later born neuron fate is unknown. We demonstrate here that the generation of the earliest born neurons, the Cajal-Retzius cells, is suppressed by the telencephalic transcription factor Foxg1. In Foxg1 null mutants, we observed an excess of Cajal-Retzius neuron production in the cortex. By conditionally inactivating Foxg1 in cortical progenitors that normally produce deep-layer cortical neurons, we demonstrate that Foxg1 is constitutively required to suppress Cajal-Retzius cell fate. Hence, the competence to generate the earliest born neurons during later cortical development is actively suppressed but not lost.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanashima, Carina -- Li, Suzanne C -- Shen, Lijian -- Lai, Eseng -- Fishell, Gord -- EY11124/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD29584/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS32993/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS39007/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):56-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/*physiology ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Telencephalon/embryology/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Graceful, beautiful, and perilous (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):641-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Child ; Female ; Growth ; Gymnastics/*injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Fitness ; Puberty ; Safety ; Sports Equipment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Molecular biology. Filling gaps in genome organization (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alekseyenko, Artyom A -- Kuroda, Mitzi I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1148-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics & Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. aalekseyenko@rics.bwh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*metabolism ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Disorders of Sex Development ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Translocation, Genetic ; X Chromosome/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A gene expression map for the euchromatic genome of Drosophila melanogaster (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: We used a maskless photolithography method to produce DNA oligonucleotide microarrays with unique probe sequences tiled throughout the genome of Drosophila melanogaster and across predicted splice junctions. RNA expression of protein coding and nonprotein coding sequences was determined for each major stage of the life cycle, including adult males and females. We detected transcriptional activity for 93% of annotated genes and RNA expression for 41% of the probes in intronic and intergenic sequences. Comparison to genome-wide RNA interference data and to gene annotations revealed distinguishable levels of expression for different classes of genes and higher levels of expression for genes with essential cellular functions. Differential splicing was observed in about 40% of predicted genes, and 5440 previously unknown splice forms were detected. Genes within conserved regions of synteny with D. pseudoobscura had highly correlated expression; these regions ranged in length from 10 to 900 kilobase pairs. The expressed intergenic and intronic sequences are more likely to be evolutionarily conserved than nonexpressed ones, and about 15% of them appear to be developmentally regulated. Our results provide a draft expression map for the entire nonrepetitive genome, which reveals a much more extensive and diverse set of expressed sequences than was previously predicted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stolc, Viktor -- Gauhar, Zareen -- Mason, Christopher -- Halasz, Gabor -- van Batenburg, Marinus F -- Rifkin, Scott A -- Hua, Sujun -- Herreman, Tine -- Tongprasit, Waraporn -- Barbano, Paolo Emilio -- Bussemaker, Harmen J -- White, Kevin P -- P20LM007276-01/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- T32GM008224-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):655-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Intergenic ; Drosophila/genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Introns ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; RNA Splicing ; Synteny ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 146
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    COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: Female gender affords relative protection from cardiovascular disease until the menopause. We report that estrogen acts on estrogen receptor subtype alpha to up-regulate the production of atheroprotective prostacyclin, PGI2, by activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). This mechanism restrained both oxidant stress and platelet activation that contribute to atherogenesis in female mice. Deletion of the PGI2 receptor removed the atheroprotective effect of estrogen in ovariectomized female mice. This suggests that chronic treatment of patients with selective inhibitors of COX-2 could undermine protection from cardiovascular disease in premenopausal females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Egan, Karine M -- Lawson, John A -- Fries, Susanne -- Koller, Beverley -- Rader, Daniel J -- Smyth, Emer M -- Fitzgerald, Garret A -- HL62250/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70128/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1954-7. Epub 2004 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Arteriosclerosis/metabolism/pathology/*prevention & control ; Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/adverse effects/pharmacology ; Epoprostenol/biosynthesis/metabolism/*physiology ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism ; Female ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Lactones/adverse effects/pharmacology ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects/metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Ovariectomy ; Oxidative Stress ; Platelet Activation ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/*metabolism ; Receptors, Epoprostenol/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, LDL/genetics/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Sulfones/adverse effects/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Dietary cholesterol consumption and intestinal cholesterol absorption contribute to plasma cholesterol levels, a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The molecular mechanism of sterol uptake from the lumen of the small intestine is poorly defined. We show that Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1) protein plays a critical role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. NPC1L1 expression is enriched in the small intestine and is in the brush border membrane of enterocytes. Although otherwise phenotypically normal, NPC1L1-deficient mice exhibit a substantial reduction in absorbed cholesterol, which is unaffected by dietary supplementation of bile acids. Ezetimibe, a drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption, had no effect in NPC1L1 knockout mice, suggesting that NPC1L1 resides in an ezetimibe-sensitive pathway responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altmann, Scott W -- Davis, Harry R Jr -- Zhu, Li-Ji -- Yao, Xiaorui -- Hoos, Lizbeth M -- Tetzloff, Glen -- Iyer, Sai Prasad N -- Maguire, Maureen -- Golovko, Andrei -- Zeng, Ming -- Wang, Luquan -- Murgolo, Nicholas -- Graziano, Michael P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiovascular/Endocrine Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033-0539, USA. scott.altmann@spcorp.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology ; Azetidines/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/*metabolism ; Cholic Acid/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Computational Biology ; Enterocytes/*metabolism ; Ezetimibe ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Jejunum/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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    Infectious diseases. Mounting lab accidents raise SARS fears (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):659-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; China/epidemiology ; Containment of Biohazards ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Laboratory Infection/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Male ; Quarantine ; *Research Personnel ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission
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    The normal function of a speciation gene, Odysseus, and its hybrid sterility effect (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: To understand how postmating isolation is connected to the normal process of species divergence and why hybrid male sterility is often the first sign of speciation, we analyzed the Odysseus (OdsH) gene of hybrid male sterility in Drosophila. We carried out expression analysis, transgenic study, and gene knockout. The combined evidence suggests that the sterility phenotype represents a novel manifestation of the gene function rather than the reduction or loss of the normal one. The gene knockout experiment identified the normal function of OdsH as a modest enhancement of sperm production in young males. The implication of a weak effect of OdsH on the normal phenotype but a strong influence on hybrid male sterility is discussed in light of Haldane's rule of postmating isolation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Sha -- Ting, Chau-Ti -- Wu, Chung-I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):81-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232104" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Phenotype ; Reproduction/genetics ; Spermatogenesis/genetics ; Testis/metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolution. Parallel evolution is in the genes (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoekstra, Hopi E -- Price, Trevor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1779-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. hoekstra@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Color ; *Feathers ; Female ; Geese/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Gene Frequency ; Heterozygote ; Male ; Melanins/analysis/biosynthesis ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    George C. Williams profile. Stretching the limits of evolutionary biology (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior ; *Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Pre-Eclampsia/etiology ; Pregnancy ; Selection, Genetic ; United States ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism
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    A chromosome 21 critical region does not cause specific Down syndrome phenotypes (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: The "Down syndrome critical region" (DSCR) is a chromosome 21 segment purported to contain genes responsible for many features of Down syndrome (DS), including craniofacial dysmorphology. We used chromosome engineering to create mice that were trisomic or monosomic for only the mouse chromosome segment orthologous to the DSCR and assessed dysmorphologies of the craniofacial skeleton that show direct parallels with DS in mice with a larger segmental trisomy. The DSCR genes were not sufficient and were largely not necessary to produce the facial phenotype. These results refute specific predictions of the prevailing hypothesis of gene action in DS.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019810/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019810/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, L E -- Richtsmeier, J T -- Leszl, J -- Reeves, R H -- F33 DE005706/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- HD24605/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD38384/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):687-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Down Syndrome/*genetics/pathology ; Female ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Targeting ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Mandible/abnormalities ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monosomy ; Phenotype ; Recombination, Genetic ; Skull/abnormalities ; *Trisomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: Serotonergic dysregulation within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders, but the precise role of serotonin within the PFC is poorly understood. Using a serial discrimination reversal paradigm, we showed that upon reversal, selective serotonin depletion of the marmoset PFC produced perseverative responding to the previously rewarded stimulus without any significant effects on either retention of a discrimination learned preoperatively or acquisition of a novel discrimination postoperatively. These results highlight the importance of prefrontal serotonin in behavioral flexibility and are highly relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and the cognitive sequelae of drug abuse in which perseveration is prominent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, H F -- Dalley, J W -- Crofts, H S -- Robbins, T W -- Roberts, A C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):878-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/metabolism ; Callithrix ; *Cognition ; *Discrimination Learning ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/metabolism ; Gyrus Cinguli/metabolism ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Motor Cortex/metabolism ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Oxidopamine/pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reward ; Serotonin/metabolism/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells provide a central defense against viral infection by using inhibitory and activation receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules as a means of controlling their activity. We show that genes encoding the inhibitory NK cell receptor KIR2DL3 and its human leukocyte antigen C group 1 (HLA-C1) ligand directly influence resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This effect was observed in Caucasians and African Americans with expected low infectious doses of HCV but not in those with high-dose exposure, in whom the innate immune response is likely overwhelmed. The data strongly suggest that inhibitory NK cell interactions are important in determining antiviral immunity and that diminished inhibitory responses confer protection against HCV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khakoo, Salim I -- Thio, Chloe L -- Martin, Maureen P -- Brooks, Collin R -- Gao, Xiaojiang -- Astemborski, Jacquie -- Cheng, Jie -- Goedert, James J -- Vlahov, David -- Hilgartner, Margaret -- Cox, Steven -- Little, Ann-Margeret -- Alexander, Graeme J -- Cramp, Matthew E -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- Rosenberg, William M C -- Thomas, David L -- Carrington, Mary -- DA00441/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA04334/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA13324/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-12400/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-CP-01004/CP/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-CP-33002/CP/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HD-4-3200/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):872-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liver Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, Southampton University, Southampton 5016 6YD, UK. sik@soton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; African Americans/genetics ; Alleles ; Blood Transfusion ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; HLA-C Antigens/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Hepacivirus/immunology/physiology ; Hepatitis C/genetics/*immunology/transmission/virology ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Ligands ; Male ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, KIR ; Receptors, KIR2DL1 ; Receptors, KIR2DL3 ; Regression Analysis
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    Long hours aside, respondents say jobs offer 'as much fun as you can have' (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1830-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Distribution ; *Biological Science Disciplines/economics/manpower ; Career Mobility ; Faculty ; Female ; Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Prejudice ; *Research Personnel ; Retirement ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teaching
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 156
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    Differential representation of perception and action in the frontal cortex (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: A motor illusion was created to separate human subjects' perception of arm movement from their actual movement during figure drawing. Trajectories constructed from cortical activity recorded in monkeys performing the same task showed that the actual movement was represented in the primary motor cortex, whereas the visualized, presumably perceived, trajectories were found in the ventral premotor cortex. Perception and action representations can be differentially recognized in the brain and may be contained in separate structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwartz, Andrew B -- Moran, Daniel W -- Reina, G Anthony -- R01 NS26375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):380-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. abs21@pitt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Hand ; Humans ; Illusions ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; *Motion Perception ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; *Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades
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    Occupational health. Beset by lawsuits, IBM blocks a study that used its data (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, Dan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):937-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carcinogens ; Cause of Death ; Computers ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Industry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Jurisprudence ; Male ; Neoplasms/*mortality ; Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects ; *Publishing/legislation & jurisprudence ; Risk Assessment ; *Semiconductors ; Solvents/*toxicity ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 158
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    Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Explaining the energetics of walking and running has been difficult because the distribution of energy use among individual muscles has not been known. We estimated energy use by measuring blood flow to the hindlimb muscles in guinea fowl. Blood flow to skeletal muscles is controlled locally and varies directly with metabolic rate. We estimate that the swing-phase muscles consume 26% of the energy used by the limbs and the stance-phase muscles consume the remaining 74%, independent of speed. Thus, contrary to some previous suggestions, swinging the limbs requires an appreciable fraction of the energy used during terrestrial legged locomotion. Models integrating the energetics and mechanics of running will benefit from more detailed information on the distribution of energy use by the muscles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marsh, Richard L -- Ellerby, David J -- Carr, Jennifer A -- Henry, Havalee T -- Buchanan, Cindy I -- AR47337/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):80-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. r.marsh@neu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/metabolism/*physiology ; Electromyography ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Hindlimb/blood supply/*physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Microspheres ; Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply/metabolism/*physiology ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Exertion ; Regional Blood Flow ; Running/*physiology ; Thigh ; Walking/*physiology
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  • 159
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    Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: Long-term memory is thought to be mediated by protein synthesis-dependent, late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP). Two secretory proteins, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been implicated in this process, but their relationship is unclear. Here we report that tPA, by activating the extracellular protease plasmin, converts the precursor proBDNF to the mature BDNF (mBDNF), and that such conversion is critical for L-LTP expression in mouse hippocampus. Moreover, application of mBDNF is sufficient to rescue L-LTP when protein synthesis is inhibited, which suggests that mBDNF is a key protein synthesis product for L-LTP expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pang, Petti T -- Teng, Henry K -- Zaitsev, Eugene -- Woo, Newton T -- Sakata, Kazuko -- Zhen, Shushuang -- Teng, Kenneth K -- Yung, Wing-Ho -- Hempstead, Barbara L -- Lu, Bai -- NS30658/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):487-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section on Neural Development and Plasticity, Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Fibrinolysin/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator/*metabolism
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    Y chromosome of D. pseudoobscura is not homologous to the ancestral Drosophila Y (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: We report a genome-wide search of Y-linked genes in Drosophila pseudoobscura. All six identifiable orthologs of the D. melanogaster Y-linked genes have autosomal inheritance in D. pseudoobscura. Four orthologs were investigated in detail and proved to be Y-linked in D. guanche and D. bifasciata, which shows that less than 18 million years ago the ancestral Drosophila Y chromosome was translocated to an autosome in the D. pseudoobscura lineage. We found 15 genes and pseudogenes in the current Y of D. pseudoobscura, and none are shared with the D. melanogaster Y. Hence, the Y chromosome in the D. pseudoobscura lineage appears to have arisen de novo and is not homologous to the D. melanogaster Y.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carvalho, Antonio Bernardo -- Clark, Andrew G -- GM64590/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- TW005673/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 7;307(5706):108-10. Epub 2004 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68011, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bernardo@biologia.ufrj.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes/genetics/physiology ; DNA, Intergenic ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Linkage ; Genome ; Introns ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudogenes ; Translocation, Genetic ; X Chromosome/genetics/physiology ; Y Chromosome/*genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: Fat tissue produces a variety of secreted proteins (adipocytokines) with important roles in metabolism. We isolated a newly identified adipocytokine, visfatin, that is highly enriched in the visceral fat of both humans and mice and whose expression level in plasma increases during the development of obesity. Visfatin corresponds to a protein identified previously as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), a 52-kilodalton cytokine expressed in lymphocytes. Visfatin exerted insulin-mimetic effects in cultured cells and lowered plasma glucose levels in mice. Mice heterozygous for a targeted mutation in the visfatin gene had modestly higher levels of plasma glucose relative to wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, visfatin binds to and activates the insulin receptor. Further study of visfatin's physiological role may lead to new insights into glucose homeostasis and/or new therapies for metabolic disorders such as diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fukuhara, Atsunori -- Matsuda, Morihiro -- Nishizawa, Masako -- Segawa, Katsumori -- Tanaka, Masaki -- Kishimoto, Kae -- Matsuki, Yasushi -- Murakami, Mirei -- Ichisaka, Tomoko -- Murakami, Hiroko -- Watanabe, Eijiro -- Takagi, Toshiyuki -- Akiyoshi, Megumi -- Ohtsubo, Tsuguteru -- Kihara, Shinji -- Yamashita, Shizuya -- Makishima, Makoto -- Funahashi, Tohru -- Yamanaka, Shinya -- Hiramatsu, Ryuji -- Matsuzawa, Yuji -- Shimomura, Iichiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):426-30. Epub 2004 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine and Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Organismal Biosystems, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines/blood/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Molecular Mimicry ; Muscle Cells/metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Phosphorylation ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Viscera
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  • 162
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
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    Retrograde viral delivery of IGF-1 prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neuromuscular disease that is associated with the degeneration of spinal and brainstem motor neurons, leading to atrophy of limb, axial, and respiratory muscles. The cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no effective therapy. Neurotrophic factors are candidates for therapeutic evaluation in ALS. Although chronic delivery of molecules to the central nervous system has proven difficult, we recently discovered that adeno-associated virus can be retrogradely transported efficiently from muscle to motor neurons of the spinal cord. We report that insulin-like growth factor 1 prolongs life and delays disease progression, even when delivered at the time of overt disease symptoms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaspar, Brian K -- Llado, Jeronia -- Sherkat, Nushin -- Rothstein, Jeffrey D -- Gage, Fred H -- AG12992/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG21876/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS33958/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Count ; Dependovirus/*genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/pathology/virology ; Muscle, Skeletal/virology ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/virology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/analysis
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    Evolutionary discrimination of mammalian conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs) (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Mutations in dynein link motor neuron degeneration to defects in retrograde transport (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-06
    Description: Degenerative disorders of motor neurons include a range of progressive fatal diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Although the causative genetic alterations are known for some cases, the molecular basis of many SMA and SBMA-like syndromes and most ALS cases is unknown. Here we show that missense point mutations in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain result in progressive motor neuron degeneration in heterozygous mice, and in homozygotes this is accompanied by the formation of Lewy-like inclusion bodies, thus resembling key features of human pathology. These mutations exclusively perturb neuron-specific functions of dynein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hafezparast, Majid -- Klocke, Rainer -- Ruhrberg, Christiana -- Marquardt, Andreas -- Ahmad-Annuar, Azlina -- Bowen, Samantha -- Lalli, Giovanna -- Witherden, Abi S -- Hummerich, Holger -- Nicholson, Sharon -- Morgan, P Jeffrey -- Oozageer, Ravi -- Priestley, John V -- Averill, Sharon -- King, Von R -- Ball, Simon -- Peters, Jo -- Toda, Takashi -- Yamamoto, Ayumu -- Hiraoka, Yasushi -- Augustin, Martin -- Korthaus, Dirk -- Wattler, Sigrid -- Wabnitz, Philipp -- Dickneite, Carmen -- Lampel, Stefan -- Boehme, Florian -- Peraus, Gisela -- Popp, Andreas -- Rudelius, Martina -- Schlegel, Juergen -- Fuchs, Helmut -- Hrabe de Angelis, Martin -- Schiavo, Giampietro -- Shima, David T -- Russ, Andreas P -- Stumm, Gabriele -- Martin, Joanne E -- Fisher, Elizabeth M C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):808-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anterior Horn Cells/pathology ; Apoptosis ; *Axonal Transport ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Dimerization ; Dyneins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Ganglia, Spinal/pathology ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Lewy Bodies/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motor Neuron Disease/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Motor Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; *Nerve Degeneration ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; Spinal Nerves/growth & development ; Tetanus Toxin/metabolism
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  • 166
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    Lateralized cognitive processes and lateralized task control in the human brain (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: The principles underlying human hemispheric specialization are poorly understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of letter and visuospatial decision tasks with identical word stimuli to address two unresolved problems. First, hemispheric specialization depended on the nature of the task rather than on the nature of the stimulus. Second, analysis of frontal candidate regions for cognitive control showed increased coupling between left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left inferior frontal gyrus during letter decisions, whereas right ACC showed enhanced coupling with right parietal areas during visuospatial decisions. Cognitive control is thus localized in the same hemisphere as task execution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephan, Klaas E -- Marshall, John C -- Friston, Karl J -- Rowe, James B -- Ritzl, Afra -- Zilles, Karl -- Fink, Gereon R -- 077029/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):384-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Medicine (IME), Research Centre Julich, 52425 Julich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Functional Laterality ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Space Perception ; Visual Perception
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    Altered patterns of sleep and behavioral adaptability in NPAS2-deficient mice (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Animal behavior is synchronized to the 24-hour light:dark (LD) cycle by regulatory programs that produce circadian fluctuations in gene expression throughout the body. In mammals, the transcription factor CLOCK controls circadian oscillation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain; its paralog, neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2), performs a similar function in other forebrain sites. To investigate the role of NPAS2 in behavioral manifestations of circadian rhythm, we studied locomotor activity, sleep patterns, and adaptability to both light- and restricted food-driven entrainment in NPAS2-deficient mice. Our results indicate that NPAS2 plays a substantive role in maintaining circadian behaviors in normal LD and feeding conditions and that NPAS2 is critical for adaptability to food restriction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dudley, Carol A -- Erbel-Sieler, Claudia -- Estill, Sandi Jo -- Reick, Martin -- Franken, Paul -- Pitts, SiNae -- McKnight, Steven L -- 37919/PHS HHS/ -- 4R37 MH59388/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5T3DK07328/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL 64148/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):379-83. Epub 2003 Jul 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9152, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Body Weight ; CLOCK Proteins ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Darkness ; Eating ; Electroencephalography ; Electromyography ; Female ; Food ; Gene Targeting ; Light ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Motor Activity ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Prosencephalon/physiology ; *Sleep ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology ; Trans-Activators/genetics/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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    A heterozygote advantage (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedrick, Philip W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):57.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ethnic Groups/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Kuru/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papua New Guinea ; PrPC Proteins/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 171
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    Infectious disease. An avian flu jumps to people (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, Bernice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Birds/virology ; Chickens/virology ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*virology ; Male ; Virulence ; World Health Organization
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 172
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Various chronic antidepressant treatments increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the functional importance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, using genetic and radiological methods, we show that disrupting antidepressant-induced neurogenesis blocks behavioral responses to antidepressants. Serotonin 1A receptor null mice were insensitive to the neurogenic and behavioral effects of fluoxetine, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor. X-irradiation of a restricted region of mouse brain containing the hippocampus prevented the neurogenic and behavioral effects of two classes of antidepressants. These findings suggest that the behavioral effects of chronic antidepressants may be mediated by the stimulation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Santarelli, Luca -- Saxe, Michael -- Gross, Cornelius -- Surget, Alexandre -- Battaglia, Fortunato -- Dulawa, Stephanie -- Weisstaub, Noelia -- Lee, James -- Duman, Ronald -- Arancio, Ottavio -- Belzung, Catherine -- Hen, Rene -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):805-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/*pharmacology ; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/pharmacology ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects/radiation effects ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Fear ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Fluoxetine/*pharmacology ; Grooming/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/*physiology/radiation effects ; Long-Term Potentiation/radiation effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Receptors, Serotonin/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1 ; Stress, Physiological/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Synaptic Transmission/radiation effects
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    Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: The ability of sensitive rainforest species to evolve in response to climate change is largely unknown. We show that the Australian tropical rainforest fly Drosophila birchii exhibits clinal variation in desiccation resistance, but the most resistant population lacks the ability to evolve further resistance even after intense selection for over 30 generations. Parent-offspring comparisons indicate low heritable variation for this trait but high levels of genetic variation for morphology. D. birchii also exhibits abundant genetic variation at microsatellite loci. The low potential for resistance evolution highlights the importance of assessing evolutionary potential in targeted ecological traits and species from threatened habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, A A -- Hallas, R J -- Dean, J A -- Schiffer, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):100-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. A.Hoffmann@latrobe.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dehydration ; Drosophila/*genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Selection, Genetic ; Trees
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    Optical imaging of a tactile illusion in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: In the tactile funneling illusion, the simultaneous presentation of brief stimuli at multiple points on the skin produces a single focal sensation at the center of the stimulus pattern even when no physical stimulus occurs at that site. Consistent with the funneling percept, we show with optical imaging in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that simultaneous stimulation of two fingertips produces a single focal cortical activation between the single fingertip activation regions. Thus, in contrast to traditional views of the body map, topographic representation in the SI reflects the perceived rather than the physical location of peripheral stimulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Li M -- Friedman, Robert M -- Roe, Anna W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):881-5. Epub 2003 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Fingers ; Humans ; Illusions/*physiology ; Male ; Perception/*physiology ; Physical Stimulation ; Saimiri ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; Touch/*physiology
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    SARS. Researcher told to stay home after China trip (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1216.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; New York City ; *Quarantine ; *Research Personnel ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*prevention & control ; *Travel
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    Diverse psychotomimetics act through a common signaling pathway (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters-sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements-were strongly attenuated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Svenningsson, Per -- Tzavara, Eleni T -- Carruthers, Robert -- Rachleff, Ilan -- Wattler, Sigrid -- Nehls, Michael -- McKinzie, David L -- Fienberg, Allen A -- Nomikos, George G -- Greengard, Paul -- DA10044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH40899/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1412-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Central Nervous System Agents/*pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Frontal Lobe/drug effects/metabolism ; Genes, fos ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Phencyclidine/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics/metabolism ; Reflex, Startle/drug effects ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
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    Ecology and evolution. Darwin's hummingbirds (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altshuler, Douglas L -- Clark, Christopher James -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):588-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91104, USA. doug@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Body Constitution ; Dominica ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology ; Heliconiaceae/*anatomy & histology ; Male ; Pigmentation ; Saint Lucia ; *Sex Characteristics
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    The dog genome: survey sequencing and comparative analysis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: A survey of the dog genome sequence (6.22 million sequence reads; 1.5x coverage) demonstrates the power of sample sequencing for comparative analysis of mammalian genomes and the generation of species-specific resources. More than 650 million base pairs (〉25%) of dog sequence align uniquely to the human genome, including fragments of putative orthologs for 18,473 of 24,567 annotated human genes. Mutation rates, conserved synteny, repeat content, and phylogeny can be compared among human, mouse, and dog. A variety of polymorphic elements are identified that will be valuable for mapping the genetic basis of diseases and traits in the dog.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirkness, Ewen F -- Bafna, Vineet -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Levy, Samuel -- Remington, Karin -- Rusch, Douglas B -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Pop, Mihai -- Wang, Wei -- Fraser, Claire M -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Contig Mapping ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dogs/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Male ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Synteny
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    Genetics. Where do male genes live? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlotterer, Christian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):670-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Tierzucht und Genetik, Veterinarmedizinische Universitat Wien, 1210 Wien, Austria. christian.schloetterer@vu-wien.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genes, Insect ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Linkage ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Retroelements ; Sex Characteristics ; X Chromosome/*genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Hox10 and Hox11 genes are required to globally pattern the mammalian skeleton (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: Mice in which all members of the Hox10 or Hox11 paralogous group are disrupted provide evidence that these Hox genes are involved in global patterning of the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the absence of Hox10 function, no lumbar vertebrae are formed. Instead, ribs project from all posterior vertebrae, extending caudally from the last thoracic vertebrae to beyond the sacral region. In the absence of Hox11 function, sacral vertebrae are not formed and instead these vertebrae assume a lumbar identity. The redundancy among these paralogous family members is so great that this global aspect of Hox patterning is not apparent in mice that are mutant for five of the six paralogous alleles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wellik, Deneen M -- Capecchi, Mario R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):363-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Bone and Bones/*embryology ; Female ; Forelimb/embryology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Hindlimb/embryology ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation ; Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Spine/*embryology
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    Requirement of Cks2 for the first metaphase/anaphase transition of mammalian meiosis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: We generated mice lacking Cks2, one of two mammalian homologs of the yeast Cdk1-binding proteins, Suc1 and Cks1, and found them to be viable but sterile in both sexes. Sterility is due to failure of both male and female germ cells to progress past the first meiotic metaphase. The chromosomal events up through the end of prophase I are normal in both CKS2-/- males and females, suggesting that the phenotype is due directly to failure to enter anaphase and not a consequence of a checkpoint-mediated metaphase I arrest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spruck, Charles H -- de Miguel, Maria P -- Smith, Adrian P L -- Ryan, Aimee -- Stein, Paula -- Schultz, Richard M -- Lincoln, A Jeannine -- Donovan, Peter J -- Reed, Steven I -- CA74224/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD22681/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD38252/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):647-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, MB-7, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anaphase ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae/genetics/*physiology ; Chromosome Segregation ; Cyclin A/metabolism ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Epididymis/cytology/physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; In Situ Hybridization ; Infertility, Female/physiopathology ; Infertility, Male/physiopathology ; Male ; *Meiosis ; *Metaphase ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Ovary/cytology/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/*physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Eating disorders and obesity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reslewic, Susan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Policy ; Obesity/*psychology ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    TRB3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/PKB activation by insulin in liver (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Insulin resistance is a major hallmark in the development of type II diabetes, which is characterized by the failure of insulin to promote glucose uptake in muscle and to suppress glucose production in liver. The serine-threonine kinase Akt (PKB) is a principal target of insulin signaling that inhibits hepatic glucose output when glucose is available from food. Here we show that TRB3, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles, functions as a negative modulator of Akt. TRB3 expression is induced in liver under fasting conditions, and TRB3 disrupts insulin signaling by binding directly to Akt and blocking activation of the kinase. Amounts of TRB3 RNA and protein were increased in livers of db/db diabetic mice compared with those in wild-type mice. Hepatic overexpression of TRB3 in amounts comparable to those in db/db mice promoted hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Our results suggest that, by interfering with Akt activation, TRB3 contributes to insulin resistance in individuals with susceptibility to type II diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Du, Keyong -- Herzig, Stephan -- Kulkarni, Rohit N -- Montminy, Marc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1574-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1002, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics/physiology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Diabetes Mellitus/genetics/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fasting ; Genetic Vectors ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Intolerance ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; Liver/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphorylation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Repressor Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transgenes ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Single neurons in the monkey hippocampus and learning of new associations (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: The medial temporal lobe is crucial for the ability to learn and retain new declarative memories. This form of memory includes the ability to quickly establish novel associations between unrelated items. To better understand the patterns of neural activity during associative memory formation, we recorded the activity of hippocampal neurons of macaque monkeys as they learned new associations. Hippocampal neurons signaled learning by changing their stimulus-selective response properties. This change in the pattern of selective neural activity occurred before, at the same time as, or after learning, which suggests that these neurons are involved in the initial formation of new associative memories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wirth, Sylvia -- Yanike, Marianna -- Frank, Loren M -- Smith, Anne C -- Brown, Emery N -- Suzuki, Wendy A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1578-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology
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    Modification of ocular defects in mouse developmental glaucoma models by tyrosinase (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: Mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1) gene are a common cause of human primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Here we show that Cyp1b1-/- mice have ocular drainage structure abnormalities resembling those reported in human PCG patients. Using Cyp1b1-/- mice, we identified the tyrosinase gene (Tyr) as a modifier of the drainage structure phenotype, with Tyr deficiency increasing the magnitude of dysgenesis. The severe dysgenesis in eyes lacking both CYP1B1 and TYR was alleviated by administration of the tyrosinase product dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Tyr also modified the drainage structure dysgenesis in mice with a mutant Foxc1 gene, which is also involved in PCG. These experiments raise the possibility that a tyrosinase/l-dopa pathway modifies human PCG, which could open new therapeutic avenues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libby, Richard T -- Smith, Richard S -- Savinova, Olga V -- Zabaleta, Adriana -- Martin, Janice E -- Gonzalez, Frank J -- John, Simon W M -- CA34196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1578-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Albinism, Ocular/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Anterior Eye Segment/*abnormalities ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/deficiency/genetics ; Cornea/abnormalities ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Glaucoma/*congenital/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iris/abnormalities ; Levodopa/administration & dosage/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Trabecular Meshwork/abnormalities ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    Stability of retrieved memory: inverse correlation with trace dominance (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: In memory consolidation, the memory trace stabilizes and becomes resistant to certain amnesic agents. The textbook account is that for any memorized item, consolidation starts and ends just once. However, evidence has accumulated that upon activation in retrieval, the trace may reconsolidate. Whereas some authors reported transient renewed susceptibility of retrieved memories to consolidation blockers, others could not detect it. Here, we report that in both conditioned taste aversion in the rat and fear conditioning in the medaka fish, the stability of retrieved memory is inversely correlated with the control of behavior by that memory. This result may explain some conflicting findings on reconsolidation of activated memories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisenberg, Mark -- Kobilo, Tali -- Berman, Diego E -- Dudai, Yadin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1102-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aminobenzoates/pharmacology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anisomycin/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Avoidance Learning ; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Extinction, Psychological/drug effects ; Fear ; Male ; *Memory ; *Mental Recall ; Oryzias ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Taste ; meta-Aminobenzoates
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    Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: A neuroimaging study examined the neural correlates of social exclusion and tested the hypothesis that the brain bases of social pain are similar to those of physical pain. Participants were scanned while playing a virtual ball-tossing game in which they were ultimately excluded. Paralleling results from physical pain studies, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was more active during exclusion than during inclusion and correlated positively with self-reported distress. Right ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPFC) was active during exclusion and correlated negatively with self-reported distress. ACC changes mediated the RVPFC-distress correlation, suggesting that RVPFC regulates the distress of social exclusion by disrupting ACC activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisenberger, Naomi I -- Lieberman, Matthew D -- Williams, Kipling D -- R21MH66709-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):290-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Franz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. neisenbe@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; *Emotions ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Rejection (Psychology) ; *Social Isolation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Questions of methodology (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neiburger, E J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):660-1; author reply 660-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12561822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Hair/anatomy & histology ; Hair Color ; Lions/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Male ; *Research Design ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Thermography
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    Neuroscience. Snooty exchanges are key to mouse society (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Smell ; Species Specificity ; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/*physiology
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    Cell therapy of alpha-sarcoglycan null dystrophic mice through intra-arterial delivery of mesoangioblasts (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Preclinical or clinical trials for muscular dystrophies have met with modest success, mainly because of inefficient delivery of viral vectors or donor cells to dystrophic muscles. We report here that intra-arterial delivery of wild-type mesoangioblasts, a class of vessel-associated stem cells, corrects morphologically and functionally the dystrophic phenotype of virtually all downstream muscles in adult immunocompetent alpha-sarcoglycan (alpha-SG) null mice, a model organism for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. When mesoangioblasts isolated from juvenile dystrophic mice and transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing alpha-SG were injected into the femoral artery of dystrophic mice, they reconstituted skeletal muscle in a manner similar to that seen in wild-type cells. The success of this protocol was mainly due to widespread distribution of donor stem cells through the capillary network, a distinct advantage of this strategy over previous approaches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sampaolesi, Maurilio -- Torrente, Yvan -- Innocenzi, Anna -- Tonlorenzi, Rossana -- D'Antona, Giuseppe -- Pellegrino, M Antonietta -- Barresi, Rita -- Bresolin, Nereo -- De Angelis, M Gabriella Cusella -- Campbell, Kevin P -- Bottinelli, Roberto -- Cossu, Giulio -- 1322/Telethon/Italy -- 463/BI/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):487-92. Epub 2003 Jul 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stem Cell Research Institute, H. S. Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/cytology/embryology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Dystrophin/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/physiology ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; Genetic Vectors ; Lentivirus/genetics ; Locomotion ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology/metabolism/pathology/*physiology ; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism/pathology/*therapy ; Regeneration ; Sarcoglycans ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Infectious diseases. Singapore lab faulted in SARS case (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1824.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Containment of Biohazards/*standards ; Humans ; Laboratories/*standards ; Laboratory Infection/*transmission ; Male ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*transmission ; Singapore
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    Abnormal coronary function in mice deficient in alpha1H T-type Ca2+ channels (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is important for the regulation of vascular tone. Activation of L-type Ca2+ channels initiates muscle contraction; however, the role of T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) is not clear. We show that mice deficient in the alpha1H T-type Ca2+ channel (alpha(1)3.2-null) have constitutively constricted coronary arterioles and focal myocardial fibrosis. Coronary arteries isolated from alpha(1)3.2-null arteries showed normal contractile responses, but reduced relaxation in response to acetylcholine and nitroprusside. Furthermore, acute blockade of T-channels with Ni2+ prevented relaxation of wild-type coronary arteries. Thus, Ca2+ influx through alpha1H T-type Ca2+ channels is essential for normal relaxation of coronary arteries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Chien-Chang -- Lamping, Kathryn G -- Nuno, Daniel W -- Barresi, Rita -- Prouty, Sally J -- Lavoie, Julie L -- Cribbs, Leanne L -- England, Sarah K -- Sigmund, Curt D -- Weiss, Robert M -- Williamson, Roger A -- Hill, Joseph A -- Campbell, Kevin P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1416-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arteries/drug effects/*physiology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics/*physiology ; Coronary Vessels/drug effects/pathology/*physiology ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology ; Gene Targeting ; Heart/physiology ; Heart Rate ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology ; Myocardium/pathology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nickel/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/physiology ; Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Vasoconstriction/drug effects ; *Vasodilation/drug effects
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  • 194
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    Thalamic control of visceral nociception mediated by T-type Ca2+ channels (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Sensations from viscera, like fullness, easily become painful if the stimulus persists. Mice lacking alpha1G T-type Ca2+ channels show hyperalgesia to visceral pain. Thalamic infusion of a T-type blocker induced similar hyperalgesia in wild-type mice. In response to visceral pain, the ventroposterolateral thalamic neurons evokeda surge of single spikes, which then slowly decayed as T type-dependent burst spikes gradually increased. In alpha1G-deficient neurons, the single-spike response persisted without burst spikes. These results indicate that T-type Ca2+ channels underlie an antinociceptive mechanism operating in the thalamus andsupport the idea that burst firing plays a critical role in sensory gating in the thalamus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Daesoo -- Park, Donghyun -- Choi, Soonwook -- Lee, Sukchan -- Sun, Minjeong -- Kim, Chanki -- Shin, Hee-Sup -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Creative Research Initiative Center for Calcium and Learning, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abdominal Pain/physiopathology ; Acetic Acid/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Magnesium Sulfate/pharmacology ; Male ; Mibefradil/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Neurons/physiology ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Pain Measurement ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei/*physiology ; Viscera
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    The chemistry of sexual deception in an orchid-wasp pollination system (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: The "sexually deceptive" orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis attracts males of its pollinator species, the thynnine wasp Neozeleboria cryptoides, by emitting a unique volatile compound, 2-ethyl-5-propylcyclohexan-1,3-dione, which is also produced by female wasps as a male-attracting sex pheromone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiestl, Florian P -- Peakall, Rod -- Mant, Jim G -- Ibarra, Fernando -- Schulz, Claudia -- Franke, Stephan -- Francke, Wittko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):437-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cyclohexanones/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Female ; Flowers/metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Male ; Molecular Structure ; Odors ; Orchidaceae/*metabolism ; *Pollen ; Sex Attractants/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Wasps/*physiology
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  • 196
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    Medicine. Consent from donors for embryo and stem cell research (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: As research with human embryos and embryonic stem cells proceeds, the authors of this Policy Forum argue that all donors of biological materials should give informed consent, including oocyte and sperm donors. Informed consent is particularly important because of the diverse opinions and strong emotions that surround such research. Some gamete donors who are willing to help women and couples bear children may object to the use of their genetic materials for certain types of research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lo, Bernard -- Chou, Vicki -- Cedars, Marcelle I -- Gates, Elena -- Taylor, Robert N -- Wagner, Richard M -- Wolf, Leslie -- Yamamoto, Keith R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Medical Ethics, School of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. bernie@medicine.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Female ; Humans ; *Informed Consent ; Male ; Oocytes ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Spermatozoa ; *Stem Cells ; *Tissue Donors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 197
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    Antiretroviral drugs for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV/AIDS (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has dramatically increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in subSaharan Africa, where up to 60% of TB patients are coinfected with HIV and each year 200,000 TB deaths are attributable to HIV coinfection. Now HIV threatens control of TB in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs can prevent TB by preserving immunity, but cohort analysis shows that early therapy, plus high levels of coverage and compliance, will be needed to avert a significant fraction of TB cases. However, ARV drugs could enhance the treatment of TB, and TB programs provide an important entry point for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, Brian G -- Dye, Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1535-7. Epub 2003 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. williamsbg@who.int〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*complications/drug ; therapy/immunology/mortality ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cohort Studies ; Developing Countries ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications/drug therapy/immunology/mortality ; Hiv-1 ; Hiv-2 ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Survival Rate ; Tuberculosis/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 198
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    Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: In many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, a dominant breeding pair is assisted in offspring care by nonbreeding helpers. A leading explanation for this altruistic behavior is Hamilton's idea that helpers gain indirect fitness benefits by rearing relatives (kin selection). Many studies have shown that helpers typically provide care for relatives, but relatively few have shown that helpers provide closer kin with preferential care (kin discrimination), fueling the suggestion that kin selection only poorly accounts for the evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates. We used meta-analysis to show that (i) individuals consistently discriminate between kin, and (ii) stronger discrimination occurs in species where the benefits of helping are greater. These results suggest a general role for kin selection and that the relative importance of kin selection varies across species, as predicted by Hamilton's rule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffin, Ashleigh S -- West, Stuart A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):634-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. a.griffin@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Birds/*physiology ; Breeding ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Family ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Male ; Mammals/*physiology ; Probability ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 199
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    Gene therapy. Seeking the cause of induced leukemias in X-SCID trial (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Advisory Committees ; Cell Division ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; France ; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy ; Genetic Therapy/*adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit ; LIM Domain Proteins ; Leukemia/*etiology/genetics ; Male ; Metalloproteins/genetics/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Risk Factors ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/*therapy ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 200
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    Allosteric activators of glucokinase: potential role in diabetes therapy (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in whole-body glucose homeostasis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose in cells that express this enzyme, such as pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes. We describe a class of antidiabetic agents that act as nonessential, mixed-type GK activators (GKAs) that increase the glucose affinity and maximum velocity (Vmax) of GK. GKAs augment both hepatic glucose metabolism and glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated rodent pancreatic islets, consistent with the expression and function of GK in both cell types. In several rodent models of type 2 diabetes mellitus, GKAs lowered blood glucose levels, improved the results of glucose tolerance tests, and increased hepatic glucose uptake. These findings may lead to the development of new drug therapies for diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimsby, Joseph -- Sarabu, Ramakanth -- Corbett, Wendy L -- Haynes, Nancy-Ellen -- Bizzarro, Fred T -- Coffey, John W -- Guertin, Kevin R -- Hilliard, Darryl W -- Kester, Robert F -- Mahaney, Paige E -- Marcus, Linda -- Qi, Lida -- Spence, Cheryl L -- Tengi, John -- Magnuson, Mark A -- Chu, Chang An -- Dvorozniak, Mark T -- Matschinsky, Franz M -- Grippo, Joseph F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):370-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Metabolic Diseases, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; *Carrier Proteins ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Activators/chemistry/pharmacology ; Glucokinase/*metabolism ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Insulin/blood/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/*drug effects/secretion ; Keto Acids/metabolism ; Liver/*drug effects/metabolism ; Liver Glycogen/biosynthesis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism ; Thiazoles/chemistry/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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