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  • 1
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    Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: The ability of sensitive rainforest species to evolve in response to climate change is largely unknown. We show that the Australian tropical rainforest fly Drosophila birchii exhibits clinal variation in desiccation resistance, but the most resistant population lacks the ability to evolve further resistance even after intense selection for over 30 generations. Parent-offspring comparisons indicate low heritable variation for this trait but high levels of genetic variation for morphology. D. birchii also exhibits abundant genetic variation at microsatellite loci. The low potential for resistance evolution highlights the importance of assessing evolutionary potential in targeted ecological traits and species from threatened habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, A A -- Hallas, R J -- Dean, J A -- Schiffer, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):100-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. A.Hoffmann@latrobe.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dehydration ; Drosophila/*genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Selection, Genetic ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A rapid shift in a classic clinal pattern in Drosophila reflecting climate change (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-30
    Description: Geographical clines in genetic polymorphisms are widely used as evidence of climatic selection and are expected to shift with climate change. We show that the classic latitudinal cline in the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster has shifted over 20 years in eastern coastal Australia. Southern high-latitude populations now have the genetic constitution of more northerly populations, equivalent to a shift of 4 degrees in latitude. A similar shift was detected for a genetically independent inversion polymorphism, whereas two other linked polymorphisms exhibiting weaker clinal patterns have remained relatively stable. These genetic changes are likely to reflect increasingly warmer and drier conditions and may serve as sensitive biomarkers for climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Umina, P A -- Weeks, A R -- Kearney, M R -- McKechnie, S W -- Hoffmann, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 29;308(5722):691-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Alcohol Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Animals ; Australia ; Chromosome Inversion ; *Climate ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Insect ; Geography ; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-26
    Description: Genetic manipulations of insect populations for pest control have been advocated for some time, but there are few cases where manipulated individuals have been released in the field and no cases where they have successfully invaded target populations. Population transformation using the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is particularly attractive because this maternally-inherited agent provides a powerful mechanism to invade natural populations through cytoplasmic incompatibility. When Wolbachia are introduced into mosquitoes, they interfere with pathogen transmission and influence key life history traits such as lifespan. Here we describe how the wMel Wolbachia infection, introduced into the dengue vector Aedes aegypti from Drosophila melanogaster, successfully invaded two natural A. aegypti populations in Australia, reaching near-fixation in a few months following releases of wMel-infected A. aegypti adults. Models with plausible parameter values indicate that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes suffered relatively small fitness costs, leading to an unstable equilibrium frequency 〈30% that must be exceeded for invasion. These findings demonstrate that Wolbachia-based strategies can be deployed as a practical approach to dengue suppression with potential for area-wide implementation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, A A -- Montgomery, B L -- Popovici, J -- Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I -- Johnson, P H -- Muzzi, F -- Greenfield, M -- Durkan, M -- Leong, Y S -- Dong, Y -- Cook, H -- Axford, J -- Callahan, A G -- Kenny, N -- Omodei, C -- McGraw, E A -- Ryan, P A -- Ritchie, S A -- Turelli, M -- O'Neill, S L -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):454-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10356.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bio21 Institute, Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21866160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*microbiology/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/microbiology/*prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/physiology/virology ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Queensland ; Time Factors ; Wolbachia/isolation & purification/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Climate change and evolutionary adaptation (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: Evolutionary adaptation can be rapid and potentially help species counter stressful conditions or realize ecological opportunities arising from climate change. The challenges are to understand when evolution will occur and to identify potential evolutionary winners as well as losers, such as species lacking adaptive capacity living near physiological limits. Evolutionary processes also need to be incorporated into management programmes designed to minimize biodiversity loss under rapid climate change. These challenges can be met through realistic models of evolutionary change linked to experimental data across a range of taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, Ary A -- Sgro, Carla M -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 24;470(7335):479-85. doi: 10.1038/nature09670.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Zoology and Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ary@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change/mortality ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Gene Flow ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-26
    Description: Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans with more than 50 million cases estimated annually in more than 100 countries. Disturbingly, the geographic range of dengue is currently expanding and the severity of outbreaks is increasing. Control options for dengue are very limited and currently focus on reducing population abundance of the major mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. These strategies are failing to reduce dengue incidence in tropical communities and there is an urgent need for effective alternatives. It has been proposed that endosymbiotic bacterial Wolbachia infections of insects might be used in novel strategies for dengue control. For example, the wMelPop-CLA Wolbachia strain reduces the lifespan of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes in stably transinfected lines. This life-shortening phenotype was predicted to reduce the potential for dengue transmission. The recent discovery that several Wolbachia infections, including wMelPop-CLA, can also directly influence the susceptibility of insects to infection with a range of insect and human pathogens has markedly changed the potential for Wolbachia infections to control human diseases. Here we describe the successful transinfection of A. aegypti with the avirulent wMel strain of Wolbachia, which induces the reproductive phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility with minimal apparent fitness costs and high maternal transmission, providing optimal phenotypic effects for invasion. Under semi-field conditions, the wMel strain increased from an initial starting frequency of 0.65 to near fixation within a few generations, invading A. aegypti populations at an accelerated rate relative to trials with the wMelPop-CLA strain. We also show that wMel and wMelPop-CLA strains block transmission of dengue serotype 2 (DENV-2) in A. aegypti, forming the basis of a practical approach to dengue suppression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walker, T -- Johnson, P H -- Moreira, L A -- Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I -- Frentiu, F D -- McMeniman, C J -- Leong, Y S -- Dong, Y -- Axford, J -- Kriesner, P -- Lloyd, A L -- Ritchie, S A -- O'Neill, S L -- Hoffmann, A A -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):450-3. doi: 10.1038/nature10355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21866159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*microbiology/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/classification/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/physiology/virology ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Reproduction/physiology ; Saliva/virology ; Wolbachia/*classification/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Fundamental evolutionary limits in ecological traits drive Drosophila species distributions (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: Species that are habitat specialists make up much of biodiversity, but the evolutionary factors that limit their distributions have rarely been considered. We show that in Drosophila, narrow and wide ranges of desiccation and cold resistance are closely associated with the distributions of specialist and generalist species, respectively. Furthermore, our data show that narrowly distributed tropical species consistently have low means and low genetic variation for these traits as compared with those of widely distributed species after phylogenetic correction. These results are unrelated to levels of neutral variation. Thus, specialist species may simply lack genetic variation in key traits, limiting their ability to adapt to conditions beyond their current range. We predict that such species are likely to be constrained in their evolutionary responses to future climate changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kellermann, Vanessa -- van Heerwaarden, Belinda -- Sgro, Carla M -- Hoffmann, Ary A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1244-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1175443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia. vanessa.kellermann@biology.au.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climatic Processes ; Cold Temperature ; Dehydration ; Drosophila/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Tropical Climate ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habitat marking: males attracted to residual odors of twoDrosophila species (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 763-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have found that males of the sibling speciesD. melanogaster andD. simulans are preferentially attracted to sites marked by the residual odors of conspecific females, especially if non-virgin. In natural populations, this could enhance sexual selection among males, and cause some isolation at the microhabitat level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01949768
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lasing in the vertical direction in InGaN/GaN/AlGaN structures with InGaN quantum dots (2000)
    Springer
    Semiconductors 34 (2000), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7826
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract InGaN/GaN structures with dense arrays of InGaN nanodomains were grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition. Lasing in vertical direction occurs at low temperatures, indicating ultrahigh gains (∼ 105 cm−1) in the active region. Fabrication of an effective AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector with reflectivity exceeding 90% enables vertical lasing at room temperature in structures with a bottom distributed Bragg reflector, despite the absence of a well-reflecting upper mirror. The lasing wavelength is 401 nm, and the threshold excitation density is 400 kW/cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1188011
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Niño (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In 1997–98, fires associated with an exceptional drought caused by the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) devastated large areas of tropical rain forests worldwide. Evidence suggests that in tropical rainforest environments selective logging may lead to an increased ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35106547
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological Population Genetics: The Interface Between Genes and the Environment (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 29 (1995), S. 349-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.002025
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