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  • Articles  (543)
  • barley  (302)
  • Zea mays  (240)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (543)
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  • Articles  (543)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of maize root mucilage on phosphate adsorption and exchangeability on a synthetic ferrihydrite (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ferrihydrite ; Phosphate ; Polygalacturonic acid ; Root mucilage ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to determine the influence of root mucilage (RM) from Zea mays, polygalacturonic acid (PGA), and galacturonic acid (GA), on the adsorption, desorption, and exchangeability of orthophosphate (P) on a synthetic ferrihydrite in deionized water. The adsorption rate and affinity on the oxide decreased in the order P〉GA〉PGA≥RM. The results suggest that P and GA were adsorbed by ligand exchange on Fe-OH surface sites, while RM and PGA might in addition also be adsorbed by hydrogen and van der Waals bonds to the oxide surface. Whereas P and GA could be adsorbed at sites located inside the micropores of ferrihydrite aggregates, PGA and RM probably remained on the external surfaces because of their large molecular weight. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds decreased the subsequent P adsorption. The larger decrease of P adsorption occurred when dry ferrihydrite powder was directly added to the RM/water suspension. This effect was due to the flocculation of ferrihydrite aggregates, which limited the transport of P to the adsorption sites. Preliminary adsorption of GA also decreased P adsorption, because both compounds competed for the same Fe-OH sites. The ability of the organic compounds to desorb P from the ferrihydrite was not very pronounced and decreased in the order GA〉PGA≥RM. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds on the oxide resulted in an increase in isotopically exchangeable P in 300 min compared to the treatment without organic compounds. However, because of its higher affinity for the oxide surface, P exchangeability was not modified when P was added before the organic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land use affects the distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen in smallholder production systems in Kenya (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 348-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Agroforestry ; Land use ; Nitrate leaching ; Zea mays ; Musa spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We hypothesized that the integration of trees and shrubs in agricultural landscapes can reduce NO3 – leaching and increase utilization of subsoil N. A field survey was conducted on 14 farms on acid soils in the subhumid highlands of Kenya, where there is little use of fertilizers, to determine the effect of vegetation types (VT) on soil NH4 + and NO3 – to 4 m depth. The VT included maize (Zea mays) with poor growth and good growth, Markhamia lutea trees scattered in maize, natural weed fallow, banana (Musa spp.), hedgerow, and eucalyptus woodlot. The effect of VT on NH4 + was small (〈1 mg N kg–1). NO3 – within a VT was about constant with depth below 0.25 m, but subsoil NO3 – varied greatly among VT. Mean NO3 –-N concentrations at 0.5–4 m depth were low beneath hedgerow and woodlot (〈0.2 mg kg–1), intermediate beneath weed fallow (0.2–0.7 mg kg–1), banana (0.5–1.0 mg kg–1) and markhamia (0.5–1.6 mg kg–1), and high beneath both poor (1.0–2.1 mg kg–1) and good (1.9–3.1 mg kg–1) maize. Subsoil NO3 – (0.5–4 m) was agronomically significant after maize harvest with 37 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth of subsoil beneath good maize and 27 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath poor maize. In contrast, subsoil NO3 – was only 2 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath woodlot and hedgerow. These results demonstrate that the integration of perennial vegetation and the rotation of annual and perennial crops can tighten N cycling in agricultural landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050667
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative uptake of nitrate by intact seedlings of C3 (barley) and C4 (corn) plants: Effect of light and exogenously supplied sucrose (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; corn ; darkness ; light ; NO3 − uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light and exogenously supplied sucrose on NO3 − uptake was studied in 9-day-old intact C3 (barley) and C4 (corn) seedlings. The seedlings used were uninduced for nitrate uptake system (i.e. had never seen nitrogen during germination and growth) and were exposed to continuous light for 3 days to avoid any diurnal variation and to load the seedlings fully with photosynthates. The uptake assay was conducted either in light or in darkness. Prior to assay, seedlings were treated with darkness or light for 24 h. Accordingly, four sets of seedlings, i.e. pretreated with light and assayed in light (LL); pretreated and assayed in darkness (DD); pretreated with light and assayed in darkness (LD); and pretreated with darkness and assayed in light (DL) were formed. Barley exhibited 55% higher NO3 − uptake than corn during light (LL) and 91% higher during darkness (DD). Shifting barley seedlings from light to dark (LD) or dark to light (DL) for uptake assay, did not affect NO3 − uptake, i.e. in LD the uptake was similar to LL and in DL it was similar to DD. However, in corn, the light conditions during the assay determined the uptake regardless of the conditions during the period preceding the assay. One percent sucrose in the medium increased NO3 − uptake by 31% in barley and 70% in corn during light (LL). The corresponding increase during darkness (DD) was 38% in both barley and corn. Removal of the corn residual endosperm decreased NO3 − uptake by 40% during darkness. Etiolated seedlings (those having never seen light) of both barley and corn were able to take up significant amount of NO3 − during darkness. Externally supplied sucrose in the assay medium of etiolated seedlings increased the NO3 − uptake to about 4 and 2 fold in barley and corn, respectively. The data presented here provide evidence that: 1. In intact seedlings, light per se is not obligatory for NO3 − uptake and that the carbohydrate supply may mimic light. 2. Light affected the NO3 − uptake differently in barley and corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026503700825
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATP production after pH shift in membrane vesicles from maize coleoptiles (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATP production ; ATPase ; auxin ; membrane vesicles ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microsomal membrane vesicles and purified plasma membranevesicles obtained from coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) weresubjected to pH shifts from pH 7.8 to 4.7. In the presence of ATPaseinhibitors such as vanadate, net accumulation of radiolabelled butyricand indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) remained higher than in controls. When 2min after the pH shift, at 4°C, the microsomal vesicles weredenatured the amount of ATP could be determined using theluciferin/luciferase assay. Significantly increased ATP production overcontrol values – no pH-shift or ionophore treatment – wasfound. Therefore, such vesicles might produce ATP for in vitrotransport processes such as auxin efflux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010797326939
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays following cold stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Cold stress ; Immunolocalization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zeatin O-glycosides have been reported as inactive and stable storage forms of cytokinins whose concentrations increase in cold stressed plants. Zeatin O-glycosides accumulation in developing bean seeds has been correlated with an increase of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase , which is specific to trans-zeatin, and catalyzes the conjugation of zeatin O-glycosides. When Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays seedlings were grown for 3 days at 25 and then incubated at 4 or 10 for 6 days no further growth was observed in roots. Hypertrophy was observed in the root tips of both species. In shoot-hypocotyl complexes, in contrast, growth occurred when seedlings were incubated at 10 . Western analysis, with Mabs specific to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase, detected antigenically related proteins in roots, shoot tips and cotyledons after seedlings were cold stressed for 1–6 days at 4 or 10 . Immunolocalization, of both maize and bean root sections grown at 25 revealed antigenically related proteins that were detected at low levels in cortical cells. The signal intensified upon cold stress. The localization of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Z. mays root tips was directly comparable to the distribution of the zeatin O-glycosides. The enzyme was detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and closely associated with the plasma membrane and in the cell wall of Z. mays root cells. Southern analysis suggested that more than one gene in Z. mays that were homologous to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in P. vulgaris. Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase may be involved in modulation of cytokinins under cold stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010755901072
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; arbuscular mycorrhiza ; biosynthesis ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid ; regulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Within the last ten years it has been established by GC-MS thatindole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is an endogenous compound in a variety ofplant species. When applied exogenously, IBA has a variety of differenteffects on plant growth and development, but the compound is stillmainly used for the induction of adventitious roots. Using moleculartechniques, several genes have been isolated that are induced duringadventitious root formation by IBA. The biosynthesis of IBA in maize(Zea mays L.) involves IAA as the direct precursor. Microsomalmembranes from maize are able to convert IAA to IBA using ATP andacetyl-CoA as cofactors. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction wascharacterized from maize seedlings and partially purified. The invitro biosynthesis of IBA seems to be regulated by several externaland internal factors: i) Microsomal membranes from light-grownmaize seedlings directly synthesize IBA, whereas microsomal membranesfrom dark-grown maize plants release an as yet unknown reaction product,which is converted to IBA in a second step. ii) Drought and osmoticstress increase the biosynthesis of IBA maybe via the increaseof endogenous ABA, because application of ABA also results in elevatedlevels of IBA. iii) IBA synthesis is specifically increased byherbicides of the sethoxydim group. iv) IBA and IBA synthesizingactivity are enhanced during the colonization of maize roots with themycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. The role of IBA forcertain developmental processes in plants is discussed and somearguments presented that IBA is per se an auxin and does notact via the conversion to IAA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010746806891
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of nitrogen from crop residues and N recovery by maize inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop residues ; dry-matter yields ; Medicago sativa ; N mineralization ; 15N uptake ; Zea mays ; VAM fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume crop residues serve as a source of nitrogen (N) for succeeding crops in low-input production systems, and characterizing the release of this N supports efforts to develop sound economic and environmental management practices. Nitrogen mineralization of 15N-labelled field crop residues was monitored in a Greenville sandy loam during a 140-day laboratory incubation at 25°C. Residue type strongly influenced the rate of N mineralization; decomposition rate constants were 0.283, 0.083, 0.00047 and 0.0014 day-1 for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stover (above-ground plant parts), alfalfa roots, maize (Zea mays L.) stover (above-ground plant parts excluding cob and kernels) and maize roots, respectively. At the end of the incubation, 50% of alfalfa stover and 25% of alfalfa root residues N were mineralized, whereas these proportions were 8% for maize stover and 12% for root residues. Mineralization of 15N from alfalfa stover residues was also monitored in a greenhouse experiment to determine N availability during the growth of maize inoculated or not with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, and to evaluate the effects of the presence of plants on the decomposition of the residues. Stover and root dry matter yields were greatest for maize inoculated with VAM fungi and grown in residue-amended soil. At the final harvest, maize grown in residue-amended soils had accumulated 44% more dry matter and 40% more N than maize grown in unamended soils. Enhanced VAM colonization of roots inoculated with a mixture of three Glomus spp. increased the residue N accumulation in maize roots at 5 weeks after silking and at the final harvest. Alfalfa stover decomposed rapidly both in the presence and absence of maize plants, but the amount of 15N mineralized at the end of the experiment was influenced by the presence of living roots; 23% of the 15N in alfalfa stover residues was mineralized in soil without plants compared to about 38% when maize plants were present. These results suggest that N mineralization is enhanced by the presence of living roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014958321933
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Field studies in an Indonesian ultisol (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agricultural practices ; extra-radical mycelium ; Gliricidia sepium ; organic matter addition ; Peltophorum dasyrachis ; soil disturbance ; species richness of AMF ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pre-established agricultural field trials were assessed for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil (density of spores, species richness and lengths of extra-radical mycelium [ERM]) in association with one of three tropical plant species (Gliricidia sepium, Peltophorum dasyrachis and Zea mays). The trials were managed by one of three agricultural practices: soil disturbance in a monoculture system, a root barrier to prevent interactions between plants in an agroforestry system or the addition of organic matter (OM) in an agroforestry and a monoculture system. The lengths of ERM of AMF in the soil were greater in the agroforestry system than the monoculture system. These were greater when a root barrier was present, but decreased when OM was added. Soil disturbance reduced the density of spores, species richness and the lengths of ERM of AMF compared with the undisturbed soil. This work indicates that agricultural trials may provide a useful tool to monitor the abundance of AMF in the field. Clearly, there is potential to increase the abundance of AMF, from different genera, in the soil through the management of agricultural practices. The significance of the abundance of AMF for subsequent benefits to plant growth and development and ultimately the sustainability of tropical agro-ecosystems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014966801446
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation among Andean races of maize for cold tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Andean maize ; cold tolerance ; germplasm evaluation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cold in the initial growth stages is an important stressfactor for maize grown in regions with a temperate climate,particularly in case of early sowing. Sources of tolerancehave been identified in adapted genotypes, but promisinggenes for cold tolerance should also be found in materialdeveloped under the lower-temperature margins of the cropdistribution. This research was conducted in order to testAndean maize accessions for cold tolerance expressed duringboth the heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages.Experiments were conducted in controlled environments tostudy cold tolerance traits (germination %, germinationindex and plant growth rate) at continuous 10°C (heterotrophic growth) and at varying 10–16°C (autotrophic growth). An experiment was also performed inthe field with early sowing (both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth). In each experiment, a control trialwas conducted in more favourable conditions (i.e. continuous25°C in a controlled environment or late planting inthe field) so that cold tolerance traits could also beexamined as the ratio between the stress and the controltrial. None of the accessions was superior for all coldtolerance traits. However, several Andean maize accessionsoutperformed the US Corn-belt hybrid checks for one or moretraits, both in heterotrophic and autotrophic growth. Overall, BOZM 855, PMS 636, Poblacion D, Poblacion E andBOZM 696 were the best accessions, suggesting that they canbe a promising source of genes for improving cold toleranceof adapted maize genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003710431416
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A methodological study on participatory barley breeding I. Selection phase (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; genotype by environment interaction ; Hordeum vulgare ; farmer participation ; PPB ; participatory plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decentralized selection, defined as selection in the target environment, has been used to emphasize favorable interactions when significant genotype by environment interactions exist. However, crop breeding based on decentralized selection can still miss its objectives if it does not utilize the farmers' knowledge of the crops and the environment, and it may fail to fit crops to the specific needs and uses of farmers' communities unless it becomes participatory.One cycle of decentralized participatory selection was conducted in eleven locations in Syria. 208 barley entries (fixed lines and segregating populations) were planted unreplicated in two research stations and in the fields of nine Syrian (host) farmers, where they were managed (except planting) by the farmers themselves. Visual selection was conducted by a breeder at all locations and by the host farmers on their own fields and on both stations. In five farm locations, there was also a one-time group selection by neighboring farmers.Host farmers were able to handle the large number of entries making observations during the cropping season using different scoring methods. They did not use the performance of entries on station for their final selection and used a higher selection pressure than the breeder. In their own fields, they selected about one tenth the number of entries selected by the breeder, while on station the farmers selected, on average, about half the number of lines selected by the breeder. For some broad attributes, such as modern germplasm versus landraces, selection was mostly driven by environmental effects. Selection for other attributes was partly environmentally driven and partly based on individual farmers preferences.Selection preferences were similar for fixed or segregating populations. There was wider diversity among farmers' selections in their own fields than among farmers' selections on research stations and among breeder's selections, irrespective of where the selection was conducted. Larger kernels, higher grain yield and biomass, and taller plants (particularly in environmentally stressed locations) were the characteristics most frequently used as selection criteria by both breeder and farmers.Entries selected by the farmers yielded as much, and in one case significantly more, than those selected by the breeder.Decentralized-participatory selection was significantly more efficient in identifying the highest yielding entries in farmers' fields than any other type of selection. There was also evidence suggesting that the breeder was more efficient in selecting higheryielding entries in the research station in a high rainfall area, while the farmers were more efficient in selecting under stress conditions. The results suggest that farmers can handle selection choices among a large number of lines, and because farmers' selections are at least as high yielding as breeder's selections, it is possible to transfer the responsibility of selection to farmers in their fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003717303869
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and nitrogen mineralization of selected fungi and fungal-feeding nematodes on sand amended with organic matter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 91-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; Aphelenchoides composticola ; Aphelenchus avenae ; barley ; fungi ; host ; nematodes ; N-mineralization ; organic substrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphylium sp., Thielaviopsis basicola, and Verticillium dahliae were cultured on potato–dextrose agar (PDA), barley-sand and alfalfa-sand substrates in petri-dish or in column microcosms. N-mineralization by fungi and fungal-feeding nematodes in combination or fungi alone was assessed. Numbers of Aphelenchus avenae or Aphelenchoides composticola supported by the fungi were measured every 7 days. Times for full colonization of the substrates by fungi ranged from 5 to 15 days. Rhizoctonia solani and B. cinerea on PDA supported the largest A. avenae and A. composticola populations, respectively. Penicillium sp. was a nonhost for A. composticola and A. avenae. Rhizoctonia solani, B. cinerea, V. dahliae, and F. oxysporum supported significantly more nematodes than the other four fungal species. The ranked order of fungi based on the amount of N mineralized in columns free of nematodes was A. alternata (with a rate of 0.052 μg N/g-sand per day), Stemphylium sp., V. dahliae, T. basicola, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, R. solani, and Penicillium sp. (with a rate of 0.0045 μg N/g-sand perday). The presence of A. avenae resulted in significant increases in mineral N, compared to nematode-free columns colonized by F. oxysporum, R. solani, and T. basicola alone. The presence of A. composticola resulted in significant increases in mineral N, compared to nematode-free columns colonized by A. alternata, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and R. solani alone. There was more mineral N incolumns in the presence of A. composticola than A. avenae in most cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014914827776
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diverse responses of root cell structure to aluminium stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; root cells ; stress adaptation ; structural response ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant cells respond to a certain stress factor in different ways depending on their developmental stage and type of tissue. Structural damage may be severe or even lethal in individual cells within a tissue that exhibits moderate or no effects of stress. In the case of aluminium toxicity, detailed observations of root tips of 3 day old Zea mays L., cv. TO360 seedlings revealed differences in the response of some cells. Two different structural changes appeared within root epidermis just behind the root cap. Cells with dark and shrunken cytoplasm occurred next to swollen cells with preserved cellular compartments. Within the root cortex, individual cells or a few cells of a file have severely damaged cytoplasm, in contrast to almost undisturbed cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Such extremely sensitive cells appear irregularly within the root apex. Their structural similarity with cells that are observed after a hypersensitive response in infected plant tissues suggests a role to accumulate aluminium, in order to allow the surrounding tissue to survive the stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026468403157
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity of the Rhynchosporium secalis population in the Western Cape province of South Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; resistance ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; scald ; virulence spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The virulence spectra of 50 Rhynchosporium secalis isolates from a population in the Western Cape province of South Africa were determined, and 21 races were detected when evaluated against 17 differential cultivars. The virulence spectrum of the R. secalis population shows considerable variation, and carries unnecessary virulence genes which is quite unexpected, since chiefly susceptible barley cultivars are grown in the south Western Cape. The two most prevalent races, namely races 4 and 7 had three and four virulence genes respectively. Both race 4 and 7 were virulent on the most susceptible cultivars, West China, Steudelli, C.I.8618 and C.I.2226. Considering the resistance genes reported for the cultivars Atlas 46, Turk, and C.I.3515 which showed no susceptible cultivar-pathogen interaction, it would appear that the Rh-Rh3-Rh4 complex is primarily involved in conferring resistance to the local R. secalis isolates
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003946623529
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of wheat-barley translocations by genomic in situ hybridization in derivatives of hybrids multiplied in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; GISH ; in situ hybridization ; translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-barley translocations were identified by genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) in backcross progenies originating from in vitro regenerated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) × barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes) hybrids. The regenerated hybrids were pollinated with the wheat line Martonvásári 9 kr1. Five translocated wheat-barley chromosomes were recovered among 51 BC2F2 progeny from the in vitro regenerated wheat × barley hybrids. All were single breakpoint translocations with the relative positions of the breakpoints ranging from the centromere to about 0.8 of the relative arm length. Of the four translocations with intercalary breakpoints, three were transfers of terminal barley segments to wheat chromosomes; one was a transfer of a terminal wheat segment to a barley chromosome. Because of the absence of diagnostic N-bands, the identity of three barley segments could not be determined; in one translocation the barley chromosome involved had a NOR so it must have been 5H or 6H, and the centric translocation was 4HS.2BL. Following selfing, homozygotes of four translocations were selected. The experiment suggests that in vitro culture conditions are conducive for major genome rearrangements in wheat-barley hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003840200744
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cer ; β-diketone ; glaucous ; pre-harvest sprouting ; waxes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F2 populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003832031695
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    Comparison of anther and isolated microspore cultures in barley. Effects of culture density and regeneration medium (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: anthers ; barley ; culture density ; doubled haploid ; microspores ; regeneration medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of anther and microspore culture efficiency for green doubled haploid plant production was undertaken using 17 F1 crosses with potential agronomic performance. Green doubled haploid plants were produced from all F1 crosses by anther and microspore cultures, although there was a great variation among crosses. On average, anther culture resulted in a production of green plant twice that of isolated microspore culture (30 and 14 greenplants/100 anthers, respectively).The effect of microspore culture density on green plant regeneration was studied with the cultivars Igri, Reinette and Hop which have a high, medium and low androgenic response. The highest number of dividing microspores was obtained at a density of 2.4 ×105 viable microspores/ml for the three cultivars. However, the optimal density for the percentage of embryos/dividing microspores and greenplants/103 microspores depended on the cultivar. The highest number of green plants/103microspores was produced at 1.2 × 105 viable microspores/ml for cv. Igri and 2.4 × 105 for cultivars Reinette and Hop. Percentage of green plants/total plants was raised when the culture density was increased up to 6.0 × 105 viable microspores/ml, especially for cv. Reinette. Six regeneration media differing in maltose concentration, organic nitrogen and type of auxin were assayed with embryos from cultivar Reinette. Media without organic nitrogen containing 31 g l-1maltose and the auxins IAA or NAA produced more vigorous green plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003937530907
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    Expression of mature plant resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Maize ; mature plant resistance ; Striga hermonthica ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twelve maize genotypes with different degrees of resistance were evaluated in plots inoculated with seeds of the phytoparasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and in Striga-free (control) plots for three seasons between 1991 and 1993. Resistant genotypes, although showing similar levels of underground infection as susceptible 9 weeks after maize planting (WAP), had significantly fewer emerged parasitic plants and sustained lower damage. Host damage was not determined by the severity of infection. Percent height and dry matter reductions increased from 3 to 6 WAP for resistant and susceptible genotypes. While percent height and dry matter reductions for resistant genotypes declined at 9 and 12 WAP, susceptible genotypes either maintained or increased their levels of damage. Correlation between the severity of height and dry matter reductions at the vegetative (3 and 6 WAP) and reproductive (9 and 12 WAP) stages of maize growth were not significant, indicating that damage at early stages of growth cannot be used to predict mature plant response. Maize damage score (1–9) at 8 WAP, a non destructive and composite shoot indicator of host performance under Striga infestation, was significantly correlated (r = 0.88, r = 0.82; p 〈 0.01) to the level of shoot reduction at mature plant stages. Emerged Striga count at 8 WAP was significantly correlated (r = 0.98, p 〈 0.01) to the count at 10 WAP, the time when parasite emergence was highest. Under high and uniform infestation, mature plant resistance can be detected at 8 WAP, the onset of flowering in maize.
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    The evidence for abundance of QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei on the barley genome (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP markers ; barley ; genetic linkage map ; partial resistance ; Puccinia hordei ; QTL mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using AFLP markers, a linkage map was constructed based on a recombinant inbred population of barley derived from a cross between a leaf rust susceptible line, L94, and a partially resistant line, 116-5. The constructed map showed a similar marker distribution pattern as the L94 × Vada map. However, it contained more large gaps, and for some chromosome regions no markers were identified. These regions are most likely derived from L94 because 116-5 was selected from the progeny of a cross of L94 × cv. Cebada Capa. Five QTLs for partial resistance to isolate 1.2.1. were mapped on the L94 × 116-5 map. Three QTLs were effective in the seedling stage, jointly contributing 42% to the total phenotypic variance. Three QTLs were effective in the adult plant stage, collectively explaining 35% of the phenotypic variance. Evidence for two additional linked minor-effect QTLs effective in the adult plant stage was also uncovered. The major-effect QTL, Rphq3, was the only one that was effective in both developmental stages. Moreover, Rphq3, was also identified in the L94 × Vada population, being effective to two rust isolates. The other QTLs were detected in either of the two populations, providing evidence for the existence of many loci for partial resistance to leaf rust on the barley genome. To date, 13 QTLs for partial resistance have been mapped, therefore, a strategy of accumulating many resistance genes in a single cultivar, resulting in a high level of partial resistance, is feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009649903383
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    Genetic diversity in European accessions of the Barley Core Collection as detected by isozyme electrophoresis (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 571-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: allelic variation ; barley ; core collection ; genetic diversity ; isozyme loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity in 79 European accessions of the Barley Core Collections was surveyed using isozyme electrophoresis. A total of 26 alleles were observed at the ten isozyme loci. All loci were polymorphic except Pgd-1 which was monomorphic. The comparison of the results with those of previous studies indicates that most of the alleles occurring in the European Barley are also observed in this set of the European Barley Core Collections. Only five alleles (Est-1 Al; Est-5 Ag, Te; Pgi-1 C and Ndh-2 B) were absent. Nine of 26 alleles were rare alleles, which were detected only in one or two accessions. Moreover, most of rare alleles were detected in 6-rowed winter barley. It is very important to include rare alleles for maximising the genetic variations in core collections. In the set of European Barley Core Collection, 6-rowed barley contained larger diversity than 2-rowed barley; winter type contained larger diversity than spring type. The cluster analysis separated 79 accessions into three major groups. Group I is more complex and comprised 2-rowed spring, 2-rowed winter and 6-rowed winter barley. In this group, 18 accessions in the cluster A and 14 accessions in the cluster B possessed identical genotypes as judged from the ten isozyme data. Principal coordinate analysis could not clearly separate the spring cultivars from the winter barley lines, as well as not separate 2-rowed from 6-rowed barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026532215990
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    Crop yield and tree-leaf production in three planting patterns of temperate-zone alley cropping in Oregon, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 46 (1999), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: A,nus rubra ; hedgerow intercropping ; Robina pseudoacacia ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine crop and tree productivity in several alley cropping planting patterns. The four- year study was conducted in western Oregon, United States and involved irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays) intercropped between hedgerows of red alder (Alnus rubra) and black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Three alley cropping planting patterns with variable plant populations and tree-crop proximity were tested with each tree species in a randomized block design. Space available to trees and crops determined yield of both plant components. High crop yield coincided with low pruning yield, and vice versa. Compared to monocropping, yield reductions in traditional alley cropping planting patterns with widely spaced, double tree rows ranged from 5% to 15%. A. rubra and R. pseudoacacia coppiced readily and produced 0.9 to 4.7 tons of dry matter pruning biomass per growing season, depending on planting pattern and year. A. rubra yield continually increased during the trial, while the ability of R. pseudoacacia to produce green manure after frequent coppicing appeared to weaken. After four years, soil organic matter was 4 to 7% higher in the topsoil of an alley cropping system compared to a monocropping system. However, continuous growing of sweet corn resulted in decreased soil organic matter levels in both cropping systems compared to original levels. Crop yield reductions and the need for additional management inputs constrain the implementation of alley cropping in temperate climates. Only if benefits other than minor soil fertility improvements are realized is alley cropping a feasible alternative in temperate climate regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006204018212
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    Enhanced ammonium sources to reduce nitrate leaching (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: anhydrous ammonia ; dicyandiamide ; nitrification inhibitor ; urea-ammonium nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One approach to reduce NO3 movement to groundwater is increasing the proportion of N supplied to the crop as NH4–N. Nitrification inhibitors (NI's) can be used to enhance NH4–N supply, but most studies have focused on yield response, with little attention given to environmental impacts. To determine the effect of enhanced NH4 sources on corn grain yield, N uptake and NO3 movement to groundwater, three sidedress materials were compared during three different growing seasons. Application of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and addition of the NI, dicyandiamide (DCD) to urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) both reduced NO3 leaching losses relative to that incurred with UAN. With AA and UAN + DCD (as compared with UAN) subsoil solution NO3 concentrations were reduced by an average of: 1.1 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1993) a dry growing season; 2.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil during (spring and summer 1994) and 1.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil after (fall 1994) a wet growing season; and 0.5 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1995) a growing season with intermediate rainfall. Based on average solution NO3 concentrations and approximate drainage after harvest, estimated N losses between harvest and freeze-up were 43, 22 and 19 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). Grain yields and aboveground N uptake were greater with AA and UAN + DCD than with UAN, and residual fertilizer N (applied N less aboveground N uptake) was 18, 6 and -2 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). As is often observed, the trend for greater yield with addition of the NI was not large or consistent enough to meet registration criteria. Data demonstrating reduced NO3 leaching are also relevant, and positive environmental impacts should be a criterion for registration. For growers who are reluctant to use AA, this would provide an alternative source to maximize yield while minimizing NO3 movement to groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009773428011
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    Phosphorus (P) acquisition of cereal cultivars in the field at three levels of P fertilization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; genetic variation ; phosphate uptake ; rhizosphere ; root hairs ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low phosphorus (P) availability in soils and diminishing P reserves emphasize the need to create plants that are more efficient P users. Knowledge of P efficient germplasm among the existing cereal varieties may serve as the basis for improving soil P use by selection and breeding. We had identified some cereal cultivars (winter wheat: Kosack and Kraka; winter barley: Hamu and Angora; spring barley: Canut, Alexis, Salka, Zita;) which differed (p〈0.05) in P depletion from thin slices (0.2 mm) of the rhizosphere soil under controlled conditions. In the present study, the same cultivars were studied under field conditions at three levels of P supply (no-P, 10 and 20 kg P ha-1) and the differences in P uptake as found in the previous work were confirmed. Under both conditions, the variation between the cultivars was greatest in soil without P fertilizers (no-P) for about 30 years. The variation in P uptake with most cultivars disappeared when 10 kg P ha-1 was applied. Root development did not differ between the cultivars much, but there was wide, consistent variation in their root hairs, regardless of growth media (solution, soil column and field). Increase in soil P level reduced the length of root hairs. The variation in root hairs between the cultivars was largest in no-P soil. When 10 kg P ha-1 was applied, the root hair lengths did not differ between the cultivars. Barley cultivars with longer root hairs depleted more P from the rhizosphere soil and also absorbed more P in the field. The relationship between root hairs and phosphorus uptake of the wheat cultivars was less clear. The wide variation in P uptake among the barley cultivars in the field and its relationship to the root hair development confirms that root hair length may be a suitable plant characteristic to use as criterion for selecting barley cultivars for P efficiency, especially in low-P soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004742032367
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    Localization and quantification of net fluxes of H+ along maize roots by combined use of pH-indicator dye videodensitometry and H+-selective microelectrodes (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; H+ flux ; H+-selective microelectrode ; mineral uptake ; pH-indicator dye ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for measuring proton fluxes along intact maize roots grown with NH 4 + or NO 3 − at pH 6.5 were compared. Videodensitometric measurement of changes in a pH-indicator dye by video camera was used to map pH around roots and determine the amounts of protons released by various root regions. This method was compared with potentiometric determination of the concentration of H+ in the unstirred layer at the root surface using ion-selective microelectrodes. With NH 4 + the roots released large amounts of H+ in preferential regions where the rate of flux can reach 1.4 or even 2.5 nmol m−1 s−1. Videodensitometry indicated a first region of root acidification in the subapical zone, but this was more difficult to localize with microelectrodes. With NO3 − both methods showed that the roots released small amounts of H+ and that the apical region took up H+ in the first 10 mm then sometimes released H+ over the following 10 mm of root. The H+ flux profiles obtained by both methods were in good agreement in terms of both order of magnitude of the fluxes and spatial differences along the root. These results suggest that videodensitometry, which is easier to use than potentiometry, can be used to screen different plant species or cultivars under various experimental conditions. The microelectrode technique is indispensable, however, for studying the underlying mechanisms of net H+ fluxes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004560208777
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    Continuous monitoring of rhizosphere respiration after labelling of plant shoots with 14CO2 (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 labelling ; flow detection of beta radiations ; rhizosphere respiration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work describes an original method to follow rate of 14CO2 and total CO2 production from rhizosphere respiration after plant shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We used a radioactivity detector equipped with a plastic cell for flow detection of beta radiation by solid scintillation counting. The radioactivity detector was coupled with an infrared gas analyser. The flow detection of 14CO2 was compared to trapping of 14CO2 in NaOH and counting by liquid scintillation. First, we demonstrated that NaOH (1 M) trapped 95% of the CO2 of a gaseous sample. Then, we determined that the counting efficiency of the radioactivity flow cell was 41% of the activity of gaseous samples as determined by trapping in NaOH (1 M) and by counting by static liquid scintillation. The sensitivity of the 14CO2- flow detection was 0.08 Bq mL−1 air and the precision was 2.9% of the activity measured compared to 0.9% for NaOH trapping method. We presented two applications which illustrate the relevance of 14CO2-flow detection to investigations using 14C to trace photoassimilates within the plant-soil system. First, we examined the kinetics of 14CO2 production when concentrated acid is added to NaH14CO3. This method is the most commonly used to label photoassimilates with 14C. Then, we monitored 14CO2 activity in rhizosphere respiration of 5-week old maize cultivated in soil and whose shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We conclude that alkali traps should be used for a cumulative determination of 14CO2 because they are cheap and accurate. On the other hand, we demonstrated that the flow detection of 14CO2 had a finer temporal resolution and was consequently a relevant tool to study C dynamics in the rhizosphere at a short time scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004681528074
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    Distribution of GA20-13-O-glucoside and reconversion of [17-D2]GA20-13-O-glucoside in caryopses of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: barley ; distribution ; GC-MS ; gibberellin ; gibberellin-O-glucoside ; reconversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of GA20 and GA20-13-O-glucoside was examined in mature caryopses of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya. It was shown by GC-MS that GA20-13-O-glucoside is localized mainly in the embryo-containing part of the grain. In order to study the reconversion of GA20-13-O-glucoside during early germination, the glucoside pool of cv. Himalaya was [17-D2]-labelled by feeding [17-D2]GA20. The metabolites of [17-D2]GA20-13-O-glucoside were quantified by GC-MS during germination on the basis of doubly labelled standards. As soon as 6 h after incubation an increase of [17-D2]GA20 could be observed, followed by an increase of [17-D2]GA1 after 12 h, showing that the enzymes of the late GA metabolism are present before de novo biosynthesis started.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218530757
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    Malting enzyme activities, grain protein variation and yield potentials in the displaced genetic resources of barley landraces of Finland (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: α-amylase ; β-amylase ; barley ; β-glucanase ; grain residual proteins ; grain size ; hordeins ; Hordeum vulgare ; landraces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two unimproved landraces of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) based on single plant selections in SE Finland were studied. Some of the lines still had ancient features, e.g., rachis brittleness in the tip of the spike. The lines showed 17 different and 16 unique hordein patterns and three lines showed more than one pattern, suggesting heterozygosity, and six different residual grain protein patterns. The three enzyme activities (α-amylase, β-amylase and β-glucanase) of grains germinated aseptically for 120 h were determined. The average activity levels were high compared with a standard of five global barleys and with those determined previously in wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (Koch) Archers et Graebn.) grown in Finland. The ssp. spontaneum sample of 257 accessions showed significantly (P〈0.001) less variation in β-amylase and significantly (P〈0.001) lower mean activity of all three enzymes. The high variation of these chemotypes indicates great potential variation of possible use by breeders has been lost by the disappearance and displacement of local barleys with commercial cultivars since 1950 in Finland before which barley cultivation and adaptation to the local environment had occurred over more than 3000 years. Selection for currently preferable plant characteristics in the descendants of the cross of HA52 (a landrace selection) × Adorra discriminated the hordein pattern of HA52 not being directly selected. The best landraces outyield the standard cultivars especially when there was no lodging. Top yield and small grains appeared to be associated characteristics under the environmental selection pressure, conflicting with the man-made regulations of the EU.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008605307102
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    Resistance to powdery mildew in a doubled haploid barley population and its association with marker loci (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Erysiphe graminisDC. f.sp. hordei Marchal ; genetic mapping ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; partial resistance ; QTL ; specific resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f.sp. hordei Marchal) was analyzed using doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines from the cross Harrington/TR306. Based on infection types observed after inoculation with defined single-conidium isolates, the lines were classified into four groups. The observed phenotypic ratio fit a two-locus model. The two putative loci were mapped relative to molecular markers. One coincided with the previously mapped dMlg locus on chromosome 4. Based on the observed infection types, Harrington carries the Mlg resistance allele, and TR306 carries a second locus on chromosome 7 (5H); this was tentatively designated Ml(TR). It is the first reported race-specific powdery mildew resistance gene located on that chromosome. These two loci were also detected by simple interval mapping of disease severity data from naturally infected field plots. Composite interval mapping with the first two resistance loci as co-factors detected an additional locus on chromosome 6, with a minor effect on resistance. Finally, superimposing the race-specific classification onto the field data provided evidence for a minor-effect locus on chromosome 7 (5H). The Mlg locus had the largest effect, the Ml(TR) locus had an intermediate effect and the other two loci had very small effects. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated approach to identifying and mapping resistance loci using classification data from inoculated experiments and quantitative data from field experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003696330951
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    Cold-regulated gene expression during winter in frost tolerant and frost susceptible barley cultivars grown under field conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; frost-tolerance ; cold-regulated genes (COR) ; winterhardiness ; winter survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winterhardiness is a basic trait for successful winter survival barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. Freezing tolerance, a fundamental component of winterhardiness, is based on an inducible process known as hardening or cold acclimation that occurs when plants are exposed to low non-freezing temperatures. In the recent years, many temperature-dependent genes specifically expressed during hardening have been isolated. Current data on relationship between gene expression and cold tolerance are mostly based on plants grown and hardened under environmentally controlled conditions and, usually, over a short period of time. In order to verify whether variations in the molecular response to cold are likely to be of significant adaptive value under natural environments, we have followed the accumulation of several COR genes ( pt59, pao86 and paf93) and proteins (COR14a and COR14b) during the 1996/97 and 97/98 winter seasons in barley cultivars with contrasting winterhardiness capacity grown under field conditions. In the 1996/97 experiment, a winter cultivar Onice and a spring cultivar Gitane were tested for the accumulation of the cold-regulated genes and proteins. The ability of the plants to promote a strong molecular response to cold was found to be associated with the winterhardiness capacity of the two cultivars. This result was further tested in the winter season 1997/98 using 10 barley varieties. All winter cultivars showed high accumulation of the cold-regulated proteins COR14a and COR14b, while some variations for this character were detected in the spring cultivars suggesting that the selection for winter survival has been effective to fix the high COR14 accumulation capacity. We conclude that a high level of COR14 may be a component the winter survival capacity of barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003564503628
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  • 29
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    Differential inhibition of indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan biosynthesis by indole analogues. I. Tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin biosynthesis ; auxin inhibitors ; indole analogues ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize liquid endosperm extracts contain the enzymes necessary for all of the steps of the plant IAA biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan, and provide a means to assay the pathway in vitro. We have analyzed the reactions in the presence of a series of indole and indole-like analogues in order to evaluate the potential of these compounds to act as inhibitors of IAA biosynthesis. Such inhibitors will be useful to investigate the tryptophan to IAA pathway, to determine the precursors and intermediates involved, and to select for mutants in this process. A number of such compounds were tested using in vitro enzyme assays for both the tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway and for tryptophan synthase β activity. Some compounds showed strong inhibition of IAA biosynthesis while having only a slight effect on the reaction rate of tryptophan synthase β. These results: (1) show that IAA biosynthesis can be selectively inhibited relative to tryptophan biosynthesis; (2) suggest potential ways to screen for IAA biosynthetic pathway mutations in plants; and (3) provide additional tools for studies of IAA biosynthesis in plants.
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    Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; H+-ATPase ; malondialdehyde ; salt ; silicon ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two contrasting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars: Kepin No.7 (salt sensitive), and Jian 4 (salt tolerant) were grown in a hydroponics system containing 120 mol m-3 NaCl only and 120 mol m-3 NaCl with 1.0 mol m-3 Si (as potassium silicate). Compared with the plants treated with salt alone, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plant leaves and H+-ATPase activity in plant roots increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plant leaves decreased significantly for both cultivars when treated with salt and Si. The addition of Si was also found to reduce sodium but increase potassium concentrations in shoots and roots of salt-stressed barley. Sodium uptake and transport into shoots from roots was greatly inhibited by added Si under salt stress conditions. However, Si addition exhibited little effect on calcium concentrations in shoots of salt-stressed barley. Thus, Si-enhanced salt tolerance is attributed to selective uptake and transport of potassium and sodium by plants. The results of the present study suggest that Si is involved in the metabolic or physiological changes in plants.
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    Development and validation of a model to describe root length density of maize from root counts on soil profiles (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 61-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field root studies ; modelling ; root ; root growth ; root mapping ; root orientation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root length density (RLD) is an important determinant of crop water and nutrient acquisition, but is difficult to measure in the field. On a soil profile, in-situ counts of root impacts per unit surface on soil profiles (NI) can be used to calculate RLD if crop-specific parameters for preferential root orientation (anisotropy) are known. An improved method for field determinations of RLD was developed and validated for maize at sites in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Root anisotropy was measured with cubes of undisturbed soil with 0.1 m sidelength, based on NI observed on three planes oriented perpendicularly to each other. RLD was also measured for the enclosed volume. Repetition of such measurements enabled estimation of the robustness across sites of empirical and geometric models for the relationship between RLD and NI:RLD = NI CO, with CO being the coefficient of root orientation, theoretically equals 2 for an isotropic distribution. Root systems were found to be nearly isotropic, except near the root front (0.3 to 0.5 m), where roots had a preferentially orthotropic orientation. Measured RLD was generally about 50% larger than RLD calculated from observed NI and CO, indicating that at least one of the measurement techniques had a systematic error. The ratio between measured and calculated RLD (CE), which ranged from 0.8 to 2, increased with the age of the plants and decreased with soil depth. CE was therefore introduced as an additional coefficient, resulting in RLD = NI CO CE. The empirical value for CO CE was between 2 and 5. The empirical coefficients CO and CE were the same for the sites in Cote d'Ivoire (oxisol with an iron pan at 0.6 to 0.9 m) and Burkina Faso (alfisol with an iron pan at 0.4 to 0.8 m). The model was validated with independent data sets at both sites, and gave satisfactory predictions of RLD on the basis of NI obtained from single soil planes, which can be easily measured in the field.
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    Diallel analysis of net blotch resistance in doubled haploid lines of Nordic spring barleys (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Pyrenophora teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A half-diallel was made between five six-rowed Nordic spring barleys to study the genetics of resistance to net blotch. Twenty-five doubled-haploid (DH) lines from each cross and the parents were sown in hill plots in Finland in 1997 and 1998. The plots were artificially inoculated with Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg. and assessed for resistance to net blotch. There were statistically significant differences in resistance of the five parents to net blotch. General combining ability (GCA) of the parents and specific combining ability (SCA) effects in the progeny were statistically significant in both years, but GCA effects predominated. Evidence for additive epistasis was minimal. Progeny of a particular cross were less resistant to net blotch than the better parent. The most resistant progeny were derived from the cross between the two most resistant parents, Pohto and WW7977, and resistance was governed by at least eleven effective factors. Narrow sense heritability estimates for resistance to net blotch were high during both years (0.84–0.99). It appears that net blotch resistance of progeny from crosses can be largely predicted from reactions of the parents. Quantitative resistance to net blotch can be further advanced by identification and incorporation of superior parents, from a screening such as reported here, into a recurrent selection breeding programme.
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    Salinity-yield response functions of barley genotypes assessed with a triple line source sprinkler system (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; response functions ; saline sprinkling ; salt leaf content ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Evaluation of the salt tolerance of crop cultivars under field conditions is greatly complicated by the typical temporal and spatial variability of soil salinity. We obtained the grain yield – salinity response functions of 124 barley genotypes by growing them in ten salinity treatments imposed by a Triple Line Source Sprinkler (TLS) system during five consecutive years. Additional objectives were to ascertain the consistency and reproducibility over years of these functions, to quantify the deleterious effects of saline sprinkling irrigations, and to assess correlations between salinity tolerance and leaf sap salt concentration. The consistency and reproducibility of the response functions within and between years were adequate (only 8% of the response functions were discarded for statistical reasons). The Y m (grain yield without salinity) and the EC50 (the EC e that reduces yield by 50%) estimates were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) suggesting that the most productive genotypes were not necessarily less salinity tolerant. Y m was positively and significantly (P 〈 0.01) correlated with Y6 and Y12 (fitted grain yields at EC e values of 6 dS m-1, and 12 dS m-1, respectively), indicating that it is a useful statistic in the selection of barley genotypes most productive under medium and high salinities. Foliar salt uptake due to saline sprinkling irrigations decreased the EC50 by around 50% as compared with the salinity tolerance obtained with surface irrigation systems. No consistent relationships were found between either Y m or EC50 and the leaf sap osmotic potential, Cl, Ca, Na and K concentrations. They could not therefore be used in screening for salinity tolerance of barley. On the basis of the evidence from the present study, Y m is the best statistic for predicting the most productive barley genotypes in salt-affected soils.
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    Genetic basis of variation for salt tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L). (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; North Carolina model 2 ; salinity tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of salt tolerance was examined in selected salt tolerant and sensitive material from a sample of accessions previously assessed for variability in salinity tolerance. The North Carolina Model 2 Design and analysis was followed, tolerance being assessed in 10-day-old seedlings grown in salinized solution culture at control (0 mM), 60 mM and 80 mM NaCl concentrations). Salinity tolerance was shown to be under the control of genes with additive and non-additive effects, with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates being approximately 0.7 and 0.4 over all treatments.
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    Medium optimization for efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; embryogenesis ; medium ; regeneration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Media have been developed for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum. For wheat and tritordeum inflorescences, regeneration from embryogenic calluses induced on medium with picloram was almost twice as efficient as regeneration from cultures induced on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The addition of zeatin at 5 or 10 mg l−1 to regeneration media had a positive effect on regeneration. For scutella, the highest frequencies of embryogenesis (85%) and regeneration (50%) was obtained using an induction medium containing 2 mg l−1 of 2,4-D and half concentration of aminoacids. The morphogenetic capacities of 19 different cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum were compared, and clear differences were found both between explants and genotypes. In wheat, embryogenic capacity from inflorescences (average of 92%) was higher than from immature scutella (average of 62%). However, shoot regeneration from scutella was clearly higher than from inflorescences (averages of 63%, and 18% respectively). Frequencies of regeneration in wheat and barley varied widely among the cultivars tested and in both species no difference was found between spring and winter varieties.
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    Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: α- and beta-amylase ; barley ; diastatic power ; embryo and endosperm genetic effects ; malt N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively.
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    Investigation of barley germplasm in China (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; Chinese germplasm ; disease resistant ; dwarf ; protein content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 16,251 barley accessions including 6,026 naked barley have been collected over the whole country in China. Among them 8,865 were landraces, 1,035 bred lines and 6,351 foreign accessions. The agroecological distribution, classification and characterization of agricultural traits, abiotic stress tolerance, disease and pest resistance of the collection are described.
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    Using molecular markers to determine barleys most suitable for malt whisky distilling (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; ethyl carbamate ; fermentability ; molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two barley quality characters of specific interest to whisky distillers are fermentability and production of the ethyl carbamate precursor, epi-heterodendrin. The former is a quantitative trait, while the latter may be determined by a single Mendelian genetic factor. Molecular markers have been used to map, to barley chromosome 5(1H), the locus responsible for epi-heterodendrin synthesis and the inheritance of this character and a closely linked microsatellite have been followed through the pedigrees of several contemporary cultivars. Six loci, which affected fermentability in random inbred lines from a barley cross, have been mapped to chromosomes 2(2H), 3(3H) and 7(5H). This would permit the use of molecular markers in a breeding programme, to select barleys best suited for distilling. In addition, one of the loci related to fermentability mapped to an area of the genome indicated, by a previous study, to affect the activity of β-amylase, a character likely to influence fermentability. Molecular markers may, therefore, be powerful tools in exploring the contribution and detecting the mode of action of the genetical components influencing malt whisky distilling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606705925
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    Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Zea mays ; Pythium spp. ; Fusarium spp. ; seed bacterization Burkholderia cepacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.
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    Diversity and Complexity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei Collected from Barley Cultivar Mixtures or Barley Plots Treated with a Resistance Elicitor (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley ; resistance elicitor ; cultivar mixtures ; complexity ; diversity ; RAPD ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Powdery mildew populations were analysed to determine the effects of a resistance elicitor and cultivar mixtures on genetic complexity and diversity. Isolations were made from a range of spring barley monocultures and mixtures in a field trial, and characterised for virulence and RAPD profile. In a second trial, isolates were taken from a single mixture from untreated and resistance elicitor-treated areas and from the components of the mixture in monoculture. The mildew population was not only highly heterogeneous for virulence characteristics, but also proved heterogeneous within pathotypes for molecular markers, indicating the major impact of sexual recombination on population structure and the lack of clonal dominance. Various diversity measurements were compared and the value of dissimilarity measurement for revealing genetic distance within a population was highlighted. There was a trend towards increasing complexity as the season progressed, but there was no consistent relationship between cultivar or mixture, disease control treatment, fertiliser treatment, replicate or position in trial, and pathogen genotype. Whilst the resistance elicitor did reduce mildew by 78% in the first trial, and there was no interaction with fertiliser level in its expression, control was substantially less in the second trial. There were no differences between mildew isolates from elicitor and control treatments. It was felt that more effective and consistent resistance elicitors need to be developed before it can be stated that they are unlikely to be eroded by selecting resistant or adapted mildew genotypes.
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    Differences in temperature requirements between Polymyxa sp. of Indian origin and Polymyxa graminis and Polymyxa betae from temperate areas (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: automatic immersion system ; barley ; peanut clump virus ; Plasmodiophoromycetes ; sorghum ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The temperature requirements of three single cystosorus strains of Polymyxa sp. from India were studied at 15–18, 19–22, 23–26 and 27–30 °C (night-day temperature), and compared with the temperature requirements of three strains of P. graminis from Belgium, Canada and France and two strains of P. betae from Belgium and Turkey. Sorghum was used as the host-plant for the Indian strains; the strains of P. graminis and P. betae from temperate areas were cultivated on barley and sugar beet, respectively. The cystosori germination and the development of plasmodia, zoosporangia and cystosori of Polymyxa sp. from India were optimal at 27–30 °C. Infection progression was slower at 23–26 °C than at 27–30 °C. At 19–22 °C, infection was insignificant. No infection occurred below 19 °C. In contrast, the infection of barley with P. graminis strains from temperate areas was optimal at 15–18 °C, but at 19–22 °C the progression appeared inconsistent and infection stayed low. Above 22 °C, infection was insignificant. P. betae strains showed consistent infection in the range of 15–18 °C to 27–30 °C. Plasmodia formation and cystosori detection of the Belgian strain were slightly advanced at 23–26 °C compared to 19–22 °C but clearly restrained at 27–30 °C. Fungus development of the P. betae strain from Turkey was almost as high at 27–30 °C as at the lower temperatures. These results strengthen the case for distinguishing between Polymyxa sp. from India and P. graminis or P. betae from temperate areas.
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    Exploration and Exploitation Strategies of Powdery Mildew on Barley Cultivars with Different Levels of Nutrients (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 829-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: colony morphology ; mass fractal dimension ; branching ; mildew ; barley ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mass fractal dimension (MFD) of colonies of mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) growing on barley was calculated as a measure of their spatial structure. Despite the elongated shape of the colonies imposed by the leaf cellular structure, the MFD remained constant with scale. The mildew MFD differed on different cultivars of barley, and was greater on leaves produced under higher nutrient level indicating a physiological component. Lower MFD values correspond with the thin spreading growth associated with exploration strategies and higher values correspond to the denser, more branched structure associated with exploitation of the substrate. Cultivars showing exploration strategies induced by resistance expression responded to increased nutrient levels more than those expressing little resistance such as Golden Promise.
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    Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: erosion ; Gliricidia sepium ; Oryza sativa ; Paspalum conjugatum ; Penisetum purpureum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops.
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    Plant availability of phosphorus in the neutral ammonium citrate fraction of Brazilian acidulated phosphates (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: acidulated phosphates ; available P ; cationic impurities ; corn ; phosphorus sources ; water soluble P ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Brazil, where the rock phosphates are high in impurities, no attempthas been made to evaluate the P supplying efficiency of the neutral ammoniumcitrate fraction (NAC) of P fertilizers, or to verify if the NAC +H2O extraction solution (AOAC) is satisfactory for estimatingthe P availability. To attain these objectives, a greenhouse experiment wascarried out with samples of a Typic Hapludox soil. Four acidulatedphosphates obtained from Brazilian raw materials were studied; monocalciumphosphate p.a.[Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O]was included as a standard source of P, as well as leached samplescontaining no water-soluble P. The fertilizers were thoroughly mixed withthe whole soil in the pots or with only 1% of its volume, at the rateof 50 mg kg-1 of P, soluble in NAC + H2O. Cornplants (Zea mays, L.) were grown for 35 days and the amounts of dry matterand P accumulated in plant tops were determined. Increasing the amount ofcationic impurities in the raw materials decreased the concentration ofwater-soluble P, NAC + H2O-soluble P and water-soluble P/NAC+H2O soluble P ratio of the fertilizers obtained. The P in theNAC fraction was not as much available to plants as in the NAC +H2O fraction or in pure MCP. The great variation found in drymatter (5.4 to 17.1 g pot-1) and in P uptake (6.3 to 22.2 mgpot-1) indicates that the AOAC method is not an adequate indexfor evaluating the P availability of fertilizers with high amounts ofcationic impurities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016335612914
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    A method to quantify N fertilizer requirement (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: barley ; maximum possible yields ; N demand ; soil N mineralization ; tropical highlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A methodology to quantify N fertilizer requirement for a barley crop is proposed. The method consists of establishing a relationship between barley N demand (DEM) and an index of soil N supply (NS). NS values were obtained adding the inorganic N, i.e, (N-NO- 3 + N-NH+ 4, (Ni), measured just before planting in the soil to an index of soil N mineralization (Nor): NS = Ni + Nor Soil organic matter (SOM) was selected as an index of Nor: Nor = 25.9 + 17.9 (SOM) R2; = 0.89; p 〈 0.01 and Ni was measured in a soil extract obtained with KCl (1N). Ns values were related to both grain yield (Y) and N accumulated in the above ground biomass of barley (AB) grown under greenhouse conditions. The following relationships were obtained: Y = 0.81 + 0.99 (NS) - 0.0002 (NS)2 R2 = 0.77; p 〈 0.01 AB = -0.006 + 0.002 (NS) - 0.000003 (NS)2 R2 = 0.84; p 〈 0.01 A graphic relationship was established between DEM and NS, in order to extrapolate the greenhouse results to field conditions. Using this relationship, AB was converted from g N pot-1 to kg N ha-1, and NS from μg g-1 of N in the soil to kg ha-1.
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    Nitrogen uptake and use of two contrasting maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter partitioning ; maize ; 15N ; nitrogen uptake ; nitrogen use efficiency ; senescence ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In eastern Canada, the use of fertilizer N has been identified as the most energy-consuming component of maize (Zea mays L.) grain production. As the economic and environmental costs of excessive N fertilization rise, there is an increased emphasis on selection of hybrids with greater N use efficiency (NUE; defined as the ratio of the amount of 15N recovered in grain or stover dry matter to the amount of fertilizer 15N applied to the soil in this study). Using an 15N-labelling approach, a field study was conducted on a tile-drained Brandon loam soil (Typic Endoaquoll) on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada (45°22′ N, 75°43′ W) in 1993 and 1994. Fertilizer N uptake and partitioning within the plant in relation to dry matter changes were monitored during development of a current stay-green maize hybrid and an older early-senescing hybrid grown with three fertilizer N levels (0, 100, 200 kg N ha-1). Dry matter, N concentration and15 N atom% enrichment of plant components were determined at five growth stages. The current stay-green hybrid, ‘Pioneer 3902’ had greater NUE than the old early-senescing hybrid, ‘Pride 5’, which was associated with 24% more dry matter production and 20% more N uptake during grain fill for Pioneer 3902. There was no indication of greater allocation of N to the grain in Pioneer 3902. Our data suggest that prolonged maintenance of green leaf area for photosynthate production during grain fill and the ability to take up available soil N later in grain filling are characteristics of maize hybrids with greater NUE.
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    Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in seedlings of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: antioxidant system ; brassinolide ; drought stress ; methyl jasmonate ; uniconazole ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of brassinolide, uniconazole and methyl jasmonate on the antioxidant system were studied in seedlings of drought-resistant (PAN 6043) and drought-sensitive (SC 701) cultivars of Zea mays L. When seedlings treated with the three regulators were subjected to water stress (−1.0 MPa PEG 6000 solution), the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as the ascorbic acid and total carotenoid contents, increased in the resistant cultivar, whereas the levels remained unaltered in the sensitive cultivar. The increased tolerance to drought stress induced by the growth regulators in the resistant cultivar seems to be due to the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant substance levels.
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    Effect of IAA content Modulators on peroxidase activity and on endogenous IAA during cold pretreatment of maize anthers prior to androgenesis (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: androgenesis ; anther ; cold pretreatment ; endogenous IAA ; peroxidase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A cold pretreatment is usually applied to induce maize androgenesis. Peroxidase activity, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity, and endogenous IAA concentrations were followed during a cold pretreatment (14 days, 7°C) in anthers of two maize genotypes, Seneca 60 and DH5×DH7, respectively with a low or high androgenetic response. The most prominent result was the absence of a detectable IAA oxidase activity in DH5×DH7. Adding effectors of IAA-oxidase activity or IAA transport did not affect significantly the crude peroxidase activity of DH5×DH7 anthers while inducing a clear inhibition of androgenesis at higher concentrations. No strict correlation was found between IAA level and physiological response, the low responding variety having as much IAA as DH5×DH7. However, for DH5×DH7, every treatment that lowered the IAA level after 14 days of cold resulted in a decrease in androgenetic response.
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    Variability in aluminium and manganese tolerance among maize accessions (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: aluminium and manganese tolerance ; Al × Mn interaction ; leaf chlorosis and necrosis ; relative root length ; solution culture ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to aluminium and manganese toxicity at the seedling stage for 72 maize accessions was examined in solution culture. 0.22 mM Al and 2.0 mM Mn gave better genotypic separation for aluminium and manganese tolerance assessed on the basis respectively of relative root length, and visual symptoms of leaf chlorosis and necrosis. There was considerable variability among accessions for tolerance to aluminium and to manganese. Three accessions, Bozm 1335, Bozm 1337, and Bozm 1536 showed tolerance to Al, while 4, Chzm 01009, Champ, Bozm 0715, LG 20.80 exhibited tolerance to Mn. Accession, Zea 769 was tolerant to both metals. A significant Al x Mn interaction was found when five accessions were grown in a mixture of 0.22 mM aluminium and 2.0 mM manganese. Root length inhibition in Al alone was slightly ameliorated when the accessions were grown in the Al + Mn solution. Tolerance to aluminium and manganese does not necessarily coincide, different mechanisms being involved in tolerance to the two metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008699817089
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    Effect of maize streak virus disease on the growth and yield of maize as influenced by varietal resistance levels and plant stage at time of challenge (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicadulina ; leafhoppers ; disease resistance ; geminivirus ; West Africa ; yield reduction ; plant growth ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 at Ibadan, Nigeria, to assess effects of maize streak virus (MSV) disease on growth and yield of maize varieties having different levels of disease resistance. MSV disease reduced yield and growth in all years, but varieties differed significantly in amount of loss, disease severity and incidence. MSV disease was negatively correlated with plant height and dry weight, grain weight per plot, 1000-grain weight, ear length and diameter. In 1989 MSV disease decreased yield of resistant variety TZB-SR by 1.5%, of resistant hybrid 8321-21 by 10%, and of moderately resistant hybrid 8329-15 by 17%. Yield of susceptible variety TZB Gusao was reduced significantly more, by 71%. Plant age at time of virus challenge had significant effects on yield and growth characters, with earlier infection resulting in greater disease severity and yield reduction. A significant interaction between variety × age at challenge was also detected, indicating that varieties were differentially affected by MSV in relation to the growth stage when challenged. Disease incidence after challenge was lower for the most resistant varieties. This property of lower disease incidence under equal challenge opportunities (tolremicity) is an important aspect of resistance. The resistant varieties discussed here were bred for tolerance - good yield performance when diseased -, but TZB-SR and 8321-21 also exhibited tolremicity. Tolremicity combined with tolerance constitutes the overall disease resistance of a variety to a systemic pathogen such as MSV.
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    Choice of selection strategy in breeding barley for stress environments (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; genotype by environment interaction ; Hordeum vulgare ; low-input agriculture ; response to selection ; specific adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine the optimum selection environment for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) targeted at low-input, stress environment, barley lines were selected for high yield under stress (YS), high yield under non-stress (YNS), or average yield in stress and non-stress conditions (YA) during three breeding cycles (cohorts) of three years each. The lines were then tested in a total of 21 year-location combinations with average grain yields ranging from 0.35 to 4.86 t ha-1. Yield under stress of the YS lines was between 27% and 54% higher than that of the YNS lines, with the top YS lines yielding under stress between 16% and 30% more than the top YNS lines. Realized heritability was between 0.35 and 0.67 when selection was conducted under stress and was significant in all three cohorts. By contrast, selection under non-stress gave a significant response in only one cohort, and its efficiency in improving yield under stress was significantly lower than selection under stress. The best YNS line ranked only 19th for yield under stress. The highest-yielding lines under stress were not only selected under stress, but were also landraces collected in very dry areas (〈 250 mm total annual rainfall). This confirms earlier findings and supports the idea that the most effective way to improve productivity of crops grown in less-favored areas is to use locally adapted germplasm and select in the target environment(s).
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    The use of visual marker genes as cell-specific reporters of Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA delivery to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; barley ; C1/Lc ; GFP ; GUS ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes to cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is demonstrated following the inoculation of immature embryos and immature embryo-derived callus. Agrobacterium T-DNA vectors containing the C1/Lc anthocyanin-biosynthesis regulatory genes, the gusA gene or a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene (sgfp-S65T) were constructed from original binary vectors. The visual T-DNA markers were used as cell-autonomous reporters of early Agrobacterium-mediated transformation events in the wheat and barley cells. This localization of the transformed cells revealed a non-random distribution throughout each embryo and callus piece.
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    In vivo silage feeding value of early maize hybrids registered in France between 1958 and 1994 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: digestibility ; feeding value ; ingestibility ; silage maize ; registration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The in vivo feeding value of 118 early maize (Zea mays L) hybrids, registered in France between 1958 and 1994, has been estimated from digestibility measurements with sheep at INRA Lusignan (France). There were great variations in the digestibilities of organic matter and crude fibre, and in the energy value of these hybrids, ranging respectively between 65.1 and 73.5%, 45.4 and 60.0%, and 0.79 and 0.95 UFL. There was a regular decrease in the average feeding value, regarding the year of registration, for each of the feeding value traits investigated. From 1958 to date, the frequency of hybrids lower than Mammouth increased, while the number of hybrids higher than LG11 or Brutus clearly decreased. Across the years, the increase in variations among hybrids occurred because of the introduction of hybrids with a poorer feeding value, particularly since the end of the 80's. The extremely efficient genetic pressure in breeding for whole plant yield and stalk standability could explain the drift in feeding value. A silage maize hybrid with a high yield, a high lodging resistance, and a good feeding value can be available only if breeders use a digestibility assessment, proved as representative of the digestion in cattle. In addition to a digestibility evaluation, the prediction of maize ingestibility could be taken into account as soon as a criterion is established.
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    Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in callus of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: antioxidant system ; brassinolide ; callus ; methyl jasmonate ; paraquat ; sodium benzoate ; uniconazole ; water stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of brassinolide, uniconazole and methyl jasmonate on several aspects of antioxidant defences, were studied in callus tissues of drought-resistant (PAN 6043) and drought-sensitive (SC 701) cultivars of maize. When regulator-treated calli were subjected to water stress with PEG for 24 h the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase, remained higher in callus of the drought-resistant than in callus of the drought-sensitive cultivar. Damage, as indicated by the levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, the reduction of ascorbate and carotenoids, and leakage of electrolytes from cells was apparent in callus of both cultivars as a consequence of the applied water stress. However, the damage was less marked in the drought-resistant cultivar. The regulator-treated callus of this cultivar also had a higher survival percentage than that of the drought-sensitive cultivar. The present results also compare the effects of growth regulators on antioxidant systems in callus tissue of different drought-resistant cultivars when exposed to paraquat and water stress.
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    The Spanish barley core collection (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 475-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; core collection ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spanish barleys constitute a germplasm group of particular interest for breeding purposes, as Spain has been proposed as a possible centre of origin of the crop. The Spanish National Germplasm Bank (Banco Nacional de Germoplasma, BNG), holds a collection of about 2000 barley accessions, mostly landraces collected in Spain prior to extensive introduction of modern varieties. The objective of this work is to create a core collection of barleys representative of old barley genotypes grown in Spain. The core collection will be constituted by three groups of germplasm: successful old varieties (15); entries in common with previously existing barley core collections (15); and 2-row (8) and 6-row (122) entries from the BNG, for a total of 160 entries. Entries were allocated by stratified sampling in agro-ecological uniform zones of barley cultivation in Spain. Classification of agro-ecological regions for barley was based on historical yield records for Spanish provinces. The number of entries for each region was determined in proportion to the logarithm of historical barley acreage. Final choice of accessions within provinces tried to maximize the diversity and avoid duplications by looking at passport data, and to agronomic evaluation data available for a group of about 900 accessions.
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    The potential of microsatellites for high throughput genetic diversity assessment in wheat and barley (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; diversity ; microsatellites ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microsatellite (SSR) profiles from 65 wheats and 135 barleys have been generated, involving 14 and 22 loci, respectively. The wheat and barley varieties were chosen to represent the bulk of the area sown to these crops in the UK over the past 70 years. The profiling identified genotypic mixtures in some seed samples. Null alleles were common in wheat, but rare in barley. We describe attempts to increase the efficiency of data acquisition. High resolution agarose gel electrophoresis was unable to satisfactorily resolve 1–2 repeat unit differences in the common size range for SSR loci, and was therefore unsuitable for mass screening of allelic variants. Multiplex PCR was very dependent on the choice of primer combinations and seldom produced amplifications as consistently as when primer pairs were used individually. Background (non-specific) amplification was common to many primer pairs, and this hindered the use of both multiplex PCR and multiple sample loading. Sequential sample loading was the most effective strategy, although this was the least time-efficient of the measures used.
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    Light-mediated release of phytosiderophores in wheat and barley under iron or zinc deficiency (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; iron deficiency ; light intensity ; phytosiderophore ; wheat ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of varied light intensity (50 – 600 μmol m-2 s-1) on the rate of phytosiderophore release was studied under zinc (Zn) deficiency using a bread (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aroona) and a durum wheat cultivar (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Durati) differing in zinc (Zn) efficiency and under iron (Fe) deficiency using a barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare L. Europe). Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution for 15 days (wheat plants) or 11 days (barley plants). Phytosiderophore release was determined by measuring capacity of root exudates to mobilize copper (Cu) from a Cu-loaded resin. With increasing light intensity visual Zn deficiency symptoms such as whitish-brown lesions on leaf blade developed rapidly and severely in wheat, particularly in the durum cultivar Durati. In wheat plants supplied well with Zn, increases in light intensity from 100 to 600 μmol m-2 s-1 did not clearly affect the rate of phytosiderophore release. However, under Zn deficiency increases in light intensity markedly enhanced release of phytosiderophores in Zn-deficient Aroona, but not in Zn-inefficient Durati. When Fe-deficient barley cultivar Europe was grown first at 220 μmol m-2 s-1 and then exposed to 600 μmol m-2 s-1 for 24 and 48 h, the rate of release of phytosiderophores was enhanced about 4-fold and 7-fold, respectively. Transfer of Fe-deficient plants from 600 to 50 μmol m-2 s-1 for 48 h reduced the rate of release of phytosiderophores by a factor of 7. The effect of light on phytosiderophore release was similar regardless of whether the rate of phytosiderophore release was expressed per plant or per unit dry weight of roots. The results demonstrate a particular role of light intensity in phytosiderophore release from roots under both Zn and Fe deficiency. It is suggested that in the studies concerning the role of phytosiderophore release in expression of Zn or Fe efficiency among and within cereals, a special attention should be given to the light conditions.
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    Genetic variation in barley of crossability with wheat and its quantitative trait loci analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; crossability ; hybridization ; mapping ; quantitative trait loci ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study genetic variation in crossability, 80 barley accessions of diverse geographic origin consisting of 50 wild barleys (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum or ssp. agriocrithon) and 30 cultivated barleys (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) were crossed as the male parent with a highly crossable wheat variety, Shinchunaga. Crossabilities, expressed as the percentage of pollinated florets giving embryo-containing caryopses, ranged from 0% to 68.6%. Barley accessions from East Asia had generally a low crossability, while barley accessions from other regions exhibited a wider range of crossability including highly crossable genotypes. No significant difference in mean crossability was found between wild and cultivated barleys. To estimate the number and location of barley genes controlling the crossability, doubled haploid lines derived from the cross between the barley varieties Steptoe and Morex were crossed as the male parent with wheat. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using molecular markers identified four QTL. These were mapped to the centromeric regions of chromosomes 2H, 3H and 5H and the short arm of chromosome 7H. The QTL on chromosomes 3H and 5H had larger effects than those on chromosomes 2H and 7H. The four QTL collectively explained 35.4% of the total variance under a multiple QTL model. Relationships of the QTL identified in the present study with previously reported crossability genes of barley and wheat are discussed.
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    Tissue-specificity of maize sucrose synthase gene promoters in maize tissues after particle bombardment (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: particle bombardment ; promoter ; tissue-specificity sucrose synthase ; transient expression ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reporter gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by either of the two maize sucrose synthase gene (Sh1 and Sus 1) promoters was introduced and expressed in various maize tissues via particle bombardment. Transient gene expression was examined by histochemical assays. It was found that the two SS promoters directed differential GUS expression. In the developing kernel, the Sh1 promoter was active only in the upper and central parts of the endosperm. In contrast, strong GUS activity controlled by the Sus1 promoter was detected in various types of cells, including the aleurone cells, the subaleurone endosperm cells, the scutellar cells of the embryo and the pericarp cells. Both promoters showed similar expression patterns in vegetative tissues.
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    Evaluation of early-maturing European maize inbreds for resistance to the European corn borer (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; corn ; insect resistance ; antibiosis ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European corn borer (ECB) has become a serious pest for maize cultivation in Central and Western Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate resistance against ECB in a cross section of the European maize germplasm. A total of 115 flint and dent inbreds were evaluated for resistance under protected and artificial infestation conditions at two German sites in 1993. Resistance to ECB was assessed by damage rating before harvest, tunnel length in dissected stalks, and relative yield under infestation compared to protected control plots. Means for damage rating of stalks were significantly higher in flint lines than in dent lines. Artificial infestation reduced grain yield by 31% in flint lines and 20% in dent lines. Significant genotypic variances among lines and high genetic ratios (GR) were found in both flint and dent lines for all agronomic and ECB resistance traits. Exceptions were relative yield of stover in both germplasm groups and tunnel length in flint lines. Phenotypic correlations between agronomic and resistance traits were moderate to low. Damage rating was negatively correlated with days to silking and dry matter yield of stover in both germplasm groups. In vitro digestibility of stover was not associated with ECB resistance. Correlations of relative grain yield with tunnel length below the ear and damage rating were significantly negative, even though their magnitude was low. Our results indicate substantial genetic variation among European inbred lines for resistance to the univoltine ECB. Among all resistance traits measured, damage rating of stalks is best suited for assessment of ECB resistance in breeding programs because of its easy recording and high genetic ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018305316853
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    A gene for resistance to the maize streak virus in the African CIMMYT maize inbred line CML202 (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: composite interval mapping ; maize streak virus ; QTL ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) is an essential trait of improved maize varieties in sub-Saharan Africa. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to MSV in a population of 196 F2:3 lines derived from a cross between the maize inbred lines CML202 (resistant) from CIMMYT-Zimbabwe and Lo951 (susceptible) from Italy. Field tests were planted at two locations in Zimbabwe, inoculated with viruliferous leaf hoppers (Cicadulina mbila), and scored twice (21 and 83 days after infesting, DAI) on a 1–5 scale. The mean final streak intensity (score 2) of the parent lines was 2.2 (CML202) and 4.8 (Lo951). Genotype × location interaction was large for score 1 but negligible for score 2. Consequently, the heritability was higher for score 2 (0.93) than for score 1 (0.62). By composite interval mapping across locations, using a linkage map with 110 RFLP loci, four significant (LOD ≥3.0) QTL were identified for score 1 on chromosomes (C) 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All four were contributed by CML202. For score 2, only the QTL on C 1 was significant (LOD =37), explaining 59% of the phenotypic and 64% of the genotypic variance. The QTL's partially dominant gene action was consistent with the nearly intermediate resistance of the F1 generation (relative heterosis for resistance 12%). The presence of one major QTL is consistent with the bimodal frequency distribution of the mapping population showing a clear 3:1 segregation. This gene seems to be allelic or identical to Msv1, a major resistance gene which was previously identified in the same genomic region in Tzi4, an inbred line from IITA. Inbred CML202 had lower final disease ratings than Tzi4. The greater resistance of CML202 may be due to allelic differences at the msv1 locus or due to the minor QTL on C 2, 3, and 4 which were not detected in Tzi4. z y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center); IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; IRAT, Institute de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrières; KARI, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; MSV, maize streak virus; QTL, quantitative trait locus/loci
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    Rapid and informative assays for Yd2, the barley yellow dwarf virus resistance gene, based on the nucleotide sequence of a closely linked gene (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; diagnostic assay ; disease resistance gene ; Yd2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the isolation of the cDNA encoding a protein previously shown to be indicative of the disease-resistance phenotype mediated by the Yd2 gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Amino acid sequences of four peptides obtained after isolation of the protein on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels were completely homologous to sequences occurring within subunit E of barley vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. Nucleotide sequence data of cloned cDNAs from both Yd2 and non-Yd2 barley varieties showed an amino acid change arising from a single-base-pair polymorphism. This was predicted to result in the shift in isoelectric point used previously to differentiate the protein in Yd2 and non-Yd2 barleys. Earlier work had indicated very close linkage between the gene from which this cDNA is derived, which we have named Ylp, and Yd2, the barley yellow dwarf virus resistance gene. We report here the development of PCR-based assays which discriminate between the two alleles of Ylp and thereby act as valuable predictors of Yd2 for barley breeders and others looking to study this important gene in cereal crops. The validity of each assay was tested with an extensive survey of over 100 barley varieties currently under cultivation in Australia or of importance to Australian barley breeding programmes. Complete agreement was observed between the allele of Ylp detected by the assay and the known Yd2 status of the barleys. A dominant PCR marker for the Yd2-associated allele of Ylp was subsequently developed using an allele-specific primer pair. This fast and economical assay will have broad application in the marker-assisted selection of Yd2-containing lines.
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    Identification of a QTL decreasing yield in barley linked to Mlo powdery mildew resistance (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 381-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; QTLs ; SSRs ; yield ; Mlo mildew resistance ; introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A molecular marker map, including Mlo mildew resistance, of the spring barley cross Derkado (Mlo-resistant) × B83-12/21/5 (Mlo-susceptible) was scanned for yield QTLs to determine whether the association of Mlo resistance with reduced yield was due to linkage or pleiotropy. Over the mapped portion of the genome of the cross, the QTL with the greatest effect upon yield was located within a 22 cM region between mlo and the simple sequence repeat HVM67 on chromosome 4(4H). The association of Mlo resistance with lower yield was therefore due to a repulsion linkage. Analysis of yield component characters revealed QTL alleles for reduced grain number and earlier heading date in the same region, also associated with Mlo resistance. Genotyping of a range of cultivars and sources of Mlo resistance with the HVM67 simple sequence repeat showed that the Derkado HVM67 allele was rare as it was found only in one other cultivar and four land-races or sources of disease resistance. Grannenlose Zweizeilige, the source, and Salome, the carrier of Mlo resistance in Derkado, have the same HVM67 genotype, although Salome was a mixture of two genotypes. The entire mlo-HVM67 chromosomal segment from Grannenlose Zweizeilige is therefore thought to have been transmitted to Derkado, possibly through joint selection for Mlo resistance and early heading. L92, synonym EP79, was another source of Mlo resistance with the same HVM67 allele as Derkado but recombination must have occurred during the breeding of Atem as it possesses a different HVM67 allele which is present in all the other Mlo sources and cultivars surveyed. Abbreviations: GN, grains per main stem ear; HD, heading date; MSTGW, thousand grain weight derived from GN and MSY; MSY, yield of grain on the main stem; PY, yield of grain from the whole plot; sCIM, simplified compound interval mapping; SIM, simple interval mapping; SPY, single plant yield; S-SAP, sequence-specific amplification polymorphism; TGW, thousand grain weight derived from bulk of plot seed; TN, number of fertile stems per plant.
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    Effects of green manure and coral lime on corn growth and chemical properties of an acid Oxisol in Western Samoa (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 266-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Green manure ; Lime ; K deficiency ; Oxisol ; Sweet corn ; Zea mays ; Mn toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of local green manure (GM) and lime on soil productivity in a low-input agricultural system were evaluated by growing three successive crops of sweet corn (Zea mays) on an acid Oxisol (Typic acrorthox, Togitogiga series) in Western Samoa. The soil was amended with coral lime at 0, 5, and 10Mgha–1 and with cowpea GM at 0, 7.5, and 15Mgha–1. Commercial NPK fertilizers at 50kgha–1 each of N, P, and K were included for comparison. The amendments were applied only once prior to planting of the first crop. Response parameters measured included nutrient composition of leaves at tasseling and grain yield of each crop, and selected soil chemical properties at each planting. Yields of the first crop were nearly tripled with GM additions and doubled with lime additions. Such yield increases were caused mainly by better K nutrition and to a lesser extent by enhanced P nutrition. Yields of subsequent crops were much lower than those of the first, and the declines were much steeper for the GM treatments than for the lime treatments. Thus, the enhancement effect on K nutrition did not last beyond one crop. Poor growth of the second and third crops was caused by K deficiency; probably coupled with Mn toxicity. Significant yield reductions were found when Mn-to-K ratios in leaves exceeded 0.010. As for effects on soil, soil pH was increased significantly by lime but only slightly by GM. Given the variable charge property of this Oxisol, each unit pH increase corresponds to a cation exchange capacity (CEC) increase of 5cmolckg–1. Having greater CEC, the amended soil retained K more effectively, thereby causing yield increases, especially of the first corn crop, which required at least 0.75cmolckg–1 of exchangeable soil K or 7% of CEC for adequate growth.
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    Limitations to using benomyl in evaluating mycorrhizal functioning (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Benomyl ; Colonization ; External hyphae ; Field study ; Glomales ; Zea mays ; Pisolithus tinctorius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) grasses compete for nutrients with ectomycorrhizal (EM) pine in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to determine if benomyl could be used to selectively inhibit the function of AM and thereby reduce grass competition in the field. The effects of Benlate (active ingredient: benomyl) in the greenhouse and field were evaluated. No effect was observed on pine inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius in the greenhouse. Colonized root length of benomyl-treated Zea mays L. plants inoculated with Glomus sp. in the greenhouse remained static over time and the response was not dose dependent at concentrations of 0, 20, 60 and 150kg benomyl ha–1 equivalent. In contrast, colonization of nontreated plants increased over time. In the field, a minimal reduction of grass colonization was observed following four applications of benomyl ranging from 5 to 20kgha–1. We conclude that benomyl can successfully inhibit development of AM fungi under controlled conditions in the greenhouse with no inhibitory effects on the EM fungus P. tinctorius; however, in the field several factors may interfere with the effect of benomyl on AM fungi. These factors include: (a) the presence of ground cover which obstructs penetration of the fungicide to the soil, (b) timing of application in relation to mycorrhizal development, and (c) the application method of benomyl, a soil drench being preferable to a foliar spray.
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    Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Denitrification ; Tillage systems ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Hot spots ; Denitrifying populations ; N2O emission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification losses show an irregular pattern through the year, often being caused by climatic conditions and management practices. The objectives of the present work were to quantify denitrification losses and to determine the influence of tillage system on the factors that control denitrification in fertilized soils. The modal profile of the soil was an Vertic Argiudoll, clay loam texture, located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The treatments were: (a) fertilized, (b) incorporated fertilization and (c) without fertilization for both no tillage and conventional tillage systems. Chambers were placed in the field to measure denitrification. In this clayish soil the estimated mean values of accumulated denitrification during the crop cycle (90 days) were 0.190kgNha–1 for conventional tillage and 0.350kgNha–1 for no tillage. In treatments with no tillage, losses by denitrification were approximately twice those of conventional tillage. These differences were also evidenced by the number of microorganisms, which were significantly higher (P〈〉;5%) for no tillage on all dates, except for at flowering. The increase at flowering coincided with the period of highest rainfall and consequently the highest water contents in the soil. The highest denitrification losses, except for sowing, were measured when soil moisture content was more than 30% (v/v). Denitrification increased in conjunction with an increase in the availability of carbon that is consumed by the heterotrophic microorganisms (including the denitrifiers).
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    Relationship of soil carbon light fraction, microbial activity, humic acid production and nitrogen fertilization in the decaying process of corn stubble (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Corn stubble decomposition ; N-fertilization ; Carbon light fraction ; Humic acids ; Microbial activity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The variation in stubble decomposition due to fertilizer incorporation was determined in a typical Argiudoll of the Argentinian rolling pampas. The experiment was conducted for 15 years, which included a no till system under maize (Zea mays L.) and a soybean rotation (Glycine max) with 0 and 45kg N ha–1 nitrogen fertilization treatments, called NFS and FS, respectively. A higher proportion of residues with a high N content was found in the FS plots. The different substrate quality proved to be the regulating factor for mineralization. This activity was indicated by the increase in soil microbial activity and soil carbon light fraction in FS compared to NFS. This carbon light fraction mineralizes rapidly but does not contribute to the most stable components, which are related to synthesis and polymerization of humic acids. No significant differences in humic acid content were found.
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    Interaction between Alternaria alternata or Fusarium equiseti and Glomus mosseae and its effects on plant growth (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAlternaria alternata ; Arbuscular mycorrhizas ; Fusarium equiseti ; Glomus mosseae ; Lactuca sativa ; Lettuce ; Maize ; Saprophytic fungi ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata or Fusarium equiseti on maize (Zea mays) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization by Glomus mosseae was studied in a greenhouse trial. Plant dry weights of non-AM-inoculated maize and lettuce were unaffected by the presence of A. alternata and F. equiseti. In contrast, A. alternata and F. equiseti decreased plant dry weights and mycorrhization when inoculated to the rhizosphere before G. mosseae. The saprophytic fungi inoculated 2 weeks after G. mosseae did not affect the percentage of root length colonized by the AM endophyte, but did affect its metabolic activity assessed as succinate dehydrogenase activity. Although F. equiseti inoculated at the same time as G. mosseae did not affect mycorrhization of maize roots, its effect on AM colonization of lettuce roots was similar to that with A. alternata. In the rhizosphere of both plants, the population of saprophytic fungi decreased significantly, but was not affected by the presence of G. mosseae. Our results suggest that there may have been a direct effect of the saprophytic fungi on the mycorrhizal fungi in the extramatrical phase of the latter, and when the AM fungus was established in the root the AM fungus was less affected by the saprophytic fungi.
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    Occurrence of barley yellow mosaic and barley mild mosaic bymoviruses in Greece (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley mild mosaic virus ; barley yellow mosaic virus ; Greece Polymyxa graminis ; barley ; decoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In March 1991, large chlorotic patches appeared in an autumn-sown barley crop growing near Thessaloniki, Greece. Leaves had characteristic mosaic symptoms and immunosorbent electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of both soil-borne mosaic viruses of barley, barley mild mosaic and barley yellow mosaic bymoviruses. In the following year, similar symptoms appeared in a crop at Souroti, 30 km east of Thessaloniki but the disease has not been found in other areas of Macedonia. This report is the first record of these viruses from Greece and is the most southerly European record.
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    Comparison of visual head blight ratings, seed infection levels, and deoxynivalenol production for assessment of resistance in cereals inoculated with Fusarium culmorum (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 589-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley ; freezing blotter test ; Fusarium head blight ; mycotoxin ; oats ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven spring wheat, 13 barley, 14 oats and 20 winter wheat genotypes were inoculated at flowering in 1993 and 1994 with mixed conidial suspensions of 8 isolates of Fusarium culmorum. Four weeks after inoculation, head blight was recorded in the field. After harvest, seed infection was assessed by a Freezing Blotter Test in the laboratory. Seed samples were also analyzed for deoxynivalenol (DON) content. Differences were found in head blight rating, the levels of infected seeds and the DON content between wheat, barley, and oats and between cultivars. Highly significant correlations were found between the percentage of heavily infected seed and the DON content. The weighted mean value of infected seeds and DON content were also significantly correlated. No significant correlation was found between head blight rating in the field and DON content. The level of infected seeds, as determined by the Freezing Blotter Test, was a better indication of the DON content in the seeds than the head blight rating. This visual assessment of levels of infected seeds gives a reliable estimate of resistance to Fusarium.
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    Evaluating commercial maize hybrids for resistance to gibberella ear rot (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 737-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Fusarium graminearum ; kernel inoculation ; mold severity ; silk inoculation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An integral component of breeding maize for resistance to Fusarium graminearum ear rot is the identification of resistant genotypes. Since natural infection is not consistent from year to year, maize researchers must use manual techniques to inoculate the plant material with fungal spores. Information is presented here on site resistance of commercial maize hybrids to F. graminearum over three years and at two locations. Additionally, results of an investigation on the two predominant techniques of inoculating maize, the silk channel and kernel inoculation methods, are reported. Of 61 commercial hybrids tested, only two were ranked as moderately resistant to the fungus by both inoculation methods. These two hybrids also had a stable response to the F. graminearum infection across seven environments when the silk channel inoculation method was used. The majority of the hybrids were ranked as either susceptible or highly susceptible and less than 10% of the hybrids had a stable response to fungal infection. In the investigation of methodology, it was concluded that silk browning would be the least laborious way to identify the ideal time to complete silk channel inoculations. It was found that kernel inoculations using the pin inoculation method should take place between 11 and 15 days after 50% silking to achieve proper hybrid discrimination. Mist irrigation increased mold severity ratings and resulted in greater discrimination between hybrids with varying levels of resistance to F. graminearum infection.
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    Induction of callose formation is a sensitive marker for genotypic aluminium sensitivity in maize (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; callose ; protoplasts ; resistance ; toxicity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The screening of 37 Zea mays L. cultivars in nutrient solution using root elongation (24 h) as a parameter showed large genotypic differences in Al resistance among the genetic material evaluated. Callose concentrations in root tips were closely and positively related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Therefore, Al-induced callose formation in root tips appears to be an excellent indicator of Al injury and can be used as a selection criteria for Al sensitivity. In contrast, aluminium concentrations in root tips were not related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation, nor to Al-induced callose formation. Callose formation was also induced by short-term A1 treatment in root tip protoplasts, and the response of protoplasts clearly reflected the cultivar-specific response to Al of intact roots. This indicates that in maize, Al sensitivity is expressed on the protoplast level.
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    NO·–releasing substances that induce growth elongation in maize root segments (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: growth elongation ; nitric oxide ; No·–releasing substances ; IAA ; nitrite ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root segments of maize were incubated in different solutions containing substances that non-enzymatically release nitric oxide, such as sodium nitrite (SN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), nitrosoglutathione (NGLU) and nitrosocysteine (NCYS). We found that all of these substances induced root tip expansion in a dose-dependent manner. The decreasing order of potency for root-induced elongation was: 10 -7 M SN, pH 4.5; 10 -11 M NCYS, 10 -10 M SNP, 10 -9 M NGLU and 10 -7 M SN, pH 7.0. Nitric oxide scavenger such as methylene blue prevented the elongation induced by NO·–releasing substances, but had no effect on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced cell expansion. Our results suggest that nitric oxide is the putative elongation inducer and that IAA and NO·–releasing substances conceivably share common steps in the signal transduction pathway, since both elicited the same plant response. Vanadate, a plasmamembrane ATPase inhibitor, significantly reversed IAA-induced elongation when supplied at 10 μM concentration. IAA-induced elongation was strongly enhanced by 10 nM BAY K 8644, an agonist of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. Promotion of root elongation in the absence of IAA occurred only at higher concentrations of BAY K. Vanadate and BAY K had no influence on the NCYS-induced elongation suggesting that the common steps in the signalling of IAA and NCYS are not at the level of the plasmamembrane.
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    Phytotoxic conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid: potential agents for biochemical selection of mutants in conjugate hydrolysis (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Auxin analogues ; bound auxins ; duckweed ; Lemna gibba ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two strategies for selection of plant mutants altered in their ability to hydrolyze IAA conjugates are described. The rationale for both strategies is to form a conjugate between two chemical moieties in which one moiety is a toxin. The first strategy makes use of a toxic auxin analogue. For this approach a series of halogenated IAA analogues were tested for toxic properties to Lemna gibba and Zea mays. Several halogenated analogues were toxic, but only 5-Br-IAA was highly toxic to both species. The second strategy required a toxic compound with suitable functional groups to allow IAA conjugation. The mycotoxin patulin was found to be a suitable candidate. Uptake and hydrolysis of IAA-conjugates was studied in order to better define the conditions required for conjugate analogues to be effectively employed for selections.
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    Promotive effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on the yield of several crops (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 22 (1997), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; barley ; garlic ; kidney beans ; plant growth ; potatoes ; promotive effects ; radish ; yield of crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a precursor of chlorophyll or a herbicide is well documented. In the present report, to elucidate the physiological effects of ALA, this compound was applied to the foliage of radish at 0.06, 0.18, 0.6, 1.8 and 6 mM. ALA at 0.06ndash;1.8 mM increased the dry weight of radish root (underground part), but injured radish seedlings at 6 mM. Also, the application of ALA at 0.18 and 0.6 mM increased fixation of CO2 in light and decreased release of CO2 in darkness. Furthermore, the effects of foliar treatment of ALA on the yield of several crops were also evaluated. The results showed that an application of ALA at low concentrations increased the growth and yield by 10ndash;60percnt; over the control on kidney bean, barley, potato and garlic. These results suggest that ALA has plant growth regulating properties at low concentrations and may enhance agricultural productivity.
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    Isolation, identification and characterization of disomic and translocated barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; wheat ; barley ; chromosome addition lines ; translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two disomic barley chromosome addition lines and five translocated chromosome addition lines of common wheat cultivar Shinchunaga were isolated. They were derived from a hybrid plant between Shinchunaga and cultivated barley Nyugoruden (New Golden) by backcrossing with wheat and self pollination. Barley chromosomes added to chromosome arms involved in the translocated chromosomes were identified by C-banding method and by crossing these lines with Chinese Spring/Betzes addition lines. Two disomic addition lines were identified to have chromosome 6 and 7 of barley, respectively. Two of the five translocated chromosome addition lines were clarified to have same chromosome constitution, 42 wheat chromosomes and a pair of translocated chromosomes constituted with a long arm of chromosome 5B of wheat and a short arm of chromosome 7 of barley. The other three lines could not be identified due to chromosome rearrangement. Performances of these seven lines on agronomic characters were examined. Addition of barley chromosome 7 induced early heading, and chromosome 6 showed lated heading. Almost all of the lines except that of chromosome 6 showed short culm length and all showed reduced number of tillers, spikelets and grains per ear, and low seed fertility. These lines would be useful for genetic analyses in wheat and barley and for induction of useful genes of barley into wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003081619338
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    Leafy reduced-stature maize for short-season environments: Yield and yield components of inbred lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leafy normal-stature ; leafy reduced-stature ; non-leafy normal-stature ; non-leafy reduced-stature ; maize ; short season environments ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development of maize (Zea mays L.) types that produce leaf area and mature quickly would increase production of maize in mid- to short-season areas. The leafy (Lfy1) and reduced-stature (rd1) traits both make contributions to this end. However, these two traits have not previously been combined. Our objective was to evaluate the yield and yield components of non-leafy normal-stature (NLNS), leafy reduced-stature (LRS), non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and leafy normal-stature (LNS) maize inbred lines. The two genes, ‘Lfy1’ and ‘rd1’, were incorporated into a series of inbred lines resulting in a range of canopy architectures. Ten variables were recorded for each of 30 inbred lines over three years. The 10 variables were: corn heat unit requirement from planting to tasselling, corn heat unit requirement from planting to silking, days between tasselling and silking, grain moisture content, husk dry weight, cob dry weight, ear length, maximum ear circumference, grain yield and ratio of grain yield to moisture content. Reduced-stature inbred lines reached anthesis more quickly than normal-stature inbred lines. Grain moisture content was less in reduced-stature inbred lines than normal stature trait groups. Leafy-reduced stature plants had the highest ratio of grain to moisture content and the lowest grain moisture content at harvest. Inbred lines containing the rd1 trait matured more rapidly than other trait groups. The LRS trait group yielded more than the other groups, and showed great potential for use in mid- to short-season environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002953906498
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    The assessment of genetic variation in Spanish primitive cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by a combination of isozymes and hordeins (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; germplasm ; hordeins ; Hordeum vulgare ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five isozyme and endosperm reserve protein systems were analysed using electrophoretic techniques in order to investigate the genetic diversity of 222 accessions of Spanish, local varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., maintained at the Centro de Conservación de Recursos Fitogeneéticos of the I.N.I.A. (Alcalá de Henares, Spain). The esterase (EST) isozymes provided more information than did the other systems analysed, showing a total of 14 variable markers. The cathodic peroxidases (CPX) and acid phosphatases (ACPH) were also polymorphic. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were monomorphic. The hordeins showed patterns of up to 15 bands, the majority of which were very useful in distinguishing genotypes. 17.2% of accessions showed a uniform genotype, 29.8% showed practically identical genotypes and 53% showed mixtures of different genotypes. It is noteworthy that the use of only two systems (EST and hordeins) and the analysis of only six loci (Est-1, Est-2, Est-4, Hor-1, Hor-2 and Hor-3) is sufficient to reveal the genetic diversity of the collection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008698602042
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    Isolation and patch clamp measurements of xylem contact cells for the study of their role in the exchange between apoplast and symplast of leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 196 (1997), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzymatic isolation ; K+ channel ; patch clamp ; xylem contact cells ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Because of their importance for nutrition, a method was developed to patch xylem contact cells in leaves of Vicia faba and maize. Since the lignification of older cells was a major obstacle for isolating protoplasts which could be patched, only young leaves (fourth fully developed leaf) were used. An important step in the isolation of these cells was the infiltration of the leaves and their exposure to enzymes for several hours, allowing mesophyll cells to be removed whilst having most of the xylem contact cells attached to the xylem. Channel activity in cell-attached mode or in excised patches could only be observed if an internal coating of sigmacote was used to block diffusion ions out of the pipette glass. Two different types of K+ channels were identified by measuring the reversal potential at different concentrations of KCl. One channel (SC) had a symmetric IV curve with a high probability of remaining open, irrespective of membrane potential; the other channel was an inward rectifier. The symmetical channel could be blocked weakly by Na+ but it was permeable to $${\text{NH}}_{{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} } $$ .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004206208968
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    Plant protection and rhizosphere colonization of barley by seed inoculated herbicide degrading Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia DBO1(pRO101) in 2,4-D contaminated soil (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; herbicide ; plant growth promoting rhizobacteria ; Pseudomonades ; seed inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading bacterium, Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) DBO1(pRO101) was coated on non-sterile barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds, which were planted in two non-sterile soils amended with varying amounts of 2,4-D herbicide. In the presence of 10 or 100 mg 2,4-D per kg soil B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) readily colonized the root at densities up to 107 CFU per cm root. In soil without 2,4-D the bacterium showed weak root colonization. The seeds coated with B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) were able to germinate and grow in soils containing 10 or 100 mg kg−1 2,4-D, while non-coated seeds either did not germinate or quickly withered after germination. The results suggest that colonization of the plant roots by the herbicide-degrading B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) can protect the plant by degradation of the herbicide in the rhizosphere soil. The study shows that the ability to degrade certain pesticides should be considered, when searching for potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The role of root colonization by xenobiotic degrading bacteria is further discussed in relation to bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004296615446
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    Importance of soil-water relations in assessing the endpoint of bioremediated soils (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; bioremediation ; hydrocarbon ; hydrocarbon contamination ; plant growth ; soil contamination ; soil water ; soil water properties ; water repellency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Much effort has been focused on defining the end-point of bioremediated soils by chemical analysis toxicity tests. However, these tests do not assess the quality, or the capability, of soil to support plant growth after bioremediation. We studied the response of plants to hydrocarbon contaminants by camparing barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth on: (i) control soil, agricultural topsoil, (ii) oil-contaminated soil (40,000 mg kg−1 total extractable hydrocarbons, or TEH), and (iii) oil-contaminated soil treated by bioremediation (20,000 mg kg−1 TEH). Barley growth and yield was significantly reduced by oil-contamination. Bioremediation did not improve yield of barley and shoot dry mass was slightly reduced after bioremediation. The lack of effect from bioremediation is attributed to poor soil water sorption, which was negatively influenced by hydrocarbon residuals. We concluded that the soil-water relation is one of the most important factors in assessing endpoint of bioremediated soils for plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004280626976
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  • 84
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    Field screening of barley cultivars to soil salinity using a sprinkler and a drip irrigation system (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; drip irrigation ; leaf ion concentration ; salinity tolerance ; triple line sourcesprinkler irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The establishment of proper agronomical practices and plant breeding programs for saline environments is limited by the lack of adequate field screening methods. We assessed the relationships between leaf ion concentration and grain yield in a set of barley cultivars and compared their ranking for salinity tolerance established with a triple-line-source (TLS) sprinkler system, where the absorption of salts is through the leaves and the roots, with that obtained with a drip-irrigation (DI) system, where the absorption of salts is only through the roots. The saline solution in both systems was made up of sodium and hydrated calcium chloride (1:1 w/w). Except for the highest saline treatments, direct leaf absorption of toxic Na+ and Cl- was minor or negligible, but it was substantial for Ca2+. Irrespective of barley cultivar and leaf age, the accumulation of Cl- in the TLS was 1.5–2.5 times greater than Na+. There was no significant correlation between grain yield and leaf sap ion concentration among eighteen barley cultivars. Thus, leaf ion concentrations should not be used as screening tools in breeding programs for increasing salinity tolerance in barley. The highest-yielding cultivars under non-saline conditions were also most productive under moderately saline conditions, though not under high-saline conditions. Although grain yields of the eighteen barley cultivars in the TLS were substantially lower than in the DI, the salinity tolerances estimated in both systems were significantly correlated (P 〈 0.05), indicating that the simple and inexpensive TLS irrigation system could be successfully used in screening for salinity tolerance in barley.
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    Maize landraces of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes region of North America (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; corn ; floury ; open-pollinated ; white ; Zea mays ; landraces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-five white maize (Zea mays L.) landraces were obtained by the Indian Agricultural Program of Ontario (IAPO) from native farmers in Ontario and New York State between 1986 and 1989. These landraces probably belong to the racial complex Northern Flints and Flours. The 35 landraces, one experimental population and one control hybrid were evaluated in field experiments at two sites in 1993 and 1994. Data were collected on 24 traits in order to characterize and classify the IAPO landraces. Most quantitative traits examined exhibited considerable variation among the IAPO landraces. Variation was also observed within many of the landraces for ear and cob colour, and for endosperm texture. Most ears had eight rows of kernels, but there was some variation for this among and within landraces. Based on seven traits from the two sites in 1994, the IAPO population was grouped into 10 clusters by centroid clustering analysis.
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    Evaluation of susceptibility of auto- and alloplasmic barley DH lines to Fusarium seedling blight (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alloplasmic lines ; doubled haploids ; Fusarium culmorum ; Hordeum bulbosum ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Auto- and alloplasmic doubled haploid (DH) lines of barley were examined for susceptibility to Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. (isolate KF350) seedling blight. Inoculated kernels were incubated at 20 °C in a chamber saturated to 100% RH a with 12/12 h dark/light cycle. Germination capacity, disease score on a 5-degree scale and root length were evaluated. The data were analysed statistically using three-factor analysis of variance. It was observed that the infection score of roots of DH lines with H. bulbosum cytoplasm was higher than that of their autoplasmic analogues. Length of infected seedling roots expressed as per cent of the control root length ranged from 81 to 56% in autoplasmic DH lines and from 60 to 48% in alloplasmic lines. These differences were statistically significant (at P = 0.01). It was evident, that H. bulbosum cytoplasm increase susceptibility of barley genotypes to Fusarium seedling blight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002909901866
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    Variation between and within Ethiopian barley landraces (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; barley leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; earliness ; landraces ; leafiness ; plant height ; partial resistance ; resistance ; 1000 grain weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 barley landraces, collected from 18 localities of six barley growing regions of Ethiopia were studied for two years at Holetta, Ethiopia for variation in five quantitative traits; scald severity, earliness, plant height, 1000 grain weight, and leafiness. The relative latent period in the adult plant stage to barley leaf rust, a good measure for partial resistance, was assessed on the landrace lines at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The observed variation between and within landraces was very large for all traits. The magnitude of variation was so large that most, if not all, plants within a landrace had a different genotype. The landraces also varied in the degree of variation. Some landraces, 1726 and 3288 for instance, were more variable for most or all traits than other landraces such as 208925 and 212938. Days to heading and scald severity were significantly (P = 0.01) correlated with altitude, r being 0.66 and - 0.65, respectively. Resistance to scald and leafiness also increased with altitude. On average landraces became later, more resistant to scald and more leafy the higher the altitude of collection. This associated complex of traits could be an adaptation to the wetter and cooler conditions at higher altitudes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002946004268
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    Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. I. Two mode pattern analysis of yield (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 01-09 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: water stress ; breeding ; adaptation ; G × E ; clustering ; ordination ; Zea mays ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten trials evaluated the performance of several late tropical maize populations (La Posta Sequía, Pool 26 Sequía and Tuxpeño Sequía) selected for tolerance to drought during flowering and grain filling and also for yield potential. Families (S1 or full-sib) had been selected recurrently for six to eight years on an index of traits. Pattern (clustering and ordination) analysis was used to analyse the relative performance of entries that included cycles of selection for drought tolerance in the populations and non-drought tolerant checks. Mean environment (E) yields ranged from 1.0 to 10.4 t ha-1. Analysis of variance showed that 97.9% of the total sums of squares was accounted for by E, and that, of the remaining sums of squares the G × E (genotype by environment interaction) was almost 3 times that of the contribution of G alone. Cluster analysis separated the checks, the earlier maturing drought tolerant entries and the later maturing drought tolerant entries. This was verified by principal component (PC) analysis of the G × E matrix. Grouping of the environments (i.e. based on entry performance), resulted in the separation of different types of droughts, and of medium and high yielding well-watered environments. The patterns of discrimination observed indicated that the yield gains under drought would have been unlikely to occur if selection had been done only in well-watered environments. Within each population, selection improved broad adaptation (higher mean yield) to both drought and well-watered environments and cycles of selection ‘jumped’ from non-drought-tolerant to drought-tolerant groups as their specific adaptation to drought environments increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002918008679
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    A rapid hydroponic screening for aluminium tolerance in barley (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 191 (1997), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; barley ; eriochrome cyanine R staining ; tHordeum vulgare L. screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selection and breeding of crops for aluminium (Al) tolerance is a useful approach to increase production on acid soils. This requires a rapid and reliable system to discriminate between Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive genotypes. A hydroponic system was developed to screen for Al tolerance in barley (t Hordeum vulgare L.) to overcome several problems encountered in previous screening methods. Four levels of Al (5, 10, 20, and 40 μt M) in 1 mt M CaCl2 solution at pH 4.5 were used to rank lines for Al-tolerance. Each line was cultured in a different compartment to eliminate chemical and pH interactions among lines. To avoid changes in Al tolerance due to other factors such as the calcium (Ca) concentration of the solution, Al-tolerant (Atlas 66) and Al-sensitive (Scout 66) cultivars of wheat (t Triticum aestivum L.) were used as reference cultivars. Five ranks of Al tolerance from highly tolerant to highly sensitive were established by comparison with each reference. Eriochrome cyanine R staining was used for the rapid evaluation of Al tolerance. This screening system allowed classification of about 50 barley lines into five different Al tolerance groups within one week. Using this system, screening of ca. 600 barley lines from various regions of the world was conducted. Most lines were sensitive to Al, but ninety lines showed intermediate Al-tolerance. Thirty nine lines were highly sensitive to Al in solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004257711952
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    Net blotch resistance in wild species of Hordeum (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; disease resistance ; Pyrenophora teres ; f. teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to net blotch was evaluated in 175 Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions and 149 accessions of thirteen species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Most H. spontaneum accessions showed resistance to each of the four Pyrenophora teres f. teres (P. teres) isolates tested. However, H. spontaneum accessions showed different resistance reactions, depending upon their origin. In particular, some accessions from Afghanistan and Russia showed a high level of resistance, and accessions from Morocco were susceptible. Among the four P. teres isolates, the virulence spectra on the H. spontaneum accessions were more different between isolates from different countries than between those from the same country. Hordeum spontaneum accessions susceptible to the Canadian isolate WRS102, but resistant to the other three isolates were found in Iraq suggesting the geographical differentiation of resistance genes in H. spontaneum. All accessions of the other wild Hordeum species, especially some accessions of H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum, showed high levels of resistance. These resistance genes may be useful candidates for incorporation into cultivated barley.
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    Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. II. Three-mode pattern analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: water stress ; breeding ; ordination ; clustering ; three-way analysis ; Zea mays ; corn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A selection program in three tropical maize populations aimed to improve tolerance of mid-season to late season drought environments while maintaining grain yield (GY) potential. The selection process employed other attributes that included maintaining a constant anthesis date (AD) and, under drought, shortening the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and increasing ear number per plant (EPP). Three-mode (genotypes × environments × attributes) pattern analysis, which consists of clustering and ordination, should be able to collectively interpret these changes from ten evaluation trials. Mixture maximum likelihood clustering identified four groups that indicated the populations' performance had changed with selection. Groups containing the advanced cycles of selection were higher yielding in most environments and had lower ASI and higher EPP, particularly in drought environments. Check entries with no selection for drought tolerance remained grouped with the initial cycles of selection. A 3 × 2 × 3 (genotypes by environments by attributes) principal component model explained 70% of the variation. For the first environmental component, ASI was shown to be highly negatively correlated with both GY and EPP while anthesis date (AD) was virtually uncorrelated with other traits. The second environmental component (explaining 10% of the variation) contrasted droughted and well-watered environments and showed that EPP and GY were better indicators of this contrast (in terms of changes in population performance) than were AD or ASI. Three-mode analysis demonstrated that improvements with selection occurred in both droughted and well-watered environments and clearly summarised the overall success of the breeding program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002922527795
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    Agronomic performance of crosses between Nordic and exotic barleys (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic performance ; barley ; exotic germplasm ; genetic resources ; Hordeum vulgare ; Hordeum spontaneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exotic germplasm may be useful for the improvement of agronomic performance of barley breeding material. This study was conducted in order 1) to evaluate if it is possible to improve performance of Nordic barley breeding material by utilizing exotic germplasm sources (unadapted landraces and H. spontaneum), 2) to evaluate incorporation of exotic germplasm into a genetic base widely adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the extreme Scandinavian north as well as to the base adapted to the conditions of the south of this geographical region, and 3) to evaluate whether an index composed of several traits corresponded to 'breeder's phenotypic evaluation' of the progenies. Earliness, straw length, number of ears/plant, yield/plant, seed shattering, persistence of awns and an index computed from these traits were studied in Swedish and Finnish 4-way crosses along with their adapted parents. Most of the crosses headed earlier than their adapted parents and none of the crosses outyielded the adapted parents. The most favorable frequency distributions for the index were found in the crosses with only cultivated barleys as parents. Transgressive segregates were also found in progenies with H. spontaneum parents. Incorporation of exotic barleys was most successful into the local genetic base. Comparisons between indices and breeder's phenotypic evaluation suggested reconsideration of evaluation methods early in parent development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002936600262
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    Quantitative resistance to Pyrenophora teres in six Nordic spring barley accessions (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; net blotch ; Pyrenophora teres ; quantitative resistance ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., the net blotch pathogen, was studied in six 6-row Nordic spring barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the field and in the greenhouse. The barley genotypes were: Arve, Agneta, Artturi, H6221, Pohto and WW7977. Disease progress was monitored in the field (1994 and 1995) in small artificially infected plots, sown at commercial seeding rates, and in infected hill plots (1994). Areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) and apparent infection rates (r) were calculated for the uppermost 3 or 4 leaves. Terminal severities (TS) were also recorded. Infection response of seedlings to a range of P. teres isolates was assessed in the greenhouse using a standard scale. In small plots in the field, Arve and Agneta were very susceptible to P. teres infection, as indicated by large values for AUDPC and TS. H6221 and WW7977 were highly resistant, while Artturi and Pohto were moderately resistant. In hill plots the situation was similar, except that Artturi and Pohto appeared less resistant than in the small plots. The relatively greater resistance of H6221 and WW7977 was reflected in seedling infection responses. According to the results of these experiments, H6221 and WW7977 possess adequate levels of quantitative resistance to P. teres to make them useful parents in future crossing programs aimed at improving net blotch resistance in Finnish spring barleys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002996722383
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    Virulence studies of Swedish net blotch isolates (Drechslera teres) and identification of resistant barley lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; Drechslera teres ; Pyrenophora teres ; virulence ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Swedish and one Canadian single spore isolate of Drechslera teres f. teres were used to screen 109 barley lines for disease resistance and to select a differential set of barley lines for use in assessing pathogen virulence. A large variation for net blotch resistance was found among the 109 barley lines which were classified into four groups, those showing: 1) only resistant reactions; 2) differential reactions; 3) only intermediate reactions and 4) only susceptible reactions. The European commercial varieties included, showed susceptibility to all Swedish isolates, but a few were resistant to the Canadian isolate. The 18- member differential set separated 25 Swedish and two Canadian isolates of D. teres into 14 pathotypes, three of which made up 59% of the isolates. Only one barley differential (CI 9776) was resistant to all net form isolates. Host selection on the pathogen seems to be present as all six isolates obtained from cv. Golf belonged to the same pathotype and 4 of 5 isolates from cv. Karin shared the same virulence pattern. The net form of net blotch (D. teres f. teres) predominated in the sampled regions and only one of 26 Swedish isolates was of the spot form (D. teres f. maculata).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002924424200
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  • 95
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    Effect of digested sewage sludge on the efficiency of N-fertilizer applied to barley (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: barley ; denitrification ; fertilizerefficiency ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced microbial activity following sewage sludge land application may affect soil N cycling and, therefore, plant available N. We studied the effect of anaerobically treated sewage sludge on N-fertilizer efficiency and on some aspects of the soil N cycling. Field plots (3 m × 9 m) sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in November were amended with a) sludge (80 mg ha-1) and ammonium nitrate (150 kg N ha-1), b) ammonium nitrate (150 kg ha-1) only, c) or left unamended. Monthly soil samples were taken from 0 to 20-and 20 to 50-cm depths to determine soil inorganic N (NH4 +, NO3-). Denitrification in the upper 20-cm horizon was estimated by measuring N2O+N2 emission from undisturbed soil samples by the acetylene-inhibition technique. Crop yield parameters were analysed before harvesting, and grain production was recorded. With respect to the control, the yield increase for the N-fertilizer treatment was 85% and 45% for the sludge + N-fertilizer treatment. The decrease of N-fertilizer efficiency in sludge amended plots was presumably due to a decrease in spring plant available N. Presumably, microbial immobilisation and denitrification in organic amended treatments were responsible for the decrease in N-fertilizer efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009798509654
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  • 96
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 97
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    Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; breeding ; Ethiopia ; genetic resources ; landraces ; low input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes a methodology to incorporate the collection of barley landraces available in the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of Ethiopia (PGRC/E), as well as future collections, in the Ethiopian barley breeding program. Six hundred pure lines extracted from thirty Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated and selected, along with the original populations, between 1989 and 1993. Three lines were identified which significantly outyielded the local landrace in some of the testing sites and had a higher average yield across sites and seasons. The yield of these lines was similar to the best improved variety also developed from a landrace population. Despite the relatively small number of landrace-lines (600) in the original population, the exploitation of the diversity existing within Ethiopian barley germplasm has produced in only five years promising lines for yield at low input conditions and for disease and insect resistance. Some lines had a yield potential comparable with the best breeding lines produced earlier, and one is under multiplication for release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008644901982
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  • 98
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    The use of AFLPs to examine genetic relatedness in barley (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLPs ; barley ; genetic diversity ; kinship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The generation of AFLPs in spring barley cultivars provided genetic information relating to the development of the crop in the UK since 1953. Principal co-ordinate (PCO) analysis of genetic similarities (gs) confirmed the marked contrast in the cultivars used in the 1970s and 1980s. The earliest cultivars, many derived from Proctor, were succeeded by tall-strawed, disease-resistant types with high yield but poor malting potential. In the 1980s they were in turn replaced by short-strawed cultivars with excellent yield and good malting quality, which originated from Triumph. A PCO plot of gs provided insight into the effects of selection for disease resistance and the antagonism between malting quality and particular resistance genes. The analysis of gs was more useful than pedigrees and estimates of kinship in revealing the genetic relationship between cultivars. Theoretical considerations for maximising the efficiency of an AFLP genotyping programme are discussed in the context of the number of primer pairs required to distinguish genotypes at varying levels of similarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602321815
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  • 99
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    Expression of intron modified NPT II genes in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cells (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; intron ; NPT II ; reporter genes ; selection ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intron sequences from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous origin were used to abolish marker gene expression in prokaryotes (Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens) but permit expression in selected eukaryotic systems using the eukaryotic specific splicing mechanism. A 1014 bp maize Shrunken-1 (Sh 1) intron 1 flanked by exon1 and exon2 sequences was cloned into the N-terminal of the NPT II-coding region. Transient gene expression analysis revealed that the modified neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, is expressed in barley protoplasts, but poorly expressed in tobacco protoplasts. In dicotyledonous cells AU-rich sequences are known to be important for efficient splicing and therefore an attempt was made to improve expression of the NPT II gene, containing the Sh 1 intron 1, in tobacco by increasing the AU content from 57% to 69%. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of RNA from transiently expressed NPT II transcripts from tobacco protoplasts revealed that despite the increase in AU-content, NPT II was still poorly expressed. Cryptic splice sites were identified as one possible cause for missplicing of the Sh1 intron 1 in dicots and poor levels of expression. Alternatively, cloning of the 198 bp intron 2 of the potato STLS 1 gene (81% AU) into the N-terminal part of the NPT II-coding region resulted in proper expression of NPT II in tobacco as well as in barley protoplasts and abolished marker gene expression in prokaryotes. The successful insertion of an intron into a selectable marker gene which completely abolishes gene expression in prokaryotes, without affecting expression of chimeric genes in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cells provides a suitable system to reduce the number of false-positives in transgenic plant production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602923403
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) in soil treated with the nitrification-inhibiting insecticide Baythroid (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: ANI ; Baythroid ; Cyfluthrin ; Insecticide ; 15N ; Nitrification ; N uptake ; Synthetic pyrethroid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the uptake and dry matter production potential of NH inf4 sup+ and NO inf3 sup- and to study the effect of Baythroid, a contact poison for several insect pests of agricultural crops, on growth and N uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen was applied as (15NH4)2SO4, K15NO3, or 15NH4NO3 and in one treatment Baythroid was combined with 15NH4NO3. Source of N had, in general, a nonsignificant effect on dry matter and N yield, but uptake of NO inf3 sup- was significantly higher than that of NH inf4 sup+ when both N sources were applied together. Substantial loss of N occurred from both the sources, with NH inf4 sup+ showing greater losses. Baythroid was found to have a significant positive effect on dry matter yield of both root and shoot; N yield also increased significantly. Uptake of N from both the applied and native sources increased significantly in the presence of Baythroid and a substantial added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was determined. The positive effect of Baythroid was attributed to: (1) a prolonged availability of NH inf4 sup+ due to inhibition of nitrification, (2) an increased availability of native soil N through enhanced mineralization, and (3) an enhanced root proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336057
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