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  • Physics  (558)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (372)
  • 1980-1984  (930)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1980  (930)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (930)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulin nucleation and assembly in mitotic cells: Evidence for nucleic acids in kinetochores and centrosomes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
    Additional Material: 45 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redistribution of actin and fascin in sea urchin eggs after fertilization (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control by calcium of the contractility of Labyrinthula slimeways and of the translocation of Labyrinthula cells (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during anaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physarum myosin light chain binds calcium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the extracellular matrix in cell motility in fibroblast aggregates (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; extracellular matrix ; collagen ; glycosaminogly cans ; collagenase ; hyaluronidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ-cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]-thymidine-labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue-like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of genetic elements associated with muscle structure in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 73-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nematodes ; muscle structure ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A search for new mutants with altered body-wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One-hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility-requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc-94 and unc-95) and four genes are sex linked (unc-96, unc-97, unc-98, and unc-99). One complementation group (unc-100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament-like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate-sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body-wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well-studied structural, contractile, and calcium-associated proteins in muscle.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulin content and synthesis in differentiating drosophila cells in culture (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 113-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; Drosophila ; β-ecdysterne ; differentiating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β-ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone-treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H-colchicine-binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone-treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine-binding activity, no difference between hormone-treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β-ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly-active” and “assembly-inactive” pools.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meeting report (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010112
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation and elongation of filopodia during transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sea urchin coelomocytes ; motility ; filopodial formation and elongation ; ciné film analysis ; scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010110
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invited review: Guidance cue patterns and cell migration in muiticeliuiar organisms (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon guidance ; chemotaxis ; haptotaxis substrate pathways ; development ; pattern biology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients - such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) - such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 163-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010113
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statement of purpose (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 167-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010114
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The changes in sperm nuclei after penetrating fish oocytes matured without germinal vesicle material in their cytoplasm (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm nucleus ; fish oocyte ; germinal vesicle (GV) ; nuclear formation ; chromosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The processes occurring from sperm penetration to chromosome formation in the cytoplasm of Oocytes matured in vitro, after removal of the germinal vesicle (GV) and before hormonal stimulation, were observed with electron microscope. The dechorionated oocytes, matured without the participation of the GV material, responded to sperm penetration by initiating a cortical reaction within 20 seconds after insemination. The pentrating sperm nuclei transformed to male pronuclei with vesiculation of the nuclear membrane, chromatin decondensation, and formation of a pronuclear membrane. Before cleavage, however, no chromosome formation was observed in these oocytes. Instead, the fully grown pronuclei change to a picnotic chromatin mass without or with an only fragmented nuclear membrane, then disappeared. On the contrary, sperm nuclei that penetrated into the cytoplasm of naked eggs containing GV material during maturation underwent pronuclear and chromosomal formation. Judging from these observation in Oryzias oocytes, the GV material seems to be unnecessary for the formation of pronucleus from the compact sperm nucleus, but is essential for the process of chromosomal formation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030204
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sertoli-germ cell interrelations: A review (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 179-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Sertoli cell ; spermatogenesis ; junction ; germ cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030209
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030301
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin filaments and mitochondrial movement in vertebrate spermiogenesis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: actin ; mitochondrial movement ; spermiogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presence of actin filaments around mitochondria during vertebrate spermiogenesis was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy and by heavy meromyosin decoration. The presence of actin is supposed to be related to mitochondrial rearrangements occurring in the spermatid stage.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030302
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of cumulus cells for rat oocyte maturation and metabolism (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: rat oocytes ; maturation ; oxygen consumption ; cumulus cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oocytes collected from immature PMSG-treated rats on the morning of proestrus were allowed to mature in culture either surrounded by their cumulus cells or after denudation. It was found that the time course of oocyte nuclear maturation was similar whether the cumulus cells were present or not. The oxygen consumption of noncultured oocytes was 0.12 nl/hr/oocyte and increased by 40% after four to eight hours in culture with intact cumulus. Respiration of oocytes cultured without cumulus remained constant throughout the culture, except for a transient decrease after four hours.It is concluted that the cumulus cells do not affect the spontaneous nuclear maturation in vitro, but that the metabolism in oocytes cultured with intact cumulus is different from that of cultured denuded oocytes. Furthermore, it appears that the rise in oocyte oxygen consumption is not a prerequisite for nucler maturation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030205
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical studies on the zona pellucida of cow blastocysts (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: cow blastocysts ; zona pellucida ; stability and location of antigenic material ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Labeling of the zona pellucida of cow blastocysts with zona-specific anti-serum shows that antigenicity is unaffected by abnormal cleavage, in vitro culture, or frozen storage. The uniform labeling in thin sections indicates that the zona pellucida is homogeneous antigenically. Heavier labeling of the inner and outer surfaces of the zona pellucida in thick sections appers to be due to greater porosity of these regions, in which the zona material becomes highly dispersed, or even partly solubilized, thereby permitting the formation of an antigen-antibody matrix.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030206
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and hormonal control of reproductive-tract-specific antigens present in rabbit oviductal fluid (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: oviduct ; oviductal fluid ; mucin ; steroids ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Utilizing the intra-abdominal flask technique to collect oviductal fluid, the presence of two or possibly three reproductive-tract-specific antigens have been observed in rabbit oviductal fluid. Two of these antigens may be accounted for by the two forms of uteroglobin. The other antigen has a molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons and its concentration in oviductal fluid is under hormonal control. During pseudopregnancy (PSP), when progesterone concentrations are high, or upon progesterone administration, the concentration of this high molecular weight antigen doubles in oviductal fluid. This correlates well with the previously observed increase in release of secretory products from the oviductal epithelia.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030208
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis in the anthocerotales. III. Gamete morphogenesis: From spermatogenous cell through midstage spermatid (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 149-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Phaeoceros ; spermatid morphogenesis ; spermatogenesis ; ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An ultrastructural examination of spermatogenesis in Phaeoceros has shown nucleoli to be present in spermatogenous cells and to persist until the centrioles become associated with nuclei of young spermatids. At the onset of multilayered structure (MLS) formation, well-defined aggregations of osmiophilic strands begin to form in the nuclei of young spermatids and disappear shortly after chromatin condensation starts in the midstage spermatids. When the centrioles in the young spermatids are orientated perpendicular to the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm immediately in front of them is densely stained. Where the spline tubules of the MLS extend over the nucleus, the nuclear envelope is devoid of pores, and the inner nuclear membrane is contacted internally by the local deposition of dense staining nucleoplasm. Chromatin condensation begins with strands extending perpendicularly from the dense staining nucleoplasm beneath the spline and continues with the nuclear beak becoming filled with condensed chromatin. As the MLS lamellae disappear acropetally, the rear portion of the anterior mitochondrion (AM) extends back under the nuclear beak which now narrows to a size that approximates the anterior end of the nucleus of a spermatozoid. By the end of the mid-spermatid stage, the nucleus has coiled approximately one gyre of a helix and the five or six central slpine tubules extend over the plastid which is now located beneath the front end of the AM. Several profiles of endoplasmic reticulum confluent with the nuclear envelope are present. Possible factors which might play a role in determining the morphology of the mid-spermatids are discussed.
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    A new procedure for rapidly scoring acrosome reactions of human sperm (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: acrosome ; human sperm ; lectin ; capacitation ; fertilization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Because the acrosome of human sperm is too small to be directly visualized by phase-contrast microscopy, acrosome reactions (that is loss of the acrosome) are generally not evaluated in studies of human sperm capacitation and fertilization. Nevertheless, it would be useful in such studies to have a technique for easily identifying and quantitating acrosome-reacted sperm. In this paper, we describe a method for labeling the human sperm acrosome with fluorescein-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (FITC-RCA); we show that in sperm without acrosomal caps, FITC-RCA labeling occurs either not at all or only in the equatorial segment of the acrosome. To determine if the absence of FITC-RCA labeling in the acrosomal cap region gives a reliable estimate of acrosome reactions, washed sperm or sperm incubated in a capacitating medium (BWW) were divided into two groups, which were then fixed for FITC-RCA labeling or transmission electron microscopy. Counts of acrosome reactions made by each method were similar, and we observed an increase in the percentage of reactions following incubation in BWW. We conclude that the FITC-TCA labeling technique is a reliable method for accurately scoring the percentage of acrosome-reacted human sperm.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030101
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    Effect of the inhibitors of ion movements, verapamil and tetraethylammonium, on fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: mouse ; in vitro fertilization ; inhibitors of fertilization ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Better than 75% fertilization of C57BL/6 mouse eggs with C57BL/6 sperm is obtained in vitro in a modified Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate medium containing 8 mM HEPES. No fertilization of obtained when Ca2+ is omitted from this medium. The drug verapamil, which interferes with Ca2+ channels and blocks the acrosome reaction [Schackmann et al, 1978] and fertilization in the sea urchin, also blocks fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro when included in complete medium at a concentration of 80 μg/ml. Tetraethylammonium, which inhibits delayed axonal potassium currents and prevents the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm, also completely inhibits fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro at a concentration of 5 mM. Tetramethylammonium, which does not inhibit potassium movements at the same concentration reduces fertilization by about 50%. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ion movements are necessary for activation of the sperm and/or egg in mouse fertilization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Quantitation of avian spermatozoan motility: Neurochemical regulation (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm ; motility ; neurochemical ; paraoxon ; acetylcholine ; cholinesterase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The hypothesis that motility of avian sperm is regulated by acetylcholine was examined by treating rooster (Gallus domesticus) sperm with choline analogs and paraoxon, an inhibitor of colonesterases. Acetylcholine chloride (AChCl) was most effective, acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide were less effective, and choline chloride was ineffective in stimulating sperm motility. Histochemical localization of cholinesterase activity with the electron microscope showed enzyme activity to be associated with membranes of the head and within fibrillar components of the tail. Increasing concentrations of paraoxon decreased cholinesterase activity and increased sperm motility. The data provide evidence that the motility of avian sperm, like that of mammal and sea urchins, may be regulated in part by a system with similarities to the cholinergic neurotransmitter system.
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    Artificial fertilization of gametes from the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: clawed frog ; egg ; fertilization ; jelly coat ; motility ; sperm ; Xenopus laevis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A reproducible and effective method for fertilization eggs of Xenopus laevis was developed based of systematic manipulation of environmental factors. The effects of varying concentrations of individual components of a fertilization medium were tested by measuring jelly swelling, sperm motility, and sperm longevity. Results were used to develop an improved medium for fertilization, consisting of 41.25 mM NaCl, 1.25 mM KCl, 0.25 mM CaCl2, 0.0625 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM Na2HPO4, 2.5 mM HEPES, 1.9 mM NaOH, final pH(2°) 7.8.
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    Initiation, prolongation, and reactivation of the motility of salmonid spermatozoa (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: spermatozoa (salmonid) ; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sperm motility ; cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in sperm motility ; reactivation of trout sperm motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The motility of salmonid spermatozoa initiated by dilution of the milt with ovarian fluid or isotonic saline is brief duration; it was believed that it can be activated only once in the life of the spermatozoon. Dilution of the milt with an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.12 M-NaCl) containing 5 mM-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (MIX) prolonged and intensified sperm motiliy. When motility had stopped after initial mobilization with saline or ovarian fluid, it could be reactivated by addition of MIX; reactivated spermatozoa fertilized eggs. Dilution with saline containing K+ (24 mEq/liter) did not initiate sperm motility even in the presence of MIX. The spermatozoa were mobilized by subsequent with 0.12 M-NaCl. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sperm suspensions dropped on dilution with saline and rose as motility ceased, but declined without subsequent recovery following dilution with MIX-saline. The concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rose and fell sharply on initiation of motility and rose again after motility had declined. While salmonid spermatozoa can be mobilized by dilition with saline alone, the effectiveness of MIX in reactivating “spent” spermatozoa supports the assumption that cAMP plays a role in the initiation of sperm motility.
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    Ovoperoxidase activity in ionophore treated mouse eggs. II. Evidence for the enzyme's role in hardening the zona pellucida (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: ovoperoxidase ; zona hardening ; zona pellucida ; mouse eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One consequence of fertilization or parthenogenetic activation of mammalian eggs is an altaration in the solubility proprieties of the zona pellucida, known as zona hardening. Several lines of evidence indicate that an ovoperoxidase, which is activated and/or secreted from mouse eggs. Following parthenogenetic activation, corss-links tyrosine residues in the zona pellucida and results in hardening of the zona. First, zona hardening, as determined by decreased solubility of the zona in pronase, is inhibited by several compounds known to inhibit peroxidases. Inhibitors of hardening include phenylhydrazine, sodium sulfite, sodium azide, and glycine ethyl ester. Second, tyrosine analogs inhibit zona hardening, unless the phenolic hydroxyl group or ortho position is blocked. That is, O-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of phenolic hydroxyl) does not inhibit hardening; o-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of one ortho position) partially inhibits, whereas tyramine and N-acetyltyrosine (free hydroxyl and ortho positions) effectively block hardening. Finally, exogenous horseradish peroxidasepromotes limited hardening of the zona in unactivated eggs. These results are consistent with a peroxidase catalyzed cross-linking of tyrosines in the zona that results in hardening of the zona pellucida.
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    Fragmentation of condensed chromatin in nuclei of a plant sperm, pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: condensed chromatin ; sperm ; Pteridium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nuclei of pteridium sperm have been dispersed by turbulence in natural or slightly alkaline buffer after stripping off the cytoplasm with nonionic detergent. The nuclei tended to break up into fragments arranged in a linear order. These fragments fluoresced brightly with acridine orange as did intact nuclei. Grounds are given for identifying the smaller fragments with chromosomes. It is proposed that the sperm nucleus of British Pteridium, possibly an autotetrapolid, consists of a sequence of paired homologues.
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 307-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030315
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    The spermatozoon. Don W. Fawcet and J. Michael Bedford, eds. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, 1979. 40 illustrted chapters. 441 pages. $49.00 (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 305-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030314
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    Partial activation of sea-urchin eggs by bonellin (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: fertilization ; membrane potential ; bonellin ; amino acid incorporation into proteins ; DNA synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We here describe further studies on the action of bonellin on sea-urchin eggs. Bonellin brings about Some of the changes that are known to occur in the egg upon fertilization. In particular, it appears to cause the increased rate of incorporation of amino acids into proteins, the increase of the voltage noise, and the exocytosis of some of the cortical granules. A comparison with the effect of ammonia is discussed.
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    Ultracytochemical localization of 3β-hydroxy-steroid ferricyanide reductase activity in the fetal mouse ovary (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: female meiosis ; estrogen synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been suggested that the production of estrogens by the fetal ovary may modulate the entry or progression of meiosis in the female mammalian fetus. In the present study the possibility that the site of this steroid synthesis is the rete ovarii system was explored in the fetal mouse of gestational ages 12.5 to 18 days. The method of ultracytochemical localization of 3β hydroxy-steroid ferricyanide was used. Reaction product was found in the cytoplasm of the rete ovarii (prefollicular) cells as early as day 14 with increasing amounts seen at later gestational ages. The presence of this essential enzyme system in cells closely applied to oogonia and oocytes during an active meiotic period must be considered in developing concepts of meiotic entry.
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    Decondensation of sperm nuclei of australian marsupials: Effects of air drying and of calcium and magnesium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 351-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: marsupial ; spermatozoa ; nucleus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spermatozoa of six species of Australian marsupials have been studied. The nucleus is highly unstable when compared with those of eutherian mammals. When thin films of spermatozoa in buffered saline are air-dried on glass slides, the nucleus disintegrates and flattens, leaving the acrosome, midpiece, and tail intact. This spreading of the nucleus can be inhibited by seminal plasma proteins and by bovine serum albumin, but is potentiated by detergents. The nucleus also decondenses spontaneously in the presence of high concentrations (〉0.25M) of calcium and magnesium salts, leaving the head membranes, acrosome, midpiece, and tail intact. This is inhibited by EDTA. In some species, certain areas of the nucleus appear more resistant t o Ca++/Mg++ treatment, and the initial stages of decondensation are uneven. Ultrastructurally the Ca++/Mg++ dispersed chromatin shows a moderately fine, branching, fibrillar structure, interspersed with dense granules. Treatment with disulphide bond cleaving agents together with detergents results in rapid and complete dispersal of the chromatin and acrosome, and slow digestion of midpiece and tail structures. Treatment with HCl, NaCl, KCl, EDTA, detergents, and sucrose has no effect on nuclear integrity, but treatment with NaOH (0.9-1.0M) results in complete digestion of the whole sperm. These findings are discussed in the light of evolutionary differences between marsupial and eutherian mammals in terms of sperm structure and composition.
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    Comparative ultrastructure of the yolk material in preimplantation stages of the hamster, mouse, and rat embryos (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: yolk ; preimplantation embryo ; ultrastructure ; hamster ; mouse ; rat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yolk material of preimplanation stages of embryos of the hamster, mouse, and rat were examined by a standardized electron microscopical procedure. The material was encountered as fibrils, scattered more or less densely in the cytoplasm. In the hamster, the material was present in large masses and the fibrils had a chain-like appearance when cut longitudinally. The ultrastructure of the fibrils was compatible with a helical pattern. The fibrils had a width of about 40 nm and the pitch (the axial distance of the repeating unit) was about 30 nm. In the mouse, the yolk material was dispersed in the cytoplasm forming small plaque-like groups. Also, in this species the fibrils were chain-like but smaller than in the hamster. The fibrils were often closely situated, resulting in images with varying crystalline appearances. In the rat, the yolk appeared as light areas occupying a substantial part of the cytoplasm. The fibrils in the yolk plaques were sparse and diffusely outlined. They were thinner than the fibrils of the mouse-yolk material, did not display any helical pattern at the resolution used, but showed a periodicity.
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 405-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030411
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    Properties of the first and second factors released after hamster sperm make contact with the zona pellucida prior to fertilization in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 395-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm-zona contact ; fertilization ; peptides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An investigation was made as to the nature of two of the factors, termed S1, released within the first 30 minutes after contact is made between capacitated hamster sperm and the zona pellucida in vitro. Previous studies showed that these S1 factors were detected two and 20 to 25 minutes after the gametes were combined and that, based on filtration studies, the former possessed a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons. The present results show that the quantity of the 20-25-minute S1 factor released into the supernatant increased linearly as a function of the sperm concentration. This factor passed unimpeded through a filter with a 5,000 molecular weight cutoff but only 42% of the activity traversed a filter with a cutoff of 2,000 daltons. The two-minute S1 factor, in the virtual total absence of cells, was stable for 10 to 15 minutes, but lost significant activity upon longer incubation. Under the same conditions, the 20-25-minute factor lost approximately 25% of its activity within 15 minutes, but remained stable at this level for at least 45 minutes of incubation. Both S1 factors were not affected by a mixture of glycosidases, but were inactivated by subtilisin, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase which was contaminated with endopeptidases. The activity of the two-minute S1 factor appeared more susceptible to the action of the proteases than that of the 20-25-minute S1 factor. In contrast to previous results obtained with the two-minute S1 factor, the release of the 20-25-minute S1 factor was not inhibited by the inclusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor a t concentrations which are known to inhibit penetration of the zona by the sperm. The results suggest that the two- and 20-25-minute S1 factors are peptides which are not identical.
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    Genetic influences on mouse sperm capacitation in vivo and in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Sperm ; capacitation ; mouse strain differences ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intial in vivo studies were performed to observe the proportion of eggs fertillized at specific intervals after natural mating and ovulation in our research mouse colony. Proestrous females of the C57BL/10Wt, SJL/Wt inbred strains and the F1 hybrid cross (B10 × SJL or reciprocals) were paired in the after-noon with males of their respective strain and examined for vaginal plugs at the midpoint of the dark period (2400 hours). Oviducts were periodically collected from mated females, and ovulation was first observed at 4, 5.2, and 3 hours after 2400 hours in the B10, SJL, and F1 hyrid, respectively. The clutch of eggs from each ovulating female, was placed in culture, and cleavage oviduct lavage verifying female mating was placed in culture, and cleavage was used as the criterion for fertilizaition. Fifty percent of the eggs were fertilized 2.2, 5.0, and 2.5 hours after ovulation in B10, SJL, and F1 hybrid females, respectively. Because twice the legth of time was required to fertilize a similar proportion of eggs from the SJL strain as the F1 hybrid, these two strains were used for determining their rate of fertilization under more fully controlled conditions in vitro. Forty-nine percent of F1 hybrid eggs were fertilized after 4 hours incubation with SJL epididymal sperm, whereas 53% fo SJL and 56% of F1 hybrid eggs were fertilized after only 2 hours incubation with F1 hybrid epididymal sperm. Thus, using sperm from these two mouse strains, the amount of time required to fertilize approximately 50% of the eggs within a clutch both in vivo and vitro was very similar. These observations demonstrte teh validity of using this in vitro system for fertilization studies and confirm that the temporal events in sperm capacitation and egg penetration are dependent on the genotype of the sperm. Similarities in fertilization rates at specific times after ovulation or insemination in vitro imply that the initiationof sperm capacitation in vivo occurs near the time of ovulation and several hours after mating. We tentatively suggest that follicular fluid may be required for completion of mouse sperm capacitaiton in vivo.
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    Aging of mouse eggs in vivo and in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 379-393 
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    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: aging ; ova ; acid phosphatase ; superovulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Morphological and cytochemical (acid phosphatase) changes associated with mouse ova and cumulus cells aged within the oviducts (in vivo) or in culture (in vitro; 1-24 hours postovulation) have been investigated. Structural alterations of cumulus cells were apparent immediately after ovulation and included nuclear pycnosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the cumulus masses examined contained cells that plated out when cultured and remained viable for up t o three days in vitro. From 12 t o 24 hours postovulation almost all cumulus cells of specimens aged in vivo showed signs of degeneration. Disruption of the meiotic spindle and an increase in acid phosphatase positive organelles were characteristic of in vivo and in vitro aging ova. The percentage of fragmented eggs obtained from super-ovulated (5 IU PMS followed by 5 IU HCG) mice approximately one and 24 hours postovulation was not significantly different. Eggs obtained from superovulated animals and aged in vitro for 24 hours yielded significantly more fragmented ova. Fragmented eggs were not obtained from cycling females on the morning of estrus. When such eggs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours the percent fragmentation was significantly lower than that for aged eggs obtained from super-ovulated mice. These results indicate that 1) similar morphological alterations occur among cumulus cells and eggs aged either in vitro or in vivo, 2) ova from superovulated mice do not constitute a homogeneous population and 3) the method of superovulation employed in this study induces the ovulation of a relatively large group of eggs that are susceptible to fragmentation when cultured in vitro.
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    Effect of inititiator on the molecular weight distribution in dispersion polymerization of styrene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dispersion polymerization of styrene in the particle size range of 10 μ with lauroyl peroxide as initiator results in a double-peak molecular weight (MW) distribution. The high-MW fraction was due to emulsion polymerization. The same phenomenon also exists in AIBN and benzoyl peroxide initiation, although it is less obvious. The kinetics of the reaction for dispersion polymerization was dependent on the concentration of the dispersing agent and the nature of the initiator.
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    Plasma polymerization. II. An ESCA investigation of polymers synthesized by excitation of inductively coupled RF plasma in perfluorobenzene and perfluorocyclohexaneThis is also considered as Part XXVII of the series ESCA Applied to Polymers. For Part I see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 27-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The plasma polymers formed in glow and nonglow regions of an inductively coupled RF plasma with perfluorobenzene and perfluorocyclohexane are discussed as a function of operating conditions of the plasma by means of ESCA. The core levels of the plasma polymers are shown to be strikingly different but characteristic of a well-defined but complex polymerization scheme. For the nonglow regions fluorine incorporation is shown to be greater than for polymers prepared in the glow regions and a preponderance of CF2 features is apparent. Perfluorobenzene deposits polymer faster than perfluorocyclohexane and changes in component composition of the C1s profile are studied as a function of operating conditions of the gas plasma.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Polymerization of acetylene and its monosubstitutes in the presence of halides and oxohalides of molybdenum and tungsten (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: MoCl5, WCl6, and OMoCl4 were found to be effective initiators for the polymerization of acetylene and its monosubstituted derivatives RC=CH. The polymerization proceeded in homogeneous and heterogeneous media and was carried out in nonpolar (chloroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons) and polar (THF, acetone, dioxane, carboxylic acids) solvents to give a high yield of polymers.
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    Substituent effects in polymerization reactions in terms of generalized substituent constants F and R and generalized weighting factors f and r (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this investigation an approach to correlate the composite rate constants of some redox polymerization reactions [acrylonitrile-Ce(IV)-organic substrate] with a new type of multiparameter equation is described. The multiparameter equation is based on Swain and Lupton's F and R, the field and resonance components of the substituents, respectively, and the unique positional weighting factors f and r suggested by Williams and Norrington. The statistical parameters of the correlation involving the substituent constants (fF and rR) and the rate data have been found to be quite satisfactory, the average coefficient of determination being 0.91. The significance levels of the correlation also indicate that the present model is applicable to the kinetics of redox polymerization. The sign and magnitude of the reaction-dependent regression constants α and β suggest that three different types of reaction mechanisms are operative for the substrates benzaldehyde, phenylthiourea, acetophenone, and toluene.
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    Cellulose organic solutions: A nuclear magnetic resonance investigationPart of this work was presented at the Symposium on “New Solvents of Cellulose” at the ACS Meeting, Chicago, August 23, 1977. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 13-25 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four solvents of cellulose have been studied by using 13C-NMR spectroscopy. All these solvents, N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide, methylamine, hydrazine, and paraformaldehyde (PF), contained dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cosolvent. Oligomers of cellulose of DP = 10 soluble in hot DMSO have been used as model compounds. 13C chemical shifts and line shapes show that three of the mentioned solvents are “true solvents” of cellulose. On the other hand, dissolution of cellulose in DMSO-PF system occurs by the formation of a statistical derivative of cellulose. Enriched 13C bacterial cellulose on C-1 and C-6 positions have been used to identify the 13C positions mainly in DMSO-N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide system. This solvent has been found to be degradative for the macromolecule when the solution is kept at 100°C over a long period. Viscosity measurements show a reduction of the molecular weight in these conditions. Polarimetry indicates that no glucose is present in solution and hence there is a statistical break of the chain. Enriched cellulose solution in DMSO-N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide has been also used for relaxation time (T1) determination both of the solvent and of the enriched carbons of the polymer. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) was found to be 1.8 for C-1 and 2.1 for C-6 showing that relaxation phenomenon is not purely dipolar. T1 values of 97 and 65 msec are found for C-1 and C-6 of cellulose, in good agreement with the values known for polysaccharides. Determination of T1 for the different carbon atoms of the solvent DMSO-N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide with and without cellulose shows a large reduction of T1 for N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide molecule. This denotes a slower molecular motion of this molecule and a preferential interaction with the cellulose macromolecule.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Copolymers of vinyl fluoride (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 109-121 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinyl fluoride was polymerized by photochemical initiation in a continuous-flow cylindrical reactor at room temperature and at pressures of up to 30 atm. Copolymers with vinyl acetate were prepared in order to improve the solubility and processability of poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF). The copolymers were hydrolyzed to the corresponding vinyl alcohol copolymers and yielded hydrophilic films that are strong and flexible only when swollen by water. It was found that on hydrolysis the Tg, Tm, and heat of fusion as well as degree of crystallinity increased. It was suggested that PVF and the copolymers with vinyl alcohol are isomorphous.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Thermal cis-trans isomerization of cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solution and solid-state thermal cis-trans isomerization of cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylene was investigated. At temperatures higher than 120°C, cis-trans thermal isomerization in solution is accompanied by cyclization, aromatization, and scission of the polymer chain. Both spectral and kinetics data showed that at temperatures lower than 120°C, not only cis-trans thermal isomerization takes place but also intramolecular cyclization.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Synthesis of highly branched perfluoroethers by direct fluorination, promising new materials based on the hexafluoroacetone-ethylene copolymer (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 157-168 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct fluorination of the hexafluoroacetone-ethylene copolymer, [CH2CH2OC(CF3)2]n, under conditions designed to promote fragmentation of the polymer chain has led to the synthesis of a number of structurally unusual branched perfluoropolyethers [—CF2—CF2—O-C(CF3)2—]n. These new perfluoropolyethers have been characterized by 19F-NMR, and their physical properties are reported. Direct fluorination under milder conditions yields a high-molecular-weight perfluoropolyether.
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high dose rate. I. Isobutyl vinyl ether in bulk (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bulk polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether was studied at 25°C in a wide dose rate range, 8.2-277 rad/sec by γ rays and 8.8 × 103-2.2 × 105 rad/sec by electron beams. At low dose rate, 8.2-277 rad/sec, only the radical polymerization took place. At high dose rate exceeding 8.8 × 103 rad/sec, cationic polymerization was found to occur in addition to the radical polymerization. DPn of the product at high dose rate was 9-10. Further drying of the monomer increased Rp, and molecular weight of the product formed by cationic mechanism also increased.
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    Radiation degradation of methyl α-chloroacrylate-methacrylonitrile copolymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 169-178 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radiation degradation behavior of methyl α-chloroacrylate (MCA) and methacrylonitrile (MCN) copolymers has been investigated as part of a program to develop high-sensitivity polymeric resists for integrated circuit manufacture. High-molecular-weight copolymers were prepared by emulsion techniques. Several different copolymer compositions were prepared varying from 19 to 68 mole % MCA. These copolymers were fractionated and then subjected to γ irradiation from a 60Co Source. The Gs - Gs, Gs - 4Gs values were determined from M̄;F〉nk-1 and Gu-1 versus dose plots, and the Gfs and Gs Values were then calculated. Molecular weights of both unirradiated and irradiated polymers were analyzed by membrane osmometry and gel permeation chromatography. All copolymers exhibited higher degradation susceptibilities than that of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PPMA), which has Gx = 1.3. The individual Gx and Gx values of the copolymers were found to fall between those of the two homopolymers, poly(methyl α-chloroacrylate) (Gx = 6.0) and polymethacrylonitrile (Gx ∼ 3.1). The dependence of Gx and Gx values on molecular weight was minor. The crosslinking susceptibility of the poly(methyl α-chloroacrylate) (Gx ∼ 0.8), was greatly decreased by copolymerization with MCN. Relatively small amounts of MCN caused a large drop in Gx, i.e., Gx ∼ 0.15 at 32% MCN and Gx ∼ 0.03 at 51% MCN. The observation could be attributed to the decreasing probability that crosslinking sites, in the MCA monomer units on adjacent chains, would lie in close proximity.
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high dose rate. II. α-Methylstyrene in bulk (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 191-202 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bulk polymerization of α-methylstyrene was carried out in a wide dose rate range, 7.6-256 rad/sec by γ rays and 8.5 × 103-2.1 × 105 rad/sec by electron beams. At high dose rate by electron beams, cationic polymerization took place along with formation of oligomeric product of DPn = ∼4. At low dose rate by γ rays, radical polymerization was found to occur in water-saturated monomer. The cationic polymerization at high dose rate proceeds with essentially the same mechanism as was already known in γ-ray polymerization of dry monomers. Relatively low reaction rate of the cationic polymerization compared with that of styrene is explained with the fact that the propagation of α-methylstyrene is much more easily inhibited by a slight amount of water.
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    Functional polymers. II. Synthesis and properties of new polymeric cinchona alkaloids (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 223-233 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New polymeric cinchona alkaloids having favorable structures and properties for asymmetric catalysts have been prepared by radical copolymerization of the alkaloids with acrylonitrile using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. Of the many reaction solvents tried, dimethylformamide (DMF) was found to be the solvent of choice especially for a large-scale synthesis. Alkaloid monomers employed were free dalkaloids, such as quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine, and modified ones including 9-O-ethoxycarbonylquinine and quinine salts. The copolymers were thermally stable powders, soluble in DMF and DMSO, and insoluble in common organic solvents. They were found to be converted into water-soluble polymeric alkaloids by hydrolysis with alkaline hydrogen peroxide.
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    High conversion polymerization. VI. Detailed examination of the kinetic modelFor Part V see ref. 3. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 241-249 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A previously developed model which has been used to describe the kinetic behavior of free radical polymerization in the region of the gel effect is here subjected to a detailed quantitative examination. It is shown, using data for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, that the quasi-steady-state assumption is valid during the gel effect, and that the model provides a good description of the chain lengths and concentrations of different species present in the reaction. The postulate that primary radical termination becomes important as the gel effect advances is tested and found to be true.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Comparison of the precision of estimation of copolymerization reactivity ratios by current methods (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Six recently proposed methods for analyzing copolymerization composition data have been compared to a nonlinear least-squares analysis to ascertain the precision of the six methods in determining reactivity ratios. Data used were simulated for five hypothetical monomer pairs with three different types of experiment design and contained error structures similar to those observed experimentally. The results of the comparisons suggest that retrospective analyses of existing copolymerization data should only be done with a nonlinear least-squares analysis. For new data, the design of experiments is of great importance, and when done properly allows the use of some of the linear least-squares methods of analysis.
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    Polyacrylamide. I. Polymer content and hydrolysis level determination by potentiometric titration (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 275-281 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method of determining the degree of hydrolysis by potentiometric titration of polyacrylamide (PAA) with HCl and NaOH was developed. From the titration curves and the control of the degree of purity it is possible to calculate the level of hydrolysis and the quantity of pure acid contained in the PAA of a commercial product.
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    Reactivity of N,N′-bismethylolpyromellitimide with isocyanates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 355-357 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180136
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    Studies of poly-yne polymers containing transition metals in the main chain. 5. A design of metal arrangement in polymer backbone (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    The polymerization of n-butyl isocyanate at low catalyst concentrations (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 371-372 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Synthetic polymers containing sugar residues. V. Polyesters derived from D-cellobiose and dicarboxylic acid chlorides by direct polycondensation (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 365-370 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Synthetic polymers containing sugar residues. IV. Synthesis of polyamide-esters by direct polycondensation of D-glucosamine and dicarboxylic acid chlorides (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 359-364 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Aminolysis of crosslinked polysiloxanes: Tautomeric catalysis by 2-pyridone (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 527-531 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Results are presented which extend earlier findings on the transformation of insoluble crosslinked polysiloxanes into soluble linear polymers by selective aminolysis at crosslink sites. The present study provides evidence of a substantial steric effect and catalysis by 2-pyridone. The results with 2-pyridone are attributed to tautomeric catalysis which, to our knowledge, had not been observed before in substitution reactions at silicon. Evidence is also presented that unhindered, difunctional primary amines effect aminolysis with both amine groups to produce insoluble crosslinked polymer, presumably with silylamine functionality at crosslink sites.
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    Functional monomers and polymers. LXIII. A study on the polymer-polymer interaction between nucleic acid base-substituted poly-L-lysinesFor Part LXII see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 949-958 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of polymer-polymer interaction was made on several poly-L-lysines that contained pendant nucleic acid bases substituted on the N′ position. Conformation and interaction of these polypeptides were studied in solution by spectroscopic measurement. The results obtained suggest that the high-molecular-weight polymers form polymer complexes in a helical conformation by specific adenine-thymine base pairing. On the other hand, no interaction could be observed for the low-molecular-weight polymers, which existed in a random coil structure.
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    Organosilane polymers. II. Poly(ethylmethyl-co-dimethylsilylene) and poly(methylpropyl-co-dimethylsilylene) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 959-965 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polydimethylsilylene is a largely crystalline, high-melting polymer that is soluble only above 200°C and does not thermoform below its decomposition temperature. Introduction of ethyl and propyl substituents into the linear silylene system by random copolymerization of dimethylsilylene with ethylmethyl- and methylpropylsilylenes leads to tractable polymers that are soluble in common solvents at normal ambient temperatures.
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    Polymer flammability. I (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 967-985 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transport of oxygen by diffusion from the environment into a gas stream was investigated as a model for the analogous process in a diffusion flame. The amount transported at steady-state conditions depended on the flow rate, diameter, and spatial orientation of the gas stream. A change of the same extrinsic parameters in a diffusion flame caused changes of burner surface temperature, maximum flame temperature, and flame height. These responses were correlated and yielded an overall activation energy of the rate-controlling reaction step in the combustion process equal to 49 kcal/mole. This value was the same for several types of diffusion flames examined and appeared to be associated with the CO/CO2 conversion process at the high-temperature flame boundary. Flame quenching was demonstrated to occur at a minimum fuel flow rate and minimum environmental oxygen concentration which were characteristic for a given fuel. Quenching conditions were related to the diffusion rate of oxygen into the product effluent stream. Quenching of a polymer flame by depletion of environmental oxygen was governed by the same processes. The effect of extrinsic parameters on polymer flames is discussed in Part II.
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    Photoinitiated cationic polymerization by dialkyl-4-hydroxyphenylsulfonium salts (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1021-1034 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On irradiation with ultraviolet light, dialkyl-4-hydroxyphenylsulfonium salts undergo reversible photodissociation and in the process generate ylids and Brønsted acids. When the anions are nonnucleophilic in character, as, for example, BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, and SbF6-, the strong acid which is produced is capable of initiating cationic polymerization. The polymerization of several monomers was carried out to demonstrate the general applicability of these new photoinitiators.
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    The synthesis and thermal polymerization of 4,4′-diethynylphenyl ether (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1035-1046 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diethynylphenyl ether (DEPE) was synthesized and its thermal polymerization studied by NMR, IR, and DSC techniques. DEPE is a crystalline solid that melts at 72-73°C and undergoes polymerization beginning at about 150°C. The heat of polymerization measured by DSC was 53 ± 2 kcal/mole. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the fully cured resin showed softening behavior at temperatures in excess of 400°C. Weight loss up to 720°C was only 21%. A mechanism of polymerization based on the analysis of IR and NMR data for party polymerized material below 300°C is proposed.
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    N-methyl-substituted aromatic polyamidesPaper presented in part at the 28th Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 1976. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1047-1059 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N-methyl-substituted aromatic polyamides derived from the secondary aromatic diamines 4,4′-bis(methylamino)diphenylmethane, 3,3′-bis(methylamino)diphenylmethane, 4,4′-bis(methylamino)benzophenone or 3,3′-bis(methylamino)benzophenone and isophthaloyl dichloride, and terephthaloyl dichloride or 3,3′-diphenylmethane dicarboxylic acid dichloride was prepared by high-temperature solution polymerization in s-tetrachloroethane. Compared with analogous unsubstituted and partly N-methylated aromatic polyamides, the full N-methylated polyamides exhibited significantly lower glass transition temperatures (Tg), reduced crystallinity, improved thermal stability, and good solubility in chlorinated solvents.
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    Effect of cyclobutane carbonitrile rings on the glass transition temperature of vinyl copolymersContribution No. 2630, Central Research and Development Department. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1071-1078 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A wide compositional range of copolymers of 1-cyclobutene carbonitrile (CBCN) and 1-bicyclobutance carbonitrile (BBCN) with common vinyl monomers was prepared in order to study systematically the effect of cyclobutane carbonitrile ring incorporation on the glass transition temperature (Tg). In general, the Tg's of the copolymers are increased in proportion to the weight percent of the small-ring monomer incorporated, but the 1,2-mode of incorporation raises Tg more than the 1,3-mode. Attempts were made to correlate data with quantitative Tg-composition relationships (Fox-Johnston equations). Prediction for nitrile homopolymer Tg's are compared with literature values.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    NMR relaxation study of crosslinked cis-1,4-polybutadiene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1061-1070 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton relaxation measurements have been used to investigate the effects of crosslinking on the segmental motion in cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples. The temperature dependence of proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 and spin-spin relaxation time T2 at 60 and 24.3 MHz are reported in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) samples with different crosslink density including uncrosslinked PB and samples with 140, 40, and 14 repeat units between crosslinks. In addition, spin-lattice relaxation times in rotating coordinate frame, T1p, have also been determined. The relaxation data are interpreted in terms of the effects of crosslinks on segmental chain motions. Because of their sensitivity to low-frequency motion, T2 data are of major interest. At temperatures well above the T1 minimum the small T2 temperature dependence resembles solidlike behavior reflecting the nonzero averaging of dipolar interactions due to anisotropic motion of the chain segments between crosslinks. The magnitude of T2 at 60°C is found to be proportional to the average mass between crosslinks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Temperature drop turbidity. IV. Polystyrene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1079-1087 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of fractionated and unfractionated polystyrene samples has been determined by temperature drop turbidimetry, in which polymer is precipitated from dilute solutions in cyclohexanol by progressively cooling from 388 to 310 K. Estimates of the molecular weight averages and the polydispersities, obtained by calibration of the temperature of initial onset of precipitation, Ti, and the weight-average molecular weight were low, but could be substantially improved by correcting for concentration changes during precipitation. An empirical procedure correlating the breadth of turbidity-temperature curves to the logarithm of the polydispersity, as measured by gel permeation chromatography, appeared to be a simpler method of characterizing the polymer samples and as accurate as the computational methods above.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Kinetics of step polymerization with reactants of unequal functional group reactivity (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1089-1097 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general solution is presented for the kinetics of an A-A plus B-C step polymerization. B and C are the same type of functional group but with different reactivities (k1 and k2, respectively) toward A groups. The decay of the concentrations of B, C, and A groups and the increase in the degree of polymerization with time are described for various values of the ratio k2/k1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180327
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    High-molecular-weight polyterephthalamide by direct polycondensation reaction in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1099-1104 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyterephthalamides of high molecular weight (ηinh up to 1.9) were obtained by the direct polycondensation reaction of terephthalic acid and aromatic diamines in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with triphenyl phosphite in a N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)-pyridine solution that contained lithium chloride. The molecular weights of the polymers produced varied with the amount and molecular weight of PEO, which showed maximum values when PEO with a molecular weight of 2.0 × 104-5.0 × 105 was used in a concentration of about 0.5 wt % in the solvent. The polycondensation reaction was significantly affected by the level of pyridine in a mixed solvent of NMP and pyridine and by the concentration of the lithium chloride added.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Molecular weight distribution in emulsion polymerizations (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1297-1323 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematical formulation is given which describes the evolution of the number distribution of the molecular weight (MWD) of linear polymer chains that grow in emulsion polymerization systems. The resulting set of coupled ordinary differential equations takes into account the microscopic events of free radical entry, exit, chain annihilation, bimolecular termination (by combination and disproportionation), and chain transfer in a mono- or polydisperse system. Simple analytic solutions are presented for systems in which the number of particles, as well as the average number of free radicals per particle, is constant and in which the rate coefficients are size independent. These solutions indicate that compartmentalization of the free radicals in the latex particles results in a significant increase in the polydispersity of the polymer produced by emulsion polymerization, compared with that in bulk systems. The theory shows that significant mechanistic information may be obtained from experimental MWDs and that, in principle, experimental conditions may be prescribed to grow a desired MWD. The MWDs are presented in a novel manner that facilitates the comparison of theory with experiment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Radiation-induced terpolymerization of methyl α,β,β-trifluoroacrylate with tetrafluoroethylene and α-olefin (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1325-1337 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radiation-induced terpolymerizations of methyl α,β,β-trifluoroacrylate (MTFA) with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and α-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene, were carried out in bulk at 25°C for the purpose of controlling the content of ester group in the MTFA-α-olefin alternating copolymers. These monomers polymerized to form alternating terpolymers which contained 50 mole % α-olefin in a wide range of monomer composition. The content of MTFA, namely, the ester group in polymer, can be varied without destruction of the alternating structures between fluoroolefins (MTFA, TFE) and α-olefin by changing the MTFA/TFE ratio in the monomer mixture. The relative reactivities of MTFA and TFE in the terpolymerization were discussed according to kinetic treatments by free propagating and complex mechanisms. The relation between the MTFA/TFE ratio in the monomer mixture and that in terpolymer was explained favourbly by the complex mechanism. It was also concluded that the relative reactivity of MTFA is larger than that of TFE in the terpolymerizations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    A new method of estimating monomer reactivity ratios in copolymerization by linear regression methodsThe contributions of D. G. W. and H. N. L. were prepared while on leave a t the University of Wisconsin, Madison. D. G. W. was supported in part by a Canada Council Leave Fellowship and by a National Research Council Grant. H. N. L. was sponsored in part by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.), which granted him a NATO Science Fellowship. The work of J. S. was supported by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.). (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1285-1295 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential gas-liquid chromotographic analysis of the reaction mixture throughout a copolymerization reaction in conjuction with the improved curve-fitting I (integrated form) method, which accounts for measurements errors in both variables, allows accurate estimation of the monomer reactivity ratios. In this article an alternative method is presented for estimating r values in copolymerization with linear regression only, which is especially suited to cases in which one or two of the r values is close to 1. In these cases the improved curve-fitting I method tends to converge slowly because of the numerical instability of the integrated copolymerization equation. The use of the new method is illustrated for the estimation of the r values for ethylene and vinyl acatate in benzene at 35 kg/cm2 and 62°C. The linear regression method was also tried on other copolymerizations and the results are compared with those obtained from the improved curve-fitting I method. The limits of the applicability of the linear regression method were determined by simulated sequential sampling experiments. It appears that the new method is applicable when the product of the r values is between 0.001 and 2, provided both monomer conversions are large enough compared with the measurements error.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Photosensitized degradation of polyethylene glycols in aqueous solutions. I. Viscosimetric measurements (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1339-1346 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigations were performed on acetone and benzene-sensitized degradation of triethylene glycol (TEG), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) in aqueous solutions exposed to irradiation at λ = 254 nm and λ ∼ 313 nm. The systems investigated were exposed at 20°C (±1°C) in both deaerated and undeaerated solutions. The course of the photosensitized degradation was examined viscosimetrically. The determined quantum yield (φ) of chain scission decreases distinctly as the molecular weight of the polymer rises, irrespective of the wavelength of the light absorbed and deaeration of system exposed.
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    Small-angle x-ray investigation of a densely packed micelle system in agave hybrid (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1359-1366 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray scattering methods were applied to calculate macromolecular parameters like specific inner surface (O/V), length of coherence (lc), and the percentage of air present in agave hybrid, treating it as a densely packed colloidal system belonging to a general micelle system. The parameters were equal to O/V = 8.50 × 10-6 Å-1, lc = 150 Å, and the percentage of air = 0.03. The Kratky camera with latest design was used for the experimental measurement. Because the sample agave ybrid is a natural fiber and a highly oriented system that is celluosic in character, the theories of Kratky and Porod have been used to evaluate these parameters.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effect of polyion conformation on dye binding. V. Induced optical activity of acridine orange bound to a synthetic nonstereoregular polyelectrolyte (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1367-1373 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the induced Cotton effects in the visible region of the absorption bands of acridine orange in the presence of a nonstereoregular α-carboxylic polysulfonamide (PLL) can be attributed to stacked bound dye molecules, irrespective of the conformation of the polymer. The existence of an ordered structure seems to be unnecessary for such an induction.
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    Organometallic polymers. VI. Anchoring of arenechromium carbonyl complexes to macroreticular polymersFor Part V see ref. 1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1387-1397 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The phenanthrenechromium dicarbonyl moiety was anchored by a photosubstitution reaction onto commercial resins substituted by diphenylphosphine groups. From scanning electron microscope photographs it was found that, whereas the chloromethylation reaction proceeded homogeneously throughout the polymer beads, the phosphination and photochemical reactions behaved differently, depending on the macrostructure and the morphology of the polymer beads. Large pore size dimensions (1300 Å) allowed the reagents (phosphine and chromium complex) to react throughout the polymer beads, whereas small pore sizes (〈 50 Å) permitted penetration of the reagent only to a limited extent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Evaluation of monomer reactivity ratios of more complex copolymerization schemes, with application to the penultimate unit effect in methyl acrylate-butadiene copolymerization (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1431-1431 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180426
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    Synthesis and optical properties of polyethylenimine containing L-proline and optically active thymine derivatives (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1433-1446 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and optical properties of linear polyethylenimine (PEI) containing L-(-)-N-[(-)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl] prolyl group as grafting pendant, [P-(-)Pro-(-)T], and its related monomer and dimer model compounds are described. Hypochromic effects and circular dichroism of these compounds were compared with those of PEI containing (-)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl group as grafting pendant, [P-(-)T], which has no L-proline ring as a spacing group. P-(-)Pro-(-)T showed no exciton coupling of B2u π-π* transition although it showed large hypochromicity in neutral aqueous solution, implying that the stacking of the bases has no screw sense.
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    Electrochemical and chemical polymerization of acrylamide (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1459-1469 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrochemical and chemical polymerization of acrylamide (AA) has been studied. The electrolysis of the monomer in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing (C4H9)4NClO4 as the supporting electrolyte leads to polymer formation in both anode and cathode compartments. The cathodic polymer dissolves in the reaction mixture and the anodic polymer precipitates during the course of polymerization. A plausible mechanism for the anodic and cathodic initiation reaction has been given. The chemical polymerization of acrylamide that has been initiated by HClO4 is analogous to its anodic polymerization. The polymer yield increases with an increase in concentration of the monomer and HClO4. Raising the reaction temperature also enhances the polymerization rate. The overall apparent activation energy of the polymerization was determined to be ca. 19 kcal/mole. The copolymerization of acrylamide was carried out with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in a solution of HClO4 in DMF. The reactivity ratios are r1 (AA) = 0.25 and r2 = 2.50. The polymerization with HClO4 appears to be by a free radical mechanism. When the polymerization of acrylamide is carried out with HClO4 in H2O, a crosslinked water-insoluble gel formation takes place.
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    Graft copolymerization onto jute fiber: Ceric ion-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1447-1458 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out on both defatted and bleached jute fibers using ceric ammonium sulfate (CAS) as the initiator. In order to obtain the optimum condition for grafting, the effects of initiator concentrations, temperature, time of reaction, lignin content of jute, and the monomer concentration were studied. The maximum percent grafting and grafting efficiency were found to be 132% and 0.71, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that at 0.03M CAS, the reaction appeared to obey the second-order process. The activation energies were found to be 7.74 and 5.12 kcal/mole for defatted (lignin content, 15.7%) and chlorite-bleached jute (lignin content 10%), respectively. The activation energies of graft copolymerization of MMA onto jute fiber are compared with the energies of activation of graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN).
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    The effect of tin stabilizers on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1483-1488 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simultaneous HCl evolution and spin-generation measurements were made on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples containing stabilizers of the type Rx Sn Y4-x. It was found that tetrabutyltin and tributyltin laurate were better stabilizers than dibutyltin dilaurate. On the basis of the results, a mechanism for the stabilization of PVC by this class of compounds is proposed.
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    Evolution of HCN by thermal oxidative degradation from nylon 66 at high temperatures including burning (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1471-1481 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Work on the evolution of HCN from nylon 66 was extended to temperatures from ca. 300 to 695°C. Below ca. 300°C the evolution of HCN is governed by chemical decomposition, and above 300°C the evolution is controlled by diffusion. Above 530°C oxidation of HCN becomes noticeable and ignition occurs at 590°C. The rate constants for all of the temperature ranges and for the oxidation of HCN are given in terms of Arrhenius equations. The activation energy for the oxidation of HCN before ignition (590°C) is reached is 47 kcal/mole, and beyond this point, the oxidation is controlled by diffusion. The rate constants increase linearly with oxygen concentration as long as HCN oxidation is negligible; however, they pass through maxima if HCN oxidation is appreciable (some HCN is evolved even in the absence of oxygen). A new flash degradation apparatus has been constructed for these high-temperature ranges and a degradation mechanism has been proposed which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.
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    Reaction of crotonaldehyde with various ethyl aluminum chlorides in methylene chloride. A 1H-NMR study (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1499-1509 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of crotonaldehyde (CA) with ethyl aluminum chlorides have been examined using a titration technique at low temperature. The titrations were followed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Evidence for complexes of the type (Et2AlCl)2CA and (Et2AlCl-CA)2 has been obtained. Ethyl aluminum sesquichloride undergoes sequential addition of CA to the EtAlCl2 moiety, to the Et2AlCl moiety, and again to the EtAlCl2 moiety. Ethyl aluminum dichloride undergoes ligand redistribution, alternately disproportionating and reproportionating, the ultimate product being EtAlCl2-CA2.
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    Stereochemistry in cationic polymerization of alkenyl ethers. V. Stereochemistry of acetal additions as model reactions for the polymerization of alkenyl ethers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1489-1498 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetal additions to β-substituted vinyl ethers having a variety of substituents (alkenyl ethers) were stereochemically investigated as model reactions for their cationic polymerization. The reactions catalyzed by BF3O(C2H5)2 in CH2Cl2 at O°C gave 1:1 adducts, the steric structure of which was determined by means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy. trans-Alkenyl ethers always gave adducts with a single structure stereospecifically, indicating that the intermediate carbocation attacks a trans-alkenyl ether from a definite direction independent of the bulkiness of substituents. On the other hand, cis-alkenyl ethers formed adducts with two steric structures, and the direction of cation addition was found to depend on the bulkiness of the alkoxy group involved. The above trends were in agreement with the results for poly(alkenyl ether)s and allowed detailed discussion of the stereochemistry of the propagation processes in alkenyl ether polymerizations.
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    New processable poly(ether-keto-sulfone)s, poly(arylene sulfone)s, and polyesters curable by intramolecular cyclization. XVII (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1511-1521 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New processable polyaromatic ether-keto-sulfones were prepared from 2,2′-diiododiphenyl-4,4′-dicarbonyl dichloride (I), bis(p-phenoxybenzene)sulfone (V), isophthaloyl chloride (VI), terephthaloyl chloride (VII), and diphenylether (IX) in Friedel-Crafts-type polymerizations. By varying (VI):(VII) ratio and (V):(IX) ratio and by reducing the polymerization time, soluble, processable polymers were obtained. In these polymers, phenylacetylenyl groups were introduced by replacing the iodine. This process led to soluble and curable polymers. Transparent, tough films and fairly flexible glass fiber laminates can readily be prepared. After curing, the polymers were insoluble and showed excellent chemical and thermal resistance. The curing process increased the polymers' softening temperature by ca. 20°C and produced intersting new useful materials for laminates. Processable poly(arylene sulfone)s were prepared from I, V, and diphenylether-4,4′-disulfonylchloride (X) in a Friedel-Crafts-type polymerization. Different monomer ratios and polymerization times were used. Only low-molecular-weight polymers were obtained. The same result was shown by curable polyester formation from I, VI, VII, and 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (XI) in an interfacial polycondensation.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180508
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  • 89
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    Critical comments to two articles on “application of mass spectrometry to copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides” by A. K. Lee and R. D. Sedgwick1,2 (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1633-1634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180523
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Luminescence of polymers in an inert atmosphere (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1635-1637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180524
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  • 91
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    Synthesis of polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s by the direct polycondensation reaction with triphenyl phosphite and LiCl (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1639-1642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180525
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolysis of amylose in the presence of block copolymer of vinyl alcohol and styrenesulfonic acid. II. Investigation on reaction products (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1643-1646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180526
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    A quick method for determining the diffusion coefficient for polymer-monomer systems from desorption data (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1647-1650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180527
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    ESCA applied to polymers. XXVI. Investigation of a series of aliphatic, aromatic, and fluorine-containing polycarbonates (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1651-1664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absolute and relative binding energies for the C1s, O1s, and F1s core levels have been determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) for a series of aliphatic, aromatic, and fluorine-containing polycarbonates. Comparisons of these experimentally determined, core-level binding energies with theoretical calculations using the ground-state potential model in the CNDO/2 SCF MO formalism as well as model compounds have been made on the C1s and O1s core levels. The degree of polymerization for low-molecular-weight fluorine-containing polycarbonates, as determined from ESCA measurements, is compared to measurements by vapor-phase osmometry and 19F-NMR.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180601
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic effect of poly(4-vinyl-N-alkylpyridinium) salts on the hydrolysis of ester- and amide-containing indolyl groups (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1807-1813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkaline hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl-3-indoleacetate (p-NPIA) and N-(indole-3-acryloyl)imidazole (IAI) were studied in the presence of poly(4-vinyl-N-propylpyridinium bromide) (C3PVP), poly(4-vinyl-N-benzylpyridinium chloride) (BzPVP), and copolymers of 4-vinyl-N-benzylpyridinium chloride and 4-vinyl-N-cetylpyridinium bromide (C16BzPVP). The hydrolyses were enhanced by the addition of these cationic polyelectrolytes. The magnitudes of the enhancement were in the order C16BzPVP 〉 BzPVP 〉 C3PVP, which is explainable in terms of the hydrophobicity of the polymers. The result and activation parameters obtained indicated that the substrates bound to polymers were more reactive than free substrates. The association constants obtained from the kinetic measurements (K) increased in the order BzPVP 〈 C3PVP 〈 C16BzPVP, which may suggest an important contribution of charge transfer interaction, in addition to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, between the polymers and the substrates. The association constants between the polymers and IAI were also obtained independently from the spectrophotometric measurements (K*) with the charge transfer absorption bands. The lack of a satisfactory agreement between K and K* is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180614
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Polyelectrolyte effects on the charge transfer complex formation between FMN and indole derivatives (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1815-1820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complex formation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) with tryptamine, indoleacetate, and trytophan was investigated in the presence of polyelectrolytes; that is, sodium polyethylene sulfonate (NaPES), sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS), and a copolymer of diethyldiallylammonium chloride and sulfur dioxide (DECS). The complexation of FMN and tryptamine was strongly retarded by the macrocations and macroanions, whereas that of FMN and indoleacetate was enhanced by the macrocations. Furthermore, the equilibrium constants of FMN-tryptophan complex were insensitive to the addition of polyelectrolytes. These results suggest that the complexation of FMN was strongly influenced by the electrostatic interactions between the reactant ions and macroions, in addition to those between the reactant ions, in conformity with the secondary salt effect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180615
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    New processable polyaromatic ether-keto-sulfones curable by Diels-Alder cycloaddition (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1821-1834 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New Processable polyaromatic ether-keto-sulfones were prepared from the acid chloride of bis-m-carboxyphenyl acetylene (XII), isophthaloyl chloride (XX), diphenyl ether (XVIII), and 4,4′-diphenoxydiphenyl sulfone (XIX) in a Friedel-Crafts-type polymerization. These polymers were cured by Diels-Alder cycloaddition with 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene. The cured polymers showed an increase in Tg and in thermal and heat stabilities. The polymers form colorless, transparent, brittle films and can be cast into a glass fiber laminate. Both meta-and para-substituted acid chlorides of biscarboxyphenyl-1,3-butadiene yielded insoluble polymers under the same conditions but form processable polymers where combined with acetylene units in the polymer chain. Polymers that contained both acetylene and butadiene units were prepared but could not be cured by an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180616
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New processable polyaromatic amides curable by Diels-Alder cycloaddition (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1835-1840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New processable polyaromatic amides were prepared from the acid chloride of bis-m-carboxyphenyl acetylene (V), the acid chloride of 1,4-bis-m-carboxyphenyl-1,3-butadiene (VI), and several aromatic diamines. The polyamides that contained acetylene units were cured by Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction with 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, whereas the polyamides with 1,3-butadiene units were cured with N-phenyl maleimide. Cured polyamides showed an increase in tg, thermal, and heat stabilities. The polyamides can be cast into films and produce good glass-fiber laminates.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180617
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-molecular-weight poly(amino acid)s by the direct polycondensation reaction promoted by triphenyl phosphite and LiCl in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1841-1846 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(α-amino acid)s of high molecular weight were obtained by the direct polycondensation reaction of α-amino acids in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix of triphenyl phosphite and LiCl in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Molecular weights of the polymer produced were improved by use of an increasing amount of matrix of higher molecular weight. Most favorable results were obtained by the reaction at 80°C for 16 hr at a monomer concentration of 0.33 mole/liter in a NMP solution that contained about 3 wt % LiCl in the presence of an equivalent unit mole of PVP with the molecular weight of 3.6 x 105. The polymer from β-alanine with high molecular weight, which is difficult to obtain by the NCA method, was easily prepared by this process.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180618
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Functional monomers and polymers. LXXI.For Part LXX, see ref. 1. Conformation and interaction studies of poly-L-lysine derivatives with pendant nucleic acid bases (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1847-1856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolymers of L-lysine and L-lysine derivatives which contained nucleic acid bases substituted on the Nε position were synthesized by grafting nucleic acid derivatives onto poly-L-lysine. The conformation and interaction of these copolymers in solution were studied by using spectroscopic measurements. They existed in helical conformation at neutral pH values, and the polymer complex formation among them was examined by ultraviolet (UV) measurements in organic solvents. A decrease in the nucleic acid base content of the copolymers resulted in a decrease in helical structures and also in interactions with the polymer-containing complementary bases.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180619
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