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  • Time Factors
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (294)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2000-2004  (230)
  • 1975-1979  (64)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (294)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClure, Samuel M -- Laibson, David I -- Loewenstein, George -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- AG05842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH132804/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):503-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. smcclure@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Decision Making ; Dopamine/physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Reward ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Very low gene duplication rate in the yeast genome (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: The gene duplication rate in the yeast genome is estimated without assuming the molecular clock model to be approximately 0.01 to 0.06 per gene per billion years; this rate is two orders of magnitude lower than a previous estimate based on the molecular clock model. This difference is explained by extensive concerted evolution via gene conversion between duplicated genes, which violates the assumption of the molecular clock in the analyses of duplicated genes. The average length of the period of concerted evolution and the gene conversion rate are estimated to be approximately 25 million years and approximately 28 times the mutation rate, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gao, Li-Zhi -- Innan, Hideki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Conversion ; *Gene Duplication ; *Genes, Duplicate ; *Genes, Fungal ; Models, Genetic ; Probability ; Saccharomyces/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Biomedicine. An end to the prion debate? Don't count on it (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Prion Diseases/*etiology ; Prions/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: The ecology of Bornean rainforests is driven by El Nino-induced droughts that trigger synchronous fruiting among trees and bursts of faunal reproduction that sustain vertebrate populations. However, many of these species- and carbon-rich ecosystems have been destroyed by logging and conversion, which increasingly threaten protected areas. Our satellite, Geographic Information System, and field-based analyses show that from 1985 to 2001, Kalimantan's protected lowland forests declined by more than 56% (〉29,000 square kilometers). Even uninhabited frontier parks are logged to supply international markets. "Protected" forests have become increasingly isolated and deforested and their buffer zones degraded. Preserving the ecological integrity of Kalimantan's rainforests requires immediate transnational management.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curran, L M -- Trigg, S N -- McDonald, A K -- Astiani, D -- Hardiono, Y M -- Siregar, P -- Caniago, I -- Kasischke, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1000-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. lisa.curran@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Borneo ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Industry ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate ; Vertebrates ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Neuroscience. Sealing cortical cell fate (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levitt, Pat -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):48-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. pat.levitt@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/*physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Ecology. How 'virgin' is virgin rainforest? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willis, K J -- Gillson, L -- Brncic, T M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):402-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK. kathy.willis@geog.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Archaeology ; Asia, Southeastern ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; South America ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Extracellular replication of Listeria monocytogenes in the murine gall bladder (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can cause a life-threatening systemic illness in humans. Despite decades of progress in animal models of listeriosis, much remains unknown about the processes of infection and colonization. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes can replicate in the murine gall bladder and provide evidence that its replication there is extracellular and intraluminal. In vivo bioluminescence imaging was employed to determine the location of the infection over time in live animals, revealing strong signals from the gall bladder over a period of several days, in diseased as well as asymptomatic animals. The data suggest that L. monocytogenes may be carried in the human gall bladder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardy, Jonathan -- Francis, Kevin P -- DeBoer, Monica -- Chu, Pauline -- Gibbs, Karine -- Contag, Christopher H -- R01HD37543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Female ; Gallbladder/*microbiology ; Gallbladder Diseases/*microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Listeriosis/*microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Luminescence ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mutation ; Spleen/microbiology ; Time Factors ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Resource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. Aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have investigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. This study shows that resource pulses of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. These findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create "bottom-up cascades," resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a North American forest ecosystem.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Louie H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1565-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Biology, Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lhyang@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/chemistry/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Seeds/growth & development ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; *Trees/growth & development ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Comment on "Metapopulation persistence with age-dependent disturbance or succession" (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dushoff, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):684; author reply 684.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and, Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. dushoff@eno.princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Neuroscience. The where and when of intention (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eagleman, David M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1144-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Perception and Action, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. david.eagleman@uth.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Humans ; *Intention ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply/physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: When we look at our hands, we immediately know that they are part of our own body. This feeling of ownership of our limbs is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. We have studied the neuronal counterparts of this experience. A perceptual illusion was used to manipulate feelings of ownership of a rubber hand presented in front of healthy subjects while brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The neural activity in the premotor cortex reflected the feeling of ownership of the hand. This suggests that multisensory integration in the premotor cortex provides a mechanism for bodily self-attribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrsson, H Henrik -- Spence, Charles -- Passingham, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):875-7. Epub 2004 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. h.ehrsson@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Body Image ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Proprioception ; Time Factors ; Touch ; Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Realistic species losses disproportionately reduce grassland resistance to biological invaders (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Consequences of progressive biodiversity declines depend on the functional roles of individual species and the order in which species are lost. Most studies of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relation tackle only the first of these factors. We used observed variation in grassland diversity to design an experimental test of how realistic species losses affect invasion resistance. Because entire plant functional groups disappeared faster than expected by chance, resistance declined dramatically with progressive species losses. Realistic biodiversity losses, even of rare species, can thus affect ecosystem processes far more than indicated by randomized-loss experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zavaleta, Erika S -- Hulvey, Kristin B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1175-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. zavaleta@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*growth & development ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; California ; Centaurea/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seasons ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Ecology. A head start for some redstarts (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, Geoffrey E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. ghill@acesag.auburn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry/growth & development ; Female ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Reversible immunocontraception in male monkeys immunized with eppin (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Various forms of birth control have been developed for women; however, there are currently few options for men. The development of male contraceptives that are effective, safe, and reversible is desired for family planning throughout the world. We now report contraception of male nonhuman primates (Macaca radiata) immunized with Eppin, a testis/epididymis-specific protein. Seven out of nine males (78%) developed high titers to Eppin, and all of these high-titer monkeys were infertile. Five out of seven (71%) high-anti-Eppin titer males recovered fertility when immunization was stopped. This study demonstrates that effective and reversible male immunocontraception is an attainable goal. This method of immunocontraception may be extended to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'rand, M G -- Widgren, E E -- Sivashanmugam, P -- Richardson, R T -- Hall, S H -- French, F S -- VandeVoort, C A -- Ramachandra, S G -- Ramesh, V -- Jagannadha Rao, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. morand@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/analysis/blood ; *Contraception, Immunologic ; Female ; Fertility ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Immunization, Secondary ; Macaca mulatta ; Macaca radiata ; Male ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ; Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Semen/immunology ; Time Factors ; Vaccination ; *Vaccines, Contraceptive
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Ecology. Oh the locusts sang, then they dropped dead (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ostfeld, Richard S -- Keesing, Felicia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1488-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA. rostfeld@ecostudies.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Roots ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Force-clamp spectroscopy monitors the folding trajectory of a single protein (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: We used force-clamp atomic force microscopy to measure the end-to-end length of the small protein ubiquitin during its folding reaction at the single-molecule level. Ubiquitin was first unfolded and extended at a high force, then the stretching force was quenched and protein folding was observed. The folding trajectories were continuous and marked by several distinct stages. The time taken to fold was dependent on the contour length of the unfolded protein and the stretching force applied during folding. The folding collapse was marked by large fluctuations in the end-to-end length of the protein, but these fluctuations vanished upon the final folding contraction. These direct observations of the complete folding trajectory of a protein provide a benchmark to determine the physical basis of the folding reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, Julio M -- Li, Hongbin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. jfernandez@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyubiquitin/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Time Factors ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry
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    Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: Most explanations of the increase in life expectancy at older ages over history emphasize the importance of medical and public health factors of a particular historical period. We propose that the reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation--a cohort mechanism--has also made an important contribution to the historical decline in old-age mortality. Analysis of birth cohorts across the life-span since 1751 in Sweden reveals strong associations between early-age mortality and subsequent mortality in the same cohorts. We propose that a "cohort morbidity phenotype" represents inflammatory processes that persist from early age into adult life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, Caleb E -- Crimmins, Eileen M -- AG05142/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG13499/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG14751/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17265/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Andrus Gerontology Center and Departments of Biological Sciencesand of Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. cefinch@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375259" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; *Infection/epidemiology ; *Inflammation/epidemiology ; *Life Expectancy ; Longevity ; Morbidity ; *Mortality ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors
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    CO2 elicits long-term decline in nitrogen fixation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hungate, Bruce A -- Stiling, Peter D -- Dijkstra, Paul -- Johnson, Dale W -- Ketterer, Michael E -- Hymus, Graham J -- Hinkle, C Ross -- Drake, Bert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1291.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. bruce.hungate@nau.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*metabolism ; Florida ; Light ; Molybdenum/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Quercus/metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Synfire chains and cortical songs: temporal modules of cortical activity (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: How can neural activity propagate through cortical networks built with weak, stochastic synapses? We find precise repetitions of spontaneous patterns of synaptic inputs in neocortical neurons in vivo and in vitro. These patterns repeat after minutes, maintaining millisecond accuracy. Calcium imaging of slices reveals reactivation of sequences of cells during the occurrence of repeated intracellular synaptic patterns. The spontaneous activity drifts with time, engaging different cells. Sequences of active neurons have distinct spatial structures and are repeated in the same order over tens of seconds, revealing modular temporal dynamics. Higher order sequences are replayed with compressed timing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ikegaya, Yuji -- Aaron, Gloster -- Cossart, Rosa -- Aronov, Dmitriy -- Lampl, Ilan -- Ferster, David -- Yuste, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):559-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Benzazepines/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cats ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Sites of neocortical reorganization critical for remote spatial memory (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: The hippocampus is crucial for spatial memory formation, yet it does not store long-lasting memories. By combining functional brain imaging and region-specific neuronal inactivation in mice, we identified prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices as critical for storage and retrieval of remote spatial memories [correction]. Imaging of activity-dependent genes also revealed an involvement of parietal and retrosplenial cortices during consolidation of remote memory. Long-term memory storage within some of these neocortical regions was accompanied by structural changes including synaptogenesis and laminar reorganization, concomitant with a functional disengagement of the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex [correction]. Thus, consolidation of spatial memory requires a time-dependent hippocampal-cortical dialogue, ultimately enabling widespread cortical networks to mediate effortful recall and use of cortically stored remote memories independently.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maviel, Thibault -- Durkin, Thomas P -- Menzaghi, Frederique -- Bontempi, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):96-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Universite de Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultes, 33405 Talence, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; GAP-43 Protein/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism ; Lidocaine/pharmacology ; Male ; Memory/drug effects/*physiology ; Mental Recall ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: The experience of pain arises from both physiological and psychological factors, including one's beliefs and expectations. Thus, placebo treatments that have no intrinsic pharmacological effects may produce analgesia by altering expectations. However, controversy exists regarding whether placebos alter sensory pain transmission, pain affect, or simply produce compliance with the suggestions of investigators. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, we found that placebo analgesia was related to decreased brain activity in pain-sensitive brain regions, including the thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, and was associated with increased activity during anticipation of pain in the prefrontal cortex, providing evidence that placebos alter the experience of pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wager, Tor D -- Rilling, James K -- Smith, Edward E -- Sokolik, Alex -- Casey, Kenneth L -- Davidson, Richard J -- Kosslyn, Stephen M -- Rose, Robert M -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1162-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA. torw@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Analgesia ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Electroshock ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon/physiology ; *Pain ; *Placebo Effect ; Placebos/*pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Thalamus/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Synthetic mammalian prions (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: Recombinant mouse prion protein (recMoPrP) produced in Escherichia coli was polymerized into amyloid fibrils that represent a subset of beta sheet-rich structures. Fibrils consisting of recMoPrP(89-230) were inoculated intracerebrally into transgenic (Tg) mice expressing MoPrP(89-231). The mice developed neurologic dysfunction between 380 and 660 days after inoculation. Brain extracts showed protease-resistant PrP by Western blotting; these extracts transmitted disease to wild-type FVB mice and Tg mice overexpressing PrP, with incubation times of 150 and 90 days, respectively. Neuropathological findings suggest that a novel prion strain was created. Our results provide compelling evidence that prions are infectious proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Legname, Giuseppe -- Baskakov, Ilia V -- Nguyen, Hoang-Oanh B -- Riesner, Detlev -- Cohen, Fred E -- DeArmond, Stephen J -- Prusiner, Stanley B -- AG02132/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG021601/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG10770/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):673-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Biopolymers ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Female ; Glycosylation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Plaque, Amyloid/pathology ; PrPSc Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Prion Diseases/*etiology/pathology/transmission ; Prions/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry ; Time Factors ; Tissue Extracts/administration & dosage ; Vacuoles/pathology
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    Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: A key priority for infectious disease research is to clarify how pathogen genetic variation, modulated by host immunity, transmission bottlenecks, and epidemic dynamics, determines the wide variety of pathogen phylogenies observed at scales that range from individual host to population. We call the melding of immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology required to achieve this synthesis pathogen "phylodynamics." We introduce a phylodynamic framework for the dissection of dynamic forces that determine the diversity of epidemiological and phylogenetic patterns observed in RNA viruses of vertebrates. A central pillar of this model is the Evolutionary Infectivity Profile, which captures the relationship between immune selection and pathogen transmission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grenfell, Bryan T -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Gog, Julia R -- Wood, James L N -- Daly, Janet M -- Mumford, Jenny A -- Holmes, Edward C -- BB/B524092/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):327-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. btg11@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antigenic Variation/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Immunity ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; RNA Virus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/veterinary/*virology ; RNA Viruses/*genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; Vaccination
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    Neuroscience. Time is precious (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abeles, Moshe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):523-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, and Center for Neural Computation, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. moshe.abeles@mail.biu.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cats ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Mice ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Behavior. A marketplace in the brain? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ainslie, George -- Monterosso, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):421-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Coatesville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, PA 19320, USA. george.ainslie@med.va.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; *Decision Making ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; *Reward ; Time Factors
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  • 26
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    Reproductive effort, molting latitude, and feather color in a migratory songbird (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Toward the end of the breeding season, migratory songbirds face crucial tradeoffs between the timing of reproduction, molt, and migration. Using stable hydrogen isotopes, we show that male American redstarts investing in high levels of reproduction late in the season adopt a unique strategy of combining molt and migration. Tail feathers molted during migration also reflect less orange-red light, indicating reduced carotenoid concentration. Thus, we show how reproduction in a migratory animal can influence both life history strategies (location of molt) and social signals (feather color) during subsequent periods of the annual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norris, D Ryan -- Marra, Peter P -- Montgomerie, Robert -- Kyser, T Kurt -- Ratcliffe, Laurene M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2249-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ryann@biology.queensu.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Breeding ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry ; Female ; Hydrogen/analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; *Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: Compulsive drug use in the face of adverse consequences is a hallmark feature of addiction, yet there is little preclinical evidence demonstrating the actual progression from casual to compulsive drug use. Presentation of an aversive conditioned stimulus suppressed drug seeking in rats with limited cocaine self-administration experience, but no longer did so after an extended cocaine-taking history. In contrast, after equivalent extended sucrose experience, sucrose seeking was still suppressed by an aversive conditioned stimulus. Persistent cocaine seeking in the presence of signals of environmental adversity after a prolonged cocaine-taking history was not due to impaired fear conditioning, nor to an increase in the incentive value of cocaine, and may reflect the establishment of compulsive behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vanderschuren, Louk J M J -- Everitt, Barry J -- G9537855/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):1017-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. l.j.m.j.vanderschuren@med.uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Electroshock ; Fear ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Sucrose/administration & dosage ; Time Factors
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    Neuroscience. Zif and the survival of memory (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Izquierdo, Ivan -- Cammarota, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):829-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro de Memoria, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. izquier@terra.com.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131293" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amnesia/physiopathology ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Extinction, Psychological ; *Fear ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Mice ; Neurons/physiology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Repression, Psychology ; Time Factors
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    Attention to intention (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Intention is central to the concept of voluntary action. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared conditions in which participants made self-paced actions and attended either to their intention to move or to the actual movement. When they attended to their intention rather than their movement, there was an enhancement of activity in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). We also found activations in the right dorsal prefrontal cortex and left intraparietal cortex. Prefrontal activity, but not parietal activity, was more strongly coupled with activity in the pre-SMA. We conclude that activity in the pre-SMA reflects the representation of intention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lau, Hakwan C -- Rogers, Robert D -- Haggard, Patrick -- Passingham, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1208-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. chris.lau@psy.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Gyrus Cinguli/blood supply/physiology ; Humans ; *Intention ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply/physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors
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    Diabetes. Islet transplants face test of time (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):34-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications/*surgery ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/adverse effects/economics ; Quality of Life ; Renal Insufficiency/etiology ; Time Factors ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Independent cellular processes for hippocampal memory consolidation and reconsolidation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: The idea that new memories undergo a time-dependent consolidation process after acquisition has received considerable experimental support. More controversial has been the demonstration that established memories, once recalled, become labile and sensitive to disruption, requiring "reconsolidation" to become permanent. By infusing antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into the hippocampus of rats, we show that consolidation and reconsolidation are doubly dissociable component processes of memory. Consolidation involves brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but not the transcription factor Zif268, whereas reconsolidation recruits Zif268 but not BDNF. These findings confirm a requirement for BDNF specifically in memory consolidation and also resolve the role of Zif268 in brain plasticity, learning, and memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Jonathan L C -- Everitt, Barry J -- Thomas, Kerrie L -- G9537855/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):839-43. Epub 2004 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amnesia/physiopathology ; Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/administration & ; dosage/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Dentate Gyrus/metabolism/physiology ; *Fear ; Hippocampus/metabolism/*physiology ; Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Development. Making sense of the sensory lineage (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bronner-Fraser, Marianne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):966-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. mbronner@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Movement ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*physiology ; Neural Crest/*cytology/embryology/physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*cytology/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins ; beta Catenin
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    Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: Although the voluntary intake of drugs of abuse is a behavior largely preserved throughout phylogeny, it is currently unclear whether pathological drug use ("addiction") can be observed in species other than humans. Here, we report that behaviors that resemble three of the essential diagnostic criteria for addiction appear over time in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. As in humans, this addiction-like behavior is present only in a small proportion of subjects using cocaine and is highly predictive of relapse after withdrawal. These findings provide a new basis for developing a true understanding and treatment of addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deroche-Gamonet, Veronique -- Belin, David -- Piazza, Pier Vincenzo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):1014-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U588, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Comportements, Bordeaux Institute for Neurosciences, University Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders ; Cues ; Electroshock ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Motivation ; Motor Activity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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    Dietary restriction in Drosophila (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rauser, Casandra L -- Mueller, Laurence D -- Rose, Michael R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1610-2; author reply 1610-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; *Diet ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Starvation ; Time Factors
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    Foxg1 suppresses early cortical cell fate (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: During mammalian cerebral corticogenesis, progenitor cells become progressively restricted in the types of neurons they can produce. The molecular mechanism that determines earlier versus later born neuron fate is unknown. We demonstrate here that the generation of the earliest born neurons, the Cajal-Retzius cells, is suppressed by the telencephalic transcription factor Foxg1. In Foxg1 null mutants, we observed an excess of Cajal-Retzius neuron production in the cortex. By conditionally inactivating Foxg1 in cortical progenitors that normally produce deep-layer cortical neurons, we demonstrate that Foxg1 is constitutively required to suppress Cajal-Retzius cell fate. Hence, the competence to generate the earliest born neurons during later cortical development is actively suppressed but not lost.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanashima, Carina -- Li, Suzanne C -- Shen, Lijian -- Lai, Eseng -- Fishell, Gord -- EY11124/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD29584/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS32993/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS39007/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):56-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/*physiology ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Telencephalon/embryology/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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    Microbial diversity in archived soils (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dolfing, J -- Vos, A -- Bloem, J -- Ehlert, P A I -- Naumova, N B -- Kuikman, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):813.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Fertilizers ; Manure ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors
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    Neuroscience. Addicted rats (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robinson, Terry E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):951-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ter@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/administration & dosage/toxicity ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders ; Cues ; Electroshock ; Humans ; *Models, Animal ; Motivation ; Rats ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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    Planetary Science. A-roving we will go, slowly (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1834.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; Time Factors
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    A B cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: We report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. This sensor uses B lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. We demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. Because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- and water-quality monitoring, and other applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rider, Todd H -- Petrovick, Martha S -- Nargi, Frances E -- Harper, James D -- Schwoebel, Eric D -- Mathews, Richard H -- Blanchard, David J -- Bortolin, Laura T -- Young, Albert M -- Chen, Jianzhu -- Hollis, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):213-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA. thor@ll.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aequorin/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; *B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Bacillus anthracis/immunology/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/immunology/*isolation & purification ; *Bacteriological Techniques ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Cell Line ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli O157/immunology/isolation & purification ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology/isolation & purification ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology ; Light ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors ; Transfection ; Viruses/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Yersinia pestis/immunology/isolation & purification
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    Estrogen research. Brain researchers try to salvage estrogen treatments (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1138-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Aged ; Animals ; Brain/*drug effects ; Cognition/drug effects ; Dementia/*etiology ; Drug Combinations ; *Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects ; Estrogens/*pharmacology ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/administration & dosage/*adverse ; effects/*pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/administration & dosage/*adverse ; effects/*pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Patient Selection ; Progesterone/pharmacology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/chemically induced/complications ; Time Factors
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    Metapopulation persistence with age-dependent disturbance or succession (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-13
    Description: Simple metapopulation models with random disturbances are used in species conservation or management, relying on the condition for persistence that the per-patch colonization rate be greater than the per-patch extinction rate. For a general model incorporating the role of succession or patch age-dependent extinction, I show that persistence requires the per-patch colonization rate to be greater than the inverse of mean patch age, where age is the time since the patch became available for colonization. Because mean patch age can be arbitrarily large relative to the extinction rate, currently persisting metapopulations may be persisting despite small colonization rates, and management approaches that do not consider the role of mean patch age may unnecessarily doom populations to extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hastings, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1525-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. amhastings@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Forestry ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Recent climatic changes have enhanced plant growth in northern mid-latitudes and high latitudes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global climatic changes on vegetation productivity has not before been expressed in the context of variable limiting factors to plant growth. We present a global investigation of vegetation responses to climatic changes by analyzing 18 years (1982 to 1999) of both climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Our results indicate that global changes in climate have eased several critical climatic constraints to plant growth, such that net primary production increased 6% (3.4 petagrams of carbon over 18 years) globally. The largest increase was in tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% of the global increase in net primary production, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemani, Ramakrishna R -- Keeling, Charles D -- Hashimoto, Hirofumi -- Jolly, William M -- Piper, Stephen C -- Tucker, Compton J -- Myneni, Ranga B -- Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA. nemani@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Plant Development ; Rain ; Seasons ; Soil ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Early detection of neurodegenerative disorders would provide clues to the underlying pathobiology of these diseases and would enable more effective diagnosis and treatment of patients. Recent advances in molecular neuroscience have begun to provide the tools to detect diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and others early in their course and potentially even before the development of clinical manifestations of disease. These genetic, imaging, clinical, and biochemical tools are being validated in a number of studies. Early detection of these slowly progressive diseases offers the promise of presymptomatic diagnosis and, ultimately, of disease-modifying medications for use early in disease and during the presymptomatic period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeKosky, Steven T -- Marek, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):830-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. DeKoskyST@upmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Biomarkers/*analysis ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/diagnosis/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Memory ; Mutation ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Metalife! (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dobson, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1488-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. dobber@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Parasites/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Time for chronomics? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duboule, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Clocks ; *Chronobiology Phenomena ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Genome ; Growth ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Kazakhstan. For a long-suffering population, uncertainty reigns (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Kazakhstan/epidemiology ; *Nuclear Warfare ; *Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Effects ; Radiation Injuries/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Radioactive Fallout ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environmental noise retards auditory cortical development (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: The mammalian auditory cortex normally undergoes rapid and progressive functional maturation. Here we show that rearing infant rat pups in continuous, moderate-level noise delayed the emergence of adultlike topographic representational order and the refinement of response selectivity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) long beyond normal developmental benchmarks. When those noise-reared adult rats were subsequently exposed to a pulsed pure-tone stimulus, A1 rapidly reorganized, demonstrating that exposure-driven plasticity characteristic of the critical period was still ongoing. These results demonstrate that A1 organization is shaped by a young animal's exposure to salient, structured acoustic inputs-and implicate noise as a risk factor for abnormal child development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Edward F -- Merzenich, Michael M -- NS-10414/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS-38416/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):498-502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. echang@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Auditory Cortex/*growth & development/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Noise/*adverse effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: Risks of breast and ovarian cancer were determined for Ashkenazi Jewish women with inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. We selected 1008 index cases, regardless of family history of cancer, and carried out molecular analysis across entire families. The lifetime risk of breast cancer among female mutation carriers was 82%, similar to risks in families with many cases. Risks appear to be increasing with time: Breast cancer risk by age 50 among mutation carriers born before 1940 was 24%, but among those born after 1940 it was 67%. Lifetime risks of ovarian cancer were 54% for BRCA1 and 23% for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Physical exercise and lack of obesity in adolescence were associated with significantly delayed breast cancer onset.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, Mary-Claire -- Marks, Joan H -- Mandell, Jessica B -- New York Breast Cancer Study Group -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):643-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mcking@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Alleles ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Exercise ; Family ; Fathers ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; *Genes, BRCA2 ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jews/genetics ; Life Style ; Male ; Mutation ; Obesity ; Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics ; Penetrance ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Aging. It's never too late (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: When organisms as diverse as yeast and rodents are subjected to a restricted diet, they live longer. The good news is, according to Vaupel, Carey, and Christensen in their Perspective, that switching to a restricted diet at any age can yield the benefit of increased longevity--at least in flies (Mair et al.).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611955/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611955/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaupel, James W -- Carey, James R -- Christensen, Kaare -- AG-08761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG008761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG008761-130003/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1679-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, D-18057 Rostock, Germany. jwv@demogr.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Rodentia ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Time Factors
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    Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: We report a massive region-wide decline of corals across the entire Caribbean basin, with the average hard coral cover on reefs being reduced by 80%, from about 50% to 10% cover, in three decades. Our meta-analysis shows that patterns of change in coral cover are variable across time periods but largely consistent across subregions, suggesting that local causes have operated with some degree of synchrony on a region-wide scale. Although the rate of coral loss has slowed in the past decade compared to the 1980s, significant declines are persisting. The ability of Caribbean coral reefs to cope with future local and global environmental change may be irretrievably compromised.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gardner, Toby A -- Cote, Isabelle M -- Gill, Jennifer A -- Grant, Alastair -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):958-60. Epub 2003 Jul 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Caribbean Region ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Chemistry. Optical analogs of 2D NMR (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jonas, David M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1515-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. david.jonas@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Fourier Analysis ; Infrared Rays ; Lasers ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; *Molecular Structure ; Optics and Photonics ; Photons ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Time Factors
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    Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: A comparative analysis of 23 populations of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) across the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon shows that the history and intensity of Brazil nut exploitation are major determinants of population size structure. Populations subjected to persistent levels of harvest lack juvenile trees less than 60 centimeters in diameter at breast height; only populations with a history of either light or recent exploitation contain large numbers of juvenile trees. A harvesting model confirms that intensive exploitation levels over the past century are such that juvenile recruitment is insufficient to maintain populations over the long term. Without management, intensively harvested populations will succumb to a process of senescence and demographic collapse, threatening this cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peres, Carlos A -- Baider, Claudia -- Zuidema, Pieter A -- Wadt, Lucia H O -- Kainer, Karen A -- Gomes-Silva, Daisy A P -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Simoes, Luciana L -- Franciosi, Eduardo R N -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Shepard, Glenn H Jr -- Kanashiro, Milton -- Coventry, Peter -- Yu, Douglas W -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- Freckleton, Robert P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2112-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. C.Peres@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Structural biology. Propelled by recent advances, NMR moves into the fast lane (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Fourier Analysis ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/*methods ; *Protein Conformation ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peterson, Charles H -- Rice, Stanley D -- Short, Jeffrey W -- Esler, Daniel -- Bodkin, James L -- Ballachey, Brenda E -- Irons, David B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2082-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. cpeters@email.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; Geologic Sediments ; Petroleum/*toxicity ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/*toxicity ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollution/*adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    New network aims to explore hidden perils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickrell, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Hazardous Substances/*adverse effects ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Risk Assessment ; Sulfur Dioxide/adverse effects ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions/*adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cerebellar LTD and learning-dependent timing of conditioned eyelid responses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Mammals can be trained to make a conditioned movement at a precise time, which is correlated to the interval between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus during the learning. This learning-dependent timing has been shown to depend on an intact cerebellar cortex, but which cellular process is responsible for this form of learning remains to be demonstrated. Here, we show that protein kinase C-dependent long-term depression in Purkinje cells is necessary for learning-dependent timing of Pavlovian-conditioned eyeblink responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koekkoek, S K E -- Hulscher, H C -- Dortland, B R -- Hensbroek, R A -- Elgersma, Y -- Ruigrok, T J H -- De Zeeuw, C I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Blinking ; Cerebellum/*physiology ; *Conditioning, Eyelid ; Electroshock ; *Learning ; *Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase C/genetics/metabolism ; Purkinje Cells/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Femtosecond phase-coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Femtosecond phase-coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy has been experimentally demonstrated as the direct optical analog of 2D nuclear magnetic resonance. An acousto-optic pulse shaper created a collinear three-pulse sequence with well-controlled and variable interpulse delays and phases,which interacted with a model atomic system of rubidium vapor. The desired nonlinear polarization was selected by phase cycling (coadding experimental results obtained with different interpulse phases). This method may enhance our ability to probe the femtosecond structural dynamics of macromolecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tian, Peifang -- Keusters, Dorine -- Suzaki, Yoshifumi -- Warren, Warren S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1553-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical Engineering, Center of Ultrafast Laser Applications, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Fourier Analysis ; Lasers ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Mathematics ; *Molecular Structure ; Optics and Photonics ; Photons ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Rubidium ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Degradation of coral reef ecosystems began centuries ago, but there is no global summary of the magnitude of change. We compiled records, extending back thousands of years, of the status and trends of seven major guilds of carnivores, herbivores, and architectural species from 14 regions. Large animals declined before small animals and architectural species, and Atlantic reefs declined before reefs in the Red Sea and Australia, but the trajectories of decline were markedly similar worldwide. All reefs were substantially degraded long before outbreaks of coral disease and bleaching. Regardless of these new threats, reefs will not survive without immediate protection from human exploitation over large spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Bradbury, Roger H -- Sala, Enric -- Hughes, Terence P -- Bjorndal, Karen A -- Cooke, Richard G -- McArdle, Deborah -- McClenachan, Loren -- Newman, Marah J H -- Paredes, Gustavo -- Warner, Robert R -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. pandolfi.john@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Culture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Atmospheric science. The secret lives of roots (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trumbore, Susan E -- Gaudinski, Julia B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1344-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. setrumbo@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Carbon Radioisotopes/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Plant Roots/chemistry/growth & development/*physiology ; Soil/analysis ; Time Factors ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Atomic memory for correlated photon states (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate emission of two quantum-mechanically correlated light pulses with a time delay that is coherently controlled via temporal storage of photonic states in an ensemble of rubidium atoms. The experiment is based on Raman scattering, which produces correlated pairs of spin-flipped atoms and photons, followed by coherent conversion of the atomic states into a different photon beam after a controllable delay. This resonant nonlinear optical process is a promising technique for potential applications in quantum communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Wal, C H -- Eisaman, M D -- Andre, A -- Walsworth, R L -- Phillips, D F -- Zibrov, A S -- Lukin, M D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):196-200. Epub 2003 May 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Lasers ; *Photons ; *Quantum Theory ; *Rubidium ; Scattering, Radiation ; *Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Spin Labels ; Time Factors
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    Molecular biology. Venter cooks up a synthetic genome in record time (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/*genetics ; *Genes, Synthetic ; *Genome, Viral ; *Genomics ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early allelic selection in maize as revealed by ancient DNA (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: Maize was domesticated from teosinte, a wild grass, by approximately 6300 years ago in Mexico. After initial domestication, early farmers continued to select for advantageous morphological and biochemical traits in this important crop. However, the timing and sequence of character selection are, thus far, known only for morphological features discernible in corn cobs. We have analyzed three genes involved in the control of plant architecture, storage protein synthesis, and starch production from archaeological maize samples from Mexico and the southwestern United States. The results reveal that the alleles typical of contemporary maize were present in Mexican maize by 4400 years ago. However, as recently as 2000 years ago, allelic selection at one of the genes may not yet have been complete.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaenicke-Despres, Viviane -- Buckler, Ed S -- Smith, Bruce D -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Cooper, Alan -- Doebley, John -- Paabo, Svante -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1206-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mexico ; Plant Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Southwestern United States ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Zea mays/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: Deep tropical lakes are excellent climate monitors because annual mixing is shallow and flushing rates are low, allowing heat to accumulate during climatic warming. We describe effects of warming on Lake Tanganyika: A sharpened density gradient has slowed vertical mixing and reduced primary production. Increased warming rates during the coming century may continue to slow mixing and further reduce productivity in Lake Tanganyika and other deep tropical lakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verburg, Piet -- Hecky, Robert E -- Kling, Hedy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):505-7. Epub 2003 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. pverburg@scimail.uwaterloo.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Light ; Mollusca/physiology ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Seasons ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Sulfur Compounds/analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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    Sequence-dependent pausing of single lambda exonuclease molecules (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: Lambda exonuclease processively degrades one strand of duplex DNA, moving 5'-to-3' in an ATP-independent fashion. When examined at the single-molecule level, the speeds of digestion were nearly constant at 4 nanometers per second (12 nucleotides per second), interspersed with pauses of variable duration. Long pauses, occurring at stereotypical locations, were strand-specific and sequence-dependent. Pause duration and probability varied widely. The strongest pause, GGCGAT TCT, was identified by gel electrophoresis. Correlating single-molecule dwell positions with sequence independently identified the motif GGCGA. This sequence is found in the left lambda cohesive end, where exonuclease inhibition may contribute to the reduced recombination efficiency at that end.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539570/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539570/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perkins, Thomas T -- Dalal, Ravindra V -- Mitsis, Paul G -- Block, Steven M -- GM 57035/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG 011821-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057035/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1914-8. Epub 2003 Aug 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. tperkins@jila.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947034" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophage lambda/enzymology ; Base Pairing ; *Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Consensus Sequence ; DNA/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Exodeoxyribonucleases/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Probability ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; Viral Proteins
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    Evolution. Puzzling over the origin of species in the depths of the oldest lakes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, Erica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):654-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Amphipoda/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/genetics ; *Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Siberia ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Turbellaria/classification
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    HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: Spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans usually affords long-term immunity to persistent viremia and associated liver diseases. Here, we report that memory CD4+ Tcells are essential for this protection. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ Tcells before reinfection of two immune chimpanzees resulted in persistent, low-level viremia despite functional intra-hepatic memory CD8+ Tcell responses. Incomplete control of HCV replication by memory CD8+ Tcells in the absence of adequate CD4+ Tcell help was associated with emergence of viral escape mutations in class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted epitopes and failure to resolve HCV infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grakoui, Arash -- Shoukry, Naglaa H -- Woollard, David J -- Han, Jin-Hwan -- Hanson, Holly L -- Ghrayeb, John -- Murthy, Krishna K -- Rice, Charles M -- Walker, Christopher M -- A14736/PHS HHS/ -- AI40034/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI48231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA57973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA85883/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HB27091/HB/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):659-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, Viral/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Epitopes ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hepacivirus/genetics/*immunology/*physiology ; Hepatitis C/*immunology/virology ; *Immunologic Memory ; Liver/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Time Factors ; Viral Core Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
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    Watching a protein as it functions with 150-ps time-resolved x-ray crystallography (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: We report picosecond time-resolved x-ray diffraction from the myoglobin (Mb) mutant in which Leu29 is replaced by Phe (L29Fmutant). The frame-by-frame structural evolution, resolved to 1.8 angstroms, allows one to literally "watch" the protein as it executes its function. Time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy of flash-photolyzed L29F MbCO revealed a short-lived CO intermediate whose 140-ps lifetime is shorter than that found in wild-type protein by a factor of 1000. The electron density maps of the protein unveil transient conformational changes far more dramatic than the structural differences between the carboxy and deoxy states and depict the correlated side-chain motion responsible for rapidly sweeping CO away from its primary docking site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schotte, Friedrich -- Lim, Manho -- Jackson, Timothy A -- Smirnov, Aleksandr V -- Soman, Jayashree -- Olson, John S -- Phillips, George N Jr -- Wulff, Michael -- Anfinrud, Philip A -- AR40252/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM35649/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL47020/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1944-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray/*methods ; Fourier Analysis ; Heme/chemistry ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Myoglobin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Photolysis ; Protein Conformation ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Time Factors ; Whales
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    Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C sequestration potential (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Estimates of forest net primary production (NPP) demand accurate estimates of root production and turnover. We assessed root turnover with the use of an isotope tracer in two forest free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments. Growth at elevated carbon dioxide did not accelerate root turnover in either the pine or the hardwood forest. Turnover of fine root carbon varied from 1.2 to 9 years, depending on root diameter and dominant tree species. These long turnover times suggest that root production and turnover in forests have been overestimated and that sequestration of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon in forest soils may be lower than currently estimated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matamala, Roser -- Gonzalez-Meler, Miquel A -- Jastrow, Julie D -- Norby, Richard J -- Schlesinger, William H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1385-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. matamala@anl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Liquidambar/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; North Carolina ; Pinus taeda/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Plant Roots/chemistry/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Seasons ; Soil/*analysis ; Tennessee ; Time Factors ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Estrogen research. The great estrogen conundrum (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1136-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Arteriosclerosis/etiology/prevention & control ; *Biomedical Research ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects ; Estrogens/*physiology ; Female ; Heart Diseases/*etiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Menopause ; Models, Animal ; Progestins/physiology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
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    Ecology. Fifty years of deformed frogs (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/*abnormalities/*parasitology ; Hindlimb/*abnormalities/parasitology ; Time Factors ; Trematoda/*isolation & purification ; United States ; Water/parasitology
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    Agriculture. Prehistoric GM corn (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fedoroff, Nina V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1158-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huck Institute for Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. nvf1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Genes, Plant ; Mexico ; *Mutation ; Plant Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; Southwestern United States ; Time Factors ; Zea mays/*genetics
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    Ecology. Global climate change strikes a tropical lake (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livingstone, Daniel A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):468-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and the Division of Earth and Ocean Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. livingst@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diatoms/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes/physiology ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Mollusca/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plankton/physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 78
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    High deleterious genomic mutation rate in stationary phase of Escherichia coli (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: In natural habitats, bacteria spend most of their time in some form of growth arrest. Little is known about deleterious mutations in such stages, and consequently there is limited understanding of what evolutionary events occur. In a deleterious mutation accumulation experiment in prolonged stationary phase of Escherichia coli, about 0.03 slightly deleterious mutations were observed per genome per day. This is over an order of magnitude higher than extrapolations from fast-growing cells, but in line with inferences from observations in adaptive stationary phase mutation experiments. These findings may affect understanding of bacterial evolution and the emergence of bacterial pathogenicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loewe, Laurence -- Textor, Volker -- Scherer, Siegfried -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1558-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universitat Munchen, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany. Laurence.Loewe@evolutionary-research.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/*growth & development ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Likelihood Functions ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 79
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    Comment on "Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation" and "Induction of tumors in nice by genomic hypomethylation" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Allen S -- Estecio, Marcos R H -- Garcia-Manero, Guillermo -- Kantarjian, Hagop M -- Issa, Jean-Pierre J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1153; author reply 1153.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Leukemia, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Azacitidine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; *Chromosomal Instability ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Genes, APC ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intestinal Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Mice ; Neoplasms/etiology/*genetics/prevention & control ; Point Mutation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-06
    Description: Fishery management plans ignore the potential for evolutionary change in harvestable biomass. We subjected populations of an exploited fish (Menidia menidia) to large, small, or random size-selective harvest of adults over four generations. Harvested biomass evolved rapidly in directions counter to the size-dependent force of fishing mortality. Large-harvested populations initially produced the highest catch but quickly evolved a lower yield than controls. Small-harvested populations did the reverse. These shifts were caused by selection of genotypes with slower or faster rates of growth. Management tools that preserve natural genetic variation are necessary for long-term sustainable yield.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conover, David O -- Munch, Stephan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):94-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA. dconover@notes.cc.sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Genetic Variation ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
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  • 81
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    Parkinson's disease. Coincidence or connection? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):451-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Famous Persons ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Television ; Time Factors ; Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 82
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    Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate neocortex (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Conversion of new memories into a lasting form may involve the gradual refinement and linking together of neural representations stored widely throughout neocortex. This consolidation process may require coordinated reactivation of distributed components of memory traces while the cortex is "offline," i.e., not engaged in processing external stimuli. Simultaneous neural ensemble recordings from four sites in the macaque neocortex revealed such coordinated reactivation. In motor, somatosensory, and parietal cortex (but not prefrontal cortex), the behaviorally induced correlation structure and temporal patterning of neural ensembles within and between regions were preserved, confirming a major tenet of the trace-reactivation theory of memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, K L -- McNaughton, B L -- MH01565/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2070-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 83
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    Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Jeffrey G -- Cohen, Patricia -- Smailes, Elizabeth M -- Kasen, Stephanie -- Brook, Judith S -- DA-03188/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-36971/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Child Abuse ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Interviews as Topic ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Television ; Theft ; Time Factors ; *Violence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 84
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    Evolutionary biology. Timing is everything for Wolbachia hosts (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):999-1000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Division ; Chromosomes/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Male ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Nuclear Envelope/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sex Ratio ; Time Factors ; Wasps/embryology/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zygote/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 85
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    Evolutionary biology. Ancient DNA untangles evolutionary paths (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2197.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Birds/blood/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Emigration and Immigration ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Fossils ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Ice ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Siberia ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/*genetics
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  • 86
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    Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the U.S. outbreak (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brookmeyer, Ron -- Blades, Natalie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rbrook@jhsph.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Bacillus anthracis ; *Bioterrorism ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Statistical ; Population Surveillance ; Probability ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Spores, Bacterial ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 87
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    Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-09
    Description: In young animals, monocular deprivation leads to an ocular dominance shift, whereas in adults after the critical period there is no such shift. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitory for axonal sprouting. We tested whether the developmental maturation of the ECM is inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. The organization of CSPGs into perineuronal nets coincided with the end of the critical period and was delayed by dark rearing. After CSPG degradation with chondroitinase-ABC in adult rats, monocular deprivation caused an ocular dominance shift toward the nondeprived eye. The mature ECM is thus inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity, and degradation of CSPGs reactivates cortical plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pizzorusso, Tommaso -- Medini, Paolo -- Berardi, Nicoletta -- Chierzi, Sabrina -- Fawcett, James W -- Maffei, Lamberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scuola Normale Superiore, 56100 Pisa, Italy. tommaso@in.pi.cnr.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424383" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Chondroitin ABC Lyase/*metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism ; Darkness ; *Dominance, Ocular ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Lectins, C-Type ; Light ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
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  • 88
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    Evidence for the effect of learning on timing of reproduction in blue tits (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: We experimentally show that in blue tits (Parus caeruleus) egg-laying date is causally linked to experience in the previous year. Females that received additional food in the nestling period in one year laid eggs later in the next year compared with the control birds, whatever the degree of synchronization with the natural food abundance in the previous year. As a result, they raised their brood much later than the peak period of nestling food availability in the next year. The response to experience is adaptive for blue tits, which live in heterogeneous habitats where the peak period of food varies, but once settled will breed at the same location for life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grieco, Fabrizio -- van Noordwijk, Arie J -- Visser, Marcel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):136-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Center for Terrestrial Ecology, Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. grieco@cto.nioo.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Environment ; Female ; *Food ; *Learning ; Male ; *Oviposition ; *Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 89
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    Psychology. The effects of media violence on society (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Craig A -- Bushman, Brad J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2377-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3180, USA. caa@iastate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; *Social Problems ; *Television ; Time Factors ; *Violence
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  • 90
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    Climate change. Dangerous climate impacts and the Kyoto Protocol (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Neill, Brian C -- Oppenheimer, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1971-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson Institute for International Studies and the Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA. bconeill@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Cnidaria ; Developed Countries ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; *International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Policy Making ; Probability ; Time Factors ; United Nations
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  • 91
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    Waves of larch budmoth outbreaks in the European alps (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: Spatially extended population models predict complex spatiotemporal patterns, such as spiral waves and spatial chaos, as a result of the reaction-diffusion dynamics that arise from trophic interactions. However, examples of such patterns in ecological systems are scarce. We develop a quantitative technique to demonstrate the existence of waves in Central European larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana Gn.) outbreaks. We show that these waves travel toward the northeast-east at 210 kilometers per year. A theoretical model involving a moth-enemy interaction predicts directional waves, but only if dispersal is directionally biased or habitat productivity varies across the landscape. Our study confirms that nonlinear ecological interactions can lead to complex spatial dynamics at a regional scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjornstad, Ottar N -- Peltonen, Mikko -- Liebhold, Andrew M -- Baltensweiler, Werner -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1020-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Entomology and Biology, 501 ASI Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. onb1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Environment ; Europe ; Flight, Animal ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Larix ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; *Moths/parasitology/physiology ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Parasites/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Time Factors ; Trees
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  • 92
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    Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Peter R -- Grant, B Rosemary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):707-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA. prgrantprinceton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sampling Studies ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-19
    Description: To explore neuronal mechanisms underlying long-term consequences of stress, we studied stress-induced changes in the neuritic translocation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splice variants. Under normal conditions, we found the synaptic AChE-S mRNA and protein in neurites. Corticosterone, anticholinesterases, and forced swim, each facilitated a rapid (minutes), yet long-lasting (weeks), shift from AChE-S to the normally rare AChE-R mRNA, promoted AChE-R mRNA translocation into neurites, and induced enzyme secretion. Weeks after stress, electrophysiological measurements in hippocampus slices displayed apparently normal evoked synaptic responses but extreme hypersensitivity to both anticholinesterases and atropine. Our findings suggest that neuronal hypersensitivity under stress involves neuritic replacement of AChE-S with AChE-R.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meshorer, Eran -- Erb, Christina -- Gazit, Roi -- Pavlovsky, Lev -- Kaufer, Daniela -- Friedman, Alon -- Glick, David -- Ben-Arie, Nissim -- Soreq, Hermona -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):508-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Eric Roland Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 91904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Acetylcholinesterase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Action Potentials ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Atropine/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurites/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; PC12 Cells ; Physostigmine/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological/genetics/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. Long-awaited technique spots Alzheimer's toxin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Laura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):752-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*diagnosis/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*analysis ; Brain/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Cataract/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline/metabolism/pathology ; Molecular Probes/*metabolism ; Plaque, Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism/pathology ; Time Factors ; Tomography, Emission-Computed/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Modulation of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by the xenobiotic receptor CAR (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: We have identified the xenobiotic receptor CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) as a key regulator of acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Known CAR activators as well as high doses of acetaminophen induced expression of three acetaminophen-metabolizing enzymes in wild-type but not in CAR null mice, and the CAR null mice were resistant to acetaminophen toxicity. Inhibition of CAR activity by administration of the inverse agonist ligand androstanol 1 hour after acetaminophen treatment blocked hepatotoxicity in wild type but not in CAR null mice. These results suggest an innovative therapeutic approach for treating the adverse effects of acetaminophen and potentially other hepatotoxic agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Jun -- Huang, Wendong -- Chua, Steven S -- Wei, Ping -- Moore, David D -- R01 DK46546/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):422-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetaminophen/metabolism/*toxicity ; Acetylcysteine/pharmacology ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/metabolism/toxicity ; Androstanols/pharmacology ; Animals ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics/metabolism ; Benzoquinones/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/genetics/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/genetics/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione S-Transferase pi ; Glutathione Transferase/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Imines/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/genetics/metabolism ; Liver/*drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics/metabolism ; Phenobarbital/pharmacology ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists/antagonists & ; inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    T cell receptor signaling precedes immunological synapse formation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: The area of contact between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) is known as the immunological synapse. Although its exact function is unknown, one model suggests that it allows for T cell receptor (TCR) clustering and for sustained signaling in T cells for many hours. Here we demonstrate that TCR-mediated tyrosine kinase signaling in naive T cells occurred primarily at the periphery of the synapse and was largely abated before mature immunological synapses had formed. These data suggest that many hours of TCR signaling are not required for T cell activation. These observations challenge current ideas about the role of immunological synapses in T cell activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Kyeong-Hee -- Holdorf, Amy D -- Dustin, Michael L -- Chan, Andrew C -- Allen, Paul M -- Shaw, Andrey S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1539-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Box 8118, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Down-Regulation ; Endocytosis ; Enzyme Activation ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Intercellular Junctions/*immunology/metabolism ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Peptides/immunology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Time Factors ; ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Immunology. The immunological synapse--a multitasking system (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Der Merwe, P Anton -- Davis, Simon J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1479-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. anton.vandermerwe@path.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD28/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Dimerization ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism ; *Immunoconjugates ; Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains/immunology/metabolism ; Intercellular Junctions/*immunology ; Ligands ; Lipid Bilayers ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Peptides/immunology/metabolism ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Time Factors
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    Oscillations and sparsening of odor representations in the mushroom body (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-20
    Description: In the insect olfactory system, oscillatory synchronization is functionally relevant and reflects the coherent activation of dynamic neural assemblies. We examined the role of such oscillatory synchronization in information transfer between networks in this system. The antennal lobe is the obligatory relay for olfactory afferent signals and generates oscillatory output. The mushroom body is responsible for formation and retrieval of olfactory and other memories. The format of odor representations differs significantly across these structures. Whereas representations are dense, dynamic, and seemingly redundant in the antennal lobe, they are sparse and carried by more selective neurons in the mushroom body. This transformation relies on a combination of oscillatory dynamics and intrinsic and circuit properties that act together to selectively filter and synthesize the output from the antennal lobe. These results provide direct support for the functional relevance of correlation codes and shed some light on the role of oscillatory synchronization in sensory networks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perez-Orive, Javier -- Mazor, Ofer -- Turner, Glenn C -- Cassenaer, Stijn -- Wilson, Rachel I -- Laurent, Gilles -- P41-RR09754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):359-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12130775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Evoked Potentials ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Grasshoppers ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/*cytology/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Odors ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Smell/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Single-cell gene expression profiling (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: A key goal of biology is to relate the expression of specific genes to a particular cellular phenotype. However, current assays for gene expression destroy the structural context. By combining advances in computational fluorescence microscopy with multiplex probe design, we devised technology in which the expression of many genes can be visualized simultaneously inside single cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Analysis of 11 genes in serum-stimulated cultured cells revealed unique patterns of gene expression within individual cells. Using the nucleus as the substrate for parallel gene analysis, we provide a platform for the fusion of genomics and cell biology: "cellular genomics."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levsky, Jeffrey M -- Shenoy, Shailesh M -- Pezo, Rossanna C -- Singer, Robert H -- GM54887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R33CA83208/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07288/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07491/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):836-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Colonic Neoplasms/genetics ; Color ; DNA Probes ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression Profiling/instrumentation/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genomics/instrumentation/methods ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/instrumentation/*methods ; Odds Ratio ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Brain to plasma amyloid-beta efflux: a measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: The deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides into amyloid plaques precedes the cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by years. Biomarkers indicative of brain amyloid burden could be useful for identifying individuals at high risk for developing AD. As in AD in humans, baseline plasma Abeta levels in a transgenic mouse model of AD did not correlate with brain amyloid burden. However, after peripheral administration of a monoclonal antibody to Abeta (m266), we observed a rapid increase in plasma Abeta and the magnitude of this increase was highly correlated with amyloid burden in the hippocampus and cortex. This method may be useful for quantifying brain amyloid burden in patients at risk for or those who have been diagnosed with AD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeMattos, Ronald B -- Bales, Kelly R -- Cummins, David J -- Paul, Steven M -- Holtzman, David M -- AG20222/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2264-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*blood/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*blood/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Amyloidosis/blood/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Brain/*metabolism/pathology ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism/pathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Hippocampus/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Protein Transport ; Solubility ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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